2014-08 hpac engineering

7/25/2019 2014-08 HPAC Engineering

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YA S K A WA A M E R I C A , I N C .

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The line of radial plenum fans with GreenTech EC motor technology has been

expanded again. And with the new product line comes a new name: RadiPac.

The RadiPac is equipped with motor, intelligent & aerodynamic impeller design,

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engineered for success

2013 Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.

Choose Honeywell Commercial HVAC Components.

When you specify Honeywell eld devices, youre choosing more than exceptional

products. Youre choosing the industrys most comprehensive line of valves, actuators,

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6/37AUGUST 2014 HPAC ENGINEERING 3

FEATURES: SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES/MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL/HOSPITALS AND HEALTH CARE/

COMMERCIAL OFFICE BUILDINGS/GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS

14 Improving the Efficiency of Small to Mid-Sized Buildings The latest technological advances have made control and system-integration capabilities available and affordable for small and mid-sized

buildings, while providing functionality similar to that of large building

automation systems. By knowing how to take advantage of these systems,

a variety of savings can be realized throughout a buildings life.

By Chad Senger

COMMERCIAL OFFICE BUILDINGS

20 What Owners Need to Know About Duct-Free HVAC The fastest-growing segment of the U.S. HVAC market, variable-

refrigerant-flow (VRF) zoning is a flexible, cost-effective, and

environmentally friendly HVAC option for commercial buildings with

multiple floors and areas. This article discusses seven primarycharacteristics of VRF zoning technology.

By Pamela Androff, PE, LEED AP

SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES/MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL/HOSPITALS AND HEALTH CARE/

COMMERCIAL OFFICE BUILDINGS/GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS

22 Evaluating Power-Demand Reduction WithVFD-Controlled Systems

The pattern of pressure drop through a system during off-design

conditions is critical for centrifugal-pump and fan applications and even

more so for systems employing variable-frequency-drive control.

Typically, the assumption that relative electrical-power demand is changed

following the variation of relative flow rate is made. However, this

assumption is correct only when overall system relative pressuredifferential changes in direct proportion to relative flow rate.

By Alexander L. Burd, PhD, PE, and Galina S. Burd, MS

INSIDE HPAC ENGINEERING"6(645 r 70- /0

PUBLISHING OFFICES:

The Penton Media Building & /JOUI4U

$MFWFMBOE 0)

'BY www.hpac.com

e-mail: [email protected]

-*/%" 3&*/)"3%

Vice President & Market Leader,

Electrical Systems, Mechanical Systems,

Energy & Construction

DAN ASHENDEN

Group Publisher,

Mechanical Systems/Construction

.*$)"&- 8&*-

Editorial Director

4$055 "3/0-%

Executive Editor

$0//*& $0/,-*/

Art Director

,"5)3:/ '*/$)

Production Coordinator40/+" $)&"%-&

Audience Development Manager

ANGIE GATES

Group Digital Director

SALES OFFICES:

CALIFORNIA/TEXAS

3"/%:+&5&3

908 Electra, Austin, TX 78734

512-263-7280 tFax: 913-514-6628


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745 Damon Drive, Medina, OH 44256

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CLASSIFIEDS/ANCILLARY

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%"7*% ,*&4&-45&*/Chief Executive Officer

SSN 1527-4055HPAC Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning Engineerings published monthly by Penton Media, Inc., 9800 MetcalfAve., Overland Park, KS 66212-2216. Periodicals PostagePaid at Shawnee Mission, KS and at additional mailingoffices. Canadian Post Publications Mail agreementNo. 40612608. Canada return address: IMEX GlobalSolutions, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2.POSTMASTER:Send address changes to CustomerService, HPAC Engineering, P.O. Box 2100, Skokie, IL60076-7800. Member of American Business Press Inc.and Business Publications Audit of Circulation, Inc.

ARTI CLE REPRINTS and E-PRINTS: Increase exposure

by including article reprints and e-prints in your nextpromotional project. High-quality article reprints ande-prints are available by contacting Wrights Media at877-652-5295, e-mail: pen ton@wr igh tsmedi a.com,Website: www.wrightsmedia.com.

Weil Im Thinking of It ... ................ 5

News & Notes ................................6

Design Solutions ............................ 8

New Products .............................. 12

Classifieds .................................. 31

Ad Index ...................................... 32

8 8035):HVAC in Popular Movies: Did Hollywood Get It Right?

HPAC EngineeringEditorial Advisory Board member Ron Wilkinson, a

professional engineer who moonlights as a film critic, takes a look at 11

movies and two TV series whose makers were not about to let HVAC fun-

damentals get in the way of a good story: http://bit.ly/HVAC_Hollywood.

Vintage HVAC Advertisements, 1930Check out this gallery of vintage advertisements from

1930, the second year of HPAC Engineerings existence:

http://bit.ly/ads_1930.

Calendar of HVACR Training and Education EventsCheck out HPAC Engineerings online calendar of upcoming HVACR training and education

events: http://bit.ly/HPACE_Calendar.
http://www.hpac.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.wrightsmedia.com/http://bit.ly/HVAC_Hollywoodhttp://bit.ly/HVAC_Hollywoodhttp://bit.ly/ads_1930http://bit.ly/ads_1930http://bit.ly/HPACE_Calendarhttp://bit.ly/HPACE_Calendarhttp://bit.ly/HPACE_Calendarhttp://bit.ly/ads_1930http://bit.ly/HVAC_Hollywoodhttp://www.wrightsmedia.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.hpac.com/


7/37

Altivar212 Variable Speed DriveVary the speed of the condenser fans for

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HP

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HVAC/R ControllerNo field programming is required. BAS

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MONEY-SAVINGPRODUCTS

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2014 Schneider Electric. All Rights Reserved. Schneider Electric, Altivar, and Magelis are trademarks owned by Schneider Electric Industries SAS or its affiliated companies. All other

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8/37AUGUST 2014 HPAC ENGINEERING 5

We live in an age of instant

gratification. I have num-

bers to prove it, especially

in the print and online me-

dia universe. As the information and data

age matures, the buzz is focused on met-

rics with regard to online usage in both

the consumer and business-to-

business community.

We are seeing communica-

tions in a state of fluxnews-

papers and magazines are

slowly declining. Headlines

in the Aug. 6 issue of the Wall

Street Journal (bi t . ly/wsj-

media) points out how me-

dia companies such as News

Corp., Gannett, Time-Warner,

and E.W. Scripts are splitting

apart, spinning off their pub-

lishing divisions so they can

focus on more profitable and

faster-growing broadcasting

businesses.

And we all know that the tele-

vision (and even radio) broad-

casting world is all about enter-

tainment. Even the news.

Guess whatthe Internet is

as well. Even the news. The met-

rics I was talking about earlier

are the numbers of people who

come to websites, how long

they stay on those websites, what they read

on those websites, and where they go from

those websites. The bigger the numbers, the

better.So what does this have to do with the

HVAC Industry? Everything. The websites

that inhabit our sphere are focused on the

business of designing and building mechan-

ical comfort and process systems for our

homes, schools, office spaces, and industrial

plants. Our content is product-based, edu-

cational, and useful for the serious business

of designing HVAC systems that create safe

and healthy environments for us to work

and live in.

The operative word here: serious.Because the mechanical systems industry

is vertically focused, traffic is light, especially

when compared with consumer sites. Does

this mean that maybe were too serious?

Enter the idea of eye candy. No Im not

talking about calendar girls and inappropri-

ate photosIm talking about interactive

games, trivia, and outside-the-box fun that

may only border on useful from a techno-

logical standpoint, but are great stress re-

lievers and fun from a human-

condition standpoint.

For example, recently Execu-

tive Editor Scott Arnold and

Editorial Advisory Board mem-

ber Ron Wilkinson collaborated

on a video gallery titled, HVAC

in Popular Movies: Did Holly-

wood Get It Right?

The gallery, found at http://

bit.ly/HVAC-in-movies,points

out the often erroneous depic-

tions of HVAC systems in pop-

ular entertainment. It is very

tongue and cheek. It is humor-

ous. It is fun.

And it has garnered an ab-

solute avalanche of traffic. Themetrics went through the roof.

Eye candy.

As fun as that is, we still have

the serious work of educating

and informing our audience.

And that cannot be highlighted

any better than with the stories

that appear in this months is-

sue of the magazine.

From the very technical Evaluating

Power-Demand Reduction With VFD-Con-

trolled Systems (Page 22), to What Own-ers Need to Know About Duct-Free HVAC

(Page 20), to the ever-important energy

conservation topic covered by Improving

the Efficiency of Small to Mid-Sized Build-

ings (Page 14), we remain committed to

bringing you the very best, most accurate,

and useful content possible.

So heres the question: from an Internet

perspective, do you like when we have some

fun with galleries like the HVAC in Holly-

wood gallery? What other fun, out-of-the-

box content would you find entertaining?Engineers need fun too, right? Id love to

hear back from you on the need to balance

between the serious and the eye candy.

EDITORIALADVISORY BOARD:

William G. AckerAcker & Associates

William P. Bahnfleth, PhD, PE

The Pennsylvania State University

David W. Bearg, PELife Energy Associates

Don Beaty, PE, FASHRAEDLB Associates Consulting Engineers

wrence (Larry) Clark, LEED AP O+Mustainable Performance Solutions LLC

William J. Coad, PE, FASHRAECoad Engineering Enterprises

Peter DAntonio, PE, CEM, LEED APPCD Engineering Inc.

Kenneth M. Elovitz, PE, Esq.Energy Economics Inc.

Ben Erpelding, PE, CEMOptimum Energy LLC

Alfred E. Guntermann, PE, FASHRAEGuntermann Engineering LLC

Thomas Hartman, PEThe Hartman Co.

Asif Kadiani, PE, CEMHanson Professional Services Inc.

John H. Klote, PE, DSc

Valentine A. Lehr, PE, FASHRAELehr Consultants International

Mark S. Lentz, PELentz Engineering Associates Inc.

Dave Moser, PE, CPMPPECI

Joel N. Orr, PhDOrr Associates International

J. Jay Santos, PEFacility Dynamics Engineering

Andrew J. Streifel, MPHUniversity of Minnesota

James P. Waltz, PE, CEM, ACFEEnergy Resource Associates Inc.

Gary W. Wamsley, PE, CEMJoGar Energy Services

Dennis J. Wessel, PE, LEED APKarpinski Engineering

Michael K. West, PhD, PEAdvantek Consulting

Ron Wilkinson, PE, LEED AP

Gerald J. Williams, PE, LEED AP8760 Engineering LLC

What About All The Eye Candy?

WEIL IM THINKING OF IT ...BY MICHAEL S.WEIL,EDITORIAL DIRECTOR

Do you like to

see fun things

like the HVAC-

in-Hollywoodvideo gallery

onHPAC.com?

Or is it all work

and no play?
http://bit.ly/wsj-mediahttp://bit.ly/wsj-mediahttp://bit.ly/wsj-mediahttp://bit.ly/HVAC-in-movieshttp://bit.ly/HVAC-in-movieshttp://bit.ly/HVAC-in-movieshttp://hpac.com/http://hpac.com/http://hpac.com/http://bit.ly/wsj-mediahttp://bit.ly/wsj-mediahttp://bit.ly/HVAC-in-movieshttp://bit.ly/HVAC-in-movies


9/37

FROM THE FIELD NEWS &NOTESEDITED BY SCOTT ARNOLD,EXECUTIVE EDITOR

6 HPAC ENGINEERING AUGUST 2014

The International Facility Management Association

(IFMA) recently announced enhancements to its

Benchmarks Exchange (BEX) online portal, which

allows facility professionals to compare building data

filtered by industry, facility type, and geographic region.

The improved BEX is said to offer a more streamlined

and expedient way to enter, access, and report data in

the areas of annual facility costs, operations-and-

maintenance practices, space, and staffing, with users

now having the ability to:

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t$PNQMFUFEBUBFOUSZ BUBUJNFDPOWFOJFOUGPSUIFN

t4BWFEBUBGPSDPNQBSJTPOXJUIBSBOHFPGGBDJMJUJFT

t&BTJMZ TBWFBOEFYQPSURVFSJFTUPBJESFHVMBSSFQPSU

ing.

t$POEVDUCFODINBSLJOHBOOVBMMZ

There is no charge for use of the enhanced data-entry

JOUFSGBDF 5IPTFXIPQSPWJEFBMMSFRVJSFEEBUBSFDFJWF

complimentary extended access to the reporting function,

which otherwise is available by paid subscription. BEX

can be found online at www.ifma.org/BEX.

Circle 154

IFMA Online Benchmarking Portal forFacility-Management Pros Enhanced

ASHRAE

ASHRAE recently announced the publication of

ASHRAE Guideline 13-2014,Specifying Building

Automation Systems.

Guideline 13provides background information,

recommendations forgood practice,project

considerations,and detailed discussion of options with

respect to the design of building automation systems.

It includes online access to an example specification

that illustrates the concepts described throughout the

document.

Annex D was added

to aid the specification

of performance-

monitoring systems.

The guideline

defines three levels of

performance monitoring

and provides criteria

foreach level, Dave Kahn,chairof the Guideline 13

committee,said.This allows even the basic systems

to realize some performance-monitoring benefits.It

allows monitoring and reporting of HVAC-equipment

function and operating efficiency,energy

consumption,and environmental conditions.Careful

grouping of X

-Y

-type plots can p

rovide info

rmationrequired to monitorand,if necessary,troubleshoot

each different part of the HVAC system.A Level 3

automated fault diagnosis can be used to predict

faults.

In othernews,ASHRAE recently announced the

publication of a users manual forANSI/ASHRAE/IES

Standard 90.1-2013,Energy Standard for Buildings

Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.

The manual is intended to help users understand

the standards principles and requirements and how to

comply with them.It includes measurements and

calculations in both I-P and SI units.The book includes sample calculations,

application examples,and references to helpful

resources and Websites.It is suitable foruse in

educational programs.

Purchasers of the users manual can download

compliance forms and tools from ASHRAE.org.

The cost of the Standard 90.1-2013users manual

is $98forASHRAE members and $115for

non-members.The cost of Guideline 13-2014 is $81

forASHRAE members and $95fornon-members.

Copies can be ordered by phone at 800-527-4723

(United States and Canada)or404-636-8400,byfax at 678-539-2129,oronline at www.ashrae.org/

bookstore.

CODES & STANDARDS
http://www.ifma.org/BEXhttp://www.ifma.org/BEXhttp://www.ashrae.org/bookstorehttp://www.ashrae.org/bookstorehttp://www.ashrae.org/bookstorehttp://www.ashrae.org/bookstorehttp://buyfittingsonline.com/http://www.ashrae.org/bookstorehttp://www.ifma.org/BEX


10/37

COTTONWOODFILTER SCREENS

Keep Equipment Clean All SeasonLong & Simplify Maintenance

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FROM THE FIELD NEWS &NOTES

AUGUST 2014 HPAC ENGINEERING 7

Circle 155

ASHRAE installed officers

and directors during its 2014

Annual Conference, held

June 28 to July 2 in Seattle.

ASHRAEs president for 2014-15

is Thomas H. Phoenix, PE, principal

and vice president of Moser Mayer

Phoenix Associates in Greensboro,

N.C. His presidential theme is

People, Passion, Performance.

People, passion,

and performance

a re t h re e t h i n g s

that come to mind

when I think about

ASHRAE, Phoe-

nix said. Thanks to

our 53,000 members

around the globe,

ASHRAE is building

a worldwide best-practices network

of innovative people and success-

ful technologies to serve the built-

environment community. Our mem-

bership also has great passion. I

see that in how much time and dedi-

cation our people give to helping

write standards, develop research,

guide in policy and procedure, etc.

Together, our people plus their pas-

sion ensures performance, whether

thats improving the performance

of our great society or improving

the performance of building stockaround the world.

Also installed for one-year terms

were:

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derwood, P.Eng., Oakville, Ontario,

Canada.

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NebraskaLincoln.

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P.Eng., assistant vice president,

facilities management and planning,

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tario, Canada.

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E. Gulledge III, PE, senior mechani-

cal engineer, AC Corp., Greensboro,

N.C.

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senior vice president, Environmental

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The following were installed for

three-year terms (2014-2017):

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Chair Larry J. Fisher, founder, ECT

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PE, vice president, EEA ConsultingEngineers, Austin, Texas.

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Mo.

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City of Industry, Calif.

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boob, PE, owner, S. Mehboob and

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PE, director of engineering and

government affairs, AAON, Tulsa,

Okla.

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11/37

works out of AEIs Seattle office, con-

tinued. We feel that the end prod-

uct resulted in a high-performance,

state-of-the-art facility.

Rapid ConstructionWork started at the biomed

facility in the summer of 2012 and

finished in November of 2013, Gary

Solberg, project supervisor and man-

ager for Spokane-based mechanical-

contracting and design-build special-ist McClintock and Turk Inc., said. It

was a fast-track project, for sure.

To keep pace, Solberg ran two

shifts. For the majority of the project,

McClintock and Turk kept 15to 20

employees, including plumbers, pipe

fitters, welders, and apprentices, on

the job.

One of our toughest challenges

was packing all the mechanical com-

ponents into limited ceiling space,

Solberg said. The labs have highceilings, further limiting the avail-

able space. Yet we needed to install

two separate domestic-hot-water

The first part of a planned re-

search complex, the new Phar-

maceutical &Biomedical Sci-

ences Building on Washington State

University (WSU) Spokanes River-

point Campus features research and

teaching laboratories, classrooms,

and administrative and faculty of-

fices. Constructing the four-story,

125,000-gross-square-foot facility

was challenging, given the rigid

temperature and humidity set points,24/7operation, and high ventilation

rates that were required in a modern

and architecturally pleasing build-

ing, Ken Billington, construction ad-

ministrator with Affiliated Engineers

Inc. (AEI), who oversaw construc-

tion and worked with the contract-

ing team to coordinate and complete

installation of the mechanical, electri-

cal, and plumbing systems, said.

Spokanes weather conditions,

when combined with the sleek build-ing facades, required a good amount

of creativity to achieve sustainable

operating costs, Billington, who

systemsone for the labs and one

for restroomsand complete sys-

tems for fire suppression, plumbing,

hydronic heating and cooling, acid-

waste piping for the labs, and sheet-

metal ductwork.

Design ChallengesAmong the design challenges the

building presented, two stand out in

Billingtons mind:

tConditioned-air delivery.The

floor-to-ceiling glass curtain wall on

the buildings north sideand result-

ing lack of space to run ductwork

made conditioning the perimeter

difficult. Radiant panelsboth floor-

and wall-mountedand a radiant

heated/chilled slab help to condition

perimeter spaces.

tAir balancing.With the potential

for hazardous chemicals and materi-

als in the air, pressure in laboratories

needs to remain negative to prevent

infiltration.

Offset air tracking was incor-

porated into the buildings design,

Billington said. This ensures proper

pressurization independent of sup-

ply/exhaust-air quantities at any

given time due to biosafety-cabinet

and fume-hood operation in the

laboratories. Pressurization remains

constant during all operating phases

of safety-cabinet and fume-hood

operation.

This was especially important at

the buildings lowest level.

An anatomy lab and other spe-

cialized lab spaces on this levelwere subject to even more stringent

pressurization and air-change rates,

Billington said.

Equipment SelectionDuring the construction phase,

McClintock and Turk worked with

manufacturer representative Sun-

toya Corp., which supplied Hydro-

Therm boilers, Taco pumps, expan-

sion tanks, and accessories, and

other key components.There are two mechanical rooms

in the building: one in the penthouse

dedicated to heating and one in the


FROM THE FIELD DESIGN SOLUTIONSEDITED BY SCOTT ARNOLD,EXECUTIVE EDITOR

Planning for New Biomedical Facility PutsEnergy Efficiency Under the MicroscopeChilled beams, runaround-loop ERV system included

The Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences Buildings north side features a floor-to-ceiling

glass curtain wall, which presented design challenges related to perimeter conditioning.


12/37

Smart buildings run on

Intelligent Equipment.

CONNECTED UNITSRemote troubleshootingand maintenance

DYNAMIC DASHBOARDSSystem status for ownersand technicians

CONTROL SOLUTIONSMonitor and control withoutthe BAS price tag

AUTOMATEDANALYSISSystem performanceand energy savings

Daikin Applied rooftop units, like Rebel, are now using Intelligent Equipment control solutions to

provide real-time data streams for benchmarking performance and monitoring system operation.

Daikin Intelligent Equipment solutions give you an alternative to expensive, traditional, building

automation systems. They provide remote diagnostics and control, reducing operating costs and

improving system reliability.

Learn how you can start making your buildings smarter with Daikin Intelligent

Equipment. Call us at 800-432-1342, or visitDaikinApplied.com.

Use advanced Internet of Things technology to connectrooftops and control HVAC performance 24/7.

2014 Daikin Applied Intel Insideis a trademark of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries

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13/3710 HPAC ENGINEERING AUGUST 2014

FROM THE FIELD DESIGN SOLUTIONS

public areas, including the cascading

stairs on the buildings north face.

At full load, the building requires

18,000 MBH in heating mode and

approximately 825tons of cooling

capacity.

Energy RecoveryIn all, the heating and cooling

systems contain approximately 6,000

gal. of water, a large quantity consid-

ering the facilitys size. Given copious

amounts of insulation, that volume

means valuable thermal mass, not

standing heat loss. It also means a lot

of pumping power.

The heating and cooling systems

use 23 large vertical inline pumps

from Taco. Each pump is outfitted

with suction diffusers to conserve

space in the mechanical rooms.

Tacos inline pumps feature a close-

coupled design for improved align-

ment and increased seal life. Flow

rates of up to 2,500 gpm and heads

of up to 300 ft TDH are available for

broad application.

As is the case with most buildings

of this type, and despite the number

of pumps and the large water vol-

ume, the amount of energy required

by utilizing pumped energy is sub-

stantially less than if fans and air-side

equipment had been used exclusively

to condition the building, Billington

said.

The buildings energy-recovery

loop circulates fluid between two

air streams and captures heat from

the buildings exhaust, redirecting

this energy to offset the heat required

for building ventilation air. This

results in a sensible effectiveness

of up to 50 percent and equates to

significant savings in overall heating

cost.

Because of the potential for haz-

ardous materials in the laborato-

ries and the physical location of the

two air streams being affected, anenthalpy-wheel energy-recovery

system was not considered. High

air exchange created the need for

energy recovery. A runaround-loop

system was chosen because it has

been proven effective in transfer-

ring energy between process loads

(exhaust-air heat) and required

ventilation air while eliminating the

potential for cross-contamination.

Information and photographs courtesyof Dan Vastyan, an account manager

for Common Ground, a trade-communi-

cations firm based in Manheim, Pa.

basement dedicated to cooling. In

the penthouse, six 3-million-Btuh

condensing boilers are piped in

series, assembled in a lead-lag-and-

rotate configuration.

A fin-tube baseboard system

provides supplemental heat to

office spaces and meeting rooms. In

stairwells, wall-mounted radiators

are used. Spread across all floors

of the building, 305variable-air-

volume boxes supply primary heat

to some areas and supplemental heat

to others.

Radiant ceiling panels and in-

floor radiant tubing heat large

zones, while the latter also pro-

vides cooling. A modulating three-

way valve responds to outdoor and

indoor conditions for ideal supply-

water temperature and draws water

from the boilers or chillers, depend-

ing on the need.

From the basement, three 275-

ton Carrier Evergreen centrifugal

chillers, with cooling towers on the

roof, cool the building via the radiant

system, with more than 300 chilled

beams and coils serving the primary

air-handling systems. The chilled

beams, which are a mix of active and

passive systems, are located through-

out the office and laboratory areas.

Radiant ceiling panels are utilized in

Gary Solberg, project supervisor and

manager for McClintock and Turk Inc.,

assembles piping connected to a below-

grade sump pump.

Chilled-water pumps in the basement mechanical room.


14/37

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Torque actuatorsJohnson Controls expands its line

of low-torque actuators with two

new models designed to reduceinstallation costs.

The M9104-AGP in-

cludes a differential-

pressure sensorfor

exhaust ordual-

duct VAV applica-

tions. It provides

high-accuracy flow

measurement and

reduces installation

costs by self-detecting

positive ornegative pressure

on a VAV box.M9104-IUA fea-

tures line-voltage floating controls.

Whe re codes permit, it can be

mounted on dampers orvalves,

avoiding the need fortransform-

ers.Johnson Controls

www.johnsoncontrols.com

Infrared camerasTi90 and Ti95infrared cameras with wireless connectivity are ideal

formaintenance,troubleshooting,and HVACR technicians,electri-

cians,and facility managers needing to collaborate/share measure-

ments.The cameras deliverquality spatial resolution to conduct

infrared inspections from a saferdistance without compromising ac-

curacy.The large 3.5-in.colorLCD screen has adjustable brightness for

easy viewing.A removable 8-GB SD memory card ora 8-GB wireless SD card

is included,making camera-sharing simple.AutoBlend and Picture-in-Picture

modes are available in the included SmartView reporting software to eas-

ily perform analysis and image adjustments/enhancements.Fluke Corp.

http://en-us.fluke.com/products/infrared-cameras/

Split-coupled end suction pumpsThe PACO brand LCS split-coupled end suction pump is suited forliquid transfer

in chilled-water,condenser-water,pressure-boosting,district-heating and cool-

ing,and air-conditioning applications.Its compact design

provides hydraulic performance equal to a frame-mounted,

long-coupled design.Features include a 35-percent

smallerfootprint,rapid mechanical-seal access without

motorremoval,and fasterinstallation with no baseplate

grouting orcoupling alignment.Available in 30 models,the

pump boasts horsepowerof up to 125at 3,500,1,800,or1,200 revolutions per

minute.Grundfos www.grundfos.us


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16/37

FROM THE FIELD NEWPRODUCTS

Commercial gas water heaterThe Cyclone Mxi is the first modulating,high-efficiency commercial

gas waterheaterproduced by A.O.Smith.The new modulating

process adjusts the burners firing rate to a specific demand,

which increases energy efficiency and lowers operating costs.Allmodels are ENERGY STAR qualified,delivering efficiencies of up to

98percent.The Mxis electronic control with built-in diagnostics

is iCOMM compatible and network-ready forremote monitoring.

Otherfeatures include maneuverability and easy installation due

to its lightweight design,a helical-coil heat exchangerthat maxi-

mizes heat transferforoptimal service life,and the PermaGlas

glass-lining process,which protects the tank against corrosion.

A.O. Smith Corp. www.hotwater.com

BIM content for heat tracingBuilding information modeling (BIM)con-

tent forheat-tracing solutions is a compre-

hensive suite of new toolsincluding BIM

families and the Raychem Trace-It Revit

add-inforwintersafety applications and

hot-watermaintenance.With this content,

architects,engineers,contractors,and

b u i l d i n g

owners can

eas i l y i n -

co r po r ate

heat-tracing

c o n t e n t

i n to t he i r

b u i l d i n g

models to optimize efficiency and per-

formance. Pentair Technical Solutions

http://pentairthermal.com

Engineered valvesEngineered valves are designed to allow op-

timum system performance,component-re-

duction guarantees,and cost savings.Suitedforpowergeneration and energy control,they

are made of steel,brass,stainless steel,

aluminum,ormonel.They are used with oil,

air,refrigerant,water,chemicals,fuel,and gases,with sizes ranging from

1/8in.to 2 in. Fluid Line Products Inc. www.fluidline.com


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17/37

OBy CHAD SENGER

Daikin Applied

Minneapolis,Minn.

Over the past few decades, great

technological advances have been

made in HVAC equipment and system

design. These advances, such as variable

airflow, unitary direct digital controls

(DDC), and building energy-manage-

ment systems, have greatly increased

efficiency and comfort while reducing

energy and operating costs. Todays

high-performance buildings utilize the latest energy-

management strategies for lower utility costs, demand-

controlled ventilation (DCV) for improved indoor-air

quality (IAQ), and Web-based access for troubleshooting,

service, and consistent, reliable comfort.

Unfortunately, these advances have been realized

mainly on higher-tonnage equipment serving large

facilities. Light-commercial facilities, meanwhile, have

remained a largely cost-driven market, with only passing

concern for efficiency and life-cycle cost. However, with

buildings accounting for nearly 40 percent of carbon-

dioxide (CO2) emissions in the United States each year and

an aging electrical grid, there has been renewed focus on

improving the efficiency of even the smallest facilities.

The latest technological advances have made control

and system-integration capabilities available and afford-

able for small and mid-sized buildings, while providingfunctionality similar to that of large building automa-

tion systems (BAS). By knowing how to take advantage

of these systems, a variety of savings can be realized

throughout a buildings life.

System Control vs. Thermostat ControlMost commercial buildings utilize packaged HVAC

units because of these systems simplified design and

installation. When installed in a large building, the units

typically are controlled with a building-

control system. In light-commercial

buildings, packaged rooftops and/or

heat pumps are controlled almost

exclusively with thermostats. This is

because thermostats offer the lowest

first-cost solution.

Why would one choose system control

over thermostat control? One reason is

that system controls monitor the status

of all of a buildings HVAC components

and can alert the right people when there

is an issue. Left undiagnosed, small

problems can lead to large energy bills or repair costs. In

a 2004 New Buildings Institute study,191 percent of the

packaged rooftop units tested had at least one problem

that increased cooling energy consumption by 5to 40

percent (Table 1). Also, a systems approach to control

provides better efficiency and comfort because all system

components can work together to provide superior

control and efficiency. Thermostat controls are, by

nature, decentralized. As a result, scheduling changes

and building checks can be a time-consuming process.

In todays world, facility managers are being asked to do

more with less so it becomes more important than ever

for them to have the right tools to work more efficiently.

Smartphones, for example, have created an expectation


Improving the Efficiency of

Small to Mid-Sized Buildings

Chad Senger is a product manager in the controls group of Daikin Applied. He spent his early career as a warranty administrator

and technical-response specialist for packaged commercial rooftop units and leverages those experiences to support the develop-ment of Daikin Applieds unitary and building HVAC controls. In his current role, he works with a network of sales representatives,

technicians, and engineers to provide prepackaged and customized HVAC control solutions for various light-commercial building

applications.

Taking advantage of technological advances

previously limited primarily to large buildings

TABLE 1. The potential increase in energy useand corresponding

potential for energy savingsof various faults and failures.1

Fault modePotential increase inenergy use (percent)

Improper control resulting in overcooling 20

No economizing 10

Failure to switch to minimum-outdoor-airsetting in summer

10

Operation at night 20

Condenser fan/motor failure 15


18/37

A Fresh Approachto Patient CareThe Titus TLF is uniquely engineered to deliver a more uniform vertical laminar

flow than competitive models. Designed for healthcare and laboratory spaces, the

TLF offers easy access for maintenance and cleaning. TLF exceeds

the requirements for laminar diffusers in ASHRAE Standard

170-2013, and is available in aluminum, 304, and 316

stainless. Titus offers a full range of air distribution

equipment for critical applications, from laminar flow

and radial diffusers to fan filter units for use in cleanrooms.

For details about the TLF, visit www.titus-hvac.com/TLF

or download the Titus AR mobile app and scan this ad.

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19/37

that most things are remotely acces-

sible via the Web. Why should any-

thing less be expected of a buildings

critical HVAC equipment?

Small-Systems BackgroundAlthough the latest generation of

packaged rooftop units is capable

of highly efficient performance,

creating high-performance build-

ings cannot happen solely at a

unitary level. A systems approach is

the best way to mitigate waste and

drive down energy costs. Todays

small packaged HVAC systems with

integrated controls can affordably

offer most of the control functional-

ity found in larger BAS. Packaged

HVAC solutions, unlike larger BAS,

do not require on-site engineering

or custom programming. When bothequipment and controls come from

the same manufacturer, all of the

components can be programmed

at the factory. This offers a near

plug-and-play option for fast, easy

startup.

Although these first-cost and

installation savings can benefit

contractors, packaged systems also

benefit owners and facilities manag-

ers by making their lives easier, their

buildings more efficient, and theirtenants more comfortable. Intuitive

Web-browser-based user interfaces

make navigating a system straight-

forward, while the capability of

automatic discovery of new network

devices makes them more manage-

able. Through a touchscreen inter-

face, a user can easily review HVAC

operations and building conditions

without having to go up onto the

roof or open up the ceiling.

Designing high-performance

buildings utilizing system-level

HVAC control enables the applica-

tion of energy-saving options, such

as:

t Variable air volume (VAV).

Constant-volume bypass systems

historically have been the system

solution of choice for small-building

HVAC because of their ability to con-

trol at a zone level without the use

of variable-frequency drives (VFDs).

However, they were not designed for

efficiency, as fans always run at top

speed, and efficiency plummets as

the temperature of the recirculated

air entering a unit decreases. For

these reasons, Title 24 of the Califor-

nia Code of Regulations proposes a

ban on bypass ducts, eliminating the

energy credits associated with their

zoned performance. With the cost of

VFDs decreasing, eliminating the by-

pass system altogether now is possi-

ble and not only increases efficiency,

but significantly reduces the cost of

ownership. It is estimated that VAV

systems use roughly 60 percent of the

airflow of their bypass counterparts.

tScheduling.Proper HVAC equip-

ment scheduling can result in huge

energy savings for a building. Equip-

ment controlled by decentralized

systems (thermostats) typically are

not scheduled optimally. In many

cases, they run continuously, result-

ing in an estimated 20-percent pre-mium of the annual electricity bill.

Centralized scheduling, with features

such as optimal start and scheduled

holidays, reduces run time while

eliminating waste.

tSupply-temperature reset.With

system-level coordination, advanced

control routines can utilize zone-


IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF SMALL TO MID-SIZED BUILDINGS

Integrating a buildings HVAC system(s) with a building automation and control system offers

numerous benefits.

Traditional non-communicating HVAC system Integrated HVAC and control system

No external alarm indication for maintenancepersonnel, so alarms persist, wasting energy.

Central alarm access for all components andtext or e-mail alerts.

No central control for setpoint andconfiguration changes.

Remote access to view and control the systemusing a Web browser or laptop, smartphone,or tablet.

Every HVAC component on its own schedulewith no coordination between devices.

Centralized scheduling and coordination ensuresequipment schedules match the occupancy of thebuilding and operate only when needed.

No information on operation history. Graphical trending to identify operatingtendencies, alarm diagnostic information, andopportunities for improvement.

Hard-wired control signals that are expensiveand labor-intensive to install.

Simple daisy-chain communication wiring fornetworking components for faster, less expensiveinstallation.

Unit troubleshooting requires a ladder andceiling access, as well as a possible long driveto a job site.

Easy-to-use touchscreen interface to all systemcomponents for convenient troubleshootingon site or Web access for remote troubleshooting.

Example of an integrated HVAC and controls system for VAV applications.


20/37

operat ing condit ions by

monitoring trend informa-

tion. This information access

can allow facility personnel to

provide temporary relief and

ensure maintenance person-

nel have the right parts and

tools for job-site trips, mini-

mizing maintenance costs.

Todays small systems can

send e-mail or text messages

to support personnel when

alarm conditions exist, giving

them advanced warning of a

potential problem.

Benefits of PackagedSystems

With building controls

offering superior efficiency, remote

access, and the ability to resolve

maintenance headaches, why would

anyone construct a building with-

out specifying them? The answer

is simple: first-cost concerns. BAS

have a reputation for being expen-

sive, complicated, and only necessary

for larger facilities or campuses. As

discussed, however, small-building

systems with integrated controls

offer most of the functionality of a

BAS at a fraction of the cost.

Additionally, packaged systems

are pre-engineered, so they can

be implemented with confidence.

This eliminates integration hassles,

finger pointing, and disputed pay-

ments when it is time to turn over a

building. When an issue does arise,



tDemand response/peak shaving.

Premium rates resulting from elec-

tricity use during peak-demand times

can represent a substantial portion of

the energy bills of commercial build-

ings. Also, energy use during this

time overburdens the nations aging

electrical grid, which has given rise

to the concept of demand response.

Demand response is a request

from a utility to reduce a buildings

energy use for a period of time.

Responding to these requests can

save a building owner significant

money and provide rebate opportuni-

ties. A system-level HVAC approach

is far and away the best method of

implementing demand-response

requests from a power company be-

cause thermostats are not equipped

to provide this level of control. Also,

systems can implement advancedstrategies, such as pre-cooling, to re-

duce the temperature of the thermal

mass in a building, thereby reduc-

ing the additional cooling required

during these afternoon peak times.

t A l arm/ fa u l t mana ge me nt .

Energy-management systems give

customers an early indication of

improper operation. This al lows

them to proactively address issues

before a hot call is initiated by a

tenant. Remote access to criticalHVAC components allows facility

personnel to change setpoints,

clear alarms, or identify improper

level information to optimize

rooftop-unit performance.

Supply-temperature-reset

strategies allow rooftop units

to reduce cooling energy

use based on factors such

as outside-air temperature,

return-air temperature, or

worst-case zone. However,

supply-temperature reset

can cause increased fan and

reheat energy on VAV sys-

tems, so this should be con-

sidered before utilizing this

type of control strategy.

tPressure reset. A pres-

sure-reset strategy adjusts

the duct-pressure setpoint

on VAV systems based on

the worst-case zone. The logic con-

tinually drives the duct-pressure set-

point (and fan energy) down until one

zone damper opens approximately

100 percent. At this point, the system

is providing the minimum amount

of cold air to the ductwork needed

at any particular moment without

starving any of the zones. Thisoptimization technique can yield fan

energy savings of roughly 30 to 50

percent over typical fixed-pressure

setpoints. The pressure reset also sat-

isfies ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard

90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings

Except Low-Rise Residential Build-

ings, and Californias Title 24, which

both require this level of building

control with DDC at the zone level.

tDCV.In most cases, outside air

is much more expensive to conditionthan recycled building air. Typically,

energy savings can be realized by

minimizing fresh air, but ventilation

requirements can change dramati-

cally. Tracking occupancy changes

via occupancy or CO2sensors and

tailoring the amount of fresh air

introduced into a building (or a spe-

cific zone) ensures good IAQwhile

minimizing energy use. DCV is espe-

cially effective for spaces with high

occupancy diversity, such as schools,churches, and courthouses, in which

cases it may offer up to 50 percent

additional energy savings.

A Web-browser-based control system allows remote access to

system status and control points using any device with a browser,

such as a smartphone, tablet, or laptop.

E-mail or text messages can be sent from asystem to alert facility managers or service

contractors that operating conditions are

outside performance parameters.


21/37

New Filtration Technology Keeps Cooling Tower Water Clean

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AL

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filtrationusingexistingpump.

Typical

SideStream

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Typical SideStream

filtrationof basinusing a

recirculatingpump.

Typical

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filtrationusing

existingpump.

Every cooling tower has its unique dirtconditions, space constraints and

other special characteristics. Filtrationsystems must take these into account in

order to maintain particle free water.Orival filters are versatile enough tomeet these criteria. They remove a widerange of dirt down to micron size, of any

specific gravity, even lighter than water.Typical examples include: airborne par-ticles, microbiological growth, bugs,sand, scale, algae, rust, etc.

Line pressure powered, they permit useof the existing cooling tower pump,lowering initial system cost. The fullyautomatic self cleaning cycle takes

seconds and does not interrupt flow.Reclaim units recirculate rinse water

making filtration a zero discharge opera-tion. For more information and system design

assistance, contact: Orival, Automatic Self-Cleaning Filters, 213 S. Van Brunt St.,Englewood, NJ 07631. (201) 568-3311,(800) 567-9767, Fax: (201) 568-1916.

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the system manufacturer can quickly

troubleshoot components along with

the control logic that governs them.

Finally, packaged systems can be

preconfigured at the factory. This

means near plug-and-play startup

and implementation on the job site by

the mechanical contractor. By com-

parison, custom BAS require days, if

not weeks, of on-site programming.

ConclusionAmericans spend 90 percent

of their time indoors. They usually

spend most of their

days going from one

building to the next, and most

of those buildings are not large,

multistory facilities. They are small

offices, convenience stores, com-

munity centers, and retail buildings.

The very same issues that drive the

incentive to provide efficient HVAC

solutions to larger facilities also exist

with smaller buildings. In practice,

however, there is less concern when

it comes to designing small build-

ings for efficiency and life-cycle costs

(normally the price tag is the driv-

ing factor and the lone purchasing

decision), a practice that ultimately

costs owners and tenants for the life

of buildings. Today, highly efficient

packaged and pre-engineered sys-

tems minimize design and control

costs. Existing technology is now

affordable to make all buildings high-

performance buildings by simply

changing our expectations and the

approach we take in designing the

HVAC in these facilities.

Reference1) Roth, K., Westphalen, D., Dieck-

mann, J., Hamilton, S., &Goetzler,

W. (2002, July).Energy consumption

characteristics of commercial build-

ing HVAC systems volume III: Energy

savings potential. Table presented at

the Buildings Technology Program

of the United States Department of

Energy.


Circle 161


Todays technologically advanced light-commercial rooftop units include

energy-saving features typically available only on larger units: energy-

recovery wheels, digital controls, variable-speed inverter compressors,

and electronically commutated fan motors.
http://www.orival.com/http://www.orival.com/


22/37

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23/37

TBy PAMELA ANDROFF,PE,LEED AP

Mitsubishi Electric US Cooling &Heating Division

Suwanee,Ga.

The fastest-growing segment of the U.S. HVAC mar-

ket, variable-refrigerant-flow (VRF) zoning is a flexible,

cost-effective, and environmentally friendly HVAC option

for commercial buildings with multiple floors and areas.

VRF zoning provides precise comfort control by moving

refrigerant through piping to zones in need of cooling

or heating. Some VRF zoning systems cool and heat

simultaneously, providing personalized comfort to each

zone or space regardless of time of day, sun or shade,

season, or special requirements. This article discusses

seven primary characteristics of VRF zoning technology.

Energy EfficiencyWith conventional HVAC systems, central equipmentgenerates sizable capacity, which is delivered via large-

volume ducting to an entire floor or building. Fixed-speed

compressors in conventional HVAC systems typically

operate at full power. In the United States, however, zones

exhibit partial-load conditions more than 90 percent of

the time. Conventional systems cannot handle partial

loads, resulting in energy fluctuations and poor set-point

satisfaction.

VRF zoning systems with electric inverter-driven

compressors offer full-range variable capacity, delivering

only the amount of conditioned air needed for azone. Working in tandem with integrated controls

and sensors, the compressors seamlessly adjust speed

to maintain desired capacity. This function, along with

ductless design, typically makes VRF zoning systems

about 30 percent more energy-efficient than conventional

systems, which lose energy through ductwork.

VRF zoning systems can help facilities to meet ENERGY

STAR, Green Globes, and LEED (Leadership in Energy

&Environmental Design) requirements and achieve the

highest integrated-energy-efficiency-ratio (IEER) ratings.

Temperature Control and Energy MonitoringLoad diversity.A VRF zoning system manages different

areas of a building based on diversity of load and usage.

It adjusts capacity as space loads change and people move

about or as the sun moves across the building throughout

the day. With load diversity, the total applied capacity

of selected air handlers (indoor units) can be up to 150

percent of the capacity of the compressor (outdoor unit).

Intelligent sensor technology.Intelligent indoor-unit

sensors measure room air temperature at the return or

at a remote controller or wall sensor. Advanced linear

electronic expansion-valve technology ensures delivery

of the precise amount of refrigerant needed to meet each

zones load at a given time. Some VRF zoning systems

feature sensor technology that compares air and floor

temperatures and adjusts coil temperature as needed to

optimize comfort within a space.

Intuitive system control.Select VRF zoning systems

can cool or heat up to 50 zones. Networked control

options allow for the management of a buildings HVAC

system down to the indoor-unit level. Capabilities

include occupancy sensing, dual temperature set point

and setback, mode scheduling, the ability to integrate

third-party equipment, storage of maintenance data,

and energy-monitoring functions with tenant billing of

system energy consumption. Central controllers support

interconnection with a networked PC on a local-area

network for convenience of monitoring and operation.

Other control networks support integration with buildingmanagement systems for wider system control.

Heat RecoverySome VRF zoning systems offer highly responsive

simultaneous cooling and heating, which maximizes the

heat energy absorbed from a space, heat energy that

otherwise would be expelled outdoors. The system takes

heat energy removed from a zone in cooling mode and

applies it to a zone calling for heat. By bypassing the

outdoor unit, the system runs in its most efficient state.


What Owners Need to Know About

Duct-Free HVAC

Pamela Androff, PE, LEED AP, is product manager, commercial and product planning, for Mitsubishi Electric US Cooling &Heating Division. In 2013, she became the youngest person and fourth female to serve as president of ASHRAEs Atlanta chapter,

which she also has served as secretary and treasurer. She has a bachelors degree in mechanical engineering from the University

of Central Florida, where she served as president of the ASME chapter.

Seven key characteristics of variable-refrigerant-flow zoning systems


24/37

Deep-cleancoils anywhere,quickly and safely.

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Life-Cycle CostsVRF zoning systems tend to have

fewer components than conventional

HVAC systems, reducing equipment

costs, complexity, and installation

time. Also, VRF zoning systems use

less refrigerant and have fewer elec-

trical connections. They use built-in

logic that modifies behavior to maxi-

mize performance, whereas many

other systems require retrocommis-

sioning and constant maintenance

to preserve installed efficiency. This

means greater comfort and longer

system life. Many VRF zoning sys-

tems require only filter cleaning, an

additional cost savings over conven-

tional industry models that call for

disposable-filter replacements.

InstallationA VRF zoning system is easily

adaptable as the needs of a building

change, especially with the rotation

of commercial office tenants, who

have specific cooling and heating

needs. Indoor units can be added

and subtracted easily, with minimal

interruption of system operation.

AestheticsVRF zoning systems help to main-

tain a buildings interior design with:

tDiscreet indoor units: Indoor

VRF units are compact and available

in multiple styles. Designed to blend

into their environments, they can

be installed in many different loca-

tions. Ductless options include wall-

mounted, floor-standing (exposedand concealed), ceiling-recessed

cassette, and ceiling-suspended.

Ducted options include vertical

concealed and ceiling-concealed.

Ductless options in particular free

up valuable interior space and enable

increased ceiling height. Sound lev-

els range from 19dB(A) at low speed

to 49dB(A) at high speedquieter

than a refrigerator.

tCompact outdoor units:Modu-

lar outdoor units are easy to installand can be tailored to almost any

building, including being placed on

a roof. Many VRF zoning systems

are available in air- or water-source

variety with a wide range of capaci-

ties. Sound levels range from 24

dB(A) to 65dB(A)equivalent to an

electric shaver.

Ventilation AirMany VRF-zoning manufacturers

offer ventilation products that inte-

grate into the same controls network

as indoor units. Dedicated outdoor-

air systems (DOAS) can process

100 percent of outdoor air. Energy-

recovery ventilators (ERV) can be

used in tandem with VRF zoning

systems to temper ventilation air. Ex-

haust air passes incoming ventilation

air, providing a heat exchange that

allows the incoming air to be heated

or cooled to achieve neutral tempera-

tures. Both ERV and DOAS can be

monitored via the controls system.

Did you find this art icle useful? Send

comments and suggestions to scott

[email protected].

Circle 163

rVariable-Refrigerant-Flow Zoning Remedy forLong-Dormant Sick Building,April 2014,http://bit.ly/Mitsubishi_0414.

rCombining DOAS and VRF,Part 2 of 2, April 2014,http://bit.ly/Bowers_0414.

rVRF Zoning Helps School District Achieve Energy-and Cost-Saving Goals,November2013,http://bit.ly/Mitsubishi_1113.

rVariable-Refrigerant-Flow Zoning System Helps Protect Museums NerveCenters, February 2013,http://bit.ly/Mitsubishi_0213.

MORE ON VRF ZONING
http://www.goodway.com/coilcleaningmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://bit.ly/Mitsubishi_0414http://bit.ly/Mitsubishi_0414http://bit.ly/Bowers_0414http://bit.ly/Bowers_0414http://bit.ly/Mitsubishi_1113http://bit.ly/Mitsubishi_0213http://bit.ly/Mitsubishi_0213http://bit.ly/Bowers_0414http://bit.ly/Mitsubishi_0213http://bit.ly/Mitsubishi_1113mailto:[email protected]://www.goodway.com/coilcleaninghttp://bit.ly/Bowers_0414http://bit.ly/Mitsubishi_0414


25/37

T

By ALEXANDER L.BURD,PhD,PE,and GALINA S.BURD,MS

Advanced Research Technology

Sufeld,Conn.

The pattern of pressure drop through a system during

off-design conditions is critical for centrifugal-pump

and fan applications and even more so for systems

employing variable-frequency-drive (VFD) control.

Typically, the assumption that, based on the affinity

laws, relative electrical-power demand is changed

following the variation of relative flow rate, which

is raised to the power of 3, is made. However, this

assumption is correct only when overall system relative

pressure differential changes in direct proportion to

relative flow rate, which is elevated to the power of 2.

Overall pressure drop in a system could be presented

as consisting of:

t'SJDUJPOQSFTTVSFMPTTFT

t-PDBMSFTJTUBODFMPTTFT

t4UBUJD PSIFBE QSFTTVSFMPTTFT

Pressure losses, including friction and local resistance

losses, are variable and depend on the velocity of the fluid

travelling through a pipe or duct, while static-pressure

losses (i.e., vertical elevation loss to lift fluid to a point ofutilization and/or minimum required pressure differential

at a terminal unit, etc.) could be assumed constant and

independent of fluid velocity. We combined friction and

local resistance pressure losses into a single category:

dynamic pressure losses. This assumption is convenient

for the analysis applied in Figure 1.

Figure 1 demonstrates how the ratio between the

relative (dimensionless) design dynamic and static-

pressure loss impacts overall relative pressure drop in

a closed-loop system, which, in turn, influences system

power demand. For convenience, we assumed the curve

of the system in Figure 1A (for the quadratic relation

between pressure drop and flow rate) would go through

the origin. The graphs in Figure 1 were built on the

assumption the VFD would have a turndown ratio (TDR)

of 10 to 1, which is typical of VFDs. This was done by

varying the speed of the electrical motor via the changed

electrical-power frequency from 60 Hz to 6 Hz. This meant

the ratio of current flow rate to design flow rate (the

relative flow-rate ratio [RFR]) would vary from 1.0 (de-

sign) to 0.1 (minimum). We further assumed the installed

horsepower of the electrical motor and VFD would match

UIFTZTUFNEFTJHOMPBE 4ZTUFNSFMBUJWFQSFTTVSFMPTTFT

(P4:4

) were calculated from the following equations:

P4:4%&4 4031-%&4 %31-%&4 431-%&4) = 1.0 (1)

P4:4$634031-$63 %31-$63431-$63 4031-%&4

(2)

%31-$63 %31-%&4 RFRn=2 (3)

431-$63 431-%&4 RFRn=0 (4)

where:

P4:4%&4= system relative pressure losses at design

conditions

4031-%&4= system overall relative pressure losses at

design conditions%31-%&4= system relative dynamic pressure losses at

design conditions

431-%&4= system relative static-pressure losses at

design conditions

P4:4$63= system relative pressure losses at current

conditions

4031-$63= system overall relative pressure losses


&WBMVBUJOH

Power-Demand Reduction With7'%$POUSPMMFE4ZTUFNT

Alexander L. Burd, PhD, PE, is president of, and Galina S. Burd, MS, is a project manager for, Advanced Research Technology

(www.energyart.net), an engineering and research consulting firm with offices in Suffield, Conn., and Green Bay, Wis. Alexander

([email protected])has 35 years of experience in the design, research, and optimization of HVAC and district energy

systems, which includes publication of more than 35 research and technical papers in American and European journals,while Galina ([email protected]) has more than 25 years of design and research experience in the HVAC and architectural-

engineering field and has co-authored many technical and research papers in American journals. Alexander and Galina have

co-authored three U.S. patents related to energy conservation.

The impact of relative dynamic-pressure

losses and other factors on overall

power demand and energy savings
http://www.energyart.net/http://www.energyart.net/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.energyart.net/


26/37

at current conditions

DRPLCUR= system relative dynamic pressure losses at

current conditions

SRPLCUR= system relative static-pressure losses at

current conditionsn= exponential index parameter varying from 0 for

relative static system pressure losses to 2 for relative

dynamic system pressure losses

Although dynamic pressure losses follow relative

changes in flow rate elevated to the power of 2, system

overall pressure losses consisting of both dynamic- and

static-pressure components do not. There are, however,

two exceptions: the theoretical cases of systems with no

dynamic pressure losses (SRPLDES= 1.0; DRPLDES= 0.0)

or no static-pressure losses (DRPLDES= 1.0; SRPLDES=

0.0). These cases are shown by Line 6 and Curve 7, re-

spectively, in Figure 1A. The rest of the curves between

Line 6 and Curve 7are related to relative design dynamic

pressure losses (DRPLDES) varying from 0.9to 0.1 and

relative design static-pressure losses (SRPLDES) varying

from 0.1 to 0.9. Figure 1A indicates the system overall

relative pressure drop (PSYS) could deviate significantly

from the theoretical assumptions. For instance, for the

system with DRPLDESof 0.9, PSYSvaries from 1 to 0.1

when RFR varies from 1 to 0.1. On the other hand, for the

system with DRPLDESof 0.5, PSYSvaries only from 1 to 0.5

when RFR varies from 1 to 0.1.

In the following analysis, we introduced system fac-

tor parameter (SFP), which indicates overall functional

dependency between system pressure loss and flow rate.

The following equation was utilized:

PSYS= SORPLCUR SORPLDES= RFRSFP (5)

Equation 5allows the magnitude of SFP for various

combinations of PSYSand RFR, which are shown in

Figure 1A, to be found. Figure 1B demonstrates how


Notes:1. Variable-frequency-drive (VFD) turndown ratio assumed to be 10 to 1.2. VFD horsepower and electrical-motor horsepower assumed to be equal to design magnitudes.3. System horsepower safety factor equal to 1.0 (SF = 1.0).

A. System relative flow rate and pressure losses; PSYS

= f(RFR)

Systemo

verallrelative

pressurelosses,

P

SYS

2.0

1.6

1.2

0.8

0.4

0.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

System relative flow rate, RFR0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

1. System overall relative pressure losses






7. System overall relative pressure lossesat SFP of 2

B. System relative flow rate and factor parameter to match actual pressure losses; SFP = f(RFR)

Systemo

verallrelativefactor

parameter(SFP)tomatchactual

pressurelosses(P

SYS

)

1. DRPLDES

= 0.9; SRPLDES

= 0.1 3. DRPLDES

= 0.5; SRPLDES

= 0.5 5. DRPLDES

= 0.1; SRPLDES

= 0.9 7. System relative pressure losses are equal to2. DRPL

DES= 0.7; SRPL

DES= 0.3 4. DRPL

DES= 0.3; SRPL

DES= 0.7 6. DRPL

DES= 0.0; SRPL

DES= 1.0 relative flow rate raised in power of 2 (SFP = 2)

System relative flow rate, RFR

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

System relative flow rate, RFR

1. DRPLDES

= 0.9; SRPLDES

= 0.1 3. DRPLDES

= 0.5; SRPLDES

= 0.5 5. DRPLDES

= 0.1; SRPLDES

= 0.9

2. DRPLDES= 0.7; SRPLDES= 0.3 4. DRPLDES= 0.3; SRPLDES= 0.7 6. DRPLDES= 1.0; SRPLDES= 0.0

1. Required system factor parameter tomatch actual overall pressure losses





6. System SFP = 2

C. System relative flow rate and power-demand reduction factor; PDRF = f(RFR)

Systemo

verallrelativepower-

demandreductionfactor,PDRF

1. DRPLDES

= 0.9; SRPLDES

= 0.1 3. DRPLDES

= 0.5; SRPLDES

= 0.5 5. DRPLDES

= 0.1; SRPLDES

= 0.92. DRPL

DES= 0.7; SRPL

DES= 0.3 4. DRPL

DES= 0.3; SRPL

DES= 0.7 6. System relative power-demand reduction factor is equal to

relative flow rate to be raised in power of 3 (PDRF = 3)

1. Actual to theoretical power-demandreduction factor





6. System PDRF = 3

FIGURE 1. System relative-pressure-drop impact on power-demand-reduction factor.


27/37

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the actual value of SFP in Equation 5depends on the

system-pressure-drop-distribution pattern between

design dynamic and static components of the pressure

loss described earlier. SFP represents the average

weighted magnitude of the exponent in the equation,

which should be applied to relative flow rate to match

system relative pressure drop. The top straight line in

Figure 1B (No. 6) represents the theoretical case in which

system pressure losses are caused by dynamic losses

only, which is equivalent to an exponent value of 2

(SFP = 2). This straight line correlates to Line 7in Figure

1A. The rest of the curves in Figure 1B represent various

combinations of system dynamic and static losses and are

correlated to curves 2 through 6 in Figure 1A. The Figure

1B curves indicate SFP values could vary substantially to

match system relative pressure drop and could be well

below the theoretical value of 2, which typically is utilized

in engineering designs with VFD applications.

Figure 1B also demonstrates the SFP does not remain

constant and varies depending on the ratio of relative

design dynamic-pressure losses to static-pressure losses,

as well as RFR. Figure 1B shows the usual control strategy

of maintaining design pressure differential at an RFR of

1.0 could be improved by resetting the controlled pressure

differential as a function of RFR.

Accepting the theoretical case as the design baseline

might lead, as sho

2014-08 hpac engineering

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