2014 -2015

M.A., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,

M.A., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,

2013-2014

1

+2 capupay;-jhtutpay;

BLUE PRINT t. vz; nghUslf;fk; 1MARK 3MARK 5MARK 10MARK TOTAL 1. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspd;

tifg;ghL 3 x1=3 2 x 3=6 1 x5=5 1x10=10 24

2. jhtucs;sikg;gpay;

2 x1=2 2 x3=6 1 x5=5 1x10=10 23

3. nry; capupay; kw;Wk; kugpay;

2 x1=2 1 x3=3 1 x5=5 ----------- 10

4. caph;njhopy;El;gtpay;

2 x1=2 1 x3=3 1 x5=5 1x10=10 20

5. jhtu nraypay;

3 x3=3 3 x3=9 2x5=10 1x10=10 32

6. kdpj eyNkk;ghl;by; capupay;

2 x1=2 1 x 3=3 1x5= 5 ----------- 10

nkhj;jk; 14 30 35 40 119

2

capupay;-jhtutpay; Njh;T vOJk; khzth;fSf;fhd Fwpg;Gfs;

1. midj;J khzth;fSf;Fk; gad;gLk; tiifapy; ,e;j topfhl;b E}y; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2.,e;E}ypy; cs;s midj;J tpdhf;fisAk; khzth;fs; fl;lhak; gbf;fNtz;Lk;.

3.E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s midj;J tpdhf;fSk; nghJj;Njh;tpy; gyKiw Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fshFk;.

4.,e;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs; nghJj;Njh;tpy; khzth;fs; vt;thW tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;Nfw;g jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

5.xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;Fk; NghJ tpdh vz;izj; njspthf Fwpg;gpl;L tpdhj;jhspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l rupahd gjpiy vOj;Jg;gpiofs; ,y;yhky; njspthf vOj Ntz;Lk;.

6. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs; njspthfTk; RUf;fkhfTk; vOjpdhy; NghJkhdJ. NkYk; cjhuzq;fs; Nfl;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpfSf;F kl;Lk; cjhuzq;fs; vOj Ntz;Lk;.

7. %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fspy; cs;s glk; tiua Ntz;ba tpdhf;fSf;F njspthd glj;ij ngd;rpyhy; tiue;J VNjDk; ,uz;L rupahd ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

8. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fSf;F Ie;J rupahd Fwpg;Gfs; vOjpdhy; NghJkhdJ.

9. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fspy; cs;s glk; tiua Ntz;ba tpdhf;fSf;F njspthd glj;ij ngd;rpyhy; tiue;J VNjDk; ehd;F rupahd ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

10.gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;Fk; NghJ tpdhf;fSf;fhd tiuaiwfs; > tpsf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; ghfq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l glq;fisj; jdpj;jdp jiyg;Gfspl;L njspthf vOj Ntz;Lk;.

11.A+Nghh;gpNarp jhtuf; FLk;gj;jpw;fhd tpsf;fq;fs; vOJk; NghJ ghlE}ypy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L kyupd; tiuglk; kw;Wk; kyupd; tha;g;ghL Mfpatw;wpy; VNjDk; xd;iw kl;Lk; tiue;jhy; NghJkhdJ.

3

capupay;-jhtutpay; 1.xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1.MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspd; tifg;ghL

1.nraw;if Kiw tifg;ghl;bid epWtpath; fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];.

2.nraw;if Kiw tifg;ghL ,dg;ngUf;f tifg;ghL vdg;gLk;.

3.,U nrhw;ngaupL Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; fh];gh;L gh`pd;.

4.nge;jk; `Pf;fh; ntspapl;l E}y; n[dpuh gpshz;lhuk;.

5. ,izahj my;ypfisAila jhtuq;fs; ghypngl;lNy vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

6.nge;jk; kw;wk; `Pf;fh; tifg;ghl;by; cs;s FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 202.

7.#yf fPo; kyh; nfhz;l jhtu FLk;gq;fspd; tupir ,d;ngNu.

8. A+dpnrf;RNty;]; vd;w tupirapy; cs;s jhtuf;FLk;gk; A+Nghh;gpNarp.

9.nj];gp]pah ghGy;dpah ,lk; ngw;Ws;s jhtuf;FLk;gk; khy;Ntrp.

10.khy;Ntrp ,lk; ngw;ws;s tupir jyhkp/GNshNu.

11. Xuiw cila kfue;jg;ig fhzg;gLk; jhtuf; FLk;gk; khy;Ntrp.

12. Vgy;kh];f]; v];Fyz;l]; jhtuj;jpd; fdp #yf miw ntbfdp.

13.nrhyhNdrp ,lk; ngw;Ws;s Jiw ghypNkhdpNay;];.

14.eLeuk;G kw;Wk; gf;f euk;gfspd;; kPJ kQ;rs; epwKl;fs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; nrhyhdk; rhe;Njhfhh;g;gk;.

15.ml;Nuhgpd; vd;w My;fyha;L ngwg;gLk; jhtuk; ml;Nuhgh ngy;yNlhdh.

16.#ypiyfs; Neh;Nfhl;by; mikahky; rw;W rha;thf mike;Js;s jhtuf;FLk;gk; nrhyhNdrp.

17. up]pd]; fk;A+dp]; xU Fw;W kuk;.

18;. fpshNlhLf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L A+Nghh;gpah jpUf;fs;sp.

20.ug;gh; jhtuj;jpd; ,U nrhw;ngah; `ptpah gpNurpypad;]p];.

21.gwitfspd; nrhh;f;f kyh; vd miof;fg;gLk; jhtuk; ];nlhpypl;rpah nu[pNd.

22.kpA+rh jhtuj;jpd; ,iyaikT Roy; ,iyaikT.

23.uhtndyh jhtuj;jpd; kQ;rup $l;L irk;.

24.uhtndyh jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tskhd kfue;jq;fspd; vz;zpf;if MW.

25.n[dpuh gpshd;lhuk; vd;w E}iy vOjpath; nge;jk; (k) `Pf;fh;.

4

26.];gPrp]; gpsd;lhuk; vd;w E}iy vOjpath; fNuhy]; yp;d;Nda];

27.rpw;wpdq;fspd; Njhw;wk; vd;w E}iy vOjpath;; rhh;y]; lhh;tpd;.

28.n`h;Ngupa ghJfhg;gpy; gad;gLk; G+Q;irf;nfhy;yp nkh;f;Fupf; FNshiuL.

29.A+Nghh;gpNarp FLk;gj;jpd; rpwg;G kQ;rup irahj;jpak;.

30.epNfhl;bd; vd;w My;fyha;L ngwg;gLk; jhtuk; epf;Nfhl;bahdh nlhghf;fk;.

31.kdpyh ehh; jUk; jhtuk; kpA+]h nlf;];ilyp];.

2.jhtu cs;sikg;gpay;

32.Mf;Fj;jpRthdJ epiyj;j jpRthf khw;wk; miltJ NtWghliljy; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ

33.thio >fy;thio Nghd;w jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fs; ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh vdg;gLfpwJ.

34.jhtuj;jpd; midj;J cWg;GfspYk; fhzg;gLk; jpR ghud;ifkh.

35. `Pypahe;j]; jhtuj;jpy; mLf;F Nfhyd;ifkh fhzg;gLfpwJ.

36.Nth;j;Jtpfis cw;gj;jp nra;git l;iuNfhgpsh];l;Lfs;.

37.M];bNah];fpsPiuL fhzg;gLk; jhtug;gFjp gl;lhzpapd; tpijAiw.

38.,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw fhzg;gLk; jhtuf;FLk;gk; Ff;fh;gpl;N;lrp.

39.iryf;Foha;fspy; xw;iwj;Jisj;jl;L fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; khQ;rp/nguh.

40.gyKid iryk; fhzg;gLtJ xU tpj;jpiy jhtuNth;.

41.Gwzpapd; filrpaLf;F mfj;Njhy;.

42. fh];ghupad; gl;ilfs; ,U tpj;jpiy jhtuNtupd; mfj;Njhypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

43.GNuhl;Nlh iryk; jz;bd; ikaj;ij Nehf;fp fhzg;gLtJ cs;Nehf;F iryk; vdg;gLk;.

44.iryKk; GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJ fd;[hapz;l; my;yJ xUq;fike;jJ vdg;gLfpwJ.

45.kdpj kz;il XL Nghd;w th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; fhzg;gLtJ xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L.

46. GNuhl;Nlh iry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLtJ xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L.

47. ,U tpj;jpiy jhtuj;jzby; fhzg;gLk; th];Fyhh;mikg;G ehd;F Kid iryk;.

48.,U gf;f xj;j mikg;Gila ,iyfs; fhzg;gLtJ Gy;.

49. ,iyapy; fhzg;gLfpw th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; xUq;fike;jJ> %bait.

5

50.th];Fyhh; Nfk;gpak; xU gf;f Mf;Fj;R.

51. njhlh;e;J gFg;gilAk; jd;ik nfhd;l nry;fspd;; njhFg;G Mf;Fj;jpRf;fs; vdg;gLk;.

52.mLf;F Nfhyd;ifkh fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; `Pypahe;j];.

53.Nfhzf;Nfhyd;ifkh fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; lhl;^uh (k) epf;Nfhl;bahdh.

54.,ilntspf; Nfhyd;ifkh fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; Ig;Nghkpah.

55.iryk; ehh;fspd; NtWngah; ypg;up/ghh;k; ehh;fs;

56. GNshak; ehh;fspd; NtWngah; gh];l; ehh;fs;

57.GNshak; ghud;ifkh xUtpj;jpiyj;jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

58.Ntupd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F iuNrhnlh;kp]; vdg;gLk;.

59.,iyapd; th];Fyhh; jpRf;fis #o;e;Js;s ghud;ifkh nry;fs; vy;iy ghud;ifkh (m) fw;iw ciw.

3.nry; capupay; kw;Wk; kugpay;

60.FNuhNkhNrhk; vd;w nrhy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; thy;Nlah;.

61.[Pd;fs; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; cs;sd vd;gij cWjp nra;jth; gpupl;[];.

62.[Pd; vd;w nry;iy mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; N[h`hd;rd;.

63.[Pd;fSf;Fk; nehjpfSf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig fz;lwpe;jth;fs;gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk;.

64. ,idg;G Nrhjidf;fyg;G tpfpjk; 7:1:1:7.

65.`pA+Nfh Btpup]; jpBh; khw;wj;ij fz;lwpe;j jhtuk; <NdhjPuh yhkhh;f;fpahdh.

66.FNuhNkhNrhk; kPs;Nrh;f;if eilngWk; GNuh/Ng]; 1 –d; epiy ghf;fpBd;.

67.caph; Ntjpj;jpBh; khw;wk; fhuzkhf mkpNdh mkpyq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbahj capupdk; epANuh];Nghuh.

68. ey;ypNrhkp ,t;thW Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ 2n-2.

69.FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifia ,ul;bg;ghf;Fk; Ntjpg;nghUs; fhy;r;rp]pd;.

70. b.vd;.V ,ul;ilr; RUs; khjpupia tpsf;fpath; thl;rd; kw;Wk; fpupf;.

71. b.vd; .V %yf;$wpd; tpl;lk; 200 A.

72.Mh; vd.V fhzg;glhj capupdk; DNA itu];fs;.

73.nry;ypy; cs;s Mh;.vd;.V –tpy; mRNA-tpd; msT 3-5 rjtPjk;.

74. ghf;Bupa nry;ypy; 70 –f;F mjpfkhd flj;J Mh;.vd;.Vf;fs; cs;sd.

6

75. biuNrhkp ,t;thW Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ 2n+1.

76.FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; nghJthf gpsha;b vdg;gLk;.

77. jpBh; khw;wj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; kpA+l;lhn[d;fs; my;yJ jpBh; khw;w fhuzpfs; vdg;gLk;.

78.ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mbg;gil myF vdg;gLtJ FNuhNkhNrhk; MFk;.

79.FNuhNkhNrhkpd; Edpg;gFjp BNyhkpah; vdg;gLk;.

80.bNuhNrhgpy;yhtpd; ckpo;ePh; Rug;gp nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ghypBd; FNuhNkhNrhk; vdg;gLk;.

81.rykz;lhh; Cirl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; tpsf;F J}upif FNuhNkhNrhk; vdg;gLk;.

82.[Pd; vd;w nrhy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; N[h`d;rd;.

83.Njy;fu]; vd miof;fg;gLk; jhtuk; muhgpkhg;rp]; jhypahdh.

84.FNuhNkhNrhkpy; [Pd;fs; mike;Js;s ,lk; Nyhf]; vdg;gLk;.

85.jpBh; khw;wj;ij ,aw;ifapd; tpisahl;L vd mioj;jth; rhh;y]; lhh;tpd;.

86.jpBh; khw;wj;ij njhlh;rpaw;w khw;wk; vdf;Fwpg;gpl;lth; Ngl;rd;.

88.my;Nyh ghypg;gpsha;b %yk; kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Kjy; jhdpak; bupl;bNfy;.

89.b.vd;.V kuGg;nghUs; vd fz;lwpe;jth; gpulupf; fpup/gpj;.

90.b.vd.Vtpd; ghjp goik Kiwia tpsf;fpath;fs; thl;rd;kw;Wk; fpupf;.

91.RNA –tpy; DNA –tpd; ijkpDf;F gjpyhf fhzg;gLtJ Auhrpy;.

4.caph; njhopy; El;gtpay;

92.nu];l;upf;rd; nehjpfs; ghf;Bupaq;fshy; kl;LNk cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

93.nu];l;upf;rd; nehjpfs; b.vd.;V- %yf;$Wfis mjd; epA+f;spNahilL tupirfspy; Jz;bf;fpwJ.

94.may; [Pid nry;ypDs; nrYj;jg; gad;gLk; Kiw kpd;Jisahf;fk;.

95.,d;iwa epiyapy; may; [Pd;fis ngw;w jhtuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if Ik;gJ.

96.G+r;rpfisf; nfhy;Yk; nly;lh vz;Nlhlhf;rpd; vd;w Gujj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;tJ Ngrpy;y]; JupQ;rpad;rp];.

97.[Pd; ,lkhw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l #NlhNkhdh]; G+blh fr;rh vz;nzia rpijf;fpwJ.

98.capUs;s jhtu nry; KOj;jhtuj;ij cUthf;Fk; jpwd; KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik vdg;gLk;.

7

99.fhy]; jpR tsh;g;gpy; irlNlhifdpd; gzp nry; gFg;G.

100.jpR tsh;g;G Kiw %yk; ngwg;gLk; Kf;fpa nghUs; nraw;if tpijfs;.

101.GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,iztpy; ,izTf;fhuzp ghyp vj;jpypd; fpisf;fhy;.

102.GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,izT %yk; clyf;fyg;gpdk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

103.kdpjd; cl;nfhs;s jf;f itl;lkpd; nrwpe;j khj;jpiufs; ];igUypdh- tpypUe;J jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.

104.jdpnry; Guj cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLk; My;fh ];igUypdh.

105.jhtuq;fspy; may; [Pid nrYj;jg; gad;gLk; capupdk; mf;Nuhghf;Bupak; LkpNgrpad;];.

106.nry;fSf;F itu];fis vjph;f;Fk; jpwid mspg;gJ ,d;lh;nguhd;fs;.

107.Neha; vjph;g;Gj;jpwd; ngw;w nts;isaZf;fis cUthf;f gad;gLtJ ,d;lh;ypA+f;fpd;.

108.ePuopT Neha;f;F rpfpr;iraspf;f gad;gLtJ ,d;Rypd;.

109. nudpd; jLg;ghd;fs; ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij Fiwf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

110.jdpnry; Gujj;jpy; cs;s fhkh-ypNdhypf; mkpyk; ePuopT Nehahspfspd; ,uj;j rh;f;fiu msit Fiwf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

111.mrfha G+r;rp vd miof;fg;gLk; ghf;Bupak; #NlhNkhdh]; G+blh.

112. ntl;lg;gl;l DNA Jd;Lfis ,idf;Fk; nehjp DNA iyNf];.

113.jf;fhsp fdpahtij Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nehjp ghypNfyfl;;NuhNd];.

114. jf;fhsp fdpahtij Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nehjpahd ghypNfyf;l;NuhNd]; cUthtij jilnra;Ak; RNA czh;jil RNA vdg;gLk;.

115.jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l jhtu nry;fis ntw;wpfukhf tsh;j;j jhtutpay; mwpQh; G.N`hgh;Nyz;l; .

116.ney; kw;Wk; fhul; ,ilNa clyf; fyg;gpdkhf;f gad;gLk; Kiw GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,izT vdg;gLk;.

5.jhtu nraypay;

117.xspr;Nrh;f;if eilngWk; ,lk; gRq;fdpfq;fs;.

118.Row;rp vyf;l;uhd; flj;jypd; NghJ cUthtJ ATP kl;Lk;.

119. iuNgh]; xU 5 fhh;gd; Nrh;kk;.

120. C4 jhtuj;jpw;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L fUk;G.

121.gr;ira cw;gj;jpf;F Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpa nghUs; nkf;dprpak;.

8

122. #upa Mw;wiy fth;e;jpOf;Fk; mjpf jpwd; nfhz;l epwkp gr;irak;.

123.mNkhdpahit iel;iul;lhf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;Ak; ghf;Bupah ieluNrhNkhdh];.

124. f];Fl;lh xU KOxl;Lz;zpj; jhtukhFk;.

125. xspr;Nrh;f;ifia kpfj;jpwk;gl J}z;Lk; xsp miy 400 nm-700 nm.

126. ,Ul;Rthrk; eilngWk; Ez;ZWg;G ikl;Nlhfhz;l;upaq;fs;.

127. xdpr;Nrh;f;ifapd; NghJ ntspaplg;gLk; thA Mf;rp[d;.

128. ,Us;tpidapd; kWngah; fhy;tpd; Row;rp.

129. C4 Row;rpapd; kWngah; N`l;r;-];yhf; ghij vdg;gLk;.

130. xsp Rthrj;jpd; NtW ngah; C2 Row;rp vdg;gLk;.

131.G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L l;u]Puh.

132. gr;irak; a Kjd;ik epwkp vdg;gLk;.

133. xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; ,Us; tpidia fz;lwpe;jth; nky;tpd; fhy;tpd;.

134. C3 jhtuq;fspy; xsp kw;wk; ,Us; tpidfs; eilngWk; ,lk; ,iyapilj;jpR nry;fs;.

135.C3 jhtuq;fspy; CO2 Vw;Fk; %yf$W RuBP.

136. thz;lh xU njhw;Wj;jhtuk; MFk;.

137.gRq;fdpfj;jpy; xspr;Nrh;f;if epwkpfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; ijyf;fha;L.

138.nghJthd Rthr jsg;nghUl;fs; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; MFk;.

139.KOikahf Mfrp[Ndw;wk; milAk; FSf;Nfh]pypUe;J fpilf;Fk; Mw;wy; 38 ATP .

140. FSf;Nfhrpd; Rthr <T xd;W.

141. vyf;l;uhd; flj;J rq;fpypapy; ATP cz;lhtJ Mf;rp[Ndw;w gh];gupfuzk; vdg;gLk;.

142.xU FSf;Nfh]; %yf;$W KOikahf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; mile;J ntspg;gLk; Mw;wypd; msT 2900 kJ.

143.jhtu `hh;Nkhd;fspy; Kjypy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ Mf;rpd;fs;.

144.nraw;f;if Mf;rpDf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L NAA.

145. Kid Mjpf;fk; Mf;rpd;fshy; Vw;gLfpwJ.

9

146.rpf;kha;L tisT tiuglj;jpy; tpiuthd tsh;r;rp epiy Ntfepiy vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

147.Mf;rpd;fs; cjph;jiy jil nra;fpwJ.

148. new;gapupy; (gf;fhNd) Nfhkhspj;jd Nehia cUthf;FtJ [pg;uypd;.

149. ,iyj;Jis %Ltij J}z;LtJ mg;rprpf; mkpyk;.

150. thA epiyapy; cs;s `hh;Nkhd; vj;jpyPd;.

151. epyj;jpy; cs;s fisfis ePf;FtJ 2>4-D.

152. cah;jhtuq;fspy; fhdg;gLk; ,aw;ifahd `hh;Nkhd; IAA.

153. xspf;fhy mstpw;Nfw;g mikAk; jhtuq;fspd; gjpy; nray; xspf;fhyj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;.

154. Kjd; Kjypy; xspf;fhyj;Jtk; fz;lwpag;gl;l jhtuk; Gifapiyj; jhtuk;.

155.ePs; gfy; jhtuj;jpw;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L NfhJik.

156. FWk;gfy; jtuj;jpw;f;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L Gifapiy.

6.kdpj ey Nkk;ghl;by; capupay;

157. ney;ypy; ntg;G Nehia cz;lhf;Fk; NehAapup igupf;FNyupNa xiuNr.

158.igupf;FNyupNa xiuNrtpd; ,uz;lhk; epiy Xk;Gapupj; jhtuk; b[pNlupah khh;[pNdl;lh.

159.epyf;fliyapy; bf;fh Nehia cUthf;FtJ nrh;f;Ngh];Nghuh ngh;rNdl;lh.

160. mfhypigd; mfhypgh ,z;bfh jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.

161. tpy;tk; jhtuj;jpd; ,Unrhw;ngah; Vfpy; khh;kpyh];.

162.vYkpr;ir fhd;fh; Nehia cz;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bupak; rhe;NjhNkhdh]; rpl;up.

163. Ng]pNahy]; Kq;Nfh vd;w cSe;J ufk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ehL rPdh.

164.tpijfspd; kPJ Nky; G+r;rhf mike;J capup cukhf gad;gLk; ghf;Bupak; #NlhNkhd]; ];l;iuNal;lh.

165.Ntupd; ntspg;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; vf;Nlhl;uhgpf; ikf;NfhiurhTf;F v.fh. ngrpbNahikrPl;]; G+Qir MFk;.

166.Ntupd; cl;Gwj;jpRf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; vd;Nlhl;uhgpf; ikf;NfhiurhTf;F v.fh. Ntk; G+Q;irfs;.

167.vYkpr;irapy; fhd;fh; Nehia cUthf;Fk; ghf;Bupak; rhe;NjhNkhdh]; rpl;up.

168.Gw;WNehia Fzg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fs; cila jhtuk; Nfj;uhd;j]; Nuhrpa];(m) tpd;fh Nuhrpah.

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169.rh;fiuia fhl;bYk; mjpf ,dpg;G RitAila gpNurpd; vd;w Gujj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jhtuk; ngd;lhilgshd;l;uh gpNurpahdh.

170.NjePUf;F gjpyhf gad;gLk; jhtuk; Iyf;]; guhFntd;rp];.

172.fhg;gpf;F khw;whf gad;gLk; jhtuk; Nfhyh epblh.

173.,ja Neha;f;F kUe;jhf gad;gLk; b[hf;]pd; vd;w nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jhtuk; b[plhyp];.

2.%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1.gupNrhjid tifg;ghl;bd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?

1. ,aw;if caph; myFfspd; tiuaiufis eph;zapj;jy;.

2.gyjug;gl;l Nrhjid tifg;ghl;L FOkq;fshd #o;epiy tif> #o;epiyr; rpw;wpdk;> $l;Lr;rpw;wpdk; kw;Wk; fk;Ngupak; Kjypaitfis mwpjy;.

2.,U nrhw;ngaupL Kiw vd;why; vd;d?

xt;nthU jhtug;ngaUk; ,uz;L nrhw;;fshy; MdJ. Kjy; ngah; Ngupdg;ngah;,,uz;lhk; ngah; rpw;wpdg;ngah;. v.fh.khkuj;jpd; ,Unrhw;;ngah; khQ;rpnguh ,z;bfh.

3.lhl;Nlhdpk; - tiuaW.

xU jhtuj;jpd; Ngupdg;ngaUk; rpw;wpdg;ngaUk; xNu khjpupahf ,Uf;FNkahdhy; mj;jifa ngah; lhl;Nlhdpk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. rhrh/g;u]; rhrh/g;u];

4.%y cyh; jhtu khjphp vd;why; vd;d?

xU jhtuj;jpw;F Gjpa ngah; #l;Lk;NghJ, mj;jhtuj;jpd; n`h;Ngupak; jahh; nra;ag;gl;L VNjDk; xU mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l n`h;Nghpa epWtdj;jpy; tpsf;fj;Jld; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk; jhtug;gFjp %y cyh; jhtukhjpup vdg;gLk;.

5.Mrpupah; ngah; Fwpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

xU jhtuj;jpd; ,Unrhw;ngahpy; rpw;wpdg;ngaupd; ,Wjpapy; mj;jhtuj;jpw;F Kjd;Kjypy; tpsf;fkspj;j Mrpupaup;d; ngah;r;RUf;fk; vOjg;gLk;. ,J Mrpupah; ngah; Fwpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. khy;th rpy;nt];l;up]; ypd;. ,jpy; ypd; vd;gJ ypd;Ndai]f; Fwpf;Fk;.

6. ehkd; Mk;gpFtk; vd;why; vd;d?

jtwhd %yj;jpypUe;J xU jhtuk; ngah; #l;lg;gl;bUe;jhy; mg;ngah; jtwhd ngah; vdf;fUjg;gLk; ,J ehkd; Mk;gpf;Ftk; vdg;gLk;.

7.Gwg;Gy;yptl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?

G+f;fhk;G nrjpy;fs; xU tl;lj;jpy;;; Gy;yp ,jo;fSf;F Gwj;Nj mike;J cUthtJ Gwg;Gy;yptl;lk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh.i`gp];f]; Nuhrh-irndd;rp];.

11

8. khy;Ntrp FLk;gj;jpd; ehh;j;jhtuq;fs; %d;W vOJf.

1.fh]pgpak; ghh;gld;]; 2.fh]pgpak; `ph;Rl;lk; 3.i`gp];f]; nfd;dhgpd];.

9.ml;Nuh/gpd; vd;why; vd;d?

ml;Nuhg;gh ngy;yNlhdh jhtuNth;fspypUe;J ml;Nuh/gpd; vd;w My;fyha;L ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,J jir typia ePf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

10.iugpbak; vd;why; vd;d?

nryhNdrp FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Nfhzk; tpyfpa ];fhh;gpaha;L irNkh]; kQ;rup iugpbak; vdg;gLk;. ,J tprpwp mikg;GilaJ. v.fh. nrhyhdk; ief;uk;.

11.gpspf;Nfl; my;ypfs; vd;why; vd;d?

nrhyhNdrp FLk;gkyupd; my;ypfs; 5 ,ide;jit gj;J kly;fshf tprpwp kbg;G Nghy fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J gpspf;Nfl; my;ypfs; vdg;gLk;.

12.nrhyhNdrp FLk;gj;jpd; kUe;J jhtuq;fis vOJf.

1. lhl;^uh ];l;uhNkhdpak; jhtuj;jypUe;J ];l;uhNkhdpak; vd;w kUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J M];Jkh Nehia Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ.

2.nrhyhdk; l;iuNyhNgl;lk; jhtuj;jpd ,iyfs; ,UkYf;F kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.

3.itj;jhdpah rhk;dp/nguh jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; euk;G jsh;r;rpia Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ.

13.A+Nghh;gpNarp FLk;gj;jpd; ,ug;gh; jUk;jhtuq;fs; 2 vOJf.

cyfpd; nkhj;j ,ug;gh; cw;gj;jpapy; 98 rjtPjk; `Ptpah gpNurpypd;rpa]p]; jhtuj;jpypUe;Jk; kw;Wk; khzp`hl; fpshrpNahtp jhtuj;jpd; nfl;bahf;fg;gl;l Nyl;lf;]pypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.

14.fpshNlhL vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

jz;L xspr;Nrh;f;ifia Nkw;f;nfhs;s cWkhw;wk; mile;Js;sJ . ,j;jifa cUkhw;wk; fpshNlhL vdg;gLk;. v.fh. A+/Nghh;gpah jpUf;fs;sp.

15.ghypNfk]; vd;why; vd;d?

kpA+rh jhtuj;jpy; Mz;kyh;fs; ngz;kyh;fs; kw;Wk; ,Ughy; kyh;fs; vd midj;jk; xNu kQ;rupapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J ghypNfk]; vdg;gLk;.

16.ngha;j;;jz;L vd;why; vd;d? mJ vt;thW cUthfpwJ.

kpA+rh jhtuj;jpy; jiuf;F Nky; fhzg;gLk; jz;L Nghd;w gFjp ngha;j;jz;lhFk;. ,J ePz;l fbdkhd ciw Nghd;w ,iyabg;gFjpfs; xd;iwnahd;W jOtp cUthfpwJ.

17.khNdhfhh;gpf; gy;yhz;Lj;jhtuk; vd;why; vd;d?

kpA+rh jdJ tho;fhyj;jpy; xNu xU Kiw kl;LNk G+j;J fdp nfhLf;Fk; . vdNt ,J khNdhfhh;gpf; gy;yhz;Lj;jhtuk; vdg;gLk;.

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18.NtWghliljy; vd;why; vd;d?

Mf;Fj;jpRtpypUe;J cUthFk; rpy nry;fs; gFg;giltij epWj;jp gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; mile;J epiyj;jjpRthfpwJ. ,J NtWghliljy; vdg;gLk;.

19.];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d?

thio kw;Wk; fy;thio jhtuq;fspd; ,iyf;fhk;Gfspy; el;rj;jputbt ghud;ifkh nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh vdg;gLk;.

20.FNshud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d?

jhtuj;jpd; gRikahd gFjpfspy; cs;s ghud;ifkh nry;fspy; gRq;fdpfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd ,it FNshud;ifkh vdg;gLk;. ,jd; Kf;fpakhd gzp xspr;Nrh;f;ifahFk;.

21.Nrkpg;G ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d?

rpy jhtuq;fspd; ghud;ifkh nry;fspfspy;; czTg;nghUl;fs; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it Nrkpg;G ghud;iifkh vdg;gLk;. v.fh. Nth; kw;Wk; jz;L fpoq;Ffs;.

22. Nfhzf;Nfhyd;ifkh - ,ilntspf;Nfhyd;ifkh NtWgLj;Jf.

Nfhzf;Nfhyd;ifkh ,ilntspf;Nfhyd;ifkh

1.Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fspd; Nfhzq;fspy; jbg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;

v.fh. lhl;^uh kw;Wk; epf;Nfhl;bahdh

Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fspd; nry; ,ilntspg;gFjpfis #o;e;Js;s gFjpfspy; jbg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;

v.fh. Ig;Nghkpah

23. ];fpsPiuLfis ehh;fspy; ,Ue;J NtWgLj;Jf.

];fpsPiuLfs; ehh;fs;

1.Fl;ilahdit

2.mjpfkhd Fopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

3.nry; miw mfykhdit

ePskhdit

Fiwthd Fopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

nry; miw FWfyhdit.

24. gpNuf;fp ];fpsPiuL vd;why; vd;d?

tpijAiwapd; fbdj;jd;ikf;F ];fpsPiuLfNs fhuzkhf cs;sd. rkmsTila ];fpsPiuLfs; gpNuf;fp ];fpsPiuLfs; my;yJ fy;nry;fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. Ngupf;fhapd; jsj;jpR.

25. Nkw;gug;G ehh;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

rpy jhtuq;fspd; tpijAiwapypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;w ehh;fs; Nkw;gug;G ehh;fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. gUj;jp.

13

26.NfNyh]; vd;why; vd;d?

Kjph;e;j ry;yilf;Foha; $Wfspy; cs;s ry;yilj;jl;Lfspd; Jisfs; czTj;Jfs;fshy; milf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J NfNyh]; vdg;gLk;.

28.iuNrhnlh;kp]; vd;why; vd;d?

,J Ntupd; ntspaLf;fhFk;. ,J nry; ,ilntspfs; ,y;yhj XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. ,jpy; fpA+l;bf;fps; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jd; Kf;fpa gzp cl;Gwj;jpRf;fis ghJfhj;jy;.

29. biuf;Nfhgpsh];l;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?

Ntupd; Gwj;Njhypy; ,Utifahd nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.mit ePz;l nry; kw;Wk; Fl;il nry;fs; MFk;. Fl;ilnry;fs; biuf;Nfhgpsh];Lfs; vdg;gLk;.,jpypUe;Jjhd; Nth;j;J}tpfs; cUthfpwJ.

30.topnry;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

Ntupd; mfj;Njhypy; fh];ghupad; gl;ilfs; ,y;yhj GNuhl;Nlhiryf;$WfSf;F vjpNu cs;s nry;fs; topnry;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; topahf ePh; kw;Wk; fdpk cg;Gf;fs; iryf;Foha;fSf;Fs; nry;fpwJ.

31.A+];By; tiuaW.

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;by; th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; gpj;ij #o;e;J xU tisakhf mike;Js;sJ. ,J A+];By; vdg;gLk;.

32.GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vd;why; vd;d?

xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;by; Kjph;e;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwapy; GNuhl;Nlhiryk; rpijtiltjhy; Xh; ,ilntsp cUthfpwJ. ,J GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vdg;gLk;.

33.vy;iyg;ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d?

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapy; th];Fyhh;fw;iwfisr; #o;e;J neUf;fkhf nry;,ilntspfspd;wp fhzg;gLk; XuLf;F nry;fshy; Md ciw vy;iyg;ghud;ifkh vdg;gLk;.

34. ,iyapilj;jpR vd;why; vd;d?

,iyapd; ,UGwj;Njhy; mLf;FfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; jsj;jpR ,iyapilj;jpR vdg;gLk;. ,iyapilj;jpRtpy; ghypNrl; kw;Wk; ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh vd ,Utifahd jpRf;fs; cs;sd.

14

35.ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh - ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh NtWgLj;Jf.

ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh

1.ePz;l cUis tbtk; cilait.

2.nry; ,ilntspfs; mw;wit

3.mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; gRq;fdpfq;fs; cilait

xOq;fw;w tbtk; cilait.

mjpf nry; ,ilntspfs; cilait.

Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapy; gRq;fdpfq;fs; cilait.

36. B- FNuhNkhNrhk; vd;why; vd;d?

rpy capupdq;fspy; $Ljyhf fhzg;gLfpw FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;; Jiz FNuhNkhNrhk; my;yJ B FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vdg;gLk;. nghJthf ,it jhtuq;fspd; tho;jpwid Fiwf;fpwJ.

37.[PNdhk; tiuaW.

[PNdhk; vd;gJ xU capupdj;jpd; nkhj;j DNA tupir mikg;Gfis Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,jpy; ikl;Nlhfhz;bupah kw;Wk; gRq;fdpfj;jpd; DNA –k; mlq;Fk;.

38.kuG tiuglk; -tiuaW.

xU FNuhNkhNrhkpy; [Pd;fs; mike;Js;s ,lk; > mike;Js;s Kiw> mtw;wpw;f;fpilNa cs;s J}uk; Mfpatw;iw xU tiuglj;jpd; %yk; tpsf;Fk; glj;njhFg;G kuG tiuglk; vdg;gLk;.

39.FWf;Nfw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?

Xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,idAk; NghJ rNfhjup my;yhj FNuhNkhbl;Lfspd; Jz;Lfs; gupkhw;wk; miltjhy; Gjpa [Pd; Nrh;f;if cUthFk; epfo;r;rp FWf;Nfw;wk; vdg;gLk;.

40. caph;Ntjp; jpBh;khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?

caph;Ntjp; tpidfis ghjpf;Fk; jpBh;khw;wk; caph;Ntjp; jpBh;khw;wk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. epANuh];Nghuh vd;w G+Q;irapy; jpBh;khw;wj;jhy; rpy mkpNdhmkpyq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbtjpy;iy.

41.nfhy;yp jpBh; khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?

rpy jpBh; khw;wq;fs; [Pd;fspy; ngUk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; me;j capupdk; ,wf;fpwJ. ,J nfhy;yp jpBh;khw;wk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. Nrhsk; jhtuj;jpy; xLf;f jpBh;khw;wj;jhy; gr;irak; cz;lhf;f Kbahjjhy; ehw;W epiyapNyNa ,wf;fpd;wd.

42.[Pd; jpBh;khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?

xU rpwpa DNA gFjpapy; cs;s xU epAf;spNahilL my;yJ ,izahf cs;s ,U fhuq;fspy; Vw;g;gLk; jpBh;khw;wk; Gs;sp my;yJ [Pd; jpBh;khw;wk; vdg;gLk;.

15

43.i`Nghgpsha;b vd;why; vd;d?

,Uka FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjpap;y; ,Ue;J xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; FiwtJ i`Nghgpsha;b vdg;gLk;. ,J ,Utifg;gLk;.1.khNdhNrhkp 2.ey;ypNrhkp.

44. DNA tpd; nray;ghLfis vOJf.

1. nry;ypd; caph; nray;ghLfis fl;Lg;Lj;JfpwJ.

2.mLj;j jiyKiwfSf;F vy;yh kuGr; nra;jpfisAk; vLj;J nry;fpwJ.

3.Gujr;Nrh;f;if kw;Wk; RNA cUthf;fj;ij xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.

45.DNA-gw;wpa rhh;fhg;; tpjpfs; vit?

1.mbidd; vg;NghJk; ijkpDld; ,idAk;. irl;Nlhrpd; vg;NghJk; FthidDld; ,idAk;.

2.gpA+hpd; kw;Wk; igupkpbd; epAf;spNahilLfspd; msT vg;NghJk; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

3.mbidd; kw;Wk; ijkpd; msTk; Fthidd; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhrpd; msTk; vg;NghJk; rkkhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.

46. DNA- Tf;Fk; RNA -Tf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfisf; $Wf.

DNA RNA 1. ,jpy; 5C b Mf;]piuNgh]; rh;f;fiu cs;sJ. 2. ,jpy; mbidd;>Fthidd;>ijkpd;> kw;Wk; irl;Nlhrpd; cs;sJ 3. ,J kpf ePskhdJ.

,jpy; 5C iuNgh]; ru;f;fiu cs;sJ. ,jpy; mbidd;> Fthidd;> irl;Nlhrpd;> kw;Wk; A+uhrpy; cs;sJ. ,J Fl;ilahdJ.

47. kWNrh;f;if DNA- njhopy; El;gk; vd;why; vd;d?

xU capupapd; IPNdhk; mikg;Gld; tpUk;gpa capupapd; DNA Jz;Lfis ,idj;J Gjpa [PNdhkhf khw;Wk; njhopy; El;gk; kWNrh;f;if DNA njhopy; El;gk; vdg;gLk;.

48.%yf;$W efy; ngUf;fk; (m) [Pd; efy; ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

kWNrh;f;if DNA -it ghf;Bupa nry;fSf;Fs; nrYj;jp kWNrh;f;if DNA -it nfhz;l ghf;Bupa $l;likT cUthf;fg;gl;L jdpj;jdpahf tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa ghf;Bupa nry;fs; mjpfkhf ngUf;fkilar; nra;tjd; %yk; kWNrh;f;if DNA -it mjpf mstpy; cUthf;Fk; epfo;r;rp %yf;$W efy; ngUf;fk; (m) [Pd; efy; ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

49.may; [Pidg; ngw;w ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuq;fspd; 3 ngah;fis vOJf.

1.`Pypahe;j]; MDt]; 2.nrhyhdk; bA+gNuhrk; 3.fhrp;gpak; `ph;#l;lk;.

16

50.capupfshy; rPuikf;fgLjy; vd;why; vd;d?

Rw;Wr;#oypy; cs;s er;Rg; nghUl;fis rpijg;gjpYk; khRgLjiy jLg;gjpYk; capUs;s Ez;Zaph;fis <LgLj;JtJ capupfshy; rPuikf;fgLjy; vdg;gLk;. mrfhaG+r;rp vdg;gLk; ghf;bupah ufkhdJ vz;iza; khRfis rPuikf;fpwJ.

51.nu];l;upf;\d; vz;NlhepAf;spa]; vd;gJ ahJ?

nu];l;upf;\d; vz;NlhepAf;spa]; vd;gJ ghf;Bupaq;fs; kl;Lk; cUtf;Fk; DNA %yf;$Wfis gy Jz;Lfshf khw;Wk; jpwDila nehjpahFk;. DNA %yf;$Wfis Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy; Jz;bf;Fk; jpwd; cilajhy; ,it %yf;$W fj;jupf;Nfhy; vdg;gLk;.

52.KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik vd;why; vd;d?

capUs;s xU jhtunry; KOtsh;r;rpaile;j jhtukhf cUkhw ,aw;ifahf mike;j jpwNd KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik vdg;gLk;. ,J jhtu nry;fSf;F kl;LNk cupj;jhdjhFk;.

53.jhtuj;jpR tsh;gpw;F gad;gLk; 3 tsh;g;G Clfq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.

1. MS- tsh;g;G Clfk; 2. B 5- tsh;g;G Clfk; 3. W tsh;g;G Clfk;

54. Nfy]; - tiuaW.

tsh;g;G Clfj;jpy; cUthFk; xOq;fw;w NtWghL milahj jpRj;jpushFk;. Mf;]pd; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhifdpd; Nghd;w `hh;Nkhd;fspd; nray;ghl;lhy; Nfy];jpRtpypUe;J rpW jhtuq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

55.clyfyg;gpdkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d?

,uz;L NtWgl;l rpw;wpdq;fspd; clyr;nryfspd; GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];Lfs; ,izj;jy; Kyk; fyg;Gapup cUthf;fgLfpwJ. ,J clyfyg;gpdkhf;fy; vdg;gLk;.

56.jdpnry; Gujk; tiuaW.

czT kw;Wk; tpyq;FfSf;F jPtdkhf gad;gLk; Ez;Zaph;fspd; cyh;e;j nry;fNs jdpnry; Gujk; my;yJ Ez;Zaph; Gujk; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. ];igUypdh > <];l;.

57.caph; ciyf;fyd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

czTg; gw;whf;Fiwia ePf;f gad;gLk; mjpf Gujj;jd;ik nfhz;l Ez;Zaph; nry;fis mjpf mstpy; tsh;f;f cjTk; gpuj;jpNahf Ez;Zaph; ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l nehjpf;fyd;fs; caph; ciyf;fyd;fs; vdg;gLk;.

58.Kjd;ik epwkp vd;why; vd;d?

ePiu xU %g;nghUshf gad;gLj;jp xspr;Nrh;f;if nra;Ak; jhtuq;fs; midj;jpYk; gr;irak; a fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J #upa Mw;wiy jpwk;gl <h;f;fty;yJ. vdNt

gr;irak; a Kjd;ik epwkpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.

17

59.ePh; xspg;gpsj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

Xspj;j;njhFg;G ,uz;L (PS II) Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyapy; cs;s NghJ ePiu GNuhl;lhdhfTk; vyf;l;uhdhfTk; kw;Wk; Mf;rp[dhfTk; gpsf;Fk; epfo;r;rp ePh; xspg;gpsj;jy; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; khq;fdP];, fhy;rpak; kw;Wk; FNshiuL madpfs; gq;Nfw;fpd;wd.

60.,Utbt gRq;fzpfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

C4 jhtuq;fspy; ,Utbt gRq;fzpfq;fs; fhzg;gLfp;wJ. mjhtJ ,iyapilj;jpR nry;fspy; cs;s gRq;fzpfq;fspy; fpuhdhf;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; fwiw ciw nry;fspy; cs;s gRq;fzpfq;fspy; fpuhdhf;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J ,Utbt gRq;fzpfq;fs; vd;g;gLk;.

61.xspgh];gupfuzk; vd;why; vd;d?

xspapd; cjtpahy; ePh; %y;$wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l vyf;l;uhd;fisf; nfhz;L ADP –Ald; xU gh];Ngl; Nrh;j;J ATP %yf;$W cUthFk; epfo;r;rp xspgh];gupfuzk; vdg;gLk;.

62.xspr;Rthrk; -tiuaW.

Xspr;Nrh;f;if nry;fspy; xsp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mjpfkhf eilngWk; Rthrk; xspr;Rthrk; vdg;gLk;. ,e;epfo;r;rpapy; mjpf msT fhh;gd; il Mf;irL ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ.

63.xspr;Rthrk; - ,Us; Rthrk; NtWgLj;Jf.

xspr;Rthrk; ,Us; Rthrk;

1.xspr;Nrh;f;if nry;fspy; kl;Lk; eilngWk; .

2.xsp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; eilngWk;.

3.gRq;fdpfk;> nguhf;]pNrhk;> ikl;Nlhfhz;l;upahf;fspy; eilngWk;.

midj;J capUs;s nry;fspYk; eilngWk;.

xsp kw;Wk; xsp ,y;yhj NghJk; eilngWk;.

ikl;Nlhf;fhz;l;upahtpy; eilngWk;.

64.Ntjpr;Nrh;f;if vd;why; vd;d?

rpy capupdq;fs; fdpkg;nghUl;fis Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;J fpilf;Fk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;L czT jahupf;fpwJ. ,J Ntjpr;Nrh;f;if vdg;gLk;. v.fh. ghf;Bupaq;fs;.

65.fpisf;fhyprp]; vd;why; vd;d?

6 fhh;gd; Nrh;kkhd FSf;Nfh]; 3 fhh;gd;fis nfhz;l ,uz;L %yf;$W igUtpf;mkpykhf khWk; epfo;r;rp fpisf;fhyprp]; vdg;gLk;. ,J irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ.

18

66.Rthr <T- tiuaW.

Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ ntspaplg;gLk; fhh;gd; il Mf;irLf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mf;rp[Df;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tpfpjk; Rthr <T vdg;gLk;;.

67.rkepiyg; Gs;sp vd;why; vd;d?

CO2-tpd; ve;j nrwpT epiyapy; xspr;Nrh;f;ifahdJ Rthrpj;jYf;F rkkhf

,Uf;fpwNjh mJNt CO2 rkepiyg; Gs;sp vdg;gLk;. rkepiyg;Gs;spapy; xspr;Nrh;f;iff;F vLj;Jnfhs;sg;gLk; CO2 msTk;> Rthrpj;jypy; ntspaplg;gLk; CO2 msTk; rkk;.

68.nehjpj;jy;- tiuaW.

nehjpj;jy; vd;gJ Ntjpkhw;wj;NjhL $ba Eiuj;jy; my;yJ nghq;Fjy; vdg;gLk;. FSf;Nfh]; %yf;$W fhw;wpy;yhJ rpijTw;W vj;jpy; My;f`hyhfTk; fhh;gd; il Mf;irlhfTk; khWtJ nehjpj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

69.rpf;kha;L tisT vd;why; vd;d?

Xh; capupdj;jpd; mstpy; Vw;gLk; tsh;r;rp my;yJ nry;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;G Mfpatw;iw fhy mstpw;F vjpuhf tiuglk; tiue;jhy; mJ S tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,J rpf;kha;L tisT vdg;gLk;.

70.Kid Mjpf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?;

Edpnkhl;lhdJ mJ cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Mf;rpd; %yk; gf;f nkhl;Lf;fspd; tsh;r;rpia jilnra;fpwJ. ,J Kid Mjpf;fk; vdg;gLk;;.

71.Nghy;bq; - tiuaW.

neUq;fpa ,iy mLf;fk; nfhz;l jhtuq;fspy; [pg;uypf; mkpyj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ fZtpilg;gFjpfs; tsh;r;rpailtJk; njhlh;e;J kyh;jYk; epfo;fpwJ. ,J Nghy;bq; vdg;gLk;.

72.upr;khz;l; yhq; tpisT vd;why; vd;d?

jhtuq;fs; KJikailtij irl;Nlhifdpd; jhkjg;gLj;JfpwJ ,J upr;khz;l; yhq; tpisT vdg;gLk;.

73.xspf;fhyj;Jtk; vd;gJ ahJ?

xU jhtuj;jpy; xsp kw;Wk; ,Ul;fhy mstpw;Nfw;g Vw;gLk; jhtuj;jpd; gjpy; nray; tpisT xspf;fhyj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;. ,J Gifapiy jhtuj;jpy; Kjd; Kiwahf fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

74.Fsph; gjdk;- tiuaW .

nth;diyNr\d; my;yJ Fsph;gjdk; vd;gJ <uhz;Lj;jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; gy;yhz;Lj; jhtuq;fspy; kyh;jy; 1 Kjy; 10 bfpup nry;rpa]; ntg;gepiyapy; Jz;lg;gLfpwJ. ,J Fsph; gjdk; vdg;gLk;.

19

75.capup cuq;fs; vd;gJ ahJ?

gaph; tsh;rpf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; capupfsplkpUe;J Njhd;wpa midj;J Cl;lg; nghUl;fSk; capup cuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. mrl;Nlhghf;lh; kw;wk; iuNrhgpak; Nghd;w iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;Jk; ghf;Bupaq;fs;.

76. p̀AKypd; - tiuaW.

v.Nfhiy ghf;Bupaj;jpDs; kdpj ,d;Rypd; cw;gj;jpf;fhd [Pid Eioj;J me;j ,d;Rypid ghf;BupaNk cw;gj;jp nra;AkhW cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J `pAKypd; vdg;gLk;. ePuopT NehahspfSf;F rh;f;fiuapd; msit fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ.

77.fyg;gpd tPupak; vd;why; vd;d?

,U ngw;Nwhh; %yk; cUthFk; Kjy; re;jjpia Nrh;e;j fyg;gpdq;fs; vg;NghJk; ngw;Nwhiu tpl mjpf nray; jpwd; ngw;wpUg;gJ fyg;gpd tPupak; vdg;gLk;.

78.caph;g; nghUs; nfs;is vd;why; vd;d?

xU ehl;bd; capup Mjhuq;fis ,ufrpakhf> Raey Nehf;Fld; gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; Ruz;LtJ my;yJ gad;gLj;JtJ capup nfs;is my;yJ capup nghUs; nfhs;is vdg;gLk;. v.fh. neLq;fhykhf ,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; ghRkjp muprpf;F If;fpa mnkupf;f ehLfs; fhg;Gupik ngw;Ws;sJ.

79.capup G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp vd;gij tiuaW.

jhtuq;fSf;F Nrjk; tpistpf;Fk; G+r;rpfSf;F vjpuhf Ngrpy;y]; JupQ;rpad;]; ghf;Bupaj;jpd; ];Nghh;fs; tsh;tjhy; ,g;ghf;Bupaj;jpd; [Pd;fs; gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;L jhtuq;fspd; jpRf;fSf;Fs; nrYj;jg;gl;L capup G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

80.J}atopj; Njh;T vd;why; vd;d?

njhlh;e;J jd;kfue;j Nrhf;if %yk; kl;Lk; cUthf;fg;gLk; jhtuq;fspd; njFg;G J}atop my;yJ N`hNkhirf]; Njh;T Kiw vdg;gLk;. ,it xNu tpjkhd gz;Gfis nfhz;lit. ,tw;wpypUe;J Gjpa ufq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

81.cz;zj;jf;f ,d;lh;nguhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

itu];fSf;F vjpuhf nray;gLk; Gujg;nghUl;fNs ,z;lh;nguhd;fs; vdg;gLk;.Gifapiy kw;Wk; kf;fhr;Nrhsk; jhtuq;fspy; may; [Pd;fis GFj;jp me;jj; jhtuq;fs; kdpj ,d;lh;nguhd;fis cw;gj;jp nra;akhW cUtf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

82.Njf;fpd; nghUshjug; gad;fis vOJf.

1.gf;Ftg;gLj;jg;gl;l Njf;F kuf;fl;il ntbg;GWtjpy;iy kw;Wk; RUf;fkiltjpy;iy vdNt tPl;L kurlrhkhd;fs; nra;ag;gad;gLfpwJ.

2.fg;gy;> glF fl;l gad;glfpwJ.

3. kug;gyif> fl;blq;fspd; cs; myq;fhu NtiyfSf;F gad;gLfpwJ.

20

3. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1.mfpy cyf jhtutpay; ngah; #l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mkrq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1.Ngupdg;ngah; ngah;r; nrhy;yhFk;. rpw;wpdg;ngah; gz;Gr; nrhy;yhFk;. ,tw;iw Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOJk; NghJ Ngupdg;ngaupd; Kjy; voj;J ngupa vOj;Jf;fspYk; rpw;wpdg; ngaupd; Kjy; vOj;J rpwpa vOj;Jf;fspYk; vOjNtz;Lk;.

2.ngah; rpwpadthfTk; vspjpy; thrpf;Fk; gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3. ,Unrhw;g;ngah;fis mr;rpLk; NghJ rha;thf mr;rpl Ntz;Lk;.

4.xU jhtuj;jpw;F ngah; #l;Lk; NghJ mj;jhtuj;jpd; n`h;Ngupak; jahh; nra;ag;gl;L mq;fpfupff;g;gl;l n`h;Ngupa epWtdj;jpy; Nrkpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

5.ngah; #l;lg;gl;l jhtuj;jpd; tpsf;fk; ,yj;jpd; nkhopapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2.n`h;Ngupaj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1.xU ehl;bd; my;yJ ,lj;jpd; jhtuq;fspd; tptuq;fis mwpayhk;.

2.n`h;Ngupak; jhtuq;fspd; tptuq;fis Nrkpf;Fk; epiyakhf cs;sJ.

3.jhtuq;fis ,dq;fz;lwpa %y cyh; jhtu khjpupfs; gad;gLfpwJ.

4.tifg;ghl;bay; kw;Wk; cs;sikg;gpay; Muha;r;;rpahsh;fSf;F fr;rhg; nghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.

5. 200 Mz;Lfs; tiu cyh; jhtu khjpupfspd; kfue;jJ}s; ghjpg;gpw;F cs;shtjpy;iy. MfNt kfue;jJ}s; Ma;Tf;F gad;gLfpwJ.

6.[Pd; Muha;r;rpf;F n`h;Ngupak; [Pd; Nrkpg;G epiyakhf cs;sJ.

3.khy;Ntrp FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1.ehh;j;jhtuq;fs; fh]pgpak; ghh;gnld;]; jhtuj;jpypUe;J tzpf Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s ehh;fs; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

2.czTj; jhtuq;fs; Vgy;kh];f]; v];Fyz;l]; jhtuj;jpd; fdpfs; czthf gad;gLfpd;wd.

3.fl;ilj; jhtuq;fs; nj];gprpah ghg;Gy;dpah jhtuj;jpd; kuf;fl;ilfs; Ntshz;ik cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; glF nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.

4.kUe;J jhtuq;fs; mGl;byhd; ,z;bfk; jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; fha;r;rYf;F kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.

5.myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs; My;jpah Nuhrpah>i`gp];f]; Nuhrh irndd;rp]; Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; Njhl;lq;fspy; moFf;fhf tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.

21

4. nrhyhNdrp FLk;gj;jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1. czTj;jhtuq;fs;: nryhdk bA+gNuhrk; jhtuj;jpd; fpoq;Ffs; czthfg;gad;gLfpwJ.

2.kUe;Jj;jhtuq;fs; 1.ml;Nuhgh ngy;yNlhdh jhtuj;jpypUe;J mlNuhgpd; vd;w kUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.

2.itj;jhdpah rhk;dpnguh jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; kw;Wk; Nth;fs; euk;Gj;jsh;r;rpf;F kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.

3.Gifapiy epf;Nfhl;bahdh nlhghf;fk; jhtu ,iyfs; gPb> rpfnul; jahupf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ.

4.myq;fhuj;jhtuq;fs; nr];lh;dk; ilA+h;dk; kw;Wk; ngl;^dpah i`gpuplh jhtuq;fs; myq;fhuj;jpw;fhf tsh;f;fg;gad;gLfpwJ.

5.A+/Nghh;gpNarp FLk;gj;jpd; gyjug;gl;l kQ;rupfis tpsf;Ff.

1.A+/Nghh;gpahtpd; rpwg;G tif kQ;rup rahj;jpak;. ,jpy; xU ngz; kyUk; mjid Rw;wp vz;zw;w Mz;kyh;fSk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

2.uprpd]; fk;Adp]; jhtuj;jpy ; ghdpf;fps; kQ;rup fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; Mzkyh;fs; kQ;rupapd; fpo;g;Gwj;jpYk; ngz;kyh;fs; kQ;rupapd; Nky;Gwj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

3.FNuhl;ld; ];ghh;rpGNshu]; jhtuj;jpy; jdpj;j nurpNkh]; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

4.mfhypgh ,z;bfh jhtuj;jpy; Nfl;fpd ; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

5./gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu]; jhtuj;jpy; Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; kyh;fs; ,iyf;Nfhz kyuhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.

6.kpA+rh kw;Wk; uhtndy;yh jhtuq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s NtWghLfis jUf.

gz;Gfs; kpArh uhtndy;yh 1.tsupay;G 2.jz;L 3.kQ;rup 4.kyh;fs; 5;.kfue;jjhs; tl;lk;

khNdhfhh;gpf; gy;yhz;L rpWnrb. cz;ikahdjz;Ljiuab iuNrhk;. jiuf;F Nky; fhzg;gLtJ ,iy ciwfshyhd ngha;jz;L. fpisj;j ];Ngbf;]; tif kQ;rup fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,Ugf;f rkr;rPh; cilait kfue;jjhs; 6> 5tskhdit xU kyl;L kfue;jk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

ngupa msTila fpisj;jyw;w kuk;. epkph;e;j fl;ilj; jd;ik tha;e;j jz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. $l;L irk; tif kQ;rup fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mur;rkr;rPh; cilait. 6 tskhd kfue;jjhs;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

22

7. ,Ug;gplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Mf;Fj;jpRf;fspd; tiffis tptup.

,Ug;gplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Mf;Fj;jpR 3 tifg;gLk;. mit 1.Edp Mf;Fj;jpR> 2. ,ilMf;Fj;jpR > 3. gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR.

Edp Mf;Fj;jpR Nth; > jz;L> kw;Wk; fpisfspd; Edpapy; fhzg;gLk; Mf;Fj;jpR EdpMf;Fj;jpR vdg;gLk;. ,J 3 gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ> Gwj;Njhy;jpRit cUthf;Fk; GNuhl;Nlhnlh;k;>th];Fyhh; jpRit cUthf;Fk; GNuhNfk;gpak;> kw;Wk; Gwzpia cUthf;Fk; jsMf;Fj;jpR Mfpad.

,il Mf;Fj;jpR xU tpj;jpiyj;jhtuq;fspd; fZtpilg; gFjpapd; ePl;rpf;F ,JNt fhuzkhFk;. v.fh. Gw;fs;.

gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR Nth; kw;Wk; jz;Lfspd; gf;fthl;L tsh;r;rpf;F gad;gLk; Mf;Fj;jpR gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR vdg;gLk;. th];Fyhh; Nfk;gpak; kw;Wk; fhh;f; Nfk;gpak; Mfpait jhtuj;jpd; FWf;fsit mjpfupf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

8.th];Fyhh; jpRj;njhFg;G Fwpj;J vOJf.

th];Fyhh; jpRj;njhFg;G iryk; >GNshak; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

1.jpwe;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw : iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak; Mfpatw;wpw;f;F ,ilNa Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gLtJ. v.fh. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L.

2.%ba th];Fyhh; fw;iw: iryk; > GNshak; kl;Lk; xNu Muj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs;.v.fh. xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L.

3.Mug;Nghf;F mikT: iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak; ntt;NtW Muq;fspy; fhzg;gLtJ.

v.fh. Ntupd; cs;sikg;G.

4.,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw: iryk; kw;wk; GNshak; xNu Muj;jpy; mike;J > iryj;jpd; ,UGwKk; GNshak; mike;J fhzg;gLtJ. v.fh. Ff;fh;gpl;lrp.

5. iryk; GNshaj;ij KOtJk; #o;e;J fhzg;gLk; th];Fyhh; fw;iw iryk; #o; th];Fyhh; fw;iw vdg;gLk;. v.fh.mf;Nfhu];

23

6.GNshak; iryj;ij KOtJk; #o;e;J fhzg;gLk; th];Fyhh; fw;iw GNshak; #o;th];Fyhh; fw;iw vdg;gLk; . v.fh. ghypNghbak;.

9.xU tpj;jpiy kw;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu Nth;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfis vOJf.

xU tpj;jpiyj;jhtu Nth; ,U tpj;jpiyj;jhtu Nth; 1.gy Kid iryk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 2.ikaj;jpy; gpj; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 3.nkl;lh iryf;Foha;fs; tl;l tbtkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. 4.,izg;gj;jpR ];fpsPnud;ifkhthy; MdJ. 5.,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;r;rp fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

ehd;F Kid iryk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gpj; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. nkl;lh iryf;Foha; gy Nfhztbtpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ; ,izg;Gj;jpR ghud;ifkhthy; MdJ. ,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;r;rp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

10.,U tpj;jpiyj;jhtu ,iyapd; F.nt.Njh. glk; tiue;J ghfk; Fwpf;f.

24

11.buf;fPLfs; - Fwpg;;G tiuf.

buf;fPLfs; ePz;l kOq;fpa Kidfs; cila nryfs; MFk;. ,tw;wpd; nry; miw ehh;fspd; nry; miwia fhl;bYk; mfykhdit.,tw;wpd; ,uz;lhk; nry; Rth; ypf;dpd; vd;w nghUshy; MdJ. ,tw;wpd; nry;Rtupy; vspa kw;Wk; tuk;Gila Fopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Buf;fPLfspd; nry;Rtupy; ,uz;lhk; epiy nry;Rth; nghUl;fs; gbtjhy; gytpj jbg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit tisaj;jbg;G> RUs; jbg;G> Vzpj;jbg;G> tiyj;jbg;G> kw;Wk; Fopj;jbg;G Mfpad. Buf;fPLfs; [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspy;; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. buf;fPLfs; jhtuq;fSf;F typikaspf;f > ePh; kw;Wk; fdpk cg;Gf;fis flj;j gad;gLfpd;wd.

12.iryf;Foha;fs; -Fwpg;G tiuf.

iryf;Fohapd; Kidfs; JisAld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; nry;miwfs; buf;fPLfisf; fhl;bYk; mfykhdit. iryf;Foha;fs; xd;wpd; Kidapd; kPJ xd;whf ePs; mr;Rf;F ,izahf mike;Js;sJ. iryf;Fohapd; Kidapy; cs;s FWf;Fr;Rth; KOtJkhf moptjhy; xU ngupa Jis cUtdhy; mJ xw;iwj;Jisj;jl;L vdg;gLk; v.fh. khQ;rpnguh. iryf;Fohapd; Kidfspy; gy Jisfs; cUthdhy; mJ gy Jisj;jl;L vdg;gLk. v.fh. ypupNahnld;l;uhd;.

iryf;Foha;fspy;; ,uz;lhk; nry;Rth; cUthFk; NghJ mtw;wpd; Rth;fspy; Vzpj;jbg;G> RUs;j;jbg;G> tisaj;jbg;G> Fopj;jbg;G Nghd;w jbg;Gfs; cUthfpd;wd. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspy; iryf;Foha;fs; ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fis flj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ.

nlupNlhigl;LfspYk; [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspYk; iryf;Foha;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

25

13.FNuhNkhNrhkpd; mikg;ig tptup.

Xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhKk; xNu khjpupahd ,U FNuhNkhbLfis nfhz;Ls;sd.FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; ,uz;L RUf;fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit Kjy;epiy RUf;fk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy RUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

Kjd;ikr;RUf;fk; nrd;l;Nuhkpah; kw;Wk; ifdl;NlhNfhh; vd;gdtw;why; MdJ. FNuhNkhbLfs; nrdl;;Nuhkpah; gFjpapy; ,ize;Js;sJ. nrd;l;Nuhkpaupd; vz;zpf;if xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhkpYk; khWgLfpwJ. xU nrd;l;Nuhkpah; cs;sit khNdhnrd;l;upf; vdTk; > gy nrd;l;Nuhkpah; cilait ghypnrd;l;upf; FNuhNkhNrhk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

nrd;l;Nuhkpaupy; $l;L ,iofshyhd ifdl;NlhNfhh; vd;w mikg;Gfs; cs;sd. ,it nry;gpupjypd; NghJ ];gpd;by; ,iofs; cUthf gad;gLfpwJ. Kjd;ikr; RUf;fk; jtpu gpw RUf;fq;fs; ,uz;lhk; epiyr; RUf;fq;fs; vdg;gLk; . ,uz;lhk; epiy RUf;fq;fs; epA+f;spNahy];fis cUthf;Ftjhy; ,it epA+f;spNahy]; cUthf;fpfs; vdg;gLk;.

,uz;lhk; epiy RUf;fj;jpd; %yk; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l FNuhNkhNrhkpd; Edpg;gFjp rhl;biyl; vdg;gLk; . ,it rhl; FNuhNkhNrhk; vdg;gLk;.

FNuhNkhNrhkpd; Edpg;gFjp BNyhkpah; vdg;gLk;. ,J FNuhNkhNrhkpd; epiyg;Gj;jd;ikf;F mtrpakhdJ.

,it jtpu FNuhNkhNrhkpy; DNA , RNA, H1,H2A,H2B,H3,H4 Nghd;w `p];Nlhd; Gujq;fSk; `p];Nlhd; my;yhj Gujq;fs; kw;Wk; fhy;rpak; > nkf;dprpak; Nghd;w madpfs; fhzg;gLfpdwd.

28

15. jpBh; khw;wj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1.Gjpa rpw;wpdq;fs; cUthfTk; > gupdhk tsh;r;rpapYk; gad;gLfpwJ.

2.nraw;if jpBh; khw;wq;fs; tptrhak; >fhy;eil guhkupg;G Mfpatw;wpy; gad;gLfpwJ.

3.ney; > NfhJik >jf;fhsp Mfpatw;wpy; mjpf Gujrj;J kw;Wk; Neha; vjph;g;Gjpwd; cilajhf cUthf;f jpBh;khw;wk; gad;gLfpwJ.

4.itu];fspy; cUthFk; jpBh;khw;wk; [Pdpd; Ez;zikg;Gfshd rp];l;uhd;> nuf;fhd;> kw;Wk; kpA+l;lhd; Mfpatw;iw mwpa gad;gLfpwJ.

5.kdpjh;fspy; jpBh;khw;wk; guk;giu Neha; kw;Wk; Gw;WNehia cUthf;FfpwJ.

16.my;Nyh ghypg;gpsha;bia jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tptup.

Xh; capupdj;jpd; [PNdhNkhL xd;W my;yJ mjw;f;F Nkw;g;gl;l xw;iwka FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjpfs; ,iztJ my;Nyhghypg;gpsha;b my;yJ may; gd;kak; vdg;gLk;.

bupl;bfk; bA+uk; vd;Dk; NfhJik (2n=28) kw;Wk; rpNfy; rpupNay;(2n=14) vd;Dk;

iu jhtuKk; nraw;ifahf fyg;G nra;jNghJ cUthd F1 jiyKiw (2n=21) tskw;wjha; ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia fhy;r;rp]pd; vdw Ntjpg;nghUisf; nfhz;L ,ul;bg;ghf;fpa NghJ mJ n`f;rhgpsha;b bupl;bNfy; vd;w Gjpa jhtukhf cUthdJ.

ngw;Nwhh;------ bupl;bfk; bA+uk; X rpNfy; rpupNay;

(2n=28) (2n=14)

n=14 n=7

F1 fyg;Gapup- (kyl;L capup)

(2n=21)

( FNuhNkhNrhk; fhy;r;rp]pd; gad;gLj;jp ,ul;bg;ghf;fg;gLfpwJ)

Gjpa jhtuk; (2n=42)

n`f;rhgpsha;b bupl;bNfy; - tskhdJ.

17.gpsha;bapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1.Gjpa rpw;wpdq;fs; Njhd;Wtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ.

2.jhtug;gaph;; ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; Njhl;lf;fiyapy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ.

3.,Ukaj; jhtuq;fistpl gd;kaj;jhtuq;fs; ngupa mstpshd kyh;fs; > fdpfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.

4.Gjpa thoplq;fspy; ghypg;gpsha;b jhtuq;fs; ed;F Cd;wp tsh;fpd;wd.

5.ghypg;gpsha;b %yk; kdpjh;fSf;F gpwg;gpNyNa cz;lhFk; Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

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29

18.DNA ,ul;bg;ghjiy tptup.

,ul;bg;ghjy; vd;gJ DNA – tpd; rupahd efy;fis cUthf;FtjhFk;. DNA ,ul;bg;ghjy; Kiwia thl;rd; kw;Wk; fpupf; vd;gth;fs; ghjp goik Kiw ngUf;fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. kPrpy;rd; kw;Wk; ];lhy; vd;gth;fs; mjid cWjpg;gLj;jpdh;. v.Nfhiyapy; DNA ,ul;bg;ghjy; 40 epkplq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ.

DNA ,ul;bg;ghFk; NghJ n`ypNf]; vd;w nehjpapd; cjtpahy; DNA [pg; jpwg;gJ Nghy; gphpfpwJ. ,uz;L ,iofs; gpupAk; NghJ me;j ,lj;jpw;F Nky; DNA gFjp mjpfkhf RUs;fpwJ . ,J mjpf RUf;f RUs; vdg;gLk;. NlhNghINrhkpNu]; vd;w nehjp mg;gFjpia jsh;j;jp tpLfpwJ. jdpNa gphpf;fg;gl;l DNA ,iofs; epA+f;spNahilLfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;L Gjpa ,ioahf ePz;L tsu DNA ghypnkNu]; I, II, III, Mfpa nehjpfs; cjTfpd;wd.

Gjpjhf DNA cUthtjw;F gpiuNk]; nehjp > kw;Wk; RNA gpiukh; Mfpait Njit. DNA ghypnkNu]; nehjp Gjpjhf cUthfpAs;s RNA gpiukh; epA+f;spNahilLfspd; topahf efUk; NghJ rpW rpW Jz;Lfshf DNA ePz;L tsh;fpwJ. ,r;rpW Jz;Lfs; xfrhfp Jz;Lfs; vdg;gLk;. ,e;j Jz;Lfs; DNA iyNf]; %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;L Gjpa ,ioahf cUthfpwJ. ,j;jifa ,ul;bg;ghjy; Kiw ghjpnjhlh;r;rpaw;w ,ul;bg;ghjy; vdg;gLk;.

19. t-RNA mikg;ig glj;Jld; tptup.

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30

1965 y; R.W. N`hyp vd;gth; t RNA tpd; FNshth; ,iy tbt khjpupia ntspapl;lhh;. ,it xNu ,ioia nfhz;bUe;jhYk; ntt;NtW tbtpy; kbtjhy; FNshth; ,iy mikg;ig ngWfpwJ. ,jpy; ehd;F fuq;fs; cs;sd > mit vjph; rq;Nfj fuk;> D fuk;> TψC fuk; > mkpNdh mkpyj;ij Vw;f;Fk; fuk; Mfpad. ,it 73 Kjy; 93 iuNghepA+f;spNahilLfshy; Mdit. ,jpy; Vw;gp fuk; xU mkpNdhmkpyj;ij Vw;fpwJ. vjph; rq;Nfj fuk; %d;W vjph; rq;Nfj epA+f;spNahilLfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J GujNrh;f;ifapd; NghJ ,irthd rq;Nfjj;Jld; nghUe;JfpwJ. ,e;j ehd;F fuq;fSld; kw;nwhU fuk; fhzg;gLfpwJ ,J khWgLk; fuk; vdg;gLk;.

20. jhtuq;fspy; may; [pd; GFj;Jtjpy; mf;Nuhghf;Bupaj;jpd; gq;F ahJ?

mf;Nuhghf;Bupak; bAkp/Ngrpad;]; vd;w kz; tho; ghf;Bupaj;jpy; Gw;W Neha; Nghd;w fl;bia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Ti gpsh];kpl; cs;sJ. ,J fj;jup >jf;fhsp Nghd;wtw;wpy;

kFl foiyia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. mf;Nuhghf;Bupaj;jpd; Ti gpsh];kpl;bd; xU gFjpahd T DNA Tld; tpUk;gpa jhtu [Pd; Nrh;f;fg;gl;L jhtu nry;ypDs; nrYj;j KbAk; .mNj rkak; Ti gpsh];kpl;by; cs;s Gw;W Neha;f;fhd [Pd; Kd;Ng ePf;fg;gLtjhy; Gw;W Nghd;w tsh;r;rp Vw;gLtjpy;iy. ,t;thW Gjpa [Pd; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l jhtunry; jpR tsh;g;G Kiwapy; tsh;f;fg;gl;L Vuhskhd rpWnrbfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. mg;NghJ jhtuj;jpy; may; [Pdpd; gd;Gfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.

21.jhtuq;fspy; may; [Pd; GFj;Jk; Kiwfis tpsf;Ff.

kuGg;nghupapay; %ykhf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl Ntz;ba jhtu nry;fspy; may; [Pd;fis nrYj;j mf;Nuhghf;Bupak; vDk; ghf;Bupak; gad;gLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,g;ghf;Bupak Fwprhh;G jd;ik cilaJ. mjhtJ xU rpy jhtuq;fspy; kl;Lk; ntw;wpfukhf may; [Pd;fis nrYj;j ,J gad;gLfpwJ. vdNt may; [Pd;fis jtuq;fspy; nrYj;j NtW nray; Kiwfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit 1. kpd; Jisahf;fk; > 2. Neubahf nrYj;Jjy; my;yJ gNahyp];bf;.

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31

1.kpd; Jisahf;fk; : kpd; Jisahf;fk; vd;gJ nry; rt;tpy; kpd;Gyj;ij Vw;gLj;jp jw;fhypfkhf Jisfis cz;lhf;fp mjd; topahf nry;fSf;Fs; may; %y;$Wfshd DNA, RNA Md;bghbfs;>kw;Wk; kUe;Jfs; nry;fSf;Fs; nrYj;j gad;gLfpwJ. ,r;nray;Kiw md;ikf;fhykhf Ez;Zapupfs; > jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffspd; nry;fSf;Fs; may; [Pd;fis nrYj;jTk; > [Pd; rpfpr;ir KiwapYk; ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ.

2.Neubahf nrYj;Jjy; my;yJ gNahyp];bf;: [Pd; Jg;ghf;fp vd;w ,k;Kiwfspd; %yk; kpf Ez;zpa Jfs;fspd; kPJ DNA –it Fwpg;gpl;l jpR my;yJ nry;fspy; Jg;ghf;fp Fz;il nrYj;JtJ Nghy; Neubahf nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. ghf;Bupaq;fs; > G+Q;irfs; > jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; rpy ghY}l;b rpw;wpdq;fspy; may; [Pd;fis nrYj;j ,e;j Kiw ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf muprp> NfhJik > kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> gUj;jp Nghd;w jhtuq;fspy; may; [Pd;fs; nrYj;j ,e;j Kiw ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ.

22. may; [Pd;fisg; ngw;w jhtuq;fspy; fisf;nfhy;yp vjph;g;G jpwd; Fwpj;J vOJf.

rhjhuz #o;epiyfspy; > jhtuq;fspy; xspr;Nrh;f;if kw;Wk; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; cw;gj;jpahtij fisf;nfhy;ypfs; ghjpf;fpd;wd. fisf;nfhy;ypfs; tay; ntspfspy; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ mit fisr;nrbfis mopg;gNjhL rhFgb nra;Ak; gaph;fisAk; ghjpf;fpd;wd.

,j;jifa ghjpg;gpypUe;J gaph;fis ghJfhf;f mwptpayhh;fs; ];l;nug;Nlhik]]; i`f;NuhNfhgpf]; vd;w ghf;BupahtpypUe;J cw;gj;jpahFk; xU tif nehjp cjTfpwJ vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;jdh;. ,e;j ghf;BupahtpypUe;J cUthFk; nehjpahdJ gh];lh vd;w fisf;nfhy;ypia nraypof;f nra;fpwJ.

gpd;dh; ];l;nug;Nlhik]]; i`f;NuhNfhgpf]; vd;w ,g;ghf;Bupaq;fspy; cw;gj;jpahFk; fisf;nfhy;yp vjph;g;Gf;F fhuzkhd nehjpia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; [Pd;fs; gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;L mtw;iw ,izj;J Gjpa may; [Pid ngw;w jhtuq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L gapuplg;gLk; NghJ mit gh];lh vd;w fisf;nfhy;ypapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; kuG uPjpahf may; [Pd;fs; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;L fisf;nfhy;ypfs; vjph;j;J tsUk; jpwd; ngw;w jhtug;gaph;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

23.jhtuj;jpR tsh;g;gpd; gad;fis vOJf.

1.gy tifahd mofpa ,iyfisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; mofhd fth;r;rpA+l;Lk; jhtuq;fis mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; cw;gj;jp nra;jpl gad;gLfpwJ.

2.Edp Mf;Fj;jpRtpd; %yk; itu]; mw;w Ez;zpa tsh;nkhl;Lf;fs; cUthf;f gad;gLfpwJ. v.fh.thio.

3.cly topf; fUf;fs; %yk; nraw;if tpijfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.

4.,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;rpij khw;wg; nghUl;fis mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gad;gLfpwJ

5.GNuhl;Nlhgpshr .,iztpd; %yk; cly top fyg;gpdq;fs; cUthf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ.

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32

24.jdpnry; Gujk; Fwpj;J vOJf.

czT my;yJ tpyq;FfSf;F jPtdkhf gad;gLk; Ez;Zaph;fspd; cyh;e;j nry;fNs Ez;Zaph; Gujk; my;yJ jdpnry; Gujk; vdg;gLk;. cyfstpy; cs;s czT gw;whf;Fiwia fUj;jpy; nfhz;lhy; jdpnry; Gujk; tof;fkhd cztpw;F rpwe;j khw;WzthFk;.

mjpf epA+f;spf;mkpyk; ,Uj;jy;> rpWePuf fy; cUthjy;> the;jp > nrupf;fhik kw;Wk; mjpf nryT cw;gj;jp Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; jdpnry; Gujk; czT gl;baypy; filrp ,lj;ij gpbf;fpwJ.

my;Nfd;fs;> nkj;jdhy; > fhh;Nghi`l;Nul; kw;Wk; fopTg;nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw jdpnry; Guj cw;gj;jpf;F gad; gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

,aw;if tsq;fshd kuj;J}s; >muprp jtpL >fhg;gp njhopw;rhiy fopTg;nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,Ue;J nry;YNyh]; ngwg;gl;L jdpnry; Guj cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

FNshnuy;yh> ];ig&ypdh Nghd;w My;fhf;fs;> #NlhNkhdh];>my;fyp[pd;]; Nghd;w ghf;Bhpaq;fs; jdp nry; Guj cw;gj;jpf;F gad; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

gad;fs; 1. mjpf Guj tsk;> itl;lkpd;fs;> mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; cilait.

2. ,jpy; cs;s fhkh ypNdhypdpf; mkpyk; ePupopT Nehahspfspd; ,uj;j rh;f;fiuapd; msit Fiwf;fpwJ.

25.Row;rp kw;Wk; Row;rpapy;yh xspgh];gupfuzq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s NtWghLfis ml;ltidg;gLj;Jf.

Row;rp xspgh];gupfuzk; Row;rpapy;yh xsp gh];gupfuzk; 1.,jpy; PS 1 kl;Lk; gq;Nfw;fpwJ. 2.gr;ira %yf;$wpypUe;J nrd;w vyf;l;uhd; kPz;Lk; Gwg;gl;l ,lj;jpw;Nf te;J Nrh;fpd;wd. 3.ePh; xspg;gpsj;jy; > Mf;rp[d; ntspNaw;wk; eilngWtjpy;iy. 4.xsp gh];gupfuzk; ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ. 5. NADP – xLf;fk; miltjpy;iy.

,jpy; PS 1,PS2 Mfpa ,uz;Lk; gq;Nfw;fpwJ vyf;l;uhd; Row;rpaile;J jpUk;Gtjpy;iy. ePh; xspg;gpsj;jy; >Mf;rp[d; ntspNaw;wk; xsp gh]gupfuzk; eilngWfpd;wd. Xspgh];gupfudk; xU ,lj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ. NADP - xLf;fk; milfpwJ.

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33

26. C3 kw;Wk; C4 jhtuq;fis NtWgLj;Jf.

C 3 topj;jlk; C4 topj;jlk; 1.xspr;Nrh;f;if ,iyapilj;jpR nry;fspy; kl;Lk; eilngWfpwJ. 2.,q;F CO2 %yf;$W Vw;gpahf RuBP cs;sJ. 3.,q;F Kjypy; cUthFk; epiyahd nghUs; 3C –fis nfhz;l 3PGA MFk;. 4.,q;F CO2 epiyepWj;jypd; tPjk; FiwT. 5.cfe;j ntg;gepiy 200C –ypUe;J 250C tiu. v.fh. ney;>NfhJik.

Xspr;Nrh;f;if ,iyapiljpR kw;Wk; fw;iwciw nry;fspy; eilngWfpwJ. gh];Ngh<dhy; igUtpf; mkpyk; CO2 %yf;$Wfis Vw;fpwJ. ,q;F Kjypy; cUthFk; nghUs; 4C –fis nfhz;l OAA MFk;. ,q;F CO2 epiyepWjpjypd; tPjk; mjpfk;. cfe;j ntg;gepiy 300C Kjy; 450C tiu. v.fh. fUk;G> kf;fhNrhsk;.

27.ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1.,J fhh;Nghi`l;Nul; rpijTf;f khw;W topahFk;.

2.,jpy; NADPH2 cz;lhfpwJ. ,J ATP cw;gj;jpNahL ,izf;fg;gl;ljy;y.

3.epA+f;spf; mkpy cw;gj;jpf;F Njitahd iuNgh]; rh;f;fiu ,jd; %yk; fpilf;fpwJ.

4.mNuhNkbf; Nrh;kq;fs; cw;gj;jp;f;F Njitahd vupjNuh]; gh];Ngl; ,jpy; fpilf;fpwJ.

5.,e;j topj;jlj;jpy; cUthFk; Ru5P xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; NghJ CO2 epiyepWj;j gad;gLfpwJ.

28.Mf;rpDila tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf.

1.jz;L kw;Wk; Kisf;FUj;J ePz;L tsu Mf;rpd;fs; cjTfpwJ.

2;.Edpnkl;Lfs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Mf;rpd;fs; gf;fnkl;Lfspd; tsh;r;rpia jil nra;fpwJ. ,J EdpMjpf;fk; my;yJ KidMjpf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

3.Nfk;gpaj;jpy; nry;gFg;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjpYk;> jpRtsh;g;gpy; fhy]; jpRit Njhw;Wtpg;gjpYk; gq;Fnfhs;fpwJ.

4.,iyfs; fdpfs; cjph;jiy Mf;rpd;fs; jilnra;fpwJ.

5.jf;fhsp > Mg;gps; Nghd;wtw;wpy; tpijapy;yh my;yJ fUTwhf;fdpfs; cw;gj;jp nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.

6. epyj;jpy; cs;s fisfis ePf;f nraw;if Mf;rpd;fshd 2>4 –ilFNshNuh/gpdhf;rp mrpbf; mkpyk; gad;gLfpwJ.

31

34

29.[pg;uy[d;fspd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf.

1.nry;gpupjy; kw;Wk; nry;ePlrp Mfpatw;why; mrhjhuztifapy; jz;L ePl;rp miltij [pg;uypf; mkpyk; J}z;LfpwJ.

2.,jd; tpag;G+l;Lk; tpisT kuG uPjpahf Flilahf cs;s jhtuq;fspy; Fl;il jd;ikia ePf;FfpwJ.

3.neUq;fpa ,iyaLf;fk; nfhz;l jhtuq;fspy; [pg;uypf; mkpyk; fZtpilg;Fjpia ePlrpailar; nra;J kyh;jiy cz;lhf;FfpwJ. ,J Nghy;bq; vdg;gLk;.

4.jf;fhsp> Mg;gps;> nts;sup Nghd;w jhtuq;fspy; fUTWjy; epfohky; tpijapy;yhf;fdp cUthf;FfpwJ.

5.cUisf;fpoq;fp;y; tsh;tlf;fj;ij ePf;FfpwJ.

30.irl;Nlhifdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf.

1.nry;gpupjiy Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

2.,d;Nlhy; mrpbf; mkpyj;Jld; ,ize;J fhy]; jpRtpy; nkhl;L kw;Wk; Nth; cUthf;fj;ij J}z;LfpwJ.

3.Edpnkhl;L ,Uf;Fk; NghJ irl;Nlhifdpd; gf;f nkhl;bd; tsh;r;rpia J}z;LfpwJ.

4.tpijfspd; tpijAwf;fj;ij ePf;fp mit Kisf;Fk;gb nra;fpwJ.

5.jhtuq;fs; KJikailtij jilnra;fpwJ. ,J upr;khd;l; yhq; tpisT vdg;gLk;.

31.igl;NlhFNuhk; kw;Wk; kyh;jy; Fwpj;J vOJf.

1959-y; gl;yh; kw;Wk; mtuJ FOtpdh; jhtuq;fspy; kyh;jiyj;J}z;Lk; igl;NlhFNuhk; vd;w xsp <h;g;G nghUis fz;lwpe;jdh;. jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; igl;NlhFNuhk; vd;gJ xU igyp GujkhFk;. ,J ,uz;L tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

mit 660 nm miy ePsKs;s rptg;G xspia <h;f;Fk; pr vd;w tifAila igl;NlhFNuhk; tifAk;> 730 nm miy ePsKs;s mf rptg;G xspia <h;f;Fk; pfr vd;w tifAila igl;NlhFNuhk; tifAk; MFk;. ,e;j ,uz;L tifAk; xd;wpypUe;J kw;nwhd;whf khWgitahFk;.

32

36

34.capup cuq;fspd; ed;ikfs; ahit?

1.capup cuq;fs; mjpf mstpy; vspjhf jahupf;f KbAk;. NkYk; tpiy kypthdJ.

2.capup cuk; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; kf#y; mjpfupf;fpwJ. NkYk; gad;gLj;jhj capup cuk; kz;zpy; njhlh;e;J ,Ue;J 4 my;yJ 5 Mz;Lfs;tiu gadspf;Fk;.

3.,it kz;zpw;F ghjpg;Ngh my;yJ khRghl;ilNah Vw;gLj;jhJ.

4.mNrhy;yh vd;w capup cukhdJ fupkg;nghUl;fis kz;zpy; Nrh;j;J mij jug;gLj;JfpwJ.

5.capup cukhd iuNrhgpak; $l;Lapup ielu[d; epiyg;Lj;Jjy; %yk; xU n`f;NlUf;F 50 Kjy; 150 fpNyh mstpy; ielu[d; cuj;ij kz;zpy; Nrh;f;fpwJ.

35.kUj;Jtj;jpy; Ez;Zaph;fs; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.

Nehiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; NehAapupfspd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; tsh;rpijkhw;wq;fis jLj;J> mNj rkak; Xk;Gapupia ghjpf;fhj tifapy; NtnwhU capupahy; cUthf;fg;gLk; nghUNs capnujph;g; nghUs; vdg;gLk;. ngd;rpy;ypd;> ];l;nug;Nlhikrpd;> MupNahikrpd;> FNshNuhikrpbd;> kw;Wk; ghrpl;uhrpd; Nghd;wit rpy Ez;Zapupfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; caph; vjph;g; nghUs;fshFk;.

ngdprpy;ypd; - ngd;rpy;ypak; nehl;Nll;lk; vd;w G+Q;irapypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,J epNkhdpah Kjypa fpuhk; ghrpbt; ghf;BupahfSf;F vjpuhf nray;gLfpwJ.

];l;nug;Nlhikrpd;- ];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; fpuprpa]; vd;w ghf;Bupaj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,J rpWePh; Foha; Neha;fs;> vYk;GUf;fp Neha;> %is rt;T ghjpg;G Neha; Nghd;wtw;iw Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ.

MupNahikrPd;- ];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; MupNahNgrpad;]; vd;w ghf;BupahtpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,J ff;Fthd; ,Uky; kw;Wk; fz;Neha;fSf;F kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.

FNshNuhikrpbd;- ];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; ntdpRNy ghf;BupahtpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,J Ngrpy;y]; ghf;Bupahf;fis mopg;gNjhL> ilgha;L fha;r;riyAk; Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ.

ghrpl;uhrpd;- Ngrpy;y]; iyfdpghh;kp]; vd;w ghf;Bupaj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J rpgpyp]; Nghd;w ghYWg;G Neha;fSf;F kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.

33

37

36.epyf;fliyapd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

vz;nza;j;jhtuk; -epyf;fliy

,jd; ,Unrhw; ngah; muhf;fp]; i`g;Ngh[pah. ,J /NgNgrp FLk;gj;ij rhh;e;j Xuhz;Lj;jhtuk; MFk;.

nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;

1. epyf;fliy vz;nza; rikaYf;F kw;Wk; td];gjp jahupg;gpy; gad;gLfpwJ.

2. epyf;fliy gUg;G mjpf msT Gujq;fis cilaJ .,J gy tifahd czTg; nghUl;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

3. tpijAiw ePf;fp ntz;ikahf;fg;gl;l gUg;G khT Cl;lr;rj;J czthf gad;gLfpwJ.

4. vz;nza; Nrhg;G jahupf;fTk; > tpsf;Nfw;wTk;> caT vz;nza;ahfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

5. gpz;zhf;F fhy;eil jPtdkhfTk; > fupk cukhfTk; gadgLfpwJ. 6. epyf;fliyapd; fdpj;Njhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l fhh;gd; jahupf;f

gad;gLfpwJ.

37.gUj;jpapd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

,jd; ,Unrhw;ngah; fhrpgpak; ghh;gnld;];. ,J khy;Ntrp FLk;gj;ij Nrh;e;jJ. tpijAiwapd; Nkw;gug;G ,iofs; Jzp Miyfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;

1. gUj;jp xU gzg;gapuhFk;. 2. gUj;jpapy; ,iofs;> czTg;nghUl;fs;> khl;Lj;jPtdk; Nghd;w nghUlfs;

fpilf;fpd;wd. 3. gUj;jp ,iofspy; ePskhdJ ypd;l; vdg;gLk;. ,J Jzp Miyfspy;

gad;gLfpwJ. 4. tpijfspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; vz;nza; td];gjp jahupf;f gad;gLfpwJ. 5. gUj;jp tpij khT > nuhl;b kw;Wk; gp];fl; jahupg;gpy; gad;gLfpwJ. 6. gUj;jp tpij gpz;zhf;F fhy;eilj; jPtdkhfTk;> fupk cukhfTk;

gad;gLfpwJ.

34

38

4.gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1.nge;jk; kw;Wk; `{f;fh; tifg;ghl;bd; ml;ltizia tptup.

tpijj;jhtuq;fs;

_________________________________________________________ _________________________________________

tFg;G 1 tFg;G 2 tFg;G 3

ilfhl;byplNd [pk;Ndh];ngh;Nk khNdhfhl;byplNd

| Kd;W FLk;gq;fs; 7 tupir 34 FLk;gq;fs;

| 1.ePl;Nlrp 2. Nfhdp/ngnu 3.irf;fNlrp v.fh. kpA+Nrrp

_________________________________________________________________________________________ _ J.tFg;G 1 J. tFg;G 2 J. tFg;G 3

ghypngl;lhNy NfNkhngl;lhNy khNdhf;shikbNa

| | 8 tupirfs; 36 FLk;gq;fs;

| tupir 1 | tupir 1 v.fh. A+/Nghh;gpNarp

| jyhkp/GNshNu | ,d;/ngNu

| 6 Jiwfs; 34 FLk;gq;fs; | 3 Jiwfs; 9 FLk;gq;fs;

| v.fh. khy;Ntrp

| tupir 2 | tupir 2

| b];fp/GNshNu | n`l;bNuhkpNu

| 4 Jiwfs; 23 FLk;gq;fs; | 3 Jiwfs; 12 FLk;gq;fs;

| tupir 3 | tupir 3

| fhyprp/GNshNu | igfhh;ngy;Nyl;Nl

5 Jiwfs; 27 FLk;gq;fs; 4 Jiwfs; 24 FLk;gq;fs;

v.fh. nrhyhNdrp

,J xU ,aw;ifahd tifg;ghL MFk;. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j nge;jk; kw;Wk; `{f;fh; MfpNahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;L n[dpuhgpshd;lhuk; vd;w E}ypy; 3 njhFjpfshf ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,th;fs; jq;fsJ tifg;ghl;by; 97205 jhtuq;fis 202 Jiwfshf tptupj;Js;sdh;.

35

40

2.i`gp];f]; Nuhrh irndd;rp]; jhtuj;ij fiyr;nrhw;fshy; tpsf;Ff.

tsupay;G- gy Mz;L Gjh;nrb.

Nth;- MdpNth;;j;njhFg;G.

jz;L- epkph;e;j > fl;ilj; jd;ikAila > fpisj;jJ.

,iy- jdpapiy > khw;wpiyaikT> gw;fs; Nghd;w tpspk;GilaJ.

kQ;rup- ,iyf;Nfhz xw;iw kyh; irk;.

kyh;fs;- G+tbr;nrjpy; cilait> G+f;fhk;G nrjpy; cilait>,Ughy; kyh;fs;> Ie;jq;fKilaJ> #yf Nky; kyh; kw;Wk; Mur;rkr;rPh; cilait.

Gwg;Gy;yp tl;lk; - 5 Kjy; 8 G+f;fhk;G nrjpy;fs; Gy;yp ,jo;fSf;F Gwj;Nj

mike;J fhzg;gLtJ.

Gy;yp tl;lk;- Gy;ypfs; 5 gRikahdJ> njhL ,jo; miktpy; cs;sJ.

my;yp tl;lk;- my;ypfs; 5 tz;zKilait> jpUF ,jo; miktpy;

cs;sJ.

kfue;jjhs; tl;lk;- rpWePuf tbt> Xuiw cila vz;zw;w kfue;jjhs;fs; xNu fw;iwahf fhzg;gLfpwJ.

#yf tl;lk;- Nky; kl;l #w;ig> 5 #yf ,iyfs; ,ize;J mr;R#y;

Xl;L Kiwapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

fdp - ngUk;ghYk; rpijtile;jit.

36

41

3. .lhl;^uh nkl;ly; jhtuj;ij fiyr;nrhw;fshy; tpsf;Ff.

tsupay;G- ngupa gUkdhd rpWnrb.

Nth;- fpisj;j MdpNth;;j;njhFg;G.

jz;L- cl;FopAilaJ> gRikahdJ> kpFe;j kzKilaJ.

,iy- jdpapiy > khw;wpiyaikT> KOikahdJ> kokog;ghdJ.

kQ;rup- ,iyf;Nfhz jdp kyh; irk;.

kyh;fs;- G+tbr;nrjpy; cilait> G+f;fhk;G nrjpy; mw;wit>,Ughy; kyh;fs;> Ie;jq;fKilaJ> #yf Nky; kyh; kw;Wk; Mur;rkr;rPh; cilait.

Gy;yp tl;lk;- Gy;ypfs; 5 gRikahdJ> ,ize;jit> njhL ,jo; miktpy; cs;sJ.

my;yp tl;lk;- my;ypfs; 5 gRik fye;j ntz;ikahdJ> ,ize;jit> g;spf;Nfl; mikg;gpy; jpUF ,jo; miktpy; cs;sJ.

kfue;jjhs; tl;lk;- kfue;jj;jhs;fs; 5> my;yp xl;bf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. kfue;j fk;gpfs; my;ypf;Foypd; mbg;gFjpapy; ,ize;jit.

#yf tl;lk;- Nky; kl;l #w;ig> ,U #yf ,iy cilaJ> ,U #yf miwfs; cilait Nghypahd FWf;F Rth; cUthtjhy; ehd;F miwfs; Nghy Njhw;wkspf;Fk;. #y;fs; mr;R #y; Xl;L Kiwapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

fdp - epiyj;j Gy;yp tl;lk; kw;Wk; GwtsupfSld; $ba ntbfdp.

tpij - fUT+z; cilait.

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42

4. up]pd]; fk;A+dp]; jhtuj;ij fiyr;nrhw;fshy; tpsf;Ff.

tsupay;G- gy;yhz;L Gjh;nrb.

Nth;- fpisj;j MzpNth;j; njhFg;G.

jz;L- epkph;e;jJ kw;Wk; fl;il jd;ikAilaJ> cl;FopAilaJ> Nyl;lf;]; kw;Wk; Nuhktsupfs; cilaJ.

,iy- ,iyf;fhk;GilaJ> khw;wpiy mikTilaJ> kw;Wk; 7 f;F Nkw;gl;l kly;fs; cilaJ.

kQ;rup- Edpapy; fhzg;gLk; $l;L nurpNkh]; my;yJ ghdpf;fps;. Mz; kyh;fs; fpo;g;gFjpapYk; ngz; kyh;fs; Nky;g;gFjpapYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Mz;kyh;fs;- G+tbr;nrjpy; cilait> G+f;fhk;G nrjpy; mw;wit>Mur;rkr;rPh; cilait> kw;Wk; KOikaw;wit.

G+tpjo; tl;lk;- G+tpjo;fs; 5 xU tl;lj;jpy; njhL ,jo; miktpy; cs;sJ.,ize;jit

kfue;jjhs; tl;lk ;- vz;zw;w kfue;jjhs;fs; > gy fw;iwfshf 5 fpisfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

#yf tl;lk;- ,y;iy vdpDk; kyl;L #yfk; cs;sJ.

ngz;kyh;fs;- G+tbr;nrjpy; cilait> G+f;fhk;G nrjpy; mw;wit>Mur;rkr;rPh; cilait> KOikaw;wit> kw;Wk; Nky;kl;l #w;igAilait.

G+tpjo; tl;lk;- G+tpjo;fs; 3 xU tl;lj;jpy; njhL ,jo; miktpy; cs;sJ. ,ize;jit.

kfue;jjhs; tl;lk;- ,y;iy vdpDk; kyl;L kfue;jk; fhzg;gLk;.

#yf tl;lk;- Nky; kl;l #w;ig cilait> 3 #ypiyfs; ,ize;jit > xU #yiwapy; xU #y; tPjk #y;fs; mr;R#y; Xl;L Kiwapy; cs;sJ.

fdp - cNuhkj; J}tpfshy; #og;gl;l nuf;kh vdg;gLk; gpsTf;fdp.

tpij – fUT+z; cilaJ.

38

43

5.kpA+rh ghubrpahfh jhtuj;ij fiyr;nrhw;fshy; tpsf;Ff.

tsupay;G- ngupa msTila khNdhfhh;gpf; gy;yhz;L rpWnrb.

Nth;- Ntw;wpl ry;ypNth;j; njhFg;G.

jz;L- cz;ikahz jz;L jiuab iuNrhk;. jiuf;F Nky; fhzg;gLtJ

,iy ciwfshyhd ngha;j;jz;L.

,iy- jdpapiy> ePz;l ,iyj;jhs; cilaJ> rpwF ,izNghf;F euk;gikT

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

kQ;rup- fpisj;j ];ghbf;]; kQ;rup fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mz; kyh;fs; Nky;

kly;fSf;Fs;shfTk;> ngz; kyh;fs; fPo; kly;fSf;Fs;shfTk;>

,Ughy; kyh;fs; ika kly;fSf;Fs;shfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

kyh;fs;- G+tbr;nrjpy; cilait> G+f;fhk;G nrjpy; mw;wit> #yf fPo; kyh;fs;

kw;Wk; ,Ugf;f rkr;rPh; cilait.

G+tpjo; tl;lk;- G+tpjo;fs; 6 mLf;fpw;F 3 tPjk; ,U mLf;Ffspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 5

,ize;jit xd;W jdpj;jJ.

kfue;jjhs; tl;lk;- 6 kfue;jjhs;fs; > mLf;fpw;F 3 tPjk; ,U mLf;Ffspy;

cs;sJ. 5 tskhdit> xd;W kyl;L kfue;jkhf cs;sJ.

#yf tl;lk;- fPo; kl;l #w;ig cilait> 3 #ypiyfs; ,ize;J mr;R#y;

Xl;L Kiwapy; cs;sJ.

fdp- tpijfsw;w ngh;hp.

39

44

6. ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jzL kw;Wk; xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L Mfpatw;wpw;f;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; cs;sikg;gpay; NtWghLfisj; jUf.

,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jzL xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L 1.Gwj;Njhybj;Njhy; Nfhyd;ifkhthy; MdJ 2.jsj;jpR Gwzp > gpj;> mfj;Njhy; NtWgl;L fhzg;gLk;. 3.];lhh;r; mLf;F fhzg;gLfpwJ. 4.gpj; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 5.ngupirf;fps; cz;L. 6.nkLy;yupf; fjph;fs; cs;sd. 7.jpwe;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; tisakhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. 8.fw;iwj; njhg;gp fhzg;gLfpwJ. 9. GNuhl;Nlh iry ,ilntsp ,y;iy. 10./GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Gwj;Njhybj;Njhy; ];fpsPnud;ifkhthy; MdJ jsj;jpR NtWghLwhj ghud;ifkh jpRthy; MdJ. ];lhh;r; mLf;F fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. gpj; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ngupirf;fps; ,y;iy. nkLy;yupf; fjph;fs; ,y;iy. Kba th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; rpjwpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ. GNuhl;Nlh iry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ. /GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gltpy;iy.

7.,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuNtupd; Kjy;;epiy cs;sikg;ig tptup?

iuNrhnlh;kp];

Ntupd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F Gwj;Njhy; vdg;gLk;. ,J XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. ,jpy; Nth;j;J}tpfs; fhzg;gLtjhy; iuNrhnlh;kp]; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; gzp ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fis cwpQ;Rjy; MFk;.

Gwzp

Ntupd; Gwj;NjhYf;F cl;Gwkhf nty; ,ilntspfSld $ba ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; Md Gwzp fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F thAgupkhw;wk; vspjpy; eilngWfpwJ. Gwzpapy; czTg; nghUl;fs; ];lhh;r; Jfs;fshf Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Gwzpapd; filrp mLf;F mfj;Njhy; ,J gPg;gha; tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. ,J th];Fyhh; fw;iwia KOtJkhf #o;e;Js;sJ. Mfj;Njhy; nry;fspd; Mur;Rth; kw;Wk; fpilkl;l Rth;fspy; #gupd; vd;w gbTg; nghUs; fhzg;gLfpwJ ,J fh];ghupad; gl;ilfs; vdg;gLk;. Mfj;Njhypy; fh];ghupad;gl;ilfs; fhzg;glhj GNuhl;Nlhiryj;jpw;F vjpNu cs;s nry;fs; topnry;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; topahf ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fs; iryj;jpw;Fs; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

];By;

mfj;NjhYf;F cl;Gwk; fhzg;gLk; midj;J jpRf;fSk; Nrh;j;J ];By; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; ngupirf;fps; kw;Wk; th];Fyhh; jpRj;njhFg;ig cs;slf;fpaJ.

40

45

ngupirf;fps;

ngupirf;fps; vd;gJ th];Fyhh; fw;iwia #o;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;w XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; Md ];Byp;d; ntspg;Gw mLf;fhFk;. ,jpypUe;J jhd; gf;f Nth;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. vdNt gf;f Nth;fs; mfj;Njhd;wpfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

th];Fyhh; jpRj;njhFg;G

th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs; Mug;Nghf;F miktpy; cs;sJ. iryk; ntspNehf;F irykhf cs;sJ. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu Ntupy; GNuhl;Nlh iry Kidfs; ehd;F vdNt ,J ehd;F Kid iryk; vdg;gLk;. iryk; jpRf;fSf;F ,ilNa GNshak; jpR fhzg;;gLfpwJ. iryk; GNshak; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; ,izg;G jpR ghud;ifkhthy; MdJ.

glk; - Gj;jfj;jpy; gf;fk; vz; 91 glk; vz; 2.12 mtiu Ntupd; F.nt. Njhw;wk;.

8. xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; Kjy;epiy cs;sikg;ig tptup.

Gwj;Njhy;

,J jz;bd; ntspg;Gw mLf;fhFk;. ,J nry; ,ilntspfs; ,d;wp mike;j XuLf;F ghud;ifh nry;fshy; MdJ. ,jd; kPJ fpA+l;bfps; gbe;Js;sJ.

GwNjhybj;Njhy;

Gwj;NjhYf;F cl;Gwkhf rpy mLf;Ffs; ];fpsPnud;ifkh nry;fshy; Md gFjp fhzg;;gLfpwJ. ,J Gwj;Njhybj;Njhy; my;yJ i`Nghnlh;kp]; vdg;gLk;. Gwj;Njhybj;Njhypy; njhlh;r;rpaw;W mike;j FNshnud;ifkh nry; njhFg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

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jsj;jpR

jsj;jpRthdJ Gwzp mfj;Njhy; ngupirf;fps; gpj; vd NtWghL milatpy;iy. Gwj;Njhybj;NjhYf;F cl;Gwkhf mike;j ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; Md gFjp midj;Jk; jsj;jpR vdg;gLk;. jsj;jpRtpy; cs;s ghud;ifkh nry;fs; gy Nfhz tbtpy; nry; ,ilntspfSld; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jsj;jpRtpd; gzp thAgupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; czTg;nghUl;fis Nrkpj;jYk; MFk;.

th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs;

th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; ghud;ifkhthy; Md jsj;jpRtpy; rpjwpf;fhzg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU th];Fyhh; fw;iwiaAk; #o;e;J ];fpsPnud;ifkhthy; Md fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; xUq;fike;jJ> fz;[hapd;l;; cs;Nehf;F iryk; kw;Wk; %baJ MFk;. th];Fyh; fw;iwfs; kdpj kz;il XL tbtpy; cs;sJ.

GNshak;

GNshakhdJ ntspg;gf;fkhf eRf;fg;gl;l GNuhl;Nlh GNshak; kw;Wk; cs;gf;fkhf nkl;lh GNshakhf cs;sJ. GNshaj;jpy; ry;yilf;Foha;fs; kw;Wk; Jiznry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. GNshak; ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; GNshak; ehh;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

iryk;

iryk; Mq;fpy vOj;J Y tbtpy; cs;sJ. ,U nkl;lh iryf;Foha; vOj;jpd; Nkw;fukhfTk; GNuhl;Nliry;Foha; vOj;jpd fPo;f;fukhfTk; cs;sJ. Kjph;e;j th];Fyhh; fw;iwapy; GNuhl;Nlh iryf;Foha;fs; rpijtiltjhy; Xh; ,ilntsp

Vw;gLfpwJ ,J GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vdg;gLk;.

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9.DNA – kWNrh;f;if njhopy; El;gk; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.

DNA kWNrh;f;if njhopy; El;gk; xU capupdj;jpd; DNA –it NtnwhU capupapd; DNA- Tld; ,izj;J Gjpa gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l [PNdhkhf khw;Wk; njhopy; El;gk; kWNrh;f;if DNA – njhopy; El;gk; vdg;glk;.

kuGg;nghwpapaypd; mbg;gilg; nghUl;fs; 1. DNA –it gy Jz;Lfshf khw;Wk; jpwDila nu];l;upf;\d; vz;NlhepA+f;spNa]; vdg;gLk; %yf;$W fj;jupf;Nfhy;.

2. DNA- Jz;Lfis ,izf;Fk; jpwDila DNA –iyf;Nf]; . ,it ,uzLk; kuGg;nghwpapaypd; mbg;gilg; nghUl;fshFk;

kuGg;nghwpapaypd; mbg;gil nray; El;gq;fs;

1. toq;fp capupapd; DNA –it my;yJ [Pid gpupj;njLj;J nu];l;upf;\d;

vz;NlhepA+f;spNa]; gad;gLj;jp rpW rpW Jz;Lfshf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. ,e;j DNA –Jz;Lfis jFe;j efy; ngUf;fpAld; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.

v.Nfhiy ghf;Bupaj;jpd; gpsh];kpl; rpwe;j efy; ngUf;fp my;yJ

FNshdpq; Ch;jpahf nray;glfpwJ.

3. nu];l;upf;\d; vz;NlhepA+f;spNa];fisf; nfhz;L flj;jp DNA- rpW rpW

Jz;Lfshf ntl;lg;gLfpwJ. gpd;dh; DNA –iyNf]; nfhz;L toq;fp

capupapd; DNA- kw;Wk; flj;jp DNA Jz;Lfs; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J

%yf;$W xl;Ljy; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; tpisthf kWNrh;f;if DNA –cUthfpwJ.

4. kWNrh;f;if DNA- v.Nfhiy> Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp]; Nghd;w Xk;Gapupapy;

nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.

5. nry;YNy]; vd;w nehjpia Xk;Gapup nry;fSld; Nrh;j;J gjg;gLj;Jk;

NghJ

mjd; nry;Rth; kWNrh;f;if DNA- it cs;thq;fpf;nfhs;fpwJ.

may; kWNrh;f;if DNA –tpd; fl;lisia gpd;gw;wp Xk;Gapup ghf;Bupah njhlh;e;J gFg;gile;J vz;zw;w kWNrh;f;if DNA- f;fis cUthf;FfpwJ. ,J %yf;$W efy; ngUf;fk; my;yJ [Pd; efy; ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

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10.jhtuj;jpR tsh;g;gpd; mbg;gil nray; El;gj;jpid tptup.

1. tsh;g;G fyd;fs; jhtu jpR tsh;g;gpw;f;F $k;Gf;Flit> ngl;up jl;Lfs;>

tsh;g;G Foha;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.

2.tsh;g;g Clfk; M S tsh;g;G Clfk;> B 5 tsh;g;G Clfk;> W tsh;g;G

Clfk;> epl;r; tsh;g;G Clfk; Kjypad gad;gLfpwJ.

3.Ez;Zaph; ePf;fk; nra;jy; tsh;g;G Clfk; kw;Wk; jhtuj;jpRf;fspy; cs;s

Ez;Zapupfshd ghf;Bupaq;fs; kw;Wk; G+Q;irfs; Mfpatw;iw ePf;fk; nra;a

gpd;gw;wg;gLk; Kiwfs; Ez;Zaph; ePf;fk; vdg;gLk;. tsh;g;G Clfk; Ez;Zaph;

ePf;fk; nra;a Ml;NlhfpNstpy; 1210C ntg;g epiyapy; 15 epkplq;fs; ,Uf;FkhW

itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jhtuj;jpRf;fis Ez;Zaph; ePf;fk; nra;a Nrhbak; i`g;Ngh FNshiuL>

fhy;rpak; i`g;NghFNshiuL Nghd;w VNjDk; xU fiurypy; 15 epkplq;fs;

Neh;j;jp nra;J 5 Kiw njhlh;e;J fOt Ntz;Lk;.

4.cl;nrYj;Jjy; tsh;g;G Clfj;jpw;F jhtuj;jpR my;yJ jhtug;gFjpia

nrYj;JtJ cl;nrYj;Jjy; vdg;gLk;. yhkpdhh; fhw;Nwhl;l miwapy;

J}a;ikahd #o;epiyapy; cl;nrYj;Jjy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

5.milfhj;jy; jpRTld; $ba tsh;g;G Clfk; 260C ntg;gepiyapy; 2000 Kjy;

4000 yf;]; xspr;nrwptpy; 16 kzp Neuk; xspapYk; > 8 kzp Neuk; ,UspYk;

itf;fg;gLfpwJ.

6.Nfy]; cUthjy; Mf;rpd; > irl;Nlhifdpd; Nghd;w `hh;Nkhd;fspd;

nray;ghl;bdhy; jhtuj; jpRtpypUe;J fhy]; cUthfpwJ. fhy]; vd;gJ

xOq;fw;w NtWghL milahj jpRj;jpushFk;.

7.Gwj;Njhw;wkhf;fk; fhyrpypUe;J Nth; kw;Wk; jz;L cUthtJ

Gwj;Njhw;wkhf;fk; vdg;gLk;. fhy]; jpRtpypUe;J Nth; cUthtJ

iuNrhn[dprp]; vdg;gLk;.fhy]; jpRtpypUe;J jz;L cUthtJ

fhNyhn[dprp]; vdg;gLk;.

8.fUcUthf;fk; fhyrpypUe;J Nth; kw;Wk; jz;L cila ,U JUt

mikg;Gfs; cUthtJ fUcUthf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

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9. tYg;ngWjy; jhtuj;jpR tsh;g;G %yk; cUthd rpW jhtuq;fs;

gbg;gbahf ,aw;if #o;epiyf;F nfhz;L tUjy;.

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13. fpisf;fhyprp]pd; gbepiyfis tptup.

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