1. U N I T E D K I N G D O M 11-1260000-000117-14 2013

2. 2 : 1 1603 6 ( 1) 1801 St.George, St.Andrew, St.Patrick 3 3 - 17 3. 4. . 1 . 7 1. (BC 5AD 8) 9 2. (10661485) 9 3. (14851603) 10 4. (16031714) 10 5. (17141917) 11 6. (1917) 12 7. 12 8. 13 9. 14 10. 2 14 . 17 1. 19 2. 20 3. 23 4. 35 5. 39 6. 46 7. 54 . 59 1. 61 2. 63 3. 65 4. 67 5. 71 5. . 73 1. 75 2. 77 3. 84 4. 86 . 89 1. 91 2. 93 3. 94 4. 96 5. 100 6. 103 . 107 1. 109 2. 115 3. 116 4. 121 5. 129 . 139 1. 141 2. 156 3. 164 4. 165 5. 167 6. 168 7. 170 6. . 173 1. 175 2. 175 3. 176 4. 177 5. 178 . 179 1. (Cabinet) 181 2. 183 3. 188 7. 3 . : The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland : London( 817 ) : 244,820 : 6,318 (2011 ) - 5,301, 530, 306, 181 : England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland - Isle of Man Channel (Jersey, Guernsey ) United Kingdom 1765 : (Anglo-Saxons), (Celts) : ( 19% ) : (59.3%), (4.8%), (1.5%), (25.1%), (2.1%), (7.2%) (2011 ) : (86%), (7.5%), (3.3%), (2.2%), (1.0%) : - : 8 15.3, 12 3.8/ : 1,330 : : 2 (Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth ) : (David Cameron) : (Nick Clegg) : (George Osborne) : (William Hague) 8. 4 : : (2013.1 ) - : 760 ( : Baroness DSouza) - : 5, 650 ( : The Rt Hon John Bercow MP) : (2011) - : 2 4,176 - 1 : 38,592 - : 4,926 - : 5,166 - GDP : 0.9% - : 8.1% - : 4.5% - : (Pound Sterling) - () : 11.59, Euro 1.19(2013.1 ) - : (Metric System) , Yard, Pound System - : 1883.11.26 - : 1949.1.18 2010 2011 2012 88.3 87.9 112.6 55.6 49.7 49.0 32.7 38.2 63.6 9. 5 . - : 2000.12.12 - : 2001.7.31 - : 2003.4.30 10. 9 . 1 (BC 5AD 8) BC 6C (Celt) , BC 55 (Julius Caesar) AD 410 . 449 , , 660 , 7 , 828 (Egbert) . 2 (10661485) 8 , (York) , . 1066 ( ) (Duke William of Normandy) , 1282 1 . - , . 1215 (Magna Carta) , 1265 . 1338 2 (13381453) , 1461 4 (York) . , 30 (145085) . 11. 10 , (Yeoman), . 3 (14851603) (Tudor) 7 . 1534 8 (Act of Supremacy) (Church of England) . 1559 8 Anne 1 . 1485 7 1485 , 1535 Act of Union . 4 (16031714) 1603 1 , ( 6) ( 1) . , Great Britain . 1707 . 1 1625 1 . 1 12. 11 . , 1628 (Petition of Right) 13 , 17 3 . 1 164960 , , (Protectorate) . 1 2(166085), 2(168589) , 2 (Mary II) . , 1689 (Bill of Right) , . , . 1702 2 (170214) . 5 (17141917) 1714 1 1(George I of Hanover) . 123 . 1 . (18371901) . , , . 13. 12 . 6 (1917) 1901 7 --(Saxe-Coburg-Gothat) . 1 1917 5( 2 ) . 7 1169 2 , , 1607 . 1801 Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . 1916 (Nationalist Uprising) 1 Irish Republican Army(IRA) . 1921 6 (British Parliament) , 3 (Irish Free State) , 1949 . 14. 13 . 1928 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . 8 1921 Unionists , 1960 . 1969 , 1970 Official IRA , Provisional Irish Republican Army . 1972 . 1998.4.10 (Blair) (Ahern) 1969 , 2005.9 IRA , 2007.5 (Democratic Unionist Party) (Sinn Fein) 30 . 15. 14 9 1600 . 20 1815 . 18 , , , 100 . , 1900 , 1, 2 13 . 10 2 1945.7 (Attlee) , , 1951 . 1951 1964.10 (Wilson) . 1970.6 (Heath) , 1973.10 4 1974.2 . 1974.2 1979.3 1979.5.3 (Thatcher) . 1983.4 1983.6.9 16. 15 . 72 2 . , 1987.3 1 1987.6.11 , 19 160 3 . (Thatcherism) , . (Poll Tax) EC 1990.11 (John Major) . EC , , , 1991.12 1992.1 1992.4 4 . , 1997.5.1 18 . , 1 2001.6.7 2 . , (NHS) , , EU , 2005.5 3 . 17. 16 , 2006 , 2007.6 (Gordon Brown) . , 1 , 2008 Northern Rock 60 . 2010.5.6 649 ( 650 1 ) , 306 , 1 , (326) 1974 36 (Hung Parliament) . 2010.5.11 - 13 , (David Cameron) , (Nick Clegg) . (1) (3) (2015 ) . 18. 19 . 1 (Monarchy) (Secular Institution) 1 (16491660 ) , (Head of State) . 1, 2 (Head of Commonwealth) , 16 . (Head of Executive) (Supreme Governor). 1215 (Magna Carta) , () (Her Majestys Government) . . , , , , , , . - (Royal Prerogative) . : 2 - : Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith - 1926.4.21 6(George ) ( 6 ) 19. 20 1947.11.20 , 3 1 . 1952. 2. 6 1953. 6. 2 2012. 6. 25 60(Diamond Jubilee) 1. Prince of Wales(Charles ) 2. William 3. Henry (Harry ) 4. York (Andrew ) 5. Beatrice 6. Eugenie 7. Edward 8. James 9. Louise Windsor 10. Anne 3 . 2 (Government) . (Privy Council) 18 . . (Privy Counsellor) , . 608(2013.1 ) 4 ( ) . . (Lord President of the Privy Council) . 20. 21 . . (Prime Minister) . - , . 18 , . - - , (Cabinet Conference) , . (Prime Ministers Question). - 30 . , 2 15 , Blair 1 30 40 , BBC , , . . (Cabinet) 1) . . , 22. 21. 22 . - , Secretary of State Chancellor of the Exchequer() . (Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster) . - (Leader of the House of Lords) , 2) , , , (Cabinet Committee) . / . - (Coalition Committee; () () ) - (National Security Council; ) - (European Affairs Committee; ) - (Social Justice Committee; ) - (Home Affairs Committee; ) - (Economic Affairs Committee; ) 3) , (Secretary of State) 24 (Minister of State) (Parliamentary 22. 23 . Under-Secretary) . - Minister of State Parliamentary Under-Secretary Minister 3 (Parliament) , 3 . , . , (Common Law) . . , , , ( , ). . (Session) 1 1112 . - , . 160, 140 . - 1 5 . : 12 23. 24 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 10 2012-13 / 2013-14 () 2012.10.1511.13 2012.11.1912.20 2013.1.72.14 2013.2.253.26 2013.4.155.21 2013.6.37.18 2013.9.29.13 2013.10.811.12 2013.11.1812.19 2014.1.6 . (Prorogation) 1 () . - , , . - , , . . (House of Commons) 1) 650(2001 659 , 2005 ) 1 650 . - England : 519, Scotland : 73, Wales : 40, Northern Ireland: 18 24. 25 . 2005.5 2010.5 2013.1 198(30.6%) 306(47.1%) 304(46.8%) 356(55.1%) 258(39.7%) 257(39.5%) 62(9.6%) 57(8.7%) 57(8.8%) 30(4.6%) 29(4.5%) 32(4.9%) 646 650 650 2) (Term) 5, . 1, 2 , 1, 2 . . 3) ) 1911 , (Bill) 3 . , . , . ) : 3 (Bill) (Act of Parliament; Law) 3(1 - 2 - - - 3 5) . 25. 26 - , [ (Passage of a Bill) ] 1(First Reading) - 1() . - 2 . 2(Second Reading) - (debate) - 1 2 - (Committee Stage) - (Public Bill Committee) ( ) - ( ) (Committee of the whole House) - 2 (Report) - , . - 3(Third Reading) - 2 . - 3 . - 3 26. 27 . - 3 . (Consideration of amendments) - , ( , ). - - ( ping pong) (Royal Assent) - - , , (commencement order) - (Passage of a Bill) * : www.parliament.uk 27. 28 ) (Guillotines) (Programming) , . : , - 19 Home Rule , . : 1970 . 2 , . ) 1050 (Committee) - , , . (Select Committees) - - (Commons Select Committees) (departmental committees ), . 11 , , 60 . 28. 29 . - (Lords Select Committees) , , , , , 5 . (Public Bill Committees) - . . - (Standing Committees) 2006 , - (: (Climate Bill) (Climate Bill Committee) ) - 1650 , () (majority) (Joint Committees) - (Select Committees) - , , (: ) (Grand Committees) - , , (Welsh Grand Committee), (Scottish Grand Committee), (Northern Ireland Grand Committee) . 29. 30 4) (Speaker) 1377 , , (Commons debates) . - , , (Casting Vote) . , 2001 . - 5% ( ) . - , . - . - ( ) (Speaker seeking re-election) . John Bercow MP 2009.6 - (20002009) Michael Martin() 2009 30. 31 . . (House of Lords) 1) . (Lords Spiritual), (Lords Temporal, ) (Lords Law/Lords of Appeal in Ordinary) . - (Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, ) 12 , 2009.10 12 . , . 2013.1 (Life Peers) 647 (Hereditary Peers) 88 (Bishops) 25 760. - . - , 1999 (House of Lords Act) 92 . - (Church of England) (archbishop), (bishop) 2010.5 - 4/5 , 2012.7 . 31. 32 2) ) (Money Bill) , 1911 1949 1 , . 1 . ) 1876 Lord Chancellor (Lords of Appeal in Ordinary) , . 2005 (Constitutional Reform Act) 2009.10 (Supreme Court of the United Kingdom) , . 3) (Lord Speaker) , , . Lord Chancellor , 2005 Lord Speaker . 5 ( ) . 2006.7.4 Baroness Hayman 32. 33 . 2006.9.1 . Baroness DSouza(2011.9 ) 4) , . 5) 2 . - 1 1999.12 (House of Lords Act 1999) 2 ( ) 92 . - 1 . (Royal Commission) , 2 . - , 2005.4 (effective, legitimate, and more representative without challenging the primacy of the House of Commons) . 2007.2 21 (Hybrid House) , 7 ( : 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) . 33. 34 2007.3 7 100% 80% 2 , 100% . Brown 2008.7.14 An Elected Second Chamber : Further Reform of the House of Lords . 2008 - - - - 20% (Cross benches) - 540 1/3 , 12 15 - 100% , , - , (Judicial Appointment Commission) - - - 2010.5 - . 2011.5 (House of Lords Reform Bill) , . - 300 - 80% , 20% ( 20% ) - 15 - 34. 35 . 2012.6 House of Lords Reform Bill 7 . . . 6) . . 4 (Judiciary) . (Sources of the Law) (Common Law), (Statute Law), (EU Law) . , . , . (Act of Parliament), (Orders) (By-laws) . . 35. 36 . , , , , , , . . . . (Prosecution) (Crown Prosecution Service) , , . , . . (Courts) , (Magistrates Court) (Crown Court) (High Court) (Court of Appeal) (Supreme Court), (County Court) . 1) (Magistrates Court) . 1017 . 36. 37 . (Justice of Peace) 3 . . 2) (Crown Court) 1 2( ) . , , (High Court) . (District Court) , (sheriff court) . 3) (County Court) , , , , , , . . , , , . 4) (High Court) (Crown Court) (County Court) . , , . Chancery, Queens Bench, Family Division 3 . 37. 38 - Chancery Division , , , - Queens Bench Division , - Family Division , , (Court of Session) . 5) (Court of Appeal) (Criminal Division) (Civil Division) , . - Lord Chief Justice Master of the Rolls . 6) (Supreme Court) (Appellate Committee of the House of Lords) , . 2009.10 (Supreme Court) . - (Court of Appeal) (High Court) , , (Court of Session) - - , 38. 39 . 12 , 2013.1 (President of the Supreme Court) Lord Neuberger. 5 . (The Conservative Party) 1) 16401650 (civil war) (Royalists) (Parliamentarians) , (Tories) (Whigs) . 17 1832 (Conservative) 1820 . - (Sir Robert Peel) 1834 1860 (Disraeli) , (Balfour) , , , , (localism), . 19 (1920 ). 1912 39. 40 Liberal Unionist Party Conservative and Unionist Party . 20 , 57 , (economic liberalism) . 2) 1867 2 . (Conservative Party Board) , , . (Conservative Campaign Headquarter) , , (Constituency associations) . 2011.1 (Conservative Policy Forum) 9 . . . . , England . 2012 13. 3) David Cameron . 2005 Michael Howard 2005.12 . Cameron 1966 John Major 40. 41 . 2000 ( Witney , 2005 ) : 2 ( 14) . . (The Labour Party) 1) 1832 19 . 1906 . , , . 191839 , 1924 . 192931 , 1945 7 . 1997 18 Blair 3 (Third Way) New Labour . - (NHS) 41. 42 - - - , - (Open University) - 1999.4 (22 5.73 ) - , , (devolution) - 2009.10 2) (CLP : Constituency Labour Party) (PLP : Parliamentary Labour Party), (EPLP : European Parliament Labour Party) . CLP , , 15 . PLP , (Parliament Committee, (Shadow Cabinet) ) . 1 6 CLP . 30% , , . 2012 18 7. 3) (Party Conference) - 9 CLP, PLP 1,000 , 1/2 42. 43 . . - , , 2/3 . (NEC : National Executive Council) - , , (Member of European Parliament : MEP), (Councillor), CLP (Manifesto: ) . (NPF : National Policy Forum) - . 4) 1/3 , , (430) , . - Brown , 2010.9.25 Ed Miliband , Harman . . (Liberal Democrats) 1) 1987.9 (SDP) (Liberal Party) 1988.3 . - 1988.7 Paddy Ashdown 1999.8 Charles Kennedy 2001 18% 52(+6) , 1 . 43. 44 - 2010 23% 2005 5 57 . 2010 9,000 2) , , - , , 3) 2006 1 Menzies Cambell , 2007.12 Nick Clegg 4 - 10% . 1967 Clegg 1999 2005 ( ) . - 1) - (banking system) , , , - , , 44. 45 . - - - , 2015 2) 3 (Safeguard Britains National Security), (Build Britains Prosperity), (Support British nationals around the world through modern and efficient consular service) BRICs 3) ( ) (NHS) - NHS Commissioning Board - Primary Care Trusts GP Commissioning Consortia 45. 46 6 . 1) 1997 . - 1998 (Scotland Act 1998), (Government of Wales Act 1998), (Northern Ireland Act 1998) (Westminster) (Constitutional Sovereignty) . - , . - , , 2) (Nations/Constituencies) ) . . : , , , , , , , , , , , , - 46. 47 . 90% , (business rates) 7%, EU 2% - 3 . 2012 Scottish Act 2016 ) , . - , , , , , . - , , , , , , , , , , , , , - . - . ) , , , . (peace process) 2007.3 5 . 47. 48 ) 1998 8 (RDA) (Regional Chamber) . - (Regional Assembly) , 2004 (North-East) , 2000 (Greater London Authority) . . 1) (Principal Authorities) - (Greater London Authority) : 2000.7 , 1,584, 817 , , , , , - County : 50150 , , , , , , , , - Borough : (City of London) 33 , , , , , , , - District : County 10 414 , , , , , , - Metropolitan District : 1986 , , , , , Metropolitan County , 48. 49 . - (Unitary) : (- -) 2) (Sub-Principal Authorities) (town) (Parish Council) (Town Council), (Communities Council) . 1/3 , 8,700 Parish Council , 1,150 900 Communities Council . Parish 100 70,000 500 40% , 5,000 10%. Parish Council , , , , . Parish Council 520 , , (Precepts) . 49. 50 3) (Principal Authorities) 2 353 () (GLA) 27 County 36 District 55 33 Borough ( ) 201 District 32 32 - 22 22 - 26 26 - (UK) 433 . 1) 4 , , (1) , (2)1/2 , (3)1/3 3 . 3060% 6080% (Leader of the Council) , 29 , . , 2012 7,000 , . - ( 2050%) . 50. 51 . 2) ( ) ) 2000 (Local Government Act 2000) . - () () . ) + (Mayor and cabinet executive) - , 29 + (Leader and cabinet executive) - ( ) , 29 + (Mayor and council manager) - - : 85,000 (shire districts) (revamped) 3) . - , (Director of Childrens Service), (Chief Education Officer) . 51. 52 (Chief Executive) . County , , , District , , , . 4) ) () 2010/11 (2010.4.1 2011.3.31) 1,720 24% . 1 2,799 . 65% (Council tax) . 37% , 17%, 17%, 10% . ) (Specific Government Grant) - . (2010/11 , 37.6%) (Revenue Support Grant) - (2010/11 , 1.8%) 52. 53 . (Council tax) - 8 () (2010/11 , 15.3%) (National Non-Domestic Rate) - , (2010/11 , 12.5%) , , . 1) , , . (Statutory Instrument), (Guidance) (Circular) . 2) (Engagement) (Intervention), . (Audit Commission) (Comprehensive Area Assessment) 2010 5 - . (OFSTED) , (Care Quality Commission) 53. 54 . 3) (Budget-capping) - 7 . 2010.5 2010.5 , ( : 326) (hung parliament) - 306( 36.1%), 258( 29.1%), 57 ( 23.0%), 29( 11.8%) - 13 , 1930 (national government) Hung Parliament - 1929, 1951, 1974 3, 1996 Major 1978 Callaghan 2 - Hung Parliament , 54. 55 . . - 5.75.11 -, - , 5.11 - - - 5.11 5.11 , , , 5.12 5.13 - 23 5 . - () , - () . - () - () EU , EU ( ) . 2012 2012.9.4 Cameron 2 , , , , , . - ( ), (National Health Service ), (3 ), ( ) 55. 56 - , - 2015 , , , , , (, ) . ( ) , , , . - . - , - , , , , EU , 2015 . 60(Diamond Jubilee) , 2012 , , 56. 57 . , (referendum) , 2012.10.12 Cameron Alex Salmond 1(SNP) 2014 . - 2012.9 : 32% / 58% / 10% (2012.11 YouGov/Sunday Times) 2012.8 2012.9 2012.10 2012.11 33% 32% 35% 35% 42% 41% 42% 42% 10% 9% 9% 9% 20102012 : www.ukpollingreport.co.uk./voting-intention 57. 61 . 1 . (special relationship) - , - , EU (Commonwealth) - 2 . 1) , EU , - 2) , G-20 58. 62 . 2010 2012-2015 Business Plan , . (Safeguard Britains National Security) (Build Britains Prosperity) (Support British nationals around the world through modern and efficient consular service) Business Plan . - WMD - (- ) - - - - (emerging powers) (, , , , , ) - - (EU , EU ) - (soft power) - (NGO ) - 59. 63 . 2 . 21 , . - 2030 2, 6 - 2011 - 2012 27 ( ASEAN ) - 20112012 60 - 20112012 ASEAN 50 . - , . - , . . - , , NATO UN . 60. 64 - , , , . . - - 2012.9 1 . EU , EU . - 2013.1 , EU (referendum) 2017 . - EU EU . , , EU . - EU EU . - , EU . (, , , , ) , . - 2011.8 85% - 2012.12 51% EU 61. 65 . . UN, EU . Quartet , . - - , . 3 . , , , . , , . . (WMD) 9.11 . WMD , WMD . 62. 66 - EU , EU UN - - WMD , - - . . - , , , , , , . NGO . - Niger Delta Oxfam , , 2050 1990 80% ( ). . (Department for International Development) . 63. 67 . 2011 ODA(Official Development Assistance)/GNI 0.56% 2011 ODA 86 - OECD-DAC - ODA 2013 0.7% 2012 (Autumn Statement) . G8 . (3 2 ), (2 8 ), (2 2 ) 3 - , 2015 2012 11 . 2011/2012( ) 68 31 - 2011/2012 2010/2011 3% 18 - 2011/2012 2010/2011 7% 12 - 2011/2012 2010/2011 15% 3 - 2011/2012 2010/2011 72% 5 4 (The Commonwealth) . 1847 1901 , 1907 (Dominion) 1 64. 68 , . 1926 (Imperial Conference) , British Commonwealth of Nations , . - 1931 . 2 , , 54 , The Commonwealth . 1949 . 2. - 2003.12.7 ( 2003.12.11 Don McKinnon ) - , 2008.5.12 2009 . . ( ). . 65. 69 . . 54(2009 53) 19, 8, 3, 10, 3, 11 - 16 ( ) , 33 , 5 . Antigua and Barbuda Jamaica St Lucia Australia Kenya St Vincent and the Grenadines The Bahamas Kiribati Samoa Bangladesh Lesotho Seychelles Barbados Malawi Sierra Leone Belize Malaysia Singapore Botswana Maldives Solomon Islands Brunei Darussalam Malta South Africa Cameroon Mauritius Sri Lanka Canada Mozambique Swaziland Cyprus Namibia Tonga Dominica Nauru Trinidad and Tobago Fiji* New Zealand Tuvalu The Gambia Nigeria Uganda 66. 70 Ghana Pakistan UK Grenada Papua New Guinea Tanzania Guyana Rwanda Vanuatu India St Kitts and Nevis Zambia * 2009.9 : www.thecommonwealth.org . . . , . (High Commissioner) . , , . . 1966 (Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting) , 1971 2 . 67. 71 . , , , . . (owing a common allegiance to the Crown) , 1949 (Head of Commonwealth) . 15 (Governor-General) . . - Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and The Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu 15 Brunei, Lesotho, Malaysia, Swaziland, Tonga , Samoa 5 (Overseas Territories) Governor , . 14 ( 1997.7.1 ). Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory 68. 72 British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands St Helena and St Helena Dependencies(Ascension, Tristan da Cunha) The Turks and Caicos Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia 69. 75 . 1 . , , , IT 2011 GDP 2 4,176 7 . GDP (, 2011, IMF) : 150,940, 72,981, 58,695, 35,770, 27,763, 24,176, 11,162 2 26% 2 , 6 60% , , . (, 2010, WTO) : 41,368, 33,351, 28,092, 17,586 14,090, 13,736, 10,729 GDP (%, 20082010, WTO) : 107.3, 85.8, 59.3, 55.2, 53.1, 30.9, 27.8 . 1970 GDP 30% , . 2011 (GVA) 76.1% , 10.8% 2011 (%, OECD) : 76.1 ( 19.1, 18.9, 12.3, 9.4), 2 16.5( 10.8), 6.7, 0.7 GDP , . - , , , , , 70. 76 - , , , . (WEF) 8 ( 19), 1 , . 3 (, , SP) AAA . WEF (2012.9) : (2012.9, the Global Financial Centres Index) : . 2 1973 , (1960 1973 GDP 2.9%, OECD). 1970 , (the sick man of the Europe) , IMF 230 (1977) . 1979 1980 (Neo- liberalism or Thatcherism) , , (Big Bang) . - 2 GDP 5.9% , 1988 GDP 5% . - , 1984 340 , 1980 71. 77 . 160 . 1990 1993 300 , 1997 170 . 1997 , 10 2008 2 40 . - 1990 (1992 2007 2.7% ), . 2008 . - 2008.2 Northern Rock , 2008.10 5 Royal Bank of Scotland , Lloyds Banking Group 43% . - (2008.6) 160 2009.10 250 , 2009 -4.4% . 2010 - , . 2 . 1992 2008 1/4 63 (+) . 72. 78 2008 2/4 5 2009 -4.4% . - 2010 , , , 2011 4/4 3 (-) (double-dip recession) - , 2012 3/4 0.9% . , , - 2013 1% 2009 78%( : 5%) 2010.1 (2%) 2011 3 5% , 2012 2/4 2% , , 2013 2.5% 2015 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 GDP(%) 3.5 -1.1 -4.4 1.8 0.9 -0.1 (0.8) 1.2 (2.0) 2.0 (2.7) 2.3 (3.07) 2.7 (3.0) 2.8 CPI(%) 2.3 3.6 2.2 3.3 4.5 2.8 (2.8) 2.5 (1.9) 2.2 (1.9) 2.0 (2.0) 2.0 (2.0) 2.0 (%) 5.3 5.7 7.7 7.8 8.1 8.0 (8.7) 8.2 (8.6) 8.2 (8.0) 8.0 (7.2) 7.6 (6.3) 7.1 * ( ) 2012.3 73. 79 . . - 2001/02 GDP 1.8% 2011/12 -6.1% (GDP, %) : (02/03) -0.7 (05/06) -1.5 (08/09) -2.2 (10/11) -7.1 (11/12) -6.1 - 2001/02 2011/12 GDP 66% (GDP , %) : (02/03) 30.8 (05/06) 35.3 (08/09) 43.5 (10/11) 60.5 (11/12) 66.0 2012/13 6,830 2011/12 7,100 3.8% - 2012/13 GDP 36.1% 2011/12 36.2% 2012/13 ( : 10 , %) 2011/12 2012/13 () (%) (%) 153 21.6 155 22.7 2 102 14.4 106 15.5 4 98 13.8 102 14.9 4 43 6.1 45 6.6 2 * 46 6.5 48 7.0 2 27 3.8 27 4.0 - 9 1.3 9 1.3 - 26 3.7 26 3.8 - 25 3.5 26 3.8 1 * 87 12.3 96 14.1 9 140 19.7 91 13.3 49 710 100% 683 100% 27 74. 80 2011/12 2012/13 () (%) (%) 200 28.2 207 30.3 7 126 17.8 130 19.0 3 89 12.5 91 13.3 2 33 4.7 32 4.7 1 40 5.6 39 5.7 1 32 4.5 33 4.8 1 23 3.2 22 3.2 1 20 2.8 19 2.8 1 24 3.4 21 3.1 3 74 10.4 43 6.3 31 50 7.0 46 6.7 4 * (Excise duties) , , , . 2008 2009 - () 2010, 2011 10% 2012 - () , - () 1,000 , * ( ) : (2009) 622 (2010) 670 (2011) 764 (2012.16) 344 75. 81 . ( : 10 , %) EU Non-EU 2009 228.1 311.0 -82.8 124.9 162.8 -37.9 103.2 148.2 -45.0 2010 265.7 (16.5) 364.2 (17.1) -98.5 ( - ) 142.0 (13.7) 186.1 (14.3) -44.1 ( - ) 123.7 (19.8) 178.1 (20.2) -54.5 ( - ) 2011 299.1 (12.6) 399.1 (9.6) -100.0 ( - ) 159.1 (12.0) 202.3 (8.8) -43.3 ( - ) 140.0 (13.2) 196.7 (10.4) -56.7 ( - ) 2012. 16 150.2 (1.25) 203.7 (4.0) -53.5 ( - ) 75.4 (-5.1) 102.3 (3.0) -26.9 ( - ) 74.8 (8.6) 101.3 (5.0) -26.6 ( - ) * : UK Office for National Statistics ** ( ) EU , EU - 2012 EU 5.1% , EU * EU (%) : (2009) 54.7 (2010) 53.4 (2011) 53.1 (2012.16) 50.2 - EU 20102011 10% 2012 5.0% * Non-EU (%) : (2009) 47.6 (2010) 48.9 (2011) 49.2 (2012.16) 49.7 . 1981 2004 , - 2011 5,760, 3,370 - 2011 36% EU , , , 5 2011 12%, , 76. 82 , (2050 1990 80% ), 2011 GDP 4.4% - ( 55%) , 25% . ( 19%), (37%), (46%), (17%) 1 - , , Libor () 2008 2008.10 2009.3 6 (5%0.5%) 1694 - , , 2011 10(%) : 4.59(08) 3.65(09) 3.61(10) 3.11 (11) 1.77(12.6) 1.84(12.10) - (Libor 3) 1% Libor 3(%) : 2.77(08) 0.61(09) 0.75(10) 0.75 (11) 1.00(12.6) 0.53(12.10) , ECB FTSE 100 : 4,434(08) 5413(09) 5,899(10) 5,572(11) 5,571(12.6) 5,782(12.10) 77. 83 . . , , - 2010 372.8 , 2011 290 GDP 2% , 2012 16 361.4 - , 25% , - $/ : 1.98(08) 1.46(08) 1.64(10) 1.55(11) 1.56(12.6) 1.61(12.10) 1,7501850 - / : 1,810.9(08) 1,880.5(09) 1,776.9(10) 1,790.3(11) 1,796.4(12.6) 1,757.0(10) . (EMU) EMU 2008 78. 84 . (Banking union)/ , - ( ) (Safeguard) , , 3 . , 3 , , , - 18 , - 197080 , , (1979) (1986, Big bang) 79. 85 . ( : %) (11.9) 19 11 10 8 9 44 (11.10) 37 20 6 3 2 32 (10) 46 24 3 7 2 18 70 - - - - - 17 72 - - 6 5 (11) 6 33 2 - 8 51 (11.12) 18 65 2 4 1 14 (10) 21 53 1 - 1 20 * : 1 * : TheCityUK(Key Facts Report, April 2012) . GDP 9.4%(2011) (97: 5.7% 11: 9.4%) - (, , , ) 14% 2012.3 110 3.6% - 2002.3 4.0% , 2011 387 (1,002 ) 80. 86 4 . , , - 2016/17 - (GDP) : (10/11) -9.3% (16/17) 0.4% VAT (17.520%), , 1% 25% , . (Rebalancing) , - (12: 26 24%, 1%p 14 2%p 21%) - , - 3 - 81. 87 . - (5% 0.5%) - (2,000 3,750 ) - 1 2 , 12 72,300 - 1,200 - 100 90 45 - ( 2,00050,000 ) . , , NHS 1/3 , 1/4 NHS (flagship reform) : (Universal Credit: Welfare that works) - (working-age) - (Universal Credit) ( ) - (Big Question) , (2012.6.25, Welfare Speech) - , - 65 , 82. 88 - (2012.10.1) , (clinician) NHS - , , , (NHS Lottery) - NHS (clinician) (10 / SHAs, 151 /PCTs) 25,000 - (GPs) (Clinical Commissioning Groups) NHS Board - : NHS - Public Health England 83. 91 . 1 . , , . NATO (EU) . NATO UN . (2012-13) : 398 . : . Emblem 84. 92 . (Secretary of State for Defence) (Central Staff) /() - () - // - /(DES) - (DSO) UKTI ( ) / / - Defence Academy (, , ) : - (5) + 4 : : / - 3 / 3 / 85. 93 . 2 . : (2012.5.1) / 100,840 34,440 38,760 174,040 : 38,500, : 83,060, (Gurkhas) : 3,630 : 9,500, 22,000 : 11,097 . / : 408 : 3,897 : 316 : 2,900 UAV : 250 : 15 : 6 : 0(2 ) : 2 : 19 : 13 : 86 : 136 : 6 : 15 : 25 : 284 : SLBM( ) 48( 225) . (: ) 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 393 422 398 86. 94 . / 9,500 / 300 (NATO ) 22,000 3,000 1,250 3 . 1) Smart Acquisition ( ) 2) - : , 87. 95 . . - , . (2011 ) - : 30 - : 9 - : 116(72 ) 20022011 95billion dollars , 2 BAE , , Smith Industries A.Westland QinetiQ , , , VT Group Cobham Alvis , Babcock International , Meggit , , 88. 96 4 . 1) 9,500 - 2001.10 2012.12.1 438 (387 / 33 / 18 ) 2014 , . - 2010 , , . - 2014 300 100 . . 2) NATO , . . - 89. 97 . , , 2012 . , , . 3) , , (OEF), (MSO), 10 (IMO) . , , 1 2011 . 2012.4 EU . , , . 90. 98 4) , , 2011 . 2011.11.29 , - . Type45 HMS Daring(8,000) . 2012.12 HMS Daring 4,900 4, 1, 2, 2 . , UAE , 2012.11 UAE UAE . . , . 5) , - . - 30 2012 91. 99 . 2012.3 6 . , HMS Dauntless(8,000) . NSC . , . . (2012-15) - : HMS Ark Royal , 4, Bay - : , C-130, Nimrod (MRA4) , Sentinel - : Challenger 2 40% AS90 35% (2012-2020) - 2 (2016-18 ) - - 2013 A330 - 12 (2011. 08 14 ) - 2020 F-35 (F-35B F-35C ) F-35B 138 2012.5 F-35B 92. 100 5 . (2009.8 - 2012.10) 1) ( ) 10.1.19-1.22 7 2.24 1 3.21-26 3 2 3.30-31 () 6.9-12 2 6.23-26 7 7.18-21 5 7.18-23 2 2 9.3-9 3 9.6-18 2 11.2-4 9 11.2.27-3.1 () 1 5.15-18 () 1 9.12-16 () 3 9.12-16 () 1 9.13-17 () 3 9.27-28 KHP 12.3.12-3.16 26 4.26-29 1 4.28-30 2 7.6-10 6 7.8-11 6 7.8-13 () 1 93. 101 . 2) (2009.8 - 2012.7) 11 : , , , 12 : ( ), 3) () . : 14 (2012. 10 ) : 2, 8 - : 4, : 4, : 2 : 3, 1 . 2002.7 : - RUSI() MOU 2009.7 : 2010.9 : -RUSI() MOU 2012.12 : () () () () 94. 102 . - / - 93.9 MOU / 97.8 - 98.12 / 99.2 - 00.11 / 03.7 (0408) ( : ) 07 08 09 10 11 4,080 5,400 5,600 5,000 10,488 679 450 547 1,524 61 () (Lynx) 91 12 / 1 800 1 (Sea Skua) 91 48 / 4,176 1 HAWK (T-50) 92-93 20 / 2 814 KDX 94-98 3 / 1 4,763 00-04 2 / 4,400 00-04 2 / 2,467 (Super Lynx) 97-01 13 / 2 4,859 2 (Sea Skua) 97-01 39 / 7,000 2 TACAN 00-02 6 / 225 KDX-III 04-10 9 / 5,500 (DSRV) 06-08 1 / 1,913 11-13 186 / 4,160 12-15 8 / 5 6,700 95. 103 . () (MARS ) 12-16 4 / 7 3,200 6 . 1) : 56,700 : 2 (27, 29 Brigade) - 5 , 2 , 1 : ( : 33, : 25) : 1 : 1 (240) 2) / 4,731 1,078 2,674 979 () 4,521 67 115 28 977 44 30 27 2,589 19 66 955 4 19 1 96. 104 3) : 1950.9.22-23 : 1950.11.4-6 : 1951.1.3-4 () : 1951.4.22-25 . (British Korean Veterans Association: BKVA) 1) , 625 Westminster (1988 St.Pauls ) , 1977 Tony Eagles, Alan Moody ( ) . 58 (Branch) 5,000. 2) (Patron) : 3 - Sir Peter Downward, KCVO, CB, DSO, DFC - A. C. Birtwistle CB, CBE, DL, MA - Keith Taylor, FCIM, FIMgt, FinstD (President) : 1 - G. M. G. Swindells CB (National Chairman) : 1 - George M. Gadd 20092010 97. 105 . (Chairman of Trustee) : 4 - Neil F Townsend JP, DL - Mick A. Geoghegan Esq JP - David St John Griffiths - Donovan Prescott (Korean Liaison Officer) : 1 - Alan Guy / - 3) ) - 7 27 (Aboretum) () , , 500 , (, , ) (AGM) - 10 / 300 - , - 1 (Standard Dedication) , - 1 / ) ( 1) : Morning Calm : , , 98. 106 ) / 1030 UN 1520 ) 6.25 3040 , , 99. 109 . 1 . 1) 410 1601 (Poor Law) , . 2 . 1945 (Beveridge) 1946 (National Insurance Act), (National Health Service Act) , 1948 (National Assistance Act) , 1970 . 1941 6 (: ) 11 (Social Insurance and Allied Services, Reported by William Beveridge) . . ! 2 , . , 1941 6 (TUC) . , . . 100. 110 ! . , , , , . , , , . 2) (Welfare Mix) 1960 , 197374 . 1970 , , . , , , , , (welfare mix) (welfare pluralism) . 3) (Welfare to work) , . (social justice) . 101. 111 . - (Welfare to Work Scheme) , . , . , . . (Flagship Reform : Welfare, Pension, NHS Reform) . - , (benefits and tax credits) , - 1942 : (Universal Credit: Welfare that works) - (working-age) [ 1) (Income Support), 2) (Jobseekers Allowance), 3) (Employment and Support Allowance), 4) (Housing benefit), 5) (Working tax credit), 6) (Child tax credit) ] (Universal Credit) : (Cap) 500 / 26,000 ( 35,000 ) - 102. 112 - (DWP) Universal Credit - (DLA) (PUP) - ( 400) (social housing tenants) - (Child Benefit) - 16-24 , 3 , (2012.6.15, ) - (state basic pension) 65 2020 66, 2028 67 ( 2018 65 2020 103. 113 . ) - ( 2) 2015 140 (new single-tier state pension) * 30 107.45 - (2012.10.1 12 , 2017.4 1 ) NHS - , EU , 25% NHS 1940 NHS NHS : 1) NHS 40 , 2) 6 , 3) (EU 5 ), 4) (quality) ( , , ), 5) 7 , 6) ( Health Care ), 7) (NHS ) ( ) , 8) (PCTs and trusts) NHS , 9) , 10) 2010.3 NHS 62 (13 156, 5.7) , 99 GP (referral) 3.2 - NHS (Clinician) (151 /PCTs, 10 /SHAs) (GPs) (CCGs: Clinical Commissioning Group) - 25,000 - NHS Commissioning Board(), Monitor( ), NHS Trust Development Authority(), HealthWatch England (Care Quality Commission ) - NHS NHS , , 3 104. 114 - NHS trusts(NHS ) NHS foundation trusts 49% ( 3%) - NHS foundation trusts Monitor NHS ( ) - HealthWatch England CQC(Care Quality Commission) - , Public Health England NHS Social Care (2013.4.1 ) 105. 115 . 2 . (BC 555) () , 16 Henry 8 . . . 1) The Anglican Church of England() 16 Henry 8 160 44 , 2,600 . Canterbury 30 , York (14 ) , Durham, Winchester 24 . , . 2) The Church of Scotland 1707 ( : 60). 3) The Free Churches . 106. 116 29 , (15), (10), (5) . 4) The Roman Catholic Church 16 1850 , 17 19 . 1982 John Paul . 5) 17 26 . 6) 270 (82) (42), (25) . 3 . 200 . . 1 . 12, 11, 96 107. 117 . . Press Complaints Commission (1991 ) . - , , 17 . , , (2012.9 ) (: ) 1) () ) The Daily Telegraph 58 The Times 40 Financial Times 28 The Guardian 20 The Independent 8 ) The Sun 250 Daily Mail 191 Daily Mirror 108 Daily Star 60 Daily Express 55 I (Independent 2012 ) 28 108. 118 2) ) The Sunday Times 91 The Sunday Telegraph 46 The Observer 25 The Independent on Sunday 12 ) The Sum (Sunday) 213 The Mail on Sunda 181 Sunday Mirror 110 Sunday Express 50 The People 46 Daily Star Sunday 44 . 9,000 . (Weekly Magazine) ( : , 2012 ) Time Out 5.2 The Economist 21 The New StatesmanSociety , , 2.3 The Spectator The New Statesman 6.3 109. 119 . . 1) Reuters 1851 91(221 ) 15,000 (UK : 3,542) ( 2,000 ), 150 , . 2) The Press Association 1868 (UK ) , , . 200 . 3) Extel 1872 The Exchange Telegraph . , . , , , Extel Cards . . 1) BBC : Channel 4 : S4C : , 110. 120 2) BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation) 1922 1927 - : BBC1, BBC2, BBC3, BBC4, BBC cbbc (612 ), BBC Parliament ( ), BBC News, BBC ALBA( ), BBC HD - : 11 46 ( 40, 6 ) BBC WORLD SERVICE : . 27 , BBC WORLD : BBC , 8 , 180 3 5,600 : 12 (Board of Governors) 3) : ITV Five, 20 : 26, 325 . 1) Ofcom (Office of Communications : ) 2003 2003.12.29 ITC(Independent Television Commission), Radio Authority, BSC(Broadcasting Standards Commission) 111. 121 . - - - - () - () 2) PCC (Press Complaints Commission : ) , , 1953 (Press Council) . : News of the World(2012 ) The Sun PCC . , . , , 8 , -- (2012.11). 4 . 6() - 5() - 2() - 3() . 112. 122 Key Stage National Test N/A Nursery Under 5s N/A Reception 1 (6) Yr 1 Primary School (6) KS* 1 2 Yr 2 English/Math 3 Yr 3 KS 2 4 Yr 4 5 Yr 5 6 Yr 6 Eng/Math/Sci 1 (3) Yr 7 Secondary School (5) KS 3 2 Yr 8 3 Yr 9 Eng/Math/Sci 1 (3) Yr 10 KS 4 Lower GCSE 2 Yr 11 Upper GCSEs/GNVQs 3 Yr 12 Sixth Form Further Education A Level Yr 13 * Key Stage 5 16 11( 6, 5). , 5 . - (early years)(primary)(secondary)(further education : FE) (higher education : HE) 3 , 113. 123 . 2008 EYFS(early year foundation stage) 5 . : (Key Stage) . - 91 5, . 6 Key Stage 1(Year 1-2, 7 ), Key Stage 2(Year 3-6, 11 ) . - 5 , 5, Key Stage 3(Year 7-9, 14 ), Key Stage 4(Year10-11, 16 ) , Key Stage 4 GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education) . - Sixth Form(2) . (Further Education) : , 16 . - (Sixth Form) , 2(Year 12-13) Sixth Form A Level(Advanced Level) . (Higher Education) : 3 , , , 6 . 1, 3. . : 2011/12 , 29,400 920 , . - 24,000 780 / : 2011/12 , 1 ( ) 114. 124 16.2. - 17.7(), 20.5(), 15.3() : 1989 3 (core subjects: , , ) 9 (non-core foundation subjects: , , ICT, , , , , , Citizenship) , (religious education) . : 9 7 , . 3 . - : (9 12), ( 1 3), ( 4 7) : , , Comprehensive School, Grammar School, Independent School Academy . : ( 2,600) , 7% Sixth Form 25% . Grammar School 5%(164) , Academy 1,877 2012 . : 5 16 GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education) . : , Sixth Form School( ), further education college . 115. 125 . - Sixth Form School GCE A-level . 3-4 A*, A, B, C, D, E . 2010/2011 1830 4243% . 250 42% : 58% . 2012 40 7%10% 16% 2 . 4,000 . , 2009/2010 10,000 , . Aim Higher . - 2012 (Private University) 30 Buckingham 2 . 148 (2010/2011 ). - 2010/2011 , 369,010, 162,525, 20,080( 6,270, 13,295, 515). - 2010/2011 , 1,912,580, 588,720. - Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE), Scottish Higher Education Funding Council(SHEFC), Higher Education Funding Council for Wales(HEFCW), Department for Employment and Learning Northern Ireland . . 1213 , 116. 126 St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Edinburgh 15 16 . 1920 . 1967 30 Polytechnics 1993 University . 2010/2011 , 40 , 250 16% . EU 2011 3,375 2012 3 9,000 . - , , , 2012 . , 559 (Adult College, Further Education College ) . - 1971 Open University . ( 17 ) 90% 2004 (EMA, Education Maintenance Allowance) 2 . - . - 117. 127 . , , , . . 20102011 GDP(1 3,980 ) 4% 582 . 2010/11 2014/15 14.4% . , 1998 . 2010.5 9,000 . 2011 3,375 2012 9,000 . The Student Finance Plan . - 21,000 ( 25,000 7 ), 30 . - , . . (Department for Education : DfE) - 2010.5 Department for Children, Schools and Families Department for Education , , , . 118. 128 (Department for Business, Innovation, and Skills) - , , , . , (DIUS) , (BERR) 2009.6 (Local Education Authority) - . . 2011/12 208 . (OFSTED : Office for Standards in Education) - 1992 . , , , , . STA(Standards and Testing Agency) - QCDA(The Qualification and Curriculum Development Agency) (early years KS 3(7, 11, 14) ) . - 2011.10 ( Teaching Agency ) OFQUAL(The Regulators of Qualifications, Exams and Tests in England) - , GCSEs A-level - - TA(Teaching Agency) - , , , TDA (Training and Development Agency for Schools) QCDA 119. 129 . HEFCE(Higher Education Funding Council for England) - HEFCE UCAS(Universities and Colleges Admissions Service) - UCAS 5 - , , - 2012 Key Information Set Data 5 . 1) (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, BIS) (Research Council) , , , (DIUS) , (BERR) 2009.6 (Chief Scientific Advisor) GOS(Government Office for Science) . 120. 130 2) (Science Advisors Committee) GOS , 3) (Council for Science and Technology) , , 2 . 4) (Research Council) 7 , , - (Arts and Humanities Research Council, AHRC) - (Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, BBSRC) - (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EPSRC) - (Economic and Social Research Council, ESRC) - (Medical Research Council, MRC) - (Natural Environment Research Council, NERC) - (Science and Technology Facilities Council) 121. 131 . 5) (Higher Education Funding Council) 1) (Prime Minister) Chief Scientific Advisor to the Government Scientific Advisors Committee Council for Science and Technology BIS Government Office for Science 2) Research Councils . 1) 2 . 1) (), . Department for Business, Innovation and Skills 2) : (7) 122. 132 - 3% , 3.9%(11) - 6.4%, 10.9%, 14%, 2.2% (11). 2) 2000 , 2003 , 2004 10 (20042014) . 2011 Technology and Innovation Futures: UK Growth Opportunities for the 2020s . - (Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals), (Materials and Nanotechnology), (Digital and Networks), (Energy and Low Carbon Technologies) , . - , - 1997 2 GDP 2.5%(04 1.78%) - 50 , (Biomedical Catalyst) . - 14% - , , 123. 133 . - G8 100 : 16, 9.2, 3.2 , . - , , , 2014 , , Open Access 2012.7 . - Open Access , , 3) (2010 , 2012 ) : 264 (GDP 1.78%) - : 244 (92.4%) - : 19 (7.6%) - : 84.7 (32.1%) - : 119.1 (45.1%) - : 16.0 (6.3%) - : 43.3 (16.4%) (, ) (2010) - / 9.4%, 27.2%, 60.9% 2010 (Spending Review) 19% 2015 (46 ) 124. 134 4) (2010-2015) ( : ) 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2,549 2,596 2,574 2,586 2,599 1,731 1,662 1,699 1,685 1,686 88 87 87 87 87 (ScienceSociety) 16 13 13 13 13 (EvidenceEvaluation) 20 4 4 4 4 (Foresight) 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 (UK Space Agency) 164 206 191 193 179 4,576 4,576 4,576 4,576 4,576 5) , , - (UK Research Partnership Investment Fund: UK RPIF) , , 14 , 10 - 30% , , (Biomedical Catalyst) - (Medical Research Council) (Technology Strategy Board) 1.8 - , , (Foresight Programme) - 1994 , , 125. 135 . - , , . (collaborative networks) - 2050 , . Research Excellence Framework - , , , , , , - , (Link Programme) - 1988 , 50% , 60% - : Electronics/Communications/IT, Food/Agriculture, Biosciences/Medical, Materials/Chemicals, Energy/Engineering - Industrial Fellowships : (Royal Society) , 2 - Knowledge Transfer Partnerships : . 1) 17 : 18 : 126. 136 19 : , 20 - DNA 3 (3-Dimensional Structure) - , (hole) - DNA , Y - (monoclonal antibodies) - - (heart) - (Dolly sheep), 2) (James Watt, 1765), (Edward Jenner, 1796) (Michael Faraday, 1831), (Alexander Bain, 1843) (Analytical Engine) (C. Babbage, 1833) (John Baird, 1925) (Alexander Fleming, 1927) -Holography(Dennis Gabon, 1947) (Watson Watt, 1935) -Hovercraft(Christopher Cockerell, 1956) (Tim Berners-Lee, 1989) 127. 137 . 3) 85 24 27 34 12 11 8 116 2012 - : Dr. John B. Gurdon 128. 141 . 1 . 1883 (Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation) , 2 . - 1884.4 , 1900 1910 - 1901 1949.1 , . 1950.9 ( : 56,700, 1951 ( ). (1951.4.2224) , 1,078, 2,674, 979 . - 1951.4.2224 1 9 3 ( Gloucester Valley ) 3 , UN . 1987.3.11 , St. Pauls Cathedral ( ). , , 129. 142 . . 7 (99.4) 5 . - 2009.4 2 G20 , 2010.11 3 G20 , , , . - , EU , , , , , . - , . - , . 1882. 4. 21 14 ( ) 1883.11.26 130. 143 . 1884. 4. 4 Harry Parkes William Aston 1900 , 1901 ( ) 1906 (1910 ) 1946 1949. 1.18 , 1949. 3. 1 Vyvyan Holt , 1949.12.31 ( : 1950.2.17) 1950. 6. 6 Vyvyan Holt (6.25 ) 1957. 6.13 1957. 6.28 Hubert J.Evans , 1957.11. 1 1958.11.28 2 1961. 3.17 2 Walter Godfrey 1961. 5.10 3 1962. 8.16 4 1967.12.12 5 1969. 3.14 4 N.C.C. Trench 1971.10. 6 5 Jeffrey Charles Petersen 1971.11.10 6 1974.12.17 7 1975. 3. 5 6 William Stanley Bates 1977. 5.11 8 1980. 9.24 7 J.A.L. Morgan 1981. 2.25 9 1983. 5. 4 8 J.N.T. Spreckley 1985. 2.14 10 1986.10.16 9 Lawrence J. Middleton 131. 144 1987.12.16 11 1990. 4.17 10 David J. Wright 1991. 5.16 12 1993. 7.13 13 1994. 4. 4 11 Thomas Harris 1996. 5. 2 14 1997. 4.15 12 Stephen Brown 1999. 3.23 15 2000. 8.30 13 Charles Humfrey 2001. 7.31 16 2003. 7.19 17 2003.12. 2 14 Warwick Morris 2005. 6.10 18 2008. 2.15 15 Martin Uden 2008.10. 9 19 2010. 5.19 20 2011.11.25 16 Scott Wightman 2012.12. 5 21 . 1963 Alexander Lloyds 1964.12 1965. 4 Lord Waltson 1965.10 (, ) 5 1968. 6 Mallalieu 1968.11 Julian Amery 1972. 2 Alec Douglas-Home 1973. 2 1974. 3 1974. 5 6, 132. 145 . 1974. 9 1974.10 Nichols 1974.12 Sir Thomas Brimelow 1975. 3 1975. 5 K.M.Wilford 1975. 5 (Lord Diamond) 1975. 9 1975. 6 Peter Shore 1976. 4 Roy Mason 1976. 5 1976. 5 Neville Trotter 1976. 9 G.Kaufman 1977. 1 R.Maudling 1977. 4 Edmund Dell 1977. 4 1978. 2 1978. 5 Edward Heath 1978. 6 Julian E.Ridsdale, Julian Amery 1978.12 John Langford-Holt 1979. 1 John Stanley 1979. 5 1979.10 Sir Paul Bryan 1980. 1 John Nott 1980. 2 IPU 1980. 4 1980. 6 1980. 7 Sir Ian Gilmour 1980. 8 Nevile Trotter 1980.10 Ben Ford 1981. 1 William Wilson 133. 146 1981. 1 1981. 3 Peter Blaker 1981. 4 Sir Anthony Farrar-Hockley 1981. 7 1981. 9 1981. 9 1981.11 1982. 1 Atkins 1982. 2 Biffen 1982.10 1983. 1 David Howell 1983. 5 1983. 5 Gloucester ( 100 ) 1983. 6 100 1983. 9 1983.10 Kent ( ) 1983.11 Carrington 1983.11 John Farr 1984. 2 1984. 3 Channon 1984. 4 1984. 4 G.Howe 1984.10 Luce 1984.10 Edwards 1984.11 Sir William Harding 1985. 4 John Stainer 1985. 5 1985. 6 Pattie 134. 147 . 1985. 6 Sir Antony Acland 1985. 9 Lord Belstead 1985.10 ( ) 1985.11 Sir David Orr 1986. 3 1986. 4 1986. 5 Margaret Thatcher 1986. 5 ( : ) 1986. 6 Lord Trefgarne 1987. 2 Robert Jackson () 1987. 3 Peter Viggers 1987. 3 Sir Geoffrey Edwin Patti 1987. 3 Timothy Renton 1987. 4 Sir Peter Emery () 1987. 4 Michael Howard 1987. 4 Lord Winchilsea 1988. 2 Lord Glenarthur ( ) 1988. 3 George Younger 1988. 7 1988. 9 Anne ( ) Colin Moynihan Edward Heath 1988.10 Tom King 1989. 2 1989. 4 John Moore 1989. 5 Lord Glenarthur 1989. 6 1989. 9 Peter Walker 1989.11 1990. 2 135. 148 1990. 5 Patrick Wright 1990. 5 Nicholas Ridley 1990. 9 Runcie 1990. 9 Bernard Weatherill 1990.12 Caithness 1991. 3 1991. 4 Peter Brooke 1991. 4 1991. 5 1991. 6 1992. 2 Caithness 1992. 4 1992. 6 Goodlad 1992.11 Charles 1993. 4 Hurd 1993. 6 1993. 6 1993. 9 Hunt 1994. 1 Goodlad 1994. 4 1994. 6 IPU 1994.10 Heseltine 1995. 3 1995. 3 Bottomley 1995. 4 Needham 1995. 4 Mawhinney 1995. 8 1995. 8 Hanley 1995. 9 Hague 1996. 1 Portillo 136. 149 . 1996. 3 Major 1996. 5 Michael Forsyth 1996. 8 1996. 9 Hanley 1996. 9 Malone 1997. 3 1997. 4 Gloucester 1997. 9 Clinton-Davis 1997. 9 Sir Jock Slater 1997.10 Davies 1997.10 Kent 1997.11 Derek Fatchett 1998. 4 (2 ASEM ) 1999. 4 Elizabeth 1999. 9 2000. 5 Hoon 2000. 9 ( : John Stanley ) 2000.10 Blair (3 ASEM ) 2001. 1 2001. 2 2001. 2 ( : ) 2001. 3 IPU ( 8) 2001. 4 Andrew 2001. 6 Richard Caborn 2001. 7 2001. 7 2001. 7 2001. 9 MacShane 2001.12 2001.12 137. 150 2002. 3 2002. 4 2002. 5 Peter Mandelson 2003. 1 2003. 1 WHO 2003. 2 Peter Mandelson 2003. 3 2003. 4 2003. 4 2003. 5 2003. 6 2003. 6 Peter Mandelson 2003. 7 Blair 2003. 7 ( ) 2003. 7 ( ) 2003.11 2004. 3 2004. 3 ( ) 2004. 3 2004. 3 2004. 5 ( ) 2004. 6 2004. 7 OSCE 13 ( ) 2004. 8 2004. 9 Robert Finch Lord Mayor 2004. 9 2004.10 2004.12 2005. 5 2005.11 York( ) 138. 151 . 2006. 2 2006. 5 2006. 6 2006.10 John Prescott 2007. 3 2007. 5 2007. 5 2007. 5 2007. 7 2007. 7 2007.10 John Stuttard Lord Mayor 2008. 1 2008. 1 2008. 5 2008. 5 2008. 9 York( ) 2008.10 2009. 2 2009. 2 2009. 3 2009. 4 (G20 ) 2009.10 Mandelson 2010. 1 ( ) 2010. 7 2 2010. 8 ( ) 2010.11 Cameron (G20 ) 2011. 7 ( ) 2011.10 2 ( ) 2012. 3 Clegg ( ) 2012. 4 139. 152 2012. 5 Jeremy Browne 2012. 5 2012. 8 2012.10 2012.10 Hugo Swire 2012.11 2 . 1) (Korea-UK Policy Consultations) 1979. 7 1 ( / ) 1980.10 2 ( / ) 1982. 4 3 ( 2/ ) 1983. 9 4 ( 1/ ) 1985.11 5 ( / ) 1987. 3 6 ( / ) 1990.12 7 ( / ) 1995. 6 8 ( / ) 1996. 9 9 ( / ) 1996.12 10 ( / ) 140. 153 . 1997.11 11 ( / Fatchett ) 1998. 7 12 ( / Fatchett ) 2000. 4 13 ( / Battle ) 2008.11 14 ( 1/ Rammell ) 2012. 7 15 ( / Ellis ) 2) (Korea-UK Forum for the Future) 1991.2 Needham 1992.2 Caithness 21 1993. 4 1 1998.11 6 1999. 4 7 2000. 5 8 2001. 3 9 2002. 4 10 2003. 4 11 2004. 6 12 2005. 3 13 2006. 6 14 2007. 5 15 2008. 6 16 2009. 6 17 2010. 7 18 2011. 6 19 2012. 6 20 141. 154 3) 1, 2, 3 1983.10 4 1984.12 5 1986. 2 6 1987. 9 7 1988.11 8 1989.10 9 1991. 2 10 1992. 5 11 1993.10 12 1994. 9 13 1995.10 14 1996. 9 15 1997.10 16 1999. 6 17 2000. 7 18 2001. 5 19 2004. 2 20 2006.12 21 2009. 1 22 4) 1979.11 1 ( : / ) 1980.10 2 ( ) 1982. 4 3 ( ) 1982.4 142. 155 . 1984. 2 1 (Korean-Anglo Permanent Mixed Commission, : / ) 1986. 3 2 1988. 6 3 1990.11 4 1992.12 5 1996.10 6 5) 1996.10 1 ( / Lan Taylor ) 1997. 9 2 ( / John Battle ) 1998. 9 3 ( / Sainsbury ) 1999. 9 4 ( / Sainsbury ) 2000.11 5 ( / Sainsbury ) 2002. 4 6 ( / Sainsbury ) 2004.12 7 ( / Sainsbury ) 2006.11 8 ( / Ashley Ibbett ) 2008.11 9 ( / Gavin Costigan ) 143. 156 2 . - 1) () 2012 19 33.8 , 50.7 16.9 - 2011 10.5% 2012 15.6% - 2010 , 2012 2011.7.1 EU FTA 92.7% - 2012 - ( : , %) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012. 19 5,936 3,797 5,555 4,969 3,383 -13.6 -36.0 46.3 -10.5 -15.6 3,637 2,896 3,266 3,818 5,070 1.6 -20.4 12.8 16.9 92.9 2,299 901 2,289 1,151 -1,687 * : () , , 144. 157 . (2012) ( : , %) ( ) 1/4 1,087 -21.6 2/4 1,001 -36.2 16 2,088 -29.4 3/4 1,295 23.4 19 3,383 -15.6 * : 2) ( ) (+72.1%), (+6.7%) (+29.8%) , (-74.0%), (-24.1%), (-5.4%) (-22.5%) ( ) FTA , (+32.6%) - (2012) ( : , %) (1-9) (1-9) 1 643 72.1 2,432 8,479.8 2 310 -74.0 237 -3.2 3 310 4,264.4 178 32.6 4 211 -24.1 156 -3.7 5 255 6.7 126 -25.6 6 99 -5.4 114 10.2 7 91 -22.5 81 7.0 8 73 29.8 63 0.1 9 77 -2.1 / 51 -20.0 10 56 15.5 47 22.6 11 56 18.7 41 35.7 12 50 40.8 40 -1.1 * : 145. 158 - 2012.8 - ( : , %) 2011. Q4 2012. 1 2012. 2 2012. 3 2012. 4 2012. 5 2012. 6 2012. 7 2012. 8 2012. 9 217 (62.4) 82 (214.7) 87 (319.2) 81 (192.6) 68 (65.9) 66 (51.5) 78 (27.3) 73 (46.6) 45 (-19.5) 62 (31.3) * : - ( ) 3 - 2009 , - 2012 4/4, ( : , %) 2011. Q4 2012. 1 2012. 2 2012. 3 2012. 4 2012. 5 2012. 6 2012. 7 2012. 8 2012. 9 0 (-) 0 (-) 0 (-) 0 (-) 0 (-) 0 (-) 0 (-) 103 (-) 206 (-) 0 (-) * : 146. 159 . - 2011 4 - , ( : , %) 2011. Q4 2012. 1 2012. 2 2012. 3 2012. 4 2012. 5 2012. 6 2012. 7 2012. 8 2012. 9 65 (-46.4) 21 (-48.1) 21 (-45.7) 26 (-26.6) 23 (-34.1) 21 (-25.2) 32 (7) 27 (-4.7) 19 (-4.9) 21 (-5.6) * : - 2012 7 8 - 2011 , ( : , %) 2011. Q4 2012. 1 2012. 2 2012. 3 2012. 4 2012. 5 2012. 6 2012. 7 2012. 8 2012. 9 37 (-78.3) 6 (-83.5) 8 (-78.4) 49 (124.2) 23 (-18.8) 18 (-69) 4 (-75) 2 (-87.4) 34 (56.3) 111 (7,756) * : 147. 160 . - 1) 2012 19 50 3.4 ( ) ( : , ) 2010 2011 2012. 19 94 649,133 80 920,115 50 335,640 * : Invest Korea 2012 19 9, 1 6,100 - 6,000 , 5,900 , 3,100 41, 1 7,500 - (), , , ( : , ) 2010 2011 2012. 19 14 235,412 10 170,087 9 161,081 0 0 0 0 1 60,000 2 46,500 2 132,090 4 58,886 1 2,500 4 29,302 1 909 4 36,085 2 8,103 1 10,000 3 1,127 1 92 1 31,200 148. 161 . 2010 2011 2012. 19 78 413,310 68 299,938 41 174,558 () 12 338,054 7 31,613 4 526 7 30,531 9 99,783 9 68,668 27 35,451 30 42,169 14 41,266 28 7,810 15 25,042 8 5,015 0 0 1 100,000 2 58,700 2 411 1 450,000 0 0 * : Invest Korea , 41, 201 , MA 2012 19, 2011 3,500 4 1 3,400 ( : , ) 2010 2011 2012. 19 MA 9 90,221 6 35,364 9 134,183 Greenfield 85 558,912 74 884,750 41 201,457 94 649,133 80 920,115 50 335,640 * : Invest Korea 2012 19 17, 8,100 , 32, 2 5,200 ( 74.7%) , 2011 260 149. 162 ( : , ) 2010 2011 2012. 19 35 49,903 33 818,219 17 81,358 54 529,730 46 100,155 32 251,602 5 69,500 1 1,740 1 2,680 * : Invest Korea 2012 19, 1 , 11 81.9% 2 7,500 ( : , ) 2010 2011 2012. 19 1 63 49 26 14,794 11,999 6,203 1 1 22 22 15 33,382 58,993 54,498 1 1 8 6 9 266,061 167,122 274,938 1 1 3 0 334,896 682,000 0 * : Invest Korea 2) 2012 1.3 ( ) 2011(12.4 ) 10% 150. 163 . ( : , , ) 2010 68 26 3,667,881 94 3,280,227 2011 56 17 1,113,867 82 1,243,288 2012. 16 25 4 174,658 37 127,817 702 281 10,272,067 859 8,961,781 * : 2012 19 , , ( 99.4% 1 2,750 ) 2012 19 ( : , , ) 1 0 91,777 7 45,190 17 2 73,030 25 72,403 1 0 100 1 100 0 1 0 1 9,400 3 0 210 0 0 , , 1 0 80 1 40 1 1 9,460 1 476 ,, 1 0 1 1 207 25 4 174,658 37 127,817 * : 151. 164 3 . 1994 1995 SOAS(School of Oriental and African Studies) . , , , . (BAKS : British Association of Korean Studies) - 166 . 916 2008.1.30 . 2008 2 . , , , . . 152. 165 . . - 1992 5 200 - 1992 - 1994 ( ) - 1997.7 - 2000.11.8 (: 397) - ( ) - 2008.12 VictoriaAlbert (1992.12) - 43 (6) (: 132) Fizwilliam (1990.4) - 30 ( 4) , 4 . 1970 1989 () Sir John Stanley () 153. 166 . (Korea-Britain Society) (Anglo-Korean Society) 1961 1956 Dr Robert Hawley . (Korea-UK Forum for the Future) 1993 1993 Lord Kerr Sir David Wright Barclays . (British Korean Veterans Association) 104106 . (BAKS: British Association of Korean Studies) , 1983 James Cotten Leeds Aidan Foster-Carter . 1986 SOAS(School of Oriental and African Studies) Keith Howard , Jim Hoare 100 . - 1 , BAKS Paper BACS(), BAJS() . 154. 167 . : James Lewis Oxford (2012.11 ) . (Korea British Business Council: KBBC) / 2007 : Sir David Wright(Barclays Capital Vice Chairman) 5 . (2011 ) () 3,839 9,170 14,820 19,000 46,829 : (17%), (20%), (40.5%), (22.5%) 18,101(2010 ) : 2010 (Control of Immigration), (Population resident in UK)( HESA Student Record . 1970 . , . New Malden , , . 155. 168 6 (12.10 ) - : 128( 6 ) - : 349( 2.7) () () CJ H MART EUROPE LTD LS () RMS Innovation (UK) Ltd CIC () SDS () LG LG-Ericsson EU Office SK () Office () 156. 169 . ()- () () () UK GS STX ()/ STX Corporation LNG GS () KCC SK SK () () () () () SK STX () EMERALD GLOBAL LTD 157. 170 () KIB () DLA PIPER UK LLP Gregory Rowcliffe Milners Laytons Solicitors WhiteCase LLP 7 2011-12-20 2012-06-01 ( 2091) / 2009-07-09 2010-06-21 ( 2011) 2005-08-29 2005-08-29 ( 1744) 2002-12-05 2002-12-05 ( 464) 2001-12-20 2001-12-20 ( 437) 2001-06-29 2001-06-29 ( 418) 158. 171 . 1999-04-20 2000-08-01 ( 1529) 1996-10-25 1996-12-29 ( 1361) 1996-09-11 1996-07-09 ( 294) 1994-08-11 1995-07-10 ( 1298) 1994-01-12 1994-01-12 ( 234) 1991-11-27 1991-11-27 ( 1073) 1991-10-30 1991-10-30 ( 210) 1990-10-24 1990-10-24 ( 198) 1986-02-08 1986-02-08 ( 116) // 1985-06-14 1985-06-14 ( 864) 1984-03-05 1984-03-05 ( 838) 1983-09-22 1983-09-22 ( 90) 1982-04-21 1982-07-12 ( 782) // 1979-06-05 1979-06-05 ( 39) 1977-04-21 1978-05-13 ( 633) 159. 172 1977-12-19 1978-02-19 ( 615) 1976-03-04 1976-03-04 ( 567) // 1975-12-08 1975-01-13 ( 551) 1972-05-02 1972-05-02 ( 426) // 1972-03-21 1972-03-21 ( 418) // 1971-01-12 1971-01-12 ( 361) - 1970-04-30 1970-04-30 ( 332) 1969-11-18 1969-12-18 ( 319) 1964 11 19 1967-05-10 1967-05-10 ( 248) - 1964-11-19 1964-11-19 ( 132) 1964 1964-08-04 1964-08-04 ( 130) - 1960-05-26 1960-05-26 ( 1158) / 1954-09-28 1954-09-28 ( 1151) 1954-07-02 1954-08-29 ( 1150) (Youth Mobility Scheme) (2012.7.9) 160. 175 . 1 , 6 WMD . , 2002.10 . , . 2 . , 1991.9 . 1982 IMO IMO IMO , 1986.4 IMO , 1991.5 2 . 2000.10 ASEM Tony Blair , , 2000.12.7- 12 9 12.12 . 161. 176 . 2001.7 , 2002.11 David Slinn . - John Everad (2006.2), Peter John Hughes(2008.9), Michael John Gifford(2012.10) 2003.4 Ealing , 2003.9 . - 2007.2 2 , 2012.1 3 3 . . - , - , WMD . - 2002.8 10 1 , , 2003.2, 2004.2 10 1 - 2004.8 8 , - 2005.8 3 ( 1) 162. 177 . - 2005.9 6 , - 2007.3-5 17 - 2008.12 4 2012.12 , EU EU 1820% ( 2 ) , , (2003, 40 ) (2004, 10 ) . 4 2003. 2 BBC Guardian 2003. 2 10 2003. 4 2003. 9 Smith 2003. 9 Baroness Cox Lord Alton 2003.10 Gary Streeter 2004. 2 , , 10 2004. 3 2004. 5 2004. 9 Rammell 2004.10 163. 178 2007.1 1 2008. 5 2008.11 Kate White 2009. 1 2009. 3 Lord Alton, Baroness Cox 2010.10 Lord Alton, Baroness Cox 2011.10 Lord Alton 2012.9 2012.10 RUSI() 5 (All-Party British-North Korea Parliamentary Group) Alton (2003.9) 2003.10.21 . - Alton (2009.2) - ( 20) - : Lord Alton () - : Baroness Cox (), Jim Dobbin (), Lord Bates (), Gary Streeter (), Lord German (), Fiona Bruce () - : Lord Clarke (), David Amess () - : Mark Pritchard (), Baroness Berridge () 164. 181 . 1 (Cabinet) (22, 2012.12 ) David Cameron (Prime Minister) Nick Clegg (Deputy Prime Minister) George Osborne (Chancellor of the Exchequer) William Hague (Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs) Chris Grayling (Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor) Theresa May (Secretary of State for the Home Department) Vince Cable (Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills) Edward Davey (Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change) Patrick McLoughlin (Secretary of State for Transport) Eric Pickles (Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government) Jeremy Hunt (Secretary of State for Health) 165. 182 Theresa Villiers (Secretary of State for Northern Ireland) Michael Moore (Secretary of State for Scotland) David Jones (Secretary of State for Wales) Philip Hammond (Secretary of State for Defence) Owen Paterson (Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) Maria Miller (Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport) Michael Gove (Secretary of State for Education) () Danny Alexander (Chief Secretary to the Treasury) Lord Hill of Oareford (Leader of the House of Lords) Justine Greening (Secretary of State for International Development) Iain Duncan Smith (Secretary of State for Work and Pensions) 166. 183 . 2 . : 2 : 1926. 4. 21 - 5 ( 6) : Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith : : , , , , , . - 1942 Grenadier - 1944 - 1945 - 1947.11.20 - 1952. 2. 6 - 1953. 6. 2 : 3 1( , , , ) (Queen Mother) 2002.2 : : 1999.4 167. 184 . : (David Cameron) : 1966. 10. 9 : (2 2 ) - 1984 Eton - 1988 Oxford () - 198891 - 199192 (John Major) - 199293 (Norman Lamont) - 199394 (Michael Howard) - 199401 Carlton() - 2001 ( : Witney) - 200305 - 2005.512 - 2005.12 - 2010.5 : 1 2( 2009 ) - 4 - , Eton College Oxford - , 2005.5 Michael Howard Eton - - Thatcher Blair - 2010.5.6 - : 2010.11(G20 ) 168. 185 . . : (Nick Clegg) : 1967. 1. 7 : () () () - 199293 GJW - 1993 FT David Thomas Prize , - 199496 European Commission - 199699 Leon Brittan EC - 199904 - 2005 ( : Sheffield Hallam) - 2006 - 2007 - 2010.5 : 3( ) : , - , Westminster School Cambridge - , - , , , 169. 186 . : (William Hague) : 1961. 3. 26 : - () , - INSEAD - 1981 McKinsey - 198388 - 198 - 1989 ( : Richmond) - 199495 - 199597 - 199701 - 200510 - 2010.5 : : (40 ) - 1977 16 - Oxford Union - 1997 , 2001 - (William Pitt , William Wilberforce ) 170. 187 . . : (John Bercow) : 1963. 1. 19 : Essex - 198690 ( : Lambeth) - 1997.5 ( : ) - 200102 - 2002 - 2009.6 : 2 1 : (), , 171. 188 3 (1902-) 1902 Arthur Balfour () 1905 Henry Campbell-Bannerman () 1908 Herbert H. Asquith () 1916 David Lloyd George () 1922 Andrew Bonar Law () 1923 Stanley Baldwin () 1924 James Ramsay MacDonald () 1924 Stanley Baldwin () 1929 James Ramsay MacDonald () 1935 Stanley Baldwin () 1937 Neville Chamberlain () 1940 Winston Churchill () 1945 Clement Attlee () 1951 Winston Churchill () 1955 Anthony Eden () 1957 Harold Macmillan () 1963 Alec Douglas-Home () 1964 Harold Wilson () 172. 189 . 1970 Edward Heath () 1974 Harold Wilson () 1976 James Callaghan () 1979 Margaret Thatcher () 1990 John Major () 1997 Tony Blair () 2007 Gordon Brown () 2010 David Cameron () 173. 2013 2 2013 2 8 60 (02)2100-7448 (02)2100-7957 () TEL.070.7090.1177 2013