20130827 defense y_song

ENERGY CONVERSION USING PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN MULTIFERROIC MATERIALS

Yintao Song

Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics,University of Minnesota

Ph.D. Final Exam, August 27th, 2013

Advisor: Richard D. James

Co-advisor: Thomas W. Shield

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About me

Born (December, 1987):

• Anqing, China

College (2004 - 2008):

• University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

• Fluid mechanics, underwarter robots

Graduate school (2008 - 2013):

• University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA

• Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

• Energy conversion using phase transformation

• Reversibility of martensitic phase transformation

August 27, 2013 Y. Song @ PhD Final Exam

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Multiferroic Phase Transformation

Multiferroic Phase Transformation

martensite austenite

heating

cooling

Phase Transformation

ferroelasticity

change crystalline lattice

Multiferroism

non-ferromagnetism

or (and)

non-ferroelectricity

ferromagnetism

or (and)

ferroelectricity

ferroic properties depend on the lattice

Y. Song @ PhD Final ExamAugust 27, 2013

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Example: NiCoMnSn

V. Srivastava, X. Chen, R. D. James, APL, 2010


(5M) (L21)

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Example: NiCoMnSn – Cont.

permanent magnet

Ni45Co5Mn40Sn10


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Demonstration Device

Y. Song, et. al., Energy Environ Sci, 2013


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Working Cycle

HeatingCooling

N

S

M

V or I

t

V. Srivastava, Y. Song et. al., Adv Energy Mater, 2011


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Where does the energy come from?

1st order phase trans.: trans. temp. & latent heat• water - ice: 0 °C and 334 J/g

• wax (fusion): 47 °C and 200 J/g

• NiCoMnSn: 130 °C and 13 J/g

Same for heating/cooling braches.

No work output!

Q : How can we make the trans. temp. & latent heat to be different for heating and cooling branches?

A : Biasing the trans. temperature by magnetic field.• Clausius-Clapeyron relation

Temp.

Entropy


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Three Questions

How to determine the Clausius-Clapeyron

relation of a material?

How to use it to estimate efficiency and

power output?

How to make the best device?


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Clausius-Clapeyron Relation

Clausius-Clapeyron relation

martensite

austenite

Gibbs free energy

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Gibbs Free Energy Density

Free energy functional

Minimization

Assumption: such a function exists

• Uniform external field

• Unique minimizer – single phase


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Gibbs Free Energy – Example: NiCoMnSnDSC



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Gibbs Free Energy – Example: NiCoMnSn

SQUID - Martensite



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Gibbs Free Energy – Example: NiCoMnSn


SQUID - Austenite


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Clausius-Clapeyron Relation : NiCoMnSn



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Three Questions

How to determine the Clausius-Clapeyron


• Gibbs free energy

• Calorimetry & Magnetometry


power output?



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Y Song, et. al., Energy Environ Sci, 2013

Thermomagnetic

Carnot Cycle

Thermomagnetic

Rankine Cycle

Thermomagnetic

Ericsson Cycle

Predicted T-S Diagram: NiCoMnSn


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Ideal Phase Transformation

Only transforms at temperature

given by the Clausius-Clapeyron relation

Only absorbs/emits heat during phase

transformation


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Simplified Clausius-Clapeyron Relation

Dimensionless temperature ,

can be or

The dimensionless Clausius-Clapeyron coefficient

NiCoMnSn:

FeRh:


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Rankine Cycle = Carnot Cycle

Efficiency

Power output

NiCoMnSn:

FeRh:


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Thermomagnetic vs. thermoelectric


System = specimen only

System = the whole device

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Three Questions

How to determine the Clasius-Clapeyron



power output?



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The Back Field

Faraday’s law:

Ampère’s law:

ODE of current:


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Quality Factor

Quality Factor

Heat Transfer

number of turns

height (thickness)

demagnetization factor basal area

resistance


of 34Y. Song @ PhD Final ExamAugust 27, 2013

Heat Transfer

Newton’s law of cooling

Solution

heat transfer coefficient

surface/volume ratio temperature of heat reservoir

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Figure of merit

Efficiency

Power output

Figure of merit


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Thermoelectric - ZT

July 17, 2013 Y. Song (UMN) @ 2013 BIRS Workshop

Curzon-Ahlborn Limit

1.8MG Kanatzidis’ research group

A Shakouri, Ann Rev Mater Res, 2011

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Efficiency & Power Output

demonstration

optimization

Y. Song (UMN) @ 2013 BIRS Workshop

10

1

0.1

Carnot

C - A

TE ( )

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Maximum power output

Maximum power Carnot cycle


For our deviceFL Curzon, B Ahlborn, Am J Phys, 1975

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Small-z limit

When z is small:


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Three Questions

How to determine the Clasius-Clapeyron



power output?


• high quality factor

• figure of merit in the order of unity


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Conclusions• The idea of energy conversion using first order

multiferroic phase transformation is feasible

• The efficiency and power output of the demonstration device is not satisfactory. The issue can be solved by the following steps

• First, we need a material with a high Clausius-Clapeyron coefficient.

• Second, think about a design with a high Quality Factor.

• Finally, we get the figure of merit in the order of unity.


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Future Works - Similar MethodsPhase 1 Phase 2 Physics Notes

1. Ferromagnetic Nonmagnetic Faraday’s law Biasing by a permanent

magnet; external coil

2. Ferroelectric Nonferroelectric Ohm’s law Biasing by a capacitor;

polarization induced current

3. Ferromagnetic,

high-anisotropy

Ferromagnetic,

low-anisotropy

Faraday’s law Biasing by a permanent

magnet; intermediate field;

external coil

4. Ferroelectric,

high-permittivity

Ferroelectric,

low-permittivity

Ohm’s law Biasing by a capacitor;

intermediate field; polarization

induced current

5. Ferroelectric,

large near

Nonpolar Ohm’s law Second order phase trans.

biasing by a capacitor

6. Ferromagnetic,

large near

Nonmagnetic Faraday’s law Second order phase trans.

biasing by a permanent

magnet

7. Nonpolar,

nonmagnetic

Nonpolar,

nonmagnetic

Stress-

induced trans.

Faraday’s law

Shape memory engine driving

generator; biasing by stress

Y. Song @ PhD Final ExamAugust 27, 2013V Srivastava, Y Song et al., Adv Energy Mater 2011

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Acknowledgements

Advisor• Prof. Richard D. James

Collaborators• Vijay Srivastava

• Vivekandand Dabade

• Prof. Chris Leighton, Kanwal Preet Bhatti

• Xian Chen

Sponsors

• Demonstration

• Material development

• Characterization

• Functional fatigue
