1©2013-2014 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved.

2

Setting the record straight on LTE-U and Wi-Fi coexistence

3

Agenda

MuLTEfire is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

1:00pm Opening Remarks

Dean Brenner, Senior VP Government Affairs, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

1:05pm – 1:30pm What are the benefits of LTE-U and LAA and MuLTEfireTM?

Neville Meijers, VP, Business Development, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

1:30pm – 2:00pm Designing for fair LTE-U and Wi-Fi coexistence

Tamer Kadous, Director, Engineering, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

2:00pm – 2:30pm Wi-Fi and LTE-U co-existence and the User Experience

Michael Thelander, President and Founder at Signals Research Group

2:30pm – 3:00pm LTE-U in action

Live demo & Q&A

4

Dean Brenner

Senior VP, Government Affairs,

Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

Setting the record straight on LTE-U and Wi-Fi coexistence

5

Making the best use of licensed and unlicensed spectrum

More licensed spectrum is the top priority

Use unlicensed spectrum opportunistically

Technologies for hyper-densificationMore small cells

Higher efficiency

More spectrum

For both licensed & unlicensed spectrum

6

Multiple technologies will co-exist for best use of all spectrum

LTE Unlicensed: LTE-U/LAA aggregation with an LTE licensed spectrum anchor, whereas MuLTEfire can operate solely in unlicensed spectrum MuLTEfire is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

LTE Advanced

Licensed spectrum foundation, augmented with

unlicensed spectrum solutions

Mobile broadband services for best

performance and quality-of-experience

LTE Unlicensed

LTE-based technologies in unlicensed spectrum,

LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire™

Broadens LTE ecosystem to enhanced

and new deployment opportunities

Wi-Fi ac/ad/ax

802.11-based technology solely operating in

unlicensed spectrum

Also evolving for enhanced performance

and expanding to new usage models

7

Going above and beyond minimum requirementsMinimum requirements

Ensuring fair coexistence between LTE unlicensed and Wi-FiWorking together across the mobile and Wi-Fi industries

1 With dynamic channel selection and CSAT - Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission required in the small cell..

2 LAA Licensed Assisted Access, Work item approved in 3GPP R13 June 15. In addition, New RF band support (e.g. 5GHz) needed at both device and small cell

Conformance testing

• Coexistence and fairness test

• Expected to be more rigorous than Wi-Fi testing today

• Still allowing for differentiation

• Example: LTE-U forum specifications

Standards & specifications

• LTE-U for USA, Korea, India, other markets based on LTE R10/11/121

• LAA for Europe, Japan and beyond defined in 3GPP R132

Spectrum regulations

• Power, bandwidth and emission levels

• Additional specific access procedures required in Europe and Japan (Listen Before Talk features)

8

Neville Meijers

VP, Business Development

Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

What are the benefits of LTE-U and LAA and MuLTEfireTM?

MuLTEfire is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

9

Making the best use of licensed and unlicensed spectrum

More licensed spectrum is the top priority

Use unlicensed spectrum opportunistically

Technologies for hyper-densificationMore small cells

Higher efficiency

More spectrum

For both licensed & unlicensed spectrum

10

Multiple technologies will co-exist for best use of all spectrum

LTE Unlicensed: LTE-U/LAA aggregation with an LTE licensed spectrum anchor, whereas MuLTEfire can operate solely in unlicensed spectrum MuLTEfire is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

LTE Advanced

Licensed spectrum foundation, augmented with

unlicensed spectrum solutions

Mobile broadband services for best

performance and quality-of-experience

LTE Unlicensed

LTE-based technologies in unlicensed spectrum,

LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire™

Broadens LTE ecosystem to enhanced

and new deployment opportunities

Wi-Fi ac/ad/ax

802.11-based technology solely operating in

unlicensed spectrum

Also evolving for enhanced performance

and expanding to new usage models

11

Video—extending LTE to unlicensed spectrum

Link to video Extending LTE Advanced to unlicensed spectrum

12

Extending the benefits of LTE to unlicensed spectrum

1 Downlink only in unlicensed spectrum (SDL). RF specs and coexistence tests defined by LTE-U forum: coexistence and fair sharing can be obtained using techniques such as channel selection and CSAT (Carrier Sensing Adaptive

Transmission). 2 These regions mandate specific access procedures, including Listen Before Talk (LBT),. LAA R14 targets enhancements to support aggregation for both uplink and downlink

MuLTEfireBroadening LTE technology and ecosystem to new

deployment opportunities

Licensed SpectrumExclusive use

Unlicensed SpectrumShared use

LAA (Licensed-Assisted Access)Targeting mobile operator deployments in Europe,

Japan, and beyond2 based on 3GPP Rel. 13 and beyond

LTE Carrier Aggregation

with licensed anchor channel

LTE-based technology

without licensed anchor channel

LTE-U1 to boost downlink Targeting mobile operators deployments in USA,

Korea, India, etc. based on 3GPP Rel. 10/11/12

13

Unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum ideal for small cells LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire™, Wi-Fi (802.11ac/ax) will coexist to meet various needs

Pico/Enterprises

Residential / NeighborhoodSmall Businesses

Venues

Opportunistic use

Shared spectrum but ‘free’, technology neutral

Large amount of spectrum

Could be ~500MHz but regionally dependent

Shorter range

Lower transmit power per regulations

Wide bands available for sharing

Efficiently shared amongst multiple users

14

LinkAggregation

Aggregation with licensed spectrum provides best performance

LTE - Wi-Fi Link Aggregation (LWA)

for carrier Wi-Fi deployments1

Mobile operator’s LTE

anchor spectrum

LTE in unlicensed (LTE-U/LAA)

for new small cell deployments

Licensed 400MHz to 3.8GHz

Carrier Aggregation

Wi-Fi in Unlicensed2.4 & 5 GHz

LTE in Unlicensed

5 GHz

Enhanced user experience

Better capacity and coverage

Unified network

Fair coexistence

15

LTE Unlicensed Solutions Carrier Wi-Fi Solutions

LTE/Wi-Fi Technology Solutions

LTE in Licensed Spectrum

LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum

802.11ac Wi-Fi

802.11ad WiGig

LTE advancedCarrier Aggregation

LTE-U/LAAaggregation

LTE/Wi-FiCall Continuity

802.11aiFast Roaming

Carrier Wi-Fi AP

LTE/Wi-Fi Link Aggregation

802.11ac/ad

Small Cell

Multiple technologies to support all deployment scenarios

Dual-connectivityMuLTEfireNeutral host

offload

802.11acMU-MIMOMuLTEfire/

Wi-Fiaccess

Wi-Fiaccess

802.11ad(WiGig)

16

Fair Wi-Fi coexistence a key principle in LTE unlicensed designExtensive over-the-air testing performed in the lab and in the field

Assumptions: Two operators. 48 Pico+108 Femto cells per operator. 300 users per operator with 70% indoor. 3GPP Bursty model. 12x40MHz @ 5GHz for unlicensed spectrum.LTE 10 MHz channel at 2 GHz;. 2x2 MIMO, Rank 1 transmission, eICIC enabled; LTE-U - Phase II., 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO).; Wi-Fi - 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO), LDPC codes and 256QAM).

OperatorA

Wi-Fi

OperatorA

Wi-Fi

1x ≥1x

>2x

Gain(Median throughput)

OperatorB

Wi-Fi

1x

In many cases a better neighbor to Wi-Fi than Wi-Fi itself

Operator B switches Wi-Fi to LTEin unlicensed

Operator

B

LTE inunlicensed

17

LTE Unlicensed development through industry collaboration

Fair co-existence between

Wi-Fi and LTE unlicensed

LTE

Unlicensed Wi-Fi

Collaboration and engagement

3GPP LAALTE-U Forum

• Dialogue between 3GPP and IEEE802.11 & WFA throughout the LAA

standard’s development via presentations & liaison statements

• Open industry LAA workshop held 8/29/2015 in Beijing with

presentations from IEEE 802.11, WFA and other key stakeholders

• Started dialogue between 3GPP and WFA on coexistence testing

Founding members Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson,

LGE, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., Samsung,

Verizon all have stakes in LTE and Wi-Fi

Coexistence specs published March 2nd 2015,

updated June based on feedback, e.g. adding

uplink and VoIP test cases

Being standardized in 3GPP release 13

for completion 1H 2016 (ASN.1 freeze)

Enhancements planned for release R14

and beyond

3GPP will develop coexistence /

performance requirements and tests

• Presented LTE-U to Wi-Fi Alliance and IEEE at standards meetings

• An LTE-U workshop for key cellular and Wi-Fi vendors/operators

was held on May 28, 2015 with deep dive of technology

• Further collaboration on coexistence with industry is ongoing—

one-on-one and in industry groups

18

Unlicensed (5 GHz) Carrier

aggregationLicensed Anchor

LTE

LTELTE/

LTE-U

FSM9955

Industry’s first LTE-U

small cell solution

Industry’s first RF

transceiver chip for LTE-U

WTR3950

WTR3925

Converged SOC

with CSAT (R 10) based LTE/Wi-Fi fair

coexistence

Spearheading LTE-U commercialization

WTR RF transceiver chips and FSM small cell solutions are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

• WTR3950 RF transceiver chip for

Release 10 based LTE-U

• Pairs with WTR3925

19

Making best use of unlicensed spectrum for 1000x

Committed to LTE Unlicensed,

the Wi-Fi evolution, and LTE – Wi-Fi

convergence solutions

4

LTE Unlicensed coexists fairly

with Wi-Fi—coexistence is an

industry wide collaborationWi-Fi

LTE

3Wi-Fi

802.11ac/ad/ax

MuLTEfire™

LTE-U/LAA

1Multiple solutions will coexist

to support all use cases and

deployment scenarios

Aggregation with licensed

spectrum for best performance: • LTE-U/LAA carrier aggregation

• LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation

2

20

Tamer Kadous

Director, Engineering

Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

Designing for fair LTE-U

and Wi-Fi coexistence

21

LTE Unlicensed in 5 GHz for new small cell deployments

1 LTE-U and LAA R-13 will be downlink only. Both TDD or FDD aggregation is possible with SDL; 2 Target for R14 LAA using TDD + TDD aggregation, or FDD + TDD aggregation using TDD for unlicensed spectrum

3Assumptions: Two operators. 48 Pico+108 Femto cells per operator. 300 users per operator with 70% indoor. 3GPP Bursty model. 12x40MHz @ 5GHz for unlicensed spectrum; LTE 10 MHz channel at 2 GHz;. 2x2 MIMO, Rank 1 transmission, eICIC enabled;

LTE-U – LAA R13, 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO).; Wi-Fi - 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO), LDPC codes and 256QAM).

LTE Unlicensed small cell

Unlicensed

(5 GHz)

LTE &LTE-U/LAA

• Initial LTE- and LAA: Supplemental

Downlink (SDL) to boost downlink 1

• Later LAA phases: Carrier aggregation to

boost both downlink and uplink 2

• Later LAA phases: aggregation across non-

collocated nodes with dual-connectivity

~2x capacity and rangeCompared to Wi-Fi3

Enhanced user experienceLicensed anchor for control and mobility

Single unified LTE networkCommon management

A good Wi-Fi neighbor In many cases, better neighbor to Wi-Fi

than Wi-Fi itself

Carrier aggregation

Licensed Anchor

(400 MHz – 3.8 GHz)

23

LTE-U/LAA protects Wi-Fi to ensure fair sharing of spectrum

1 CSAT - Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission required in the small cell Meeting regulatory requirements, in addition ensures fairness as defined by LTE-U forum2 Part of 3GPP Rel 13, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) for regions with specific access procedures and CCA Clear Channel Assessment, aka Listen Before Talk (LBT)

LTE-U adaptive duty cycle (CSAT)1

for deployments in USA, Korea, India etc. using 3GPP Rel. 10/11/12

LAA Listen Before Talk (LBT) with adaptive utilization2

for deployments in Europe, Japan and beyond using 3GPP Rel. 13 LAA

LTEis off

Sensing channel availability per CCA

Select clear channel: Dynamically avoid Wi-Fi

If no clear channel: Fair sharing with Wi-Fi

1

2

Up to 500 MHzavailable

Unlicensed 5 GHz band

20MHz

. . . . . . . .

Time Time

LTE is on

20MHz

Release unlicensed channel at low traffic 3

Variable on, max 50ms continuously Variable on, max 10ms continuously

LTEis off

Wi-Fi medium utilization estimation

LTE is on

24

All sites

LTE + Wi-Fi

LAA Rel. 13

Live Demo

Operator 1

Operator 2

Note: The data rates shown are only for the unlicensed spectrum, with only control and signaling traffic going over licensed spectrum

25

Operator 1:

still on Wii-Fi

Wi-Fi performance

not adversely

affected

LAA Rel. 13

Live Demo

Operator 1

Operator 2

Operator 2:

One site changed

to LTE Unlicensed

~ 2x Improvement

Note: The data rates shown are only for the unlicensed spectrum, with only control and signaling traffic going over licensed spectrum

LAA LAA

26

F1

LTE-U forum develops coexistence specifications

For LTE-U products based on 3GPP Release 10 and beyond, see www.lteuforum.org

* These 5GHz channels typically require DFS, Dynamic Frequency Selection

• To ensure fair-sharing coexistence between Wi-Fi and

LTE-U, and between LTE-U

• Formed by Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, LGE, Qualcomm

Technologies Inc., Samsung, Verizon

• Specifications published March 2nd 2015 and have been

updated based on feedback from Wi-Fi industry

Licensed spectrum

UplinkDownlink

20MHz

5.15 GHz

5.33 GHz

5.49 GHz

5.835GHz

20MHz* * * * * * * * * * * * **

UNII-15150-5250 MHz

UNII-25250-5350 MHz

UNII-2 5470-5725 MHz UNII-3 5725 – 5850 MHz

Supplemental

downlink

U-NII-1 and U-NII-3

5 GHz unlicensed spectrum

*

28

Video—stress chamber

Link to video Ensuring fair coexistence

29

Stress tests showing wide Wi-Fi vendor variation Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Hyper dense network on same channel

• Up to 8 Access Points (AP) placed ~1m apart

• No isolation between neighboring APs and devices

• Up to 8 devices placed ~1m apart

Vendor variation tests

• Test 1) Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs

with controller. 8 Aps with test AP—Wi-Fi or LTE-U

• Test 2) 5 top-selling retail APs (11ac) based on ‘best-

seller lists’. Mix of 4 APs from different vendors

30

Implementation variation among Enterprise Wi-Fi vendorsUsing Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs with controller. 8 Aps with test AP—Wi-Fi or LTE-U

Baseline:

8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi

Stress Test:

8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U

Vendor A

Vendor B

Wi-Fi vendor A

less aggressive

Wi-Fi vendor B

more aggressive

Mixture of Vendor A and

B’s enterprise Wi-Fi APs

31

LTE-U is a good neighbor regardless of Wi-Fi vendorUsing Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs with controller. 8 Aps with test AP—Wi-Fi or LTE-U

Vendor A

Vendor B

Mix of

vendor A/B

LTE-U maintains

overall Wi-Fi

performance

8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 6.5

8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U 6.5

8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U

8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 3.9

4.9

8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U

8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi 5.8

5.8

Average Wi-Fi throughput (Mbps)

or

with

Wi-Fi LTE-U

Wi-Fi

8X

32

Significant implementation variation in retail Wi-Fi access pointUsing Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Product diversity of 5 OEMs and 3 chipset-vendors. One common STA (11ac, 1x1) – a top-selling mobile-device used for all cases

5 top-selling

retail APs determined from top

industry magazines

and online-retailers

Mix of vendors in a

network of 4 Wi-Fi APs Wide variation—also without

most aggressive Wi-Fi AP

One Wi-Fi AP grabbing

~10x more resources

APs Throughput (Mbps) Aggregate

(Mbps)AP 1 AP 2 AP 3 AP 4 AP 1 AP 2 AP 3 AP 4

A B C D 40.9 3.9 5.6 3.4 53.7

B C D E 19.4 8.2 7.4 12.9 47.9

C D E A 3.7 2.2 3.6 49.8 59.3

D E A B 4.8 4.6 40.8 4.7 54.9

E A B C 3.9 49.0 2.4 4.3 59.6

33

LTE-U ensures fair time sharing of the unlicensed channelUsing Qualcomm Technologies’ LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Testing pair-wise airtime sharing across 4 Wi-Fi AP models and between Wi-Fi/LTE-U Points

corresponding to all 4 Wi-Fi AP models

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1Duty Cycle

Percentage

CD

F

W in 1W+1W

W in 1W+1L

L in 1W+1L

LTE-U ensures a fair

~50% sharing

Wi-Fi

LTE-U

Or

with

with

Average across 4 Wi-Fi AP models

Wide variation in

Wi-Fi to Wi-Fi sharing

Anomaly due to one

Wi-Fi not following spec

Duty cycle distribution

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

34

Over-the-air campus network for testing LTE-U

Note: Wi-Fi AP 1 is above CCA-ED (CCA energy detect level at -62dBm where Wi-Fi backs off for other non-Wi0Di users). and Wi-Fi AP 2 is below CCA-ED,, which is used for some of the following test to show that LTE-U CSAT works well below Wi-Fi’s ED

Building WC

OTA Campus Network

Wi-Fi AP1(Above CCA-ED)

LTE-U eNB

Building WB

Wi-Fi AP2(Below CCA-ED)

35

Over-the-air Wi-Fi VoIP coexistence and quality ensuredUsing Qualcomm Technologies’ over-the-air outdoor campus network

1 Compliant with Wi-Fi Alliance's VoIP Enterprise specification: One way Delay < 50 ms maximum, maximum Jitter < 50ms maximum, Packet loss < 1%, Consecutive lost packets, no more than 3. Overall statics from 5 pairs of WiFi VoIP with LTE-U Presence.

Provision for Wi-Fi VoIP2ms puncturing introduces gaps to help Wi-Fi flush delay-sensitive data that may be queued due to LTE-U

LTE “OFF”

Time

40ms

LTE “ON” LTE “ON”

40ms

Downlink(Max one-way delay)

Uplink(Max one-way delay)

Probability of

Jitter > 50ms

Packet loss

rate

No change

0%

No change

0%

Increased

to 0.76%

Increased

to 0.08%

Wi-Fi + Wi-Wi 48ms

Wi-Fi + LTE-U 42ms

Wi-Fi + Wi-Wi 40ms

Wi-Fi + LTE-U 50ms

Compliant with

WFA’s requirements1

36

The role of energy detection in Wi-Fi and LTE-U

1 Per 20MHz bandwidth

Wi-Fi detects Wi-Fi signals and backs

off for other users—not for LTE-U Detect and decode a Wi-Fi signal (and Wi-Fi

preamble) to determine if channel is busy—

carrier sensing.

Example

-62dbm1

Example

-82dbm1

Threshold for backing off to LTE-UBy detecting non-Wi-Fi energy. (Clear Channel

Assessment Energy Detect CCA-ED).

Wi-Fi

Receiver cannot detect

anything below noise floor

Received

signal

LTE-U

Energy Detect

LTE-U detects a Wi-Fi signal to

account for fair sharingDetect and decode a Wi-Fi signal (Wi-Fi

preamble) e.g. to estimate active Wi-Fi APs

LTE-U design will ensure fair sharing

with Wi-Fi below ED level, e.g. with

Wi-Fi network listen

Example

-90dbm1

CCA-CS: required threshold

for Wi-Fi to detect other Wi-Fi

37

LTE-U is a good neighbor below Energy Detect levelsUsing Qualcomm Technologies’ over-the-air outdoor campus network

ssss

Vendor A

Vendor B

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi with LTE-U

34.5

52.6

30.2

48

Vendor C

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi with LTE-U

Wi-Fi better off

with LTE-U as

neighbor

30.0

37.9

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi with LTE-U

The APs are below Energy Detect

-62dbm levels to each otherDownlink throughput (Mbps)

Wi-Fi

LTE-U

Or

with

with

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

40

LTE Unlicensed is a good neighbor to Wi-Fi

Committed to LTE Unlicensed,

the Wi-Fi evolution, and LTE – Wi-Fi

convergence solutions

4

Extensive collaboration on

coexistence across mobile and

Wi-Fi industries.

3

Wi-Fi MuLTEfire™

LTE-U/LAA

1Fair coexistence with Wi-Fi a key

principle in the design of LTE

unlicensed

2

Extensive LTE-U over-the-air

testing in lab/field proves fair

coexistence with Wi-FiWi-Fi

LTE

LTE-U

Forum

3GPP

41

For more information, visit us at:

www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog

©2013-2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved.

Qualcomm is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated, registered in the United States and other countries. MuLTEfire is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated. Other

product and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsi diaries or business units within the

Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable.

Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary

of Qualcomm Incorporated, operates, along with its subsidiaries, substantially all of Qualcomm’s engineering, research and de velopment functions, and substantially all of its

product and services businesses, including its semiconductor business, QCT.

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