2013 In te rnat iona l Con fe renceL i fe Des ign and Career Counse l ing :

Bu i ld ing Hope and Res i l i ence

Project supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia – FCT (Project Nº SFRH/BD/33648/2009)

Can Time Perspecti ve predict Hope?A SEM Approach

Victor E.C. Ortuño1,3, Catarina V. M. Gomes,Maria Paula Paixão1 & Isabel N. Janeiro2

1Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal

2Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Portugal3victortuno@gmail.com // www.victortuno.netii.net

What is Time Perspective

FuturePast

Past Positive

Past Negative

Present Hedonist

Present Fatalist

Future

Future Negative

Transcendental-FuturePresent

What is Time Perspective

Present FuturePast

Past Positive

Past Negative

Present Hedonist

Present Fatalist

Future

Future Negative

Transcendental-Future

What is Time Perspective

Past Positive

Past Negative

Present Hedonist

Present Fatalist

Future

Future Negative

Transcendental-Future

«Fate determines much in my life»«Familiar childhood sights, sound smells often brings back a flood of

wonderful memories»

«Painful past experiences keep being replayed in my mind»«I try to live my life as fully as possible, one day at a time»«I believe that a person’s day should be planned ahead each

morning»

«I will be held accountable for my actions on earth when I die» «I walk to nowhere, not by option but because I can´t stop

What is Time Perspective

Past Positive

Past Negative

Present Hedonist

Present Fatalist

Future

Future Negative

Transcendental-FutureSelf-Esteem 40%

(+)

(-)(-)

Ortuño, Paixão & Janeiro (2013)

What is Time Perspective

Past Positive

Past Negative

Present Hedonist

Present Fatalist

Future

Future Negative

Transcendental-FutureAlcohol

Consumption

16%

(+) (-)

Ortuño (2007)

What is Hope

• A cognitive set, composed by a notion of goal-directed determination (agency) and planning (pathways)

• Positively related with Self-Esteem, problem solving perceptions and more positive perceptions about life stimuli

• Negatively related with depression, hypochondria, hysteria and paranoia

What is Hope

• Is not anymore a “passive emotional phenomenon… <but now>…a process through which individuals actively pursue their goals.”

(Snyder, Feldman, Shorey & Rand, 2002, p. 299)

• Hopefully thinking is necessary to achieve virtually any task

(Snyder, 1994)

Why Time Perspective and Hope

• Both concepts are important variables to an adaptive psychological functioning

• Yet, very few studies have studied the relation between this two concepts

(Phan, 2009)

• Phan´s model used a partial measurement of Time Perspective

• Also, a way to confirm that Hope – as an cognitive process – is not only related with the Future but as well with the Past and the Present

M e t h o d

Sample

• 235 participants

• Psychology College students(Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal)

• 216 (91.9%) are female and 19 (8.1%) are male

• Ages between 17 and 45 years old (M = 19.38; SD = 2.86).

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory – ZTPI

• The inventory consists of 56 items, designed in a Likert scale of 5 points

• It´s composed by 5 sub-scales that explain 36% of the reported variance

• The sub-scales are: Past Negative (10 items), Past Positive (9 items), Present Fatalist (9 items), Present Hedonist (15 items) and Future (13 items)

• Items examples (original version):• «Painful past experiences keep being replayed in my mind»• «Familiar childhood sights, sounds, smells often bring back a flood of

wonderful memories»• «Fate determines much in my life»• «I try to live my life as fully as possible, one day at a time»• «I believe that a person´s day should be planned ahead each

morning»(Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999)

Time Perspective Scales – TPS

• The inventory consists of 32 items, designed in a Likert scale of 7 points

• It´s composed by 4 sub-scales that explain 45% of the reported variance

• The sub-scales are: Past Orientation (4 items), Present Orientation (8 items), Future Orientation (16 items) and Negative Future (4 items)

• Items examples (translated from Portuguese):• «I have many projects for the future»• «I think that life should be lived one day at a time»• «I walk to an empty future, not by my own choice but because I can´t

stop»• «I think frequently in the good things that happened to me in the

past»(Janeiro, 2006, 2012)

Transcendental Future Time Perspective Scale – TFTPS

• The inventory consists of 10 items, designed in a Likert scale of 5 points

• It´s composed by an unique component, which explains 44.93% of the reported variance

• Items examples (original version):• «Death is just a new beginning»• «I will be held accountable for my actions on earth when I die»

(Boyd & Zimbardo, 1997; Ortuño, Paixão & Janeiro, in press)

Adult Hope Scale – AHS

• The inventory consists of 12 items, designed in a Likert scale of 8 points

• It´s composed by 2 sub-scales that explain 63.44% of the reported variance

• The sub-scales are: Agency (4 items) and Pathways (4 items). The remaining 4 items are distractors

• Items examples (original version):• «I energetically pursue my goals»• «There are lots of ways around any problem»

(Pais-Ribeiro, Pedro & Marques, 2006; Snyder et al., 1991)

R e s u l t s&

D i s c u s s i o n

Hope Differences: Age

• A small, yet statistically significant correlation was found between participants age and AHS total score (Hope)

• r = .13, p < .05

Hope Differences: Gender

Male Female

53.42 48.48p < .01

Hope Differences: Brothers Existence

Yes No

49.28 46.50p < .05

Initial Model

Past Positive

Past Negative

Present Hedonist

Present Fatalist

Future

Future Negative

Transcend. Future

Agency

Pathways

X2 = 5388.03; p < .001; X2df = 1.87

CFI = .61; GFI = .62RMSEA = .06, p < .05

AIC = 5772.03; MECVI = 25.50

Proposed Causal Model

Past Negative

Present Hedonist

Future

Future Negative

Agency

Pathways

X2 = 596.12; p < .001; X2df = 1.55CFI = .91; GFI = .86

RMSEA = .05, p > .05

AIC = 758.12; MECVI = 3.35

.84***

.49

.64

-.20**

-.11

.25**

.43**

.66***

.48***

-.22**

-.29**

2 items removed

9 items removed

7 items removed

0 items removed

Final Thoughts

• Hope Differences:

• Small but statistically significant differences regarding• Gender: Male > Female• Brothers existence: With brothers >

Without brothers

• Age Differences:• A small relation between Hope and

participants age (still, a more heterogeneous sample is needed)

Final Thoughts

• Model adjustment

• The final model is formed by four explicative dimensions (Past Negative, Present Hedonist, Future and Future Negative)

• Several of the adjustment indices are acceptable (CFI, RMSEA, X2df)

Final Thoughts

• Model overview

• A valid model to explore its direct and indirect effects on adaptive behaviors

• The negative dimensions of TP were the only ones to correlate negatively with Hope

• Yet, Past Negative failed to achieve a significant relation with Hope subscale Agency (λ = -.11, p > .05)

Final Thoughts

• Model overview

• Present Hedonist and Future presented a positive association with both dimensions of Hope

• Still, Future was the temporal dimension with the strongest association with Agency (λ = .66, p > .001) and Pathways (λ = .48, p > .001). Results that are expected due Future´s nature highly related with planning and goals

Final Thoughts

• Model overview

• It´s proven that Hope isn´t only related with the future, since both Agency and Pathways dimensions are associated with temporal dimensions related with the past, present and future

• Also, the predictive value of TP is considerable regarding Agency (R2 = .64) and Pathways (R2 = .49)

Final Thoughts

• Instruments

• ZTPI usually fails to present a strong confirmatory factor structure

• This is an obstacle to the analysis of ZTPI´s predictive power through more robust statistical analyses, such as structural equation modeling

Final Thoughts

• Instruments

• A brief version of ZTPI must be developed, using only the items with higher factor loadings and reliabilities

• TFTPS failed to contribute with the predictive model, which is an unexpected result due its future oriented content

2013 In te rnat iona l Con fe renceL i fe Des ign and Career Counse l ing :

Bu i ld ing Hope and Res i l i ence

Project supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia – FCT (Project Nº SFRH/BD/33648/2009)

Thanks for your att enti on

T h i s p r e s e nt a ti o n i s ava i l a b l e a tw w w.v i c t o r t u n o . n e ti i . n e t

Victor E.C. Ortuño1,3, Catarina V. M. Gomes,Maria Paula Paixão1 & Isabel N. Janeiro2

1Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal

2Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Portugal3victortuno@gmail.com