2013 topic3 reason&rationality

7/23/2019 2013 Topic3 Reason&Rationality

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EDM 9206

The Foundations of EAP

Reason & Rationality


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Theoretical reason/pure reason !t refers to

hu"an capacities of o#tainin$ relia#le

%noled$e/theories of their en'iron"ent( !t

#asically #elon$s to the episte"olo$ical do"ainof hu"an endea'ors(

Practical reason !t refers to hu"an capacities of

constructin$ ith other hu"an fellos intelli$i#le

or e'en accepta#le actions and/or interactions( !t#asically #elon$s to the action )practical* do"ain

of hu"an endea'ors(

Distinction #eteen Theoretical &

Practical Reasons


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+oth educational ad"inistration and policy can

#e construed as hu"an actions and efforts

deli#erately underta%en #y hu"an a$ents to

inter'ene particular aspects of the currenteducational en'iron"ent ith the intention to

#rin$ a#out i"pro'e"ent to the status ,uo or to

#rin$ a#out desira#le and no'el situations(

(

Practical Foundation of Educational

Ad"inistration and Policy


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Accordin$ly- educational ad"inistration and

policy are hu"an efforts ith .inorderto

intents- hichpoint to the future( As a result-

educational leaders ho practice educationalad"inistration and policy are o#li$ed to $i'e

reasonsto their .inorderto intents- in other

ords- to pro'ide .reasons to the actions

hich they intend and propose to underta%e(

Therefore- practical reason is one of thefoundations of study as ell practice of

educational ad"inistration and policy(




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1onceptions of action- proect and a$ency

Actioncan #e discerned as one3s intentionality

that has #een consolidated into protention and

anticipation- accordin$ to hich she ill "a%e

effort to its fulfill"ent( !t can si"ply #e construed

as a sin$le .inorderto intention(

Proect can #e understood as a series of actions-

hich or% in a se,uence of .inorderto intents(

!f all $o ell- they ill pro#a#ly lead to thefulfill"ent of the anticipated $oal(




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A$ency is the proect or$ani4ed and underta%en #y

an a$ent( The concept puts particular e"phasis on

the conception of the a$ent- ho is supposed to

#e a %noled$ea#le- rational and reasona#le actor( 5noled$ea#ility To #e %noled$ea#le- the a$ent

is supposed to ha'e sufficient if not full

%noled$e of the proect to #e underta%en as ell

the en'iron"ent )#oth physical and social* inhich her proect is to #e unfolded(




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A$ency Rationality To #e rational- the a$ent is supposed to

ha'e identified the o#ecti'e to #e attained- to ha'e

chosen an effecti'e )or e'en the "ost efficient*

action plan to #e underta%en- and finally to ha'e

concrete idea and/or #elief of the chance for

success(

Reasona#le To #e reasona#le- the a$ent ill not

only ha'e to #e rational #ut "ust ustify her actions

and/or proect to #e socially accepta#le( !n other

orlds- she "ust pro'ide a nor"ati'e ustification

to the pu#lic )#oth partners and audiences* ithin

the respecti'e institutional conte7t(




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Topic 8

Rationality and Reason

)!*1oncepts of Rationality


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e#er3s definitionand typolo$y of rationality

and action

Rationality as "ental processes that

consciously stri'e to "aster reality

.:oe'er "uch they "ay 'ary in content-

"ental processes that consciously stri'e

to "aster realityare co""on to all typesof rationality( )5arl#er$- ;9


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ActorThe orld

To act &

to "aster

De$ree of

1onsciousness / Reflecti'eity &

5noled$ea#ility

Rationality

e#erian3s 1onceptions of Rationality


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e#er3s Typolo$y of rationality Practical/instru"ental rationality

1onscious "astery of reality throu$h pra$"atic

and e$oistic interest Practical rationality as the ay of life hich

accepts $i'en realities and calculates the "oste7pedient "eans of dealin$ ith difficulties they

present

>u#stanti'e rationality 1onscious "astery of reality throu$h orderin$action into pattern/hierarchy in accordance ith

past- present- or potential .'alue postulate(



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e#er3s Typolo$y of rationality For"al rationality

1onscious "astery of reality throu$h "eansend

calculation #y reference #ac% to uni'ersallyapplies rules- las or re$ulations(

Theoretical rationality 1onscious "astery of reality throu$h

construction of precise a#stract concepts rather

than action

Philosophers- priest and then scientist



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e#er3s typolo$y of action Traditional action

Affectual action

?aluerational action

Purposi'erational / Meansend rational action



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e#er3s typolo$y of action



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e#er3s theory of rationali4ation of the @ccident

.A"on$ the classical fi$ures of sociolo$y- Ma7 e#eris the only one ho #ro%e ith #oth the pre"ises of

the philosophy of history and the #asic assu"ptions

of e'olutionis" and ho nonetheless anted to

concei'e of the "oderni4ation of oldEuropean

society as the result of a uni'ersalhistorical process

of rationali4ation( (((e#er shares this concept )i(e(

rationali4ation* ith Mar7- on the one hand- and ith:or%hei"erandAdorno- on the other(



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.Accordin$ to Mar7- the rationali4ation of societyta%es place directly in the de'elop"ent ofproducti'e

forces- that isin the e7pansion of e"pirical

%noled$e- the i"pro'e"ent of production of

techni,ues- and the increasin$ly effecti'e

"o#ili4ation- ,ualification- and or$ani4ation of

socially useful of la#or poer( @ne the other hand-

relations of production- the institutions that e7pressthe distri#ution of social poer and re$ulate a

differential access to the "eans of production- are

re'olutioni4ed only under the pressure of

rationali4ation of producti'e forces(



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.Ma7 e#er'ies the institutional fra"eor% of thecapitalist econo"y and the "odern state in a

different ay not as relations of production that

fetter the potential for rationali4ation- #ut as

su#syste"s of purposi'e rational actionin hich

@ccidental rationalis" de'elops at a societal le'el(

@f course- he is afraid that #ureaucrati4ation ill lead

to a reification of social relationships- hich illstifle "oti'ational incenti'es to a rational conduct of

life(



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.:or%hei"erandAdorno- and latter Marcuse- interpretMar7 in this e#erian perspecti'e( Bnder the si$n of an

instru"ental rationality that has #eco"e autono"ous-

the rationality of "asterin$ nature "er$es ith theirrationality of class do"ination( Fettered forces of

production sta#ili4ed alienated relations of production(

The Dialectic of Enli$hten"entre"o'es the

a"#i'alence that e#er still entertained in relation to

rationali4ation process and it a#ruptly re'erses Mar73spositi'e assess"ent( >cience and technolo$y for

Mar7 an una"#i$uously e"ancipatory potential

the"sel'es #eco"e the "ediu" of social repression(

):a#er"as- ;9


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e#er3s theory of rationali4ation of the

@ccident Do"ains of rationali4ation

1apitalis" as orldly asceticis" and "ethodicalenterprise of production

e$al for"alis"

+ureaucraticis"

Ascetical and ethical 'ocationalis" and

professionalis"



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e#er3s thesis of the construction of the hu"an

.!ron 1a$e Ray and Reed3s thesis of the .!ron 1a$e of

#ureaucratic rationali4ation >tephen 5al#er$3s thesis of the eclipse of su#stanti'e

rationality

:or%hei"er and Adorno3s thesis of Dialectic of

Enli$hten"ent



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>tephen 5al#er$3s thesis of the eclipse of su#stanti'e

rationality )5al#er$- ;9


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.ould this type of person #e little "ore than a pale reflection of the

for"al rationalitycharacteri4in$ his "erely adapti'e action in the

le$al- econo"ic- and scientific spheres as ell #ureaucratic for" of

do"ination- and of the practical rational orientationsre,uire to

handle life3s daily tas% and difficultiesH The type of person capa#le

of syste"atically rationali4in$ action Gfro" ithin3I in relation to aunified 'alue constellation I and there#y lendin$ his or her entire

e7istence an una"#i$uous Gdirection3and "eanin$as 'ieed #y

e#er as a historical su#ect#ound to historically and

sociolo$ically uni,ue traditions- cultural 'alues- and social

econo"ic structures( 1astin$ his $lance don throu$h the a$es

fro" the perspecti'e of the danin$ of the 20thcentury- he sa the

fadin$ aayof the distinct confi$uration of sociolo$ical factors that

carried the historical su#ect hich- to hi"- e"#odied estern

ci'ili4ation3s hi$hest ideals the autono"ous and free indi'idual

hose actions ere $i'en continuity #y their reference to ulti"ate

'alues( )P( ;;=6*



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Thesis of eclipse of su#stanti'e rationality in

EAP in :5>AR The 1ase of the Juality

>chool Educationdiscourse in :5>AR

Juality education of instru"ental rationality Juality education of practical rationality

Juality education of for"al rationality

Juality education of theoretical rationality

Juality education of su#stanti'e rationality



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1onceptions of rationality .hen e use the e7pression Grational3- e suppose that

there is a closerelation #eteen rationality and %noled$e(Rationality has less to do ith the possession of %noled$ethan ith ho spea%in$ and actin$ su#ects ac,uire anduse %noled$e( !n lin$uistic utterances %noled$e ise7pressed e7plicitlyK in $oaldirected actions an a#ility- ani"plicit %noled$e is e7pressed( The close relation#eteen %noled$e and rationality su$$ests that therationality of an e7pression depends on the relia#ility of the

%noled$e e"#odied in it( ) :a#er"as- ;9


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:a#er"as3 classification of rationality

1o$niti'einstru"ental rationality .A $oaldirected action can #e rational only if the actors

satisfies the conditions necessary for reali4in$ his intention to

inter'ene successfully in the orld( ):a#er"as- ;9


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1onceptions of rationality 1o""unicati'e rationality

.An assertion can #e called rational if the spea%ers satisfies

the conditions necessaryto achie'e the illocutionary $oal

of reachin$ an understandin$ a#out so"ethin$ in the orldith at least one other participant in co""unication(

):a#er"as- ;9


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:a#er"as3 1onceptions of 1o""unicati'e Rationality

Actor Another Actor

Reasona#le- ell$rounded- &

unconstrained ar$u"entations

1o""unicati'e

Rationality

Mutual understandin$

and consensus


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Rationality and the orld RealistLs o#ecti'e orld The realist orld'ie

.starts fro" the ontolo$ical presupposition of the

orld as the su" total of hat is the case and

clarifies the conditions of the rational #eha'ior on

this #asis( (((@n this "odel rational actions

#asically ha'e the character of $oaldirected-

feed#ac%controlled inter'entions in orld of

e7istin$ states of affairs( );9


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Rationality and the orld

Pheno"enolo$istLs lifeorld .The pheno"enolo$ist

does not (((si"ply #e$in ith the ontolo$ical

presupposition of an o#ecti'e orldK he "a%es this a

pro#le" #y in,uirin$ into the conditions under hichthe unity of an o#ecti'e orld is constituted for the

"e"#ers of a co""unity( The orld $ains o#ecti'ity

only throu$h countin$ as one and the sa"e orld for a

co""unity of spea%in$ and actin$ su#ects( (((Throu$h

co""unicati'e practicethey assure the"sel'es at thesa"e ti"e of their co""on liferelations- of an

su#ecti'ely shared lifeorld( This lifeorld is #ounded

#y the totality of interpretationspresupposed #y the

"e"#ers as %noled$e( ):a#er"as- ;9


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:a#er"as3 theory of ar$u"entation ?alidityclai"s

of co""unicati'e rationality

.! #elie'e that the concept of co""unicati'e

rationality (((can #e ade,uately e7plicated only in

ter"s of a theory of ar$u"entation( );9


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:a#er"as3 theory of ar$u"entation ?alidityclai"s

of co""unicati'e rationality

Types of ar$u"entation :a#er"as has differentiated

ar$u"entation into the folloin$ types Theoretical discourse !t refers to the for" of

ar$u"entations in hich contro'ersies o'er 'alidity

clai"s of .truth of propositions and/or efficacy of

teleolo$ical actions are the"ati4ed and if positi'e

settled(

ur$en :a#er"as3 Theory of Rationality


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:a#er"as3 theory of ar$u"entation

Types of ar$u"entation Practical discourse !t refers to for" of ar$u"entations

underta%en in e7istin$ nor"ati'e conte7ts or "oral

practical spheres( Accordin$ly- contro'ersies o'er

'alidity clai"s are appealed to the .ri$htness of

e7pressions ithin particular nor"ati'e conte7ts and

"oralpractical rules(



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Types of ar$u"entation E'aluati'e criticis" There are situations in hich the

'alidity of an e7pressions is neither appealed to the truth

or efficacy in o#ecti'e orld nor to the ri$htness innor"ati'e conte7ts #ut to specific set of 'alue standards

shared a"on$ "e"#ers of particular culture and

lan$ua$e co""unities( :a#er"as has specified

aesthetic criticis" as the prototypical caseof this for"

of ar$u"entation( !n this for" of ar$u"entation theade,uacy of the set standard of 'alues to #e used ill #e

asserted- critici4ed- de#ated and if possi#le accepted(



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Types of ar$u"entation Therapeutic criti,ue !n the case of pri'ate and/or self

presentin$ e7pressions- their 'alidity clai"s ill #e

#ased on the truthfulness and sincerity of the spea%ers(The prototypical case of therapeutic criti,ue- hich

:a#er"as specifies- is criti,ue e"ployed #y

psychotherapists to distin$uish their clients3 self

decepti'e and/or illusi'e utterances fro" truthful and/or

sincere e7pressions( E7plicati'e discourse !t refers to . a for" of

ar$u"entation in hich the co"prehensi#ility- ell

for"edness or rulecorrectness of sy"#olic e7pressions

is no lon$er nai'ely supposed or contested #ut is

the"ati4ed as a contro'ersial clai"( );9


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Topic 8


)!*1oncepts of Reason


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ohn Rals distinction #eteen

rational and reasona#le .Persons are reasona#lein one #asic aspecthen- a"on$ e,uals say- they are ready to

propose principles and standards as fair ter"s of

cooperation and to a#ide #y the" illin$ly- $i'enthe assurance that others ill li%eise do so(

(The reasona#le is an ele"ent of the idea of

society as a syste" of fair cooperationand that

its fair ter"s #e reasona#le for all to accept is

part of its idea of reciprocity( );998- C9=0*


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40

Rals3 Theory of ustice


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.The rationalis- hoe'er- a distinct idea fro" thereasona#le and applied to a sin$le- unified a$ent)either an indi'idual or corporate person* ith thepoers of ud$"ent and deli#eration in see%in$

ends and interests peculiarly its on( The rationapplies to ho these ends and interests are adoptedand affir"ed- as ell as to ho they are $i'enpriority( !t also applies to the choice of "eans- inhich case it is $uided #y such fa"iliar principlesas to adopt the "ost effecti'e "eans to ends- or toselect the "ost pro#a#le alternati'e- other thin$se,ual( );998- p( =0*


rational and reasona#le


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More specifically- .hat rational a$ents lac%is the

particular for" of "oral sensi#ilitythat underlies

the desire to en$a$e in fair cooperation( Rational

a$ents approach #ein$ psychopathic hen their

interests are solely in #enefits to the"sel'es(

);998- p( =;* As in e'eryday speech- e "ay

characteri4e rational a$ents that .their proposal as

perfectly rational $i'en their stron$ #ar$ainin$

position- #ut it as ne'ertheless hi$hlyunreasona#le( );998- C


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!n li$ht of Rals3 distinction- practical reason can

then #e construed as reasons that reasonin$

a$ents attri#uted to their actions( !t $oes #eyond

the principle of rationality and "eansendcalculation( !t confor"s to the principle of

reciprocity and fairness- hich "e"#ers of a

$i'en co""unity "utually accepted(




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Accordin$ly-practical reasoncan #e defined as

hu"an capacityto attri#ute their actions to The principle of rationality-

The principle of reciprocity- and/or e'en The principle of fairness




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Distinction #eteen theoretical )pure* and

practical reasons

.ustice is the first 'irtue of social institutions- as

truthis of syste" of thou$ht( A theory hoe'erele$ant and econo"ical "ust #e reected or

re'ised if it is untrueK li%eise las and

institutions no "atter ho efficient and ell

arran$ed "ust #e refor"ed or a#olished if theyare unust( +ein$ first 'irtue of hu"an acti'es-

truth and ustice are unco"pro"isin$( )Rals-

;9;- Pp( 8C*

ohn Rals3 1onception of ustice as

Fairness


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ustice as fairness @ne of the funda"ental

ustifications of Rals3 theory of ustice is to #ase

his concept of ustice on the idea of fairness(

.!t "i$ht see" at the first si$ht that the concepts ofustice and fairness are the sa"e- and that there is no

reason to distin$uish the"- or to say that one is

funda"ental than the other( ! thin% that this

i"pression is "ista%en( !n this paper ! ish to sho

that funda"ental idea in the concept of ustice isfairnessK and ! ish to offer an analysis of the

concept of ustice fro" this point of 'ie( )Rals-

;999;9=


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ustice as fairness (

The "eanin$ of fairness .Funda"ental to ustice is

the concept of fairness hich relates to ri$ht

dealin$ #eteen persons ho are cooperatin$ ithor co"petin$ a$ainst one another- as hen one

spea% of fair $a"es- fair co"petition- and fair

#ar$ains( The ,uestion of fairness arises hen free

persons- ho ha'e no authority o'er one another-

are en$a$in$ in a oint acti'ity and a"on$the"sel'es settlin$ or ac%noled$in$ the rules

hich define it and hich deter"ine the respecti'e

shares in its #enefits and #urdens( (


Fairness


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ustice as fairness (

The "eanin$ of fairness

.(( A practice ill stri%e the parties as fair if none feels

that- #y participatin$ in it- they or any of the othersare ta%en ad'anta$e of- or forced to $i'e in to clai"s

hich they do not re$ard as le$iti"ate( This i"plies

that each has a conception of le$iti"ate clai"s hich

he thin%s it reasona#le for others as ell as hi"self to

ac%noled$e( A practice is ust or fair- then- hen itsatisfies the principles hich those ho participate in

it could propose to one another for "utual

acceptance under afore"entioned circu"stances(

)Rals- ;999;9=


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The idea of ori$inal position

!n reality- "ost of the situations in hich hu"ans

enter into cooperation or co"petition are not in fair

ter"s( That is they are not in e,ual footin$s hen

en$a$e in a #ar$ain and one of the parties "ay hasan upper hand o'er their partners( The orst

scenario the parties found the"sel'es in a situation

here they ha'e to stri%e a #alance not in the "ost

fa'ora#le ter"s of #oth parties( !n other ords- .the

#est that each can do for hi"self "ay #e a

condition of lesser ustice rather than of $reater

$ood( !t is at this point that the conception of the

ori$inal position e"#odies features peculiar to

"oral theory( )Rals- ;9;- p( ;20*


Fairness


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The conception of the 'eil of i$norance

.The idea of the ori$inal position is to set up a fair

procedure so that any principles a$reed to ill #e

ust( The ai" is to use the notion of pure procedural

usticeas a #asis of theory( >o"eho e "ust nullifythe effects of specific contin$encies hich put "en at

odd and te"pt the" to e7ploit social and natural

circu"stances to their on ad'anta$e( Oo in order

to do this ! assu"e that the parties are situated

#ehind a 'eil of i$norance( )Rals- ;9;- p( ;86*


Fairness


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.!t is assu"ed- then- that the parties do not %no

certain %inds of particular facts( First of all- no one %nos his place in society- his class

position or social statusK nor does he %no his fortune inthe distri#ution of natural assets and a#ilities- his

intelli$ence and stren$th- and the li%e( Oor- a$ain- does

anyone %no his conception of the $ood- the particulars of

his rational plan of life- or e'en the special features of his

psycholo$y such as a'ersion to ris% or lia#ility to opti"is"or pessi"is"(


Fairness


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.!t is assu"ed- then- that the parties do not %no

certain %inds of particular facts(

More than this- ! assu"e that the parties do not %no the

particular circu"stances of their on society( That is- they

do not %no its econo"ic or political situation- or the le'el

of ci'ili4ation and culture it has #een a#le to achie'e( The

persons in the ori$inal position ha'e no infor"ation as to

hich $eneration they #elon$( )Rals ;9;- p( ;8K theRo"an nu"#erin$s are "ine*


Fairness


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To Principles of ustice

.First Principle Each person is to ha'e an e,ual ri$ht

to the "ost e7tensi'e total syste" of e,ual #asic

li#erties co"pati#le ith si"ilar syste" of li#erty for

all( .>econd Principle >ocial and econo"ic ine,ualities

are to #e arran$ed so that they are #oth to the $reatest #enefits of the least ad'anta$ed- and

attached to offices and positions open to all underconditions of fair e,uality of opportunities( )Rals-

;9;- p( 802*

ohn Rals3 Theory of ustice


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Applications of the principles .These principles

pri"arily apply to the #asic structure of society(

They are to $o'ern the assi$n"ent of ri$hts and

duties and to re$ulate the distri#ution of social and

econo"ic ad'anta$es(These principlespresuppose that the social structure can #e di'ided

into to "ore or less distinct parts( )Rals- ;


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Applications of the principles (

The First Principle applies to those distinct .aspects

of the social syste" that define and secure the e,ual

li#erties of citi4enship(The #asic li#erties of citi4ens

are- rou$hly spea%in$- political li#erty )ri$ht to 'oteand to #e eli$i#le for pu#lic office* to$ether ith

freedo" of speech and asse"#lyK li#erty of

conscience and freedo" of thou$htK freedo" of

person alon$ ith ri$ht to hold )personal* propertyK

freedo" fro" ar#itrary arrest and sei4ure as defined#y the concept of the rule of la( These li#erties are all

re,uired to #e e,ual- since citi4ens of ust society

are to ha'e the sa"e #asic ri$hts( )p(6;*



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Applications of the principles (

The >econd Principle applies to those aspects of

social syste" .that specify and esta#lish social and

econo"ic ine,ualities( More specifically- it

.appliesto the distri#ution of inco"e and ealthand to the desi$n of or$ani4ations that "a%e use of

differences in authority and responsi#ility- or chains

of co""and( )p( 6;*



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!nterpretation of the second principle

Rals ,ualifies that the to constituent phrases in

the >econd Principle- na"ely to .e'eryone3s

ad'anta$e and .e,ually open to all need further

interpretation( Rals interprets the to phrases as follos )Rals-

;9;- p( 6=*



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59



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Priority and le7ical orders #eteen principles of

ustice

The priority of li#erty The First Principle- na"ely the

principle of li#erty* has le7ical priority o'er the >econd

Principle This orderin$ "eans that a departure fro" theinstitutions of e,ual li#erty re,uire #y the first principle

cannot #e ustified #y- or co"pensated for- #y $reater

social and econo"ic ad'anta$es( )p( 6;*

The priority of de"ocratic e,uality o'er the other three

syste"s- in other ords- the priority of differenceprinciple and e,uality as e,uality of fair opportunity

o'er principle of efficiency and e,uality as careers open

to talent(


De#ate on the Fo ndations of Practical


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1riti,ues on the li#eral assu"ptions of Rals3 theory

of ustice

The "isconception of the conception of person ,ua

person !n Rals3 ori$inal position a person is #ut a

chooser of no conception of ends and $ood of lifeK ofno identity- li'ed e7periences and lifeorldK and of no

ori$ins- history and tradition(

Misconception of asocial indi'idualis" !n Rals3

ori$inal position- person #ut a chooser located in a

$a"e situation- in hich she is totally independent of

any social affiliations- social roles- social

responsi#ilities- social identity- and conceptions of

co""on $oods(

De#ate on the Foundations of Practical

Reason i#eralis" 's( 1o""unitarianis"



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1riti,ues on the li#eral assu"ptions of Rals3 theory

of ustice

Misconception of ahistorical uni'ersalis" The decision

e"er$ed fro" the ori$inal position- i(e( principles of

ustice- is assu"ed to #e uni'ersally applica#le acrosshu"an cultures and social institutions(

Misconception of ae"pirical su#ecti'is" The decision

arri'ed at #y rational choosers in ori$inal position is

assu"ed #e #ased purely on their su#ecti'e

preferences- totally in disre$ard of the e"pirical

$rounds- in hich this decisions are supposed to

unfold and to #e i"ple"ented(





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Alastair Mac!ntyre3s conception of co""unal 'irtue

Mac!ntyre in his #oo%After ?irtue )200* outlines a

traectory throu$h hich hu"an 'irtue such as the

concept of ustice can #e constituted in hu"an

co""unities(





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Alastair Mac!ntyre3s conception of co""unal 'irtue !n #rief- Mac!ntyre su$$ests that .the co"ple7- historical-

"ultilayered character of the core concept of 'irtue can #e

lo$ically de'eloped in three sta$es( .The first sta$e re,uires a

#ac%$round account of hat ! shall call apractice- the second

an account of hat ! ha'e characteri4ed as the narrati'e

order of a sin$le hu"an life and the third an account of hat

constitutes a "oral tradition( Each latter sta$e presupposes

the earlier- #ut not 'ice 'ersa( Each earlier sta$e is #oth

"odified #y and reinterpreted in the li$ht of- #ut also pro'ides

an essential constituent of each later sta$e( The pro$ress inthe de'elop"ent of the concept is closely related- althou$h it

does not recapitulate in any strai$htforard ay- the history of

the tradition of hich it for"s the core( )Pp( ;


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ohn Rals3 responses to his critics !n his #oo%Political i#eralis"pu#lished tentyone years after

A Theory of ustice- he has "ade nu"#ers of

i"portant concessions to his ori$inal for"ulation(

The re'ision of the .political conception of usticeRals retreats fro" his ori$inal stance that his theory

of ustice is the co"prehensi'e doctrine applyin$ to

all spheres and do"ains in hu"an societyK instead his

su$$ests that the theory apply only to pu#lic sphere in

"odern polity( Further"ore- he underlines that thetheory is i"plicit to #e at or% in .the pu#lic political

culture of de"ocratic society( )Rals ;998- P( ;=*





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ohn Rals3 responses to his critics The conception of political constructi'is" Rals has

#asically a#andoned his conception of ori$inal

position in replace"ent he put forth the conception of

political constructi'is"( Rals su$$ests that .usticeas fairness is #est presented in to sta$es( !n the first

sta$e it is or%ed out as a freestandin$ political )#ut of

course "oral* conception for the #asic structure of

society( @nly ith this done and its content its

principles of ustice and ideals pro'isionally onhand do e ta%e up- in the second sta$e- the pro#le"

hether ustice as fairness is sufficiently sta#le(

)Pp(;C0C;*





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:as Rals #eco"e a co""unitarian li#eralH

!n 'ie of these concessions a Rals has "ade in Political

i#eralis"- one "ay conclude that he has relocated his

theory of ustice fro" the foundation of li#eralis" to the

institutional foundation of de"ocratic co""unity ithinhich

the institutional practices of pu#lic reasona#ility of a

constitutionalli#eral de"ocracy ha'e #een fir"ly in placeK

the narrati'e of citi4enship of ci'ilconstitutional de"ocracy

has #een co""only shared #y its citi4ens the culture of de"ocratic reasona#ility fro" hich

o'erlappin$ consensuses ha'e #een reached fro"

$eneration to $eneration and has #een a tradition(



> f


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!n >earch of the !nstitutional

1o""unitarian Foundation of Practical

Reason


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EOD

Topic 8


2013 topic3 reason&rationality

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