2013 09.savita - mysore lakes

8/13/2019 2013 09.Savita - Mysore Lakes

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COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN THREE LAKES IN

MYSORE DISTRICT, KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA

Savitha N and Sadanand M. Yamakanamardi*

Aquatic Microbial Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, University ofMysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570006, Karnataka State. India.

* Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570006, Karnataka

Key words: Physico-chemical parameter, seasonal variation, statistical analysis, lakes.

Abstract:

A two year study of the seasonal variation in Physico-chemical variables was carried out from June 2008

to May 2010, in the surface waters of Kalale, Alanahalli and Dalvoy lakes. Mean values of physico-chemical variables with different superscript (p


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pond and thus, concluded that, Nitrate andPhosphate concentration are effective limitingnutrients that can be reduced to control algal

proliferation. Presence of high concentration ofCarbon-di-oxide in water body can lead to

depletion of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and lowconcentration of DO value indicates the high

polluted nature and this will affect the life ofaquatic animals was found by Olajire andImeokparia (2001) on the study of water quality

assessment of Osun river in Nigeria.Accordingto Surendra et al., (2005) there is no direct effectof pH on health of an aquatic ecosystem, but atthe same time the pH alters the taste of water aswell as algal diversity in fresh water bodies of

Rajasthan. Status of water quality based onElectric Conductivity for irrigation purpose was

put forth by Mayur et al., (2007) on their studyof water quality in Prantiya pond, Gujarat. Pullie& Khan (2003) made some investigative studies

on dissolved nutrients of Isapur Dam, India andfound that sources of phosphorous concentrationdependent on geo-chemical conditions, surfacerunoff from surrounding field and cow dung.Detectable odour, yellowish green and slight

green colour in Salim Ali lake, Aurangabad wasdue to high population of algae (Throat andSultana, 2000). Comparative observation of loticand lentic systems of Mavalekera taluk in Kerala

by Mathew Koshey (2005) showed influences

of river water on ground water may be thereason for the proximity of physico-chemical

parameters of both lentic and lotic systems. Highconcentration of Chloride was said to be a

reason for heavy pollution due to discharge ofdomestic sewage in the investigative studies on

physico-chemical studies in Lake Jaismand andlake Pichola by Premalatha Vikal and SandhyaTyagi (2007).Purandara et al., (2003) who

studied the impact of sewage on ground waterquality in Belgaum and reported that there was ahigher concentration of anions like Sulphates in

areas having industries. Suresh andKottureshwara (2009) found that the Flouride

was dominant ion and was also responsible forthe contamination of the ground water andexcess fluoride was not suitable for drinking inhis study of groundwater quality in selectedareas of Sandur taluk in Karnataka. Mullar et al

., (2010) worked on seasonal variation in

physico-chemical parameters of Hirallareservoir, Koppal district in Karnatakainvestigated that all the physico-chemical

parameters are within the permissible limits andreservoir is productive. Sachidananda Murthy

and Yajurvedi (2006) studied on physico-chemical parameters of a aquacultural body inMysore city and reported that mesotrophic statusof Bilikere lake has great aquaculral

potential.The excess of Hardness with Sulphate,

Calcium, Magnesium will causes scaling ofmaterial used and the water was very difficult tomanage according to Meenakumari (2007) in herhydrochemistry study of Ground water Qualityin Mysore city. As far as I know, my literature

survey revealed that, there are no reports oncomparative seasonal study of physico-chemical

parameters of the lakes of Mysore, except fewstudies and reports on the plankton and fishculture in the lakes of Mysore. These

investigations covers only certain period and /orseason Thus, I felt that there is a gap in theknowledge especially, on the comparativeseasonal study of Physico-chemical parametersin the lakes of Mysore. Hence, the present

investigation was carried out to make acomparative seasonal study of physico-chemical

parameters in Kalale, Alanahalli and Dalvoylakes of Mysore district, Karnataka State, India.

Materials and Methods:

The study area covers three lakes namely Kalale,Alanahalli and Dalvoy lakes in Mysore district

as shown in Fig.1. For the determination ofPhysico-chemical parameters, the surface watersamples were collected in 5 plastic cans, earlymorning (5:30AM to 9AM) from each lake,every month from June 2008 to May 2010.

Temperature and pH were recorded on thesampling sites itself and other Physico-chemical

parameters were determined separately for all

the samples in the laboratory by followingstandard methods given in APHA (1992) &

Trivedi and Goel (1986).

Statistical Analysis


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Physico-Chemical parameters in three lakes in Mysore

All the Statistical analyses were carried outusing SPSS for windows release 10.0.The season wise grouped data were used tocalculate Student Newman Keuls test (this is

the one way ANOVA post hoc non parametric

test, for making multiple comparisons among themeans of three different seasons).Interrelationships between Physico-chemical

parameters were calculated using Pearsons

correlation co-efficient (r).

Fig.1 : Map showing sampling sites on the Kalale, Dalvoy and Alanahalli lakes of Mysore

District,Karnataka State, India

Results and Discussion:

The result of the two year seasonal study ofPhysico-chemical variables is shown in Table1.This seasonal study revealed that only 6

Physico-chemical parameters showed significantdifferences between the 3 lakes studied, whichare shown in Fig 3 and are described anddiscussed in detail. Interrelationships between

Physico-chemical variables are shown in theTable 2. The season wise grouped data ofPhysico-chemical parameters were subjected toANOVA test and the results are shown in Table3.

Turbidity is an expression of light scattering andlight absorbing property of water and is caused

by the presence of suspended particles such asclay, silt; colloidal organic particles, plankton,soil particles, discharged effluents, decomposedorganic matter and total dissolved solids as wellas the microscopic organisms. Higher turbidity

affects the life indirectly by cutting the light tobe utilized by the phytoplankton growth. Themean Turbidity were significantly different fromeach other in all the three lakes studied (Table 1)

(Fig 2). In the present study, the turbidity valuewere found to be high in all the lakes which is

probably due to inflow of rain water carryingsuspended particles and surface runoff fromsurrounding areas of lake. These results agreewith the observation of Banakar et.al (2010) on

their study on Physico-chemical analysis ofkathralu pond water near chitradurga, Karnataka.


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However, the Turbidity recorded in the presentinvestigation in all the three lakes studied wasabove the permissible limit (5 NTU) assuggested by WHO.

Calcium is an important element influencingflora and fauna, which play important role inmetabolism and growth. It is the one of the mostimportant nutrient required by the organism.Calcium can also aid in maintaining the structure

of plant cells and soils. The main sources ofCalcium in the solid waste are food , vegetablewaste, animal waste, fine earth and organicwaste etc. This element is an importantcomponent of the carbonic system and also

cycles through biotic and abiotic component ofthe ecosystem. The mean Calcium wassignificantly different from each other in allthree lakes studied (Table 1) (Fig 2). Normallythese ions are not problematic but at higher

concentration increases total hardness of wateras reported by Ravi kumar et al., (2005) on theirstudy on Hydrochemistry of Ayyankere tank inHarapanahalli town, Davanagere district,Karnataka. The Calcium content of all the three

lakes in present investigation was below thedesirable limit of 75 mg 1

-1 stipulate by ISI

(1991).

The Alkalinity of natural water is due to the salts

of carbonate, bicarbonate, silicates andphosphates along with hydroxyl ions; whereasacidity of the water means that quantitativecapacity to react with strong base to a designed

pH. Strong mineral acids, week acids andhydrolyzing salts such as iron or aluminumsulphate may give acidity to water. The meanalkalinity was significantly different from eachother in all three lakes studied (Table 1) (Fig 2).

The higher Alkalinity in rainy season might bedue to the availability of high amount of CO2and organic matter which is reported by

(Paliwal & Sati. 2007) who studied onEvaluation of water quality of two natural

springs at almora city of kamaun himalya..However, the mean Alkalinity in all three lakesduring present investigation was more than the

permissible limit (200 mg 1-1) of WHO.

Chlorophyll a is a measure of phytoplanktonbiomass and is an index of productivity, whichmay further increase by the addition of nutrientssuch as phosphate and nitrate. The mean chl- awas significantly different from each other in all

the three lakes studied (Table 1) (Fig 2).Increase in Chlorophyll-a concentration might

be due to Physiological response of lake andphytoplankton to a great availability of light.Higher concentration Chlorophyll a in Dalvoy

lake may be due to high level of domestic andsewage accumulation which might haveincreased nutrient contents in this lakes, whichmight have further affected the growth of algaenumber and therefore increase in the

chlorophyll-aconcentration

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) includes thesolids that are suspended in water bodies in theform of inorganic and organic particles of

immiscible liquid. Inorganic substances such asclay silt and other soil constituents and organicmaterials like plant fibers and biological solids(algal cells, plankton and bacteria) are common.The mean TSS was significantly different from

each other in all three lakes studied (Table1)(Fig 2). Suspended solids influence the turbidityof water which inturn affect light penetrationresulting in reduced photosynthesis as studied by

(Patel et.al.,1983) in their study on sewage

polluted water body as evidenced by chemicaland biological indicators of pollution. Levels ofTSS increases, a water body begins to lose itsability to support a diversity of aquatic life.

Suspended solids absorb heat from sunlight,which increases water temperature andsubsequently decreases levels of DO. The TSSof all the three lakes studied in the presentinvestigation was above the permissible limit of

25 mg 1-1 as described by the ISI (1991).

POM in the water is important for the growth of

microorganisms, which fluctuates due to theplankton and other littoral organic substances.

The mean POM was significantly different fromeach other in all three lakes studied (Table 1)(Fig 2). High concentration of POM causes thedevelopment of microalgae communities.Generally, the greater the amount of particulate

matter present, the more severe is the water


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pollution problem. Besides the natural sources,there are human inputs that contribute to theorganic matter in water.

The following 10 physico-chemical parametersshowed significant which only two lakes(Alanahalli and Dalvoy) with that of Kalalelake.Temperature is also one of the important factors

in aquatic environment since it regulates thevarious physico-chemical as well as biologicalactivities. The temperature of surface waters isalso influenced by latitude, altitude, season, air

circulation, cloud cover, flow and depth of waterbody (WQA, 1992).The mean water temperaturewas similar in Alanahalli lake (24.1

oC) and

Dalvoy lake (23.9oC), but was significantly lessand different in Kalale lake (22.6oC) (Table 1).

The variation in the water temperature in presentinvestigation may be due to the different timingsof collection and the influence of season asreported by Tiwari et al., (2004) on their studyon evaluation of various physico-chemical

parameters in surface waters of Shahpur lake.

Conductivity is a measure of the ability of waterto conduct an electric current. It is sensitive tovariations in dissolved solids, mostly mineral

salts. The mean Conductivity was similar inAlanahalli lake (1837.5 s

-cm) and Dalvoy lake

(2023.4 s-cm), but Conductivity wassignificantly less and different in Kalale lake(1344.1 s-cm). Decrease in Conductivity may be

due to dilution by rain water and highconductivity value have been reported to beindicative of an increase in the amount of

polluting particles. Higher levels ofConductivity reflects on the pollution status as

well as trophic levels of aquatic body which isreported by Anitha et al., (2005) on their studyon Limnological studies in Mir Alamlake,Hyderbad.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is thequantity of Oxygen required for the metabolicactivities of microorganism for the biologicaldegradation of organic matter present in water.The mean BOD was similar in Alanahalli lake

(5.01 mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lake (5.67 mg 1-1),but was significantly less and different in Kalale

lake (3.61 mg 1-1) (Table 1). In most of thecases, the BOD was more during summer andwinter season which might be due to reducedrate of water flow and the accumulation of waste

from anthropogenic activities. Comparatively,lower values of BOD during rainy season can beattributed mainly to dilution of water as reportedin their study on hydrobiological studied on alotic ecosystem vamanapuram river,

thiruvananthapuram, kerala, south india (Mini etal., 2003). However, the BOD content in allthree lakes during present study was well withinthe permissible limit of 6 mg 1-1 (WHO, 1993).

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a methodto determine the organic load of water body i.e,susceptible to oxidation. The mean COD wassimilar in Alanahalli lake (5.26 mg 1-1) and

Dalvoy lake (5.53 mg 1-1), but was significantlyless and different in Kalale lake (3.73 mg 1-1)(Table.1). Enhanced level of COD observedduring present investigation may be due to hightemperature and increased evaporation of water.

These results agree with the observation ofGyananath et al., (2000) studied on water qualityanalysis of river Godavari during holimela at

Nanden. High COD values are indicative of thepresence of chemically oxidisable carbonaceous

matter as well as inorganic matter such asNitrate and Sulphates as reported by (Chandra et

al., 2000) on their study on Monitoring waterquality of river Ramamganga water at Bareilly.However, the COD content in all three lakes

during present study were well within thepermissible limit of 10 mg 1-1 (WHO, 1993).

Hardness often employed as indicator of waterquality depends on the concentration of

carbonates and bicarbonates salts of calcium andmagnesium or sulphate chloride or other anionsof minerals acids. Alkalinity and hardness areclosely related to each other the mean hardness

was similar in Alanahalli lake (295.8 mg 1-1)and Dalvoy lake (331.9 mg 1-1), but wassignificantly less and different in Kalale lake(132.3 mg 1-1) (Table 1). Hardness of water isdue to presence of major cations like Calciumand Magnesium that are imparting hardness

along with anions like Sulphate, Chloride,Bicarbonates and Carbonates as reported in their


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study on seasonal variations of abiotic factors ofmanjara project eater reservoir in dist. Beed,Maharastra, India (Chavan et al., 2005). Increasein hardness in water may be due to leaching ofrocks and dissolution by flood waters as reported

by (Reshma Bhalla et al., 2007) on their studyon investigation on physico-chemical parametersof Godavari river in Nashik city,Maharastra..However, the mean Hardness in all three lakesduring present investigation was more than the

permissible limit (300 mg 1-1) of WHO.

Chloride is one of the most important parameterin assessing the water quality. It is of the opinionthat higher concentration of Chloride indicates

higher degree of organic pollution. The meanChloride was similar in Alanahalli lake (139.4mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lake (148.5 mg 1-1) , butwas significantly less and different in Kalalelake (36.8 mg 1-1) (Table 1). Higher Chloride

content during summer may be due to the heavytemperature and consequent evaporation and thiscould be explained by the fact that the presenceof Chloride salts may interfere with othernutrients, which are being utilized in the process

of photosynthesis. Lower quantity of chloride inwinter season may be due to dilution effect ofwater. However, the Chloride content in all threelakes studied during present study was well

within the permissible limit of 200 mg 1-1

(WHO, 1993).

Phosphate is an essential metabolic element,which normally occurs in low concentration in

natural aquatic ecosystem and hence, often actsas a limiting factor for primary production. It isgenerally the limiting nutrient for algal growthand therefore controls the primary productivity.The mean Phosphate concentration was similar

in Alanahalli lake (0.18 mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lake(2.11 mg 1

-1), but was significantly less and

different in Kalale lake (0.06 mg 1-1

). High

values of phosphate in the Dalvoy lake may bedue to the influx of sewage, agricultural runoff

probably contaminated with phosphate (appliedas fertilizer) and effluent from industries. HighPhosphate enter to a water body, these nutrientcan create a large proliferation of algae which isharmful to water quality. The blooms deplete

oxygen levels in aquatic ecosystem and thus

have a detrimental effect on the organism withinthe system. The concentration of Phosphateabove normal range is found to be causes ofEutrophication. The phosphate concentration inthe present investigation in all three lakes

studied was more than permissible limit of 0.1mg 1-1(USPH, 1980).

Nitrate ion is the common form of combinednitrogen found in natural waters. It may be

biochemically reduced to nitrite bydenitrification processes under anerobicconditions. Nitrate that is present in aquaticecosystem will either be assimilated by algaeand aquatic macrophytes or transferred to

underlying sediments where it undergoesdenitrification (Drusilla et al., 2005). The meannitrate concentration was similar in Alanahalli(0.54 mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lakes (0.67 mg 1-1),

but was significantly less and different in Kalale

lake (0.32 mg 1-1) (Table 1). The source ofNitrate concentration may be sewage, decayingof organic matter and chemical fertilizers asreported in their study on wastewater qualitystatus of amanishah nullah in Jaipur city, India

(Rakesh Kumar and Singh, 2007).The Nitratelevel in the present investigation is well belowthe highest desirable limit of 45 mg 1-1 as

prescribed by ISI (1991) and WHO (1993).

Sulphate is one of the major anions occurring innatural waters. It may enter natural waterthrough weathering of sulphate bearing deposits.Sulphate can be produced by bacterial or

oxidizing action as in the oxidation of organic-sulphur compounds. The source of Sulphatecontent may be industrial waste, soil , rockscontaining gypsum, iron sulphide and othersulpher compounds. The mean Sulphate content

was similar in Alanahalli (96.8 mg 1-1) andDalvoy lakes (86.6 mg 1-1), but wassignificantly less and different in Kalale lake

(22.9 mg 1-1) (Table 1). Elevated values ofsulphate in Alanahalli lake may be because of

the discharge of sewage and industrial waste.However, the Sulphate content in the presentstudy is well within the permissible limit of 250mg 1-1as described by ISI (1991) and WHO(1993).


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The sum total of Chloride, Sulphate and Nitrategave the Total Anions of Strong Acids (TASA).The mean TASA was similar in Alanahalli lake(232.9 mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lake (235.3 mg 1-1),

but was significantly less and different in Kalalelake (61.9 mg 1

-1) (Table 1.) It was interesting to

note that TASA in the Dalvoy lake was alwayshigh throughout the study period.

The following physico-chemical parametershowed significant which only two lakes (Kalaleand Dalvoy) with that of Alanahalli lake.The pH is the measurement of free acidity or

alkalinity of water solution; hence it is animportant factor for water analysis. The pH isone of the most important factors that influencesthe aquatic production. The variation in the pHis an important parameter in water body since

most of the aquatic organisms are adapted to anaverage pH and do not withstand abrupt changes(Mini et al., 2003). The mean pH was similar inKalale (8.14) and Dalvoy (7.99) lakes, but wassignificantly more and different in Alanahalli

(8.27) lake (Table 1). High pH might be due tothe enhanced chemical interaction that led to

buffering and release of alkaline ions(bicarbonates and carbonates ions) or salts in thewater as stated by Bharali et al., (2008) in their

studies on physico-chemical characteristic ofwater of the wetland in Kaziranga National park,

Assam. In this study, mean values of pH werewell within the permissible limit of WHO (6.5-8.5).

The following physico-chemical parametersshowed significant which only two lakes (Kalaleand Alanahalli) with that of Dalvoy lake.Dissolved Oxygen (DO) play an important role

in water quality determination. The introductionof Oxygen demanding materials, either organicor inorganic into water causes depletion of theDO in the water. This poses a threat to fish and

other higher forms of aquatic life. Theconcentration of DO regulates the distribution offlora and fauna. It is also essential to all forms ofaquatic life especially for those organismsresponsible for self purification process innatural waters. The mean DO was similar in

Kalale (3.34 mg 1-1) and Alanahalli lake (3.40mg 1-1), but was significantly less and different

in Dalvoy lake (0.58 mg 1-1) (Table.1). In thepresent investigation, low concentration of DOin Dalvoy lake might be the result of low inputof Oxygen at the surface level and the

photosynthesis activity decrease due to increasedmetabolic performance of the heterotrophicorganisms. Kataria (2006) reported thatdepletion of DO in water is due to hightemperature and increased microbial activity, on

their study on water quality of dahod dam, india.In this study, mean values of DO were wellwithin the permissible limit of 5 mg 1-1 (WHO).

The free Carbon-di-Oxide is the indicator of thebiological respiration activities of aquaticecosystem. The mean CO2was similar in Kalalelake (18.8 mg 1-1) and Alanahalli lake (22.6 mg1-1), but was significantly high and different in

Dalvoy lake (48.5 mg 1-1). The free CO2concentration was found very high in Dalvoylake due to the presence of high amount oforganic matter which on microbialdecomposition release CO2.Similar observation

were made by Paliwal & Sati (2007) on theirstudy on evaluation of water quality of twonatural water springs at almora city of kamaunhimalya.. The mean free carbon dioxide in allthree lakes studied during present investigation

is more than the permissible limit (


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natural water is caused by bicarbonates,carbonates and hydroxide, and can be ranked inorder of their association with high pH values.The main sources of Alkalinity may be decay oforganic matter and fertilizers. Similar

observations were made by Mariappan andVasudevan (2002) on their study on Correlationcoefficients of some physico-chemical

parameters of drinking water ponds in easternpart of Sivagangai district of Tamilnadu State.

Whereas in Alanahalli lake, high positivecorrelation was observed between TASA andTurbidity, Conductivity, Hardness, Chloride andPO4. The sum total of Chloride, Sulphate and

Nitrate gave the Total Anions of Strong Acids.

The main sources of Chloride, Sulphate andNitrate may be sewage, decaying of organicmatter and chemical fertilizers. Similarly inDalvoy lake, high positive significant correlationwas observed between Chloride and Field pH,

Conductivity, Hardness, Calcium andChlorophyll-a. Hardness and Chloride, pH arefound to be more productive and support richflora and fauna Similar observation were made

by Narendra Singh and Kapil Nayal (2008) on

their study on Correlation of physico-chemicalparameters and quality assessment of Kosi riverwater, Uttarkhand State of India..

As the Indian climate is mainly controlled by

Monsoon climate, the study year was dividedinto three well marked season viz. Premonsoonor Summer (February-May), Monsoon or Rainy(June-September) and Postmonsoon or Winter

(October-January), and all the data for thatseason was merged and subjected to ANOVAtest. The result obtained is given in Table 3.Interestingly, only Hardness and Carbon-di-Oxide showed significant seasonal changes in

rainy, winter and summer in these 3 lakesstudied. The Hardness varied because of

presence of major cations like calcium,

magnesium that are imparting hardness alongwith anions like Sulphate, Chloride,

Bicarbonates and Carbonates . Increase inhardness in water due to leaching of rocks anddissolution by flood waters (Reshma Bhalla etal., 2007) on their study on Investigation of

physico-chemical parameters of Godavari river

in Nashik city, Maharastra. Carbon dioxide

varied because of diffusion of air, from inflowground water, due to decomposition of organicmatters, respiration of organisms in habiting.Higher levels of free carbon di-Oxide in thesethree lakes might have resulted by the

respiration of faunal population and decayingproduct of organic material as reported in theirstudy on water quality parameters of loticsystems in and around courtalium (Drusilla etal., 2004).

Analysis of Physico-chemical parameters duringpresent investigation revealed that the physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temperature,DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate and

Calcium were well within the permissible limitsof standards as prescribed by WHO, ISI andUSPH. Whereas Conductivity, Turbidity, CO2,Phosphate and Total Suspended Solids valueswere above the permissible limits as described

above agencies. Nutrients such as Nitrate andSulphate were in favorable levels for thesustenance of aquatic life in this lenticecosystem. But Conductivity, Turbidity,Alkalinity, Hardness and TSS were very much

high in Dalvoy lake. However, content of someof the parameters could be minimized, if theindiscriminate entry of domestic sewage, wastewater from houses, agricultural runoff and

discharge of effluents into these lentic

ecosystems is prevented. The overall picture thatemerged out of the present study warrants forstrict vigilance and continuous monitoring ofthese natural water bodies for conservation and

sustainable management, these lakes water isused mainly for agriculture, fisheries and otheranthropogenic activities


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Table2:-Interrelationship

sbetweenPhysico-chemicalparam

etersinthesurfacewatersofKala

le,AlanahalliandDalvoylakes,Ju

ne08-May2010.

(Note:Onlythoseparameters,whichshowedsignificantrelationships,areshowninthefollowingTab

le).

ValuesarePearsoncorrelationcoefficient,a2-tailedtestwasappliedandcalculatedafterlog10transformationofallvariablesafterscalingsothatallvalueswere

>1,*p

2013 09.savita - mysore lakes

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