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Tetra Pak 2014
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Tetra Pak, ,PROTECTS WHAT’S GOOD, Tetra Brik, Tetra Classic, Tetra Evero, Tetra Fino,Tetra Gemina, Tetra Prisma, Tetra Recart, Tetra Rex, Tetra Top, and Tetra Wedge are some of the trademarks belonging to the Tetra Pak Group.
www.tetrapak.com
Theme: Water
No.
2014
Arabia Tetra Pak Manufacturing Ltd Lot 88-103, Phase 3, Jcci, Warehouse City21413 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Tel +966-2 635 1515Argentina and Uruguay Tetra Pak SRL Uruguay 2887, Victoria B1644HJI, Pcia de Buenos AiresTel +54 11 4725 7600Australia Tetra Pak Marketing Pty Ltd2A Hill Road, Homebush Bay, N.S.W. 2127Tel +61-2 8719 7300Austria Tetra Pak GmbHAm Euro Platz 2, 1120 WienTel +43 1 897 2200 Balkans Tetra Pak Production d.o.o. Beograd Milutina Milankovica 11b, 11070 Belgrade, SerbiaTel +381-11 2017 333Baltic States Tetra Pak Baltic StatesK. Ulmana gatve 86 f. Riga, Latvia Tel +371-760 2000 Belgium Tetra Pak Belgium NV/SAA.Gossetlaan 28A Bus 1, 1702 Groot Bijgaarden Tel +32-2467 6811 Brazil and Paraguay Tetra Pak LtdaAv.das Nações Unidas,4777– 10° andar Ed.Villa-Lobos – Alto de Pinheiros05477-000 São Paulo, SPTel +55-11 5501 3200Canada Tetra Pak Canada Inc777 Bay Street, Suite 2902, Toronto MGG 2C8Tel +1 647 775 1854Central America and Caribbean Tetra Pak S.A.Ave. Samuel Lewis y Calle 55 Obarrio Edificio Plaza Globus, piso 7,Panama Tel +507 2085800Central Asia Tetra Pak Kazakhstan Ltd22 Zenkov Street, 050010 Almaty, KazakhstanTel +7 727 259 84 00Chile Tetra Pak de Chile Ltda Av El Bosque Sur 130, Piso 8 Las Condes, 676 0435 SantiagoTel +56 2 940 7000China (PR) Tetra Pak China Ltd 29th fl, CITIC Sq, 1168 Nanjing Xi Lu, Shanghai 200041Tel +8621-3217 4688Colombia and Ecuador Tetra Pak Ltda World Trade Center, Calle 100 No 8A-55, Torre C, Oficina 209, Bogota Tel +57-1 628 3630Czech Tetra Pak Ceská republic s.r.o. Nova cesta 17, 140 21 Praha 4 Tel +420-2 6100 7111 East Mediterranean Tetra Pak East Med.Mkalles 691 Centre, Beiruth, LebanonTel +961-1-693 777 Egypt Tetra Pak Egypt Ltd Block 72 City Center 3rd Floor, fromTeseen St. Beside Banking Center, New Cairo Tel +2 02 26160180 Finland Tetra Pak Oy Meijeritie 2, 00370 HelsinkiTel +358-207633611 France Tetra Pak France420, rue d’Estienne d’Orves,92705 Colombes Cedex Tel +33-1 56 47 5000Germany Tetra Pak Mid Europe Frankfurter Strasse 79-81, 65233 Hochheim Tel +49-6146 590 Tetra Pak Processing GmbHSenefelder - Ring 27, 21465 Reinbek Tel +49-40 600 910, Greece Tetra Pak Hellas SA Kifissias 56 & Delfon 15125 Marousi, Athens Tel +30-210 616 7500
TETRA PAK PROCESSING AND PACKAGING SYSTEMS ARE MARKETED BY, AMONG OTHERS
Hungary Tetra Pak Hungary Ltd P O Box 200, Industrial Site 2041 Budaörs, Hungary Tel +36-23 885 200 India Tetra Pak India Pvt Ltd Global Business Park, Tower C, 5th fl.Mehroli-Gurgaon Rd 122001 Gurgaon, HaryanaTel +91-124 256 5630Indonesia PT Tetra Pak IndonesiaJl. Buncit Raya Kav.100, Lantai 3 Jakarta 12510Tel +62-21 7917 8000Iran Tetra Pak Iran1st fl. Khorshid Bldg.No.1264, Vali Asr Ave.Tehran 1435674173Tel +9821-82 139 000Ireland Tetra Pak Ireland Ltd 5th Floor, 1 Tuansgate, Belgard Square East,Tallaght, Dublin 24Tel +353-1 467 8000Italy Tetra Pak Italiana SpA Viale della Resistenza 56/A, 42048 Rubiera (RE)Tel +39-0522 263 411Japan Nihon Tetra Pak K.K. Kioicho Fukudaya Bldg. 6-12, Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8544Tel +81-3-5211 2111Kenya and East Africa Tetra Pak (Kenya) LtdP O Box 78340, Nairobi Tel +254 20 6909 000 Korea Tetra Pak Ltd 7F Ansung Tower, 737-35 Hannan-dongYongsan-gu, 140-895 Seoul, South KoreaTel +82-2 799 2302 Malaysia and Singapore Tetra Pak (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd1201 Level 12 Uptown 2, No.2 Jalan SS21/37 Damansara Uptown, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul EhsanTel +603 7724 7000Mexico Tetra Pak SA de CV Av.Ejército Nacional 843-B, Antara Polanco, Torre Paseo, Acceso A-Piso 2, Col.Granada,Del.Miguel Hidalgo, C.P.11520 México, D.F.Tel +52-55 2122 8700Morocco Tetra Pak Maghreb 69 rue Othmane Ibnou Affane 3ème etage,20000 Casablanca, MoroccoTel +212 2248 8150 Netherlands Tetra Pak B.V.Oostelijke Randweg 48 4782 PZ MoerdijkTel +31-168 386500 Tetra Pak Processing Systems BVHoofdveste 18, 3992 DG HoutenTel +31-305 349 999New Zealand Tetra Pak New Zealand Ltd Level 1, Tetra Pak Building, Waikato Innovation Park, Ruakura Lane, Hamilton 3214Tel +64 7 8591442Norway Tetra Pak AS P.O.Box 477, 1327 LysakerTel +47-67 83 30 00 Pakistan Tetra Pak Pakistan Ltd 316 - Upper Mall, Lahore 54000Tel +92-42 5710070-77Peru and Bolivia Tetra Pak SA (Perú)Av Victor A.Belaúnde 147 Centro Empresarial Edif. Real Seis Ofic. 403 Lima 27Tel +51 1 212 1060Philippines Tetra Pak Philippines Inc7/F Net One Center 26 St.Cnr. Third Ave Crescent Park W Distr Bonifacio Global City Taguig 1634, Metro Manila Tel +632 976 3400Poland Tetra Pak Poland & Danube Osmánska 14, 02-823 WarsawTel +48-22 5434 000
Portugal Tetra Pak Ibéria Av do Forte 12, 2790-072 CarnaxideTel +351-21 416 5600Romania Tetra Pak Romania S.R.L.1A, Ion Ionescu de la Brad St., Baneasa Airport tower, 3rd fl. BUCHAREST 1, Tel: +40 316206886Russia and Belarus Tetra Pak A/O8, Wilhelm Pieck str, 129226 MoscowTel +7-095 787 8000Slovenia, Croatia and Albania Tetra Pak d.o.o.Spruha 36, Trzin, 1236 Ljubljana, Slovenia Tel +386-1 5304 200South Africa Tetra Pak South Africa (Pty) Ltd 100 Electron Avenue, Isando, Gauteng 1600Tel +27-11 570 3000Spain Tetra Pak Ibéria Latón, 8 (Poligono Finanzauto) 28500 Arganda del Rey (Madrid)Tel +34-91 876 9500 Sweden and Denmark Tetra Pak Sweden AB Ruben Rausings gata, 221 86 LundTel: +46 46 36 10 00Switzerland Tetra Pak Mid EuropeEuropastrasse 30, 8152 Glattbrugg Tel +41-44 804 6600Taiwan Tetra Pak Taiwan Ltd 4, Wen Ming 3rd Street, Lin Kou Ind. Park 3,Taoyuan 333 Tel +886-3 328 3111 Thailand Tetra Pak (Thailand) Ltd 1042 Soi Sukhumvit 66/1, Sukhumvit RoadBangchak, Bangkok 10260 Tel +66-2 704 3000 Turkey Tetra Pak AS Buyukdere Cad. Nurol Plaza.No: 255 A-Blok Kat:10, 34398 Maslak-Istanbul Tel +90-212 444 68 78 Ukraine Tetra Pak Ukraine Mezhigirska ul.82, 04080 Kiev 80 Tel +380-44 230 3939United Arab Emirates Tetra Pak Gulf Jebel Ali Free Zone, S-10107 South Zone, DubaiTel +971-4 8811222United Kingdom Tetra Pak LtdThe Foundations, Herons Way, Chester Business Park, CH4 9QS ChesterTel. + 44 (0)1244 688000Tetra Pak Processing UK LtdSwan House, Peregrine Business ParkGomm Road, High Wycombe HP13 7DLTel +44 870 442 6400USA Tetra Pak Inc.3300 Airport Road, Denton, TX 76207Tel. +1 940 3842000Venezuela Tetra Pak C.A. Ave Francisco de Miranda Edif Torre KPMG piso 7, Chacao Caracas 1060Tel +58-212 277 71 00 West Africa Tetra Pak West Africa Ltd 2 IPM AvenueAlausa Ikeja, Lagos, NigeriaTel +234-1 448 23390Vietnam Tetra Pak Vietnam235 Dong Khoi Str Metropolitan Bldg 14th fl District 1, Ho Chi Minh City Tel +84- 8 3825 71 00
Tetra Pak Magazine No.103 2014, ISSN 0346-3044. The Tetra Pak Group’s International Company Magazine is produced in Sweden. The magazine is distributed to more than 150 countries and is available in Chinese, English, Finnish, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish and selected issues in Japanese. Publisher: Christopher Huntley. Editor: Julie Trolley. Editorial board: Vincent Michelet, Carol Yang, Paul Wharton, Rolf Viberg, Julie Trolley. Produced by: Tetra Pak International, Ruben Rausings gata, 221 86 Lund, Sweden. Tel +39 059 898361, E-mail [email protected] . Graphic design: Wahlgren & Hansson, Malmö, Sweden, www.woh.se. Cover Image: Gettyimages/ Christopher Pillitz Paper Cover: Arctic paper/Amber Graphic, 240 g. Paper Body: Arctic paper/Amber Graphic, 120 g. Print: ExaktaPrinting Malmö, Sweden. ISO 14001 and FSC Certificates.
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363224Content No 103
2. Earth: the water planet 4. The fast-turning waterwheels of agriculture and industry 8. The planet´s dwindling
water supply 13. Thirsty for change 16. Water warriors 18. Water: The most critical asset in your
production strategy 22. Access to safe water worldwide 24. A global thirst for designer water
28. Exploration and trade 30. How water turned hunter-gatherers into farmers and engineers
32. There’s no place like Home 36. Liquid Love
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Earth: thE watEr planEt
Water is a significant feature of our planet; perhaps one of its most distinguishing characteristics. But just be-cause water is prominent on Earth does not mean that fresh water supplies are endless. Fresh water is actually quite limited. Humans use a lot of it – so much that we, as a species, have come to literally dominate the planet’s water cycle, crowding out other species and putting ourselves in jeopardy. For the benefit of future generations, we need to develop an entirely different relationship to the water cycle – one of vastly increased efficiency and long-term stewardship.
Evaporation from the sea rain from the cloud winds
Groundwater returns to the sea
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how much watEr do humans nEEd?
A commonly used estimate of the average amount of water
ingested by a person in a day is two litres. This means that
the average person ingests 730 litres per year. The entire
human population thus takes in about 5.2 trillion litres, or
5.2 cubic km. Imagine a huge cube of water that's a little
under two km wide, two km deep and one and a half km high
– that’s how much water humanity drinks and eats in a year!
Although, when you consider that Peru and Bolivia’s Lake
Titicaca contains 893 cubic km, America’s Lake Superior
contains 11,600 cubic km, and Russia’s Lake Baikal – the
biggest - contains 23,615 cubic km, you realise that humanity’s
drinking water needs are just a drop in the bucket compared
to even the little portion of the Earth’s water that is fresh. So
why is it that we have a water problem? Surely all we need is
a small lake?
windsprecipitation Evaporation precipitation
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We use so much water! Where? The answer involves agriculture and industry. By comparison, all our showering, laundry-washing, lawn- watering and other individual water consumption accounts for a relatively modest share of annual per-capita water use.
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The fasT-Turning waTerwheels of agriculTure and indusTryaGriculturE is numbEr onE
Agriculture, which uses over two-thirds of all freshwater
withdrawals, occupies 14 out of the top 15 sectors of produc-
tion in terms of litres per unit of economic value generated.
Number 1 is cereal grain production, followed by cotton,
sugar, tree nuts, and fruit. In fact, the only industrial use in
the top 15 is energy production and distribution at number 7.
In other words, most of the water that humanity uses
goes to produce food, fibre, animal feed, and to some
extent fuel – through agriculture. It’s interesting, to discover
that producing a kilogram of beef requires thousands of
litres of freshwater and a cup of coffee or a soft drink well
over 100 litres.
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industry drivEs towards GrEatEr watEr EfficiEncy
In industry, water can be used in a vast range of ways: as a
solvent, a coolant, a high-pressure cleaning tool, a cleanser,
a hydraulic fluid, and more. Around a decade ago, when water
prices were lower and awareness limited, water was used in
industrial processes with little restraint. Today, we are more
careful, with water prices and awareness both rising steadily.
Many multinational corporations have developed a corporate
water strategy, which includes a mixture of technical efficiency
initiatives, supply assurance and stakeholder relations. Car
production for instance may not come to mind as a water-
intensive industry and yet from 2000 to 2011, this approach
enabled one renowned car manufacturer to reduce water
consumption from 9,8 to 4,7 cubic metres per car produced
globally and achieve a total annual reduction of 60%, or
almost 38 million cubic meters. And Facebook just started
reporting the water it uses indirectly through the lifecycles
of the energy it purchases.
tEtra pak procEssinG risEs to thE challEnGE
Operating in the food processing and packaging business
means a lot of water consumption to keep the business
going, both technically and hygienically.
Saving water in the land of the NileInnovations from Tetra Pak Processing are saving Faragalla in Egypt 600,000 litres of water per day – according to FAO, that's equivalent to the daily water requirement for around 200,000 people.
Tetra Pak is constantly working hard to find innovative
solutions to help its customers save water and improve
their production processes. For instance, thanks to the novel
filtration unit available for the Tetra Tebel Alfomatic cheddaring
machine, approximately 40% of the total water it uses can now
be recovered and recycled during all of the various rinsing
phases. In the case of one large producer in France, where
some 1,1 million litres of milk are processed to make
mozzarella cheese, this translates in to around a saving of
50,000 litres of water every day.
That’s a lot of water!
Tetra Tebel Alfomatic cheddaring machine, rinse water can now be recovered and recycled.
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WaterThe planet´s dwindling water supply
They say that necessity is the mother of invention, and today’s global water challenges obey this principle.
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H2OWaterH2OWaterthE dEplEtion of thE aquifErs
In many parts of the world, expanding human populations
and agricultural production rely on “fossil water” - water that
has accumulated over millennia in aquifers deep under-
ground – and this is rapidly being depleted as wells pump it
to the surface.
Examples of aquifer depletion can be seen in the USA, India,
and China. India extracts more water than any other nation
from wells and aquifers, and China is not far behind with the
vast bulk being used for agriculture - often rather inefficiently.
Each of these nations has about one-fifth of the world’s
population, so their high water extraction rates are probably
to be expected. The USA however, is home to less than 5%
of the human population yet extracts nearly as much water
as the other two. The reason? Large agro-industrial production
and a huge food export base that supplies countries in almost
every part of the globe. In short, providing food to communities
worldwide is taking its toll on the once abundant underground
water resources. And yet, ironically, one of the greatest
problems of fossil water depletion is the negative effect it is
having on global food supply. Grain yields are falling all over
the world as a consequence of shrinking aquifers.
What is an aquifer?An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well. They can occur at various depths. Those closer to the surface are likely to be used for water supply and irrigation, and also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall.
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pEak watEr – a thrEat to our futurE?
Unlike fossil fuels, fossil water is a
renewable resource. However, given
the limited technology we have at
hand today, we could be approaching
the point where the extraction of fossil
water is reaching its peak; it may never
yield as much again. So the question
is, what happens next?
some ideas that offer a way forward: greater agricultural efficiency
The goal here is to use less water
by putting it only where it’s needed,
minimizing the amount of water that’s
lost to evaporation, consumption by
weeds, leakages and other such losses.
Measures include drip irrigation,
deeper mulching/compost application,
greenhouses and hoop houses, as well
as introducing hardier crops.
Dryfarming means planting drought-resistant
crops and maintaining a fine surface soil.
A key goal here is to use less water by putting it only where it’s
needed and drip irrigation is one good measure.
dryfarming in california
One small scale, but shining example
of efficient water use is at this vineyard
in Santa Barbara County, California.
The grapes at Condor’s Hope are
nurtured solely by rainwater; no other
irrigation methods are used.
Dryfarming means planting drought-
resistant crops and maintaining a fine
surface soil or mulch that protects
the natural moisture of the soil from
evaporation.
reforestation
Planting trees allows soils to retain
more rainwater and recharges surface
and shallow ground water supplies.
Reforested areas also maintain higher
air humidity, which assists nearby
agriculture. Conserving and improving
soils and preventing erosion go hand
in hand with this, as they reduce run-
off and increase the ability of land to
grow forests too.
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forestry in a treeless land
The Icelandic Forest Service defines
itself as working on “Forestry in a
treeless land.” The IFS explains that it
is not the Icelandic turf or climate that
is behind its treelessness. Rather, it is
a history of poor land-use decisions.
To combat these conditions, the IFS
planted more than 4 million seedlings
during the 1990s, an effort they have
expanded to include direct seeding,
the use of tree nurseries, and the
reintroduction of native birch.
The main component in Tetra Pak
cartons is wood fibre which comes
from continuously growing forests
where new trees replace the ones
that are harvested. In 2013, 32 billion
Tetra Pak packages carried the FSC™
(Forestry Stewardship Council) label
in more than 50 countries around the
world.
The main component in Tetra Pak® cartons is wood fibre.
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repairing leaky water mains
Recently, the World Bank estimated that as much as 60% of
all water withdrawn by humans is lost due to leaky pipes.
So, repairing and in some cases modernizing the water
infrastructure would make a big difference.
demand-side management
Managing our water consumption in settled areas through
public information campaigns and selective pricing could
both reduce waste and encourage smarter practices. These
include planting indigenous vegetation that is suited to the
local climate, washing cars less often, putting low-flow
nozzles in showers and sinks and using low-flow toilets.
did you know that by 2025
Water withdrawals are predicted to increase by:
• 50 per cent in developing countries
• 18 per cent in developed countries
Think - at 1 drip per second, a tap can leak 7,800 litres of water per year!
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In many parts of the world water withdrawals are sustainable,
and of course the distribution of water stress around the
world is very uneven; the world is divided into the “water
haves” and “water have-nots”.
Many inventors, companies, university researchers, government
agencies and others are dedicating enormous time and
resources to solve the global water problem. Their efforts
appear to be paying off. Here are just a handful of the many
ideas we came across in our research.
clEan drinkinG watEr for morE than 300 pEoplE a day!
The inventor Dean Kamen, famous for many innovations
including the Segway two-wheeled self-balancing vehicle,
has been dedicating his creative energies to the pursuit of
clean water for the world’s poor. His design firm, DEKA, is
developing a water purifier based on their experience with
dialysis technology. Kamen notes that at least half of all human
diseases in the world today are caused by water-borne
pathogens. Bad water is responsible for the deaths of over
2 million people a year – most of them children.
Thirsty for change
Withdrawing water from fossil aquifers, shallow ground water wells, and surface waters are currently the main ways in which we obtain water for human populations, agriculture, and industry. Other sources such as desalination
and rainwater harvesting are so far negligible.
Superheated water is vented from the ground near a lava flow and used to run turbines that generate electricity.
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kamen’s slingshot produces pure, drinkable water from
literally any source, including salt water, chemically contaminated
water, and water full of biological parasites. It is designed to
operate for five years with no expert maintenance, and comes
in a sealed plastic box that can withstand rough conditions.
Energy comes from a Stirling engine burning a range of
possible combustible fuels, including wood and even cow
dung. Water is purified using vapour compression distillation.
One unit has the capacity to produce 1,000 litres of drinking
water per day – enough to sustain 300 people.
DEKA is rolling this innovation out slowly. Slingshots are
being shipped mainly to Africa and South America, whilst
a consortium of global companies are working together to
install 2,000 Slingshots in rural
communities in 20 different
countries by the end of 2015.
We should be hearing more
about the Slingshot soon.
lifEstraw® - a world chanGinG idEa
Introduced nearly ten years ago
by Switzerland-based Vestergaard, LifeStraw is a filtration
device used to drink biologically contaminated water, yet
avoid infection by parasites. One straw, can provide a
person with 1,000 litres – all the drinking water they will
need in a year.
lifestraw has played a critical role in many natural disasters,
from the 2010 Haiti earthquake and Pakistan floods to the
recent typhoon tragedy in the Philippines. LifeStraw works
just like any other straw and can remove 99.9999% of water-
borne bacteria and 99.9% of parasites.
simplE solutions to tricky problEms
Sometimes the water issues facing the world’s poor are very
immediate, small-scale, and concrete. Can I purify contaminated
water? Can I get it home from a communal well or water hole?
Can I pump it into a house, stable or field without the help of
electricity?
Without rational answers to these questions, the result
might be excessive expenditures of time and physical
labour, illness, or both.
Simple, practical solutions may bridge gaps that appear
trivial to people in industrialized nations, but present genuine
barriers to a third of humanity. Examples of such solutions
are proliferating. They include the filtrón clay filtration pot,
from Potters for Peace of Latin America, and the watercone®
solar water purifier, from Germany. filtrón is a simple
household filter which treats contaminated water in order to
render it safe to drink. It consists of a simple clay filtering
element that can be made by local potters using local materials,
with no need for electricity or advanced technology. The filter
has the capacity to meet the daily drinking water needs of a
family of 6 to 8 people. the watercone is a solar powered
water desalinator that from salt water, generates up to 1,7 litres
per day of freshwater - a child`s daily need of freshwater.
Then there are the q-drum and the hippo water roller,
both South African, which greatly increase the amount of water
that an adult or child can transport on foot. In both cases, the
tethered water container rolls along the ground, a convenient
feature if the well is several kilometres from one’s dwelling.
LifeStraw works just like any other straw and can remove 99.9999% of waterborne bacteria and 99.9% of parasites.
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Hippo Water Roller which greatly increases the amount of water that an adult or child can transport on foot.
Q-Drum.
Roundabout PlayPump.
For electricity-free pumping, San Francisco-based KickStart
has come up with the super-moneymaker: a foot-pedalled
irrigation pump aimed at the African countryside where its
efficiency can significantly increase a farm family’s ability to
grow food, eat better, and so improve its finances.
With equally serious intentions is the south african round-
about playpump. This pump uses the energy of a spinning
playground merry-go-round to pull water from a well up into
a small water tower, and makes fetching water look like child’s
play. While the concept’s practical value is still being proven, it
exemplifies the spirit of creative yet pragmatic thinking in the
search for solutions to the world’s many water challenges.
a showEr that rEcyclEs its own wastE-watEr
Our personal hygiene habits emerged long ago as one of
the culprits in heavy water use. A human only needs roughly
a cubic meter of drinking water per year, yet per-person
withdrawals of freshwater around the world range from a few
hundred cubic meters to over two thousand cubic meters per
year. A significant portion of this is due to baths and showers.
Perhaps not surprising, then, that even in countries with
relatively abundant water, rising awareness of energy and
environmental issues has prompted a concerted effort to
reduce bathroom water consumption, including low-flow
shower-heads.
For example, the new orbsys shower, which uses a tech-
nology originally developed for spaceflight, can purify and
recycle 90% of the water that goes down its drain, returning
it to the head for further use, reducing energy consumption
by 80% compared to conventional shower. The beauty of
this system is that, unlike low-flow heads, the OrbSys main-
tains a good strong flow rate, while still saving water, energy
and money.
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Such was the situation encountered by Rajendra Singh, an
idealistic young Indian doctor, and four of his friends, all part
of the Tarun Bharat Sangh ("Young India Organization"),
when they moved to the Alwar district of Rajasthan to start a
clinic in 1985. Once there, they discovered that the greatest
need was however water. There was a water crisis, and it was
limiting the food farmers could grow and the incomes they
could earn. Work began on restoring traditional earthen
dams (johad) for rainwater catchment and underground
water replenishment. Working only for food, a number of
villagers joined the team to restore the first johad. The
following year, a larger dam was restored with an estimated
10,000 person-days of labour by the residents.
Once the dams were constructed, they had only to wait for
the monsoon rains. The ponds behind the dams filled with
rainwater, which seeped into the underground water, and
wells began to flow again. Underground transport of the
water from dams to wells was achieved at no expense for
infrastructure such as pipes or ditches, and no water was lost to
evaporation. Rivers and streams were restored to year-round
flows, providing further "free" water distribution. The higher
water table meant that crops could grow with less irrigation
and trees could grow close enough to villages to reduce the
effort for firewood collection.
Results from the very first pond were seen in just a few
months. During the monsoon it filled with water and a nearby
well began flowing again. This quick payback inspired more
dam building. Ten years later there were 10 such ponds in
Gopalpura, holding over 735 million litres of water. The
practice eventually spread to 750 other villages.
The circle of positive effects—more water, more agriculture,
more vegetation, less erosion, more water—and the related
social benefits (e.g., men returning to the village) ensured
the sustainability of the gains. It was no longer necessary for
women and children to haul water from distant sources. As
a consequence, women had more time for child care and
supplemental economic activities, while children had time to
return to school and the education that could provide them a
more secure future.
Now, almost thirty years later, Rajendra Singh is still labouring to
restore the johad system. An entire society has been restored.
Today, the impact of Singh and his “water warriors” can be felt
across the entire region. Hundreds and hundreds of villages
have resumed their traditional johad practices. The idea was
simple. The water returned.
Results from the very first pond were seen in just a few months.
Water warriors; Harvesting rainwater to replenish
underground water in India
When rain falls, unless there is absorbent soil and various hollows and wetlands to trap it, the water will run off and vanish. This is a destructive process, leaving the land infertile and
lowering groundwater to levels at which wells run dry. (Source: EcoTippingPoints.Org)
17TETRA PAK Magazine
%
No commodity seems to be more top-of-
mind in the American consciousness than
fuel. The media reports its price swings
so frequently that I know the numbers
by heart—today gas is $4.27 per gallon
today in greater Chicago, where I work
and reside, and crude oil just hit a nine-
month peak of $106.11.
Justifiably, we angst continuously over the
price of petroleum, yet we seem to have
forgotten another precious, indispensable
and dangerously depleting resource:
water. And without this life-sustaining
substance, nothing else matters.
Like crude oil, water prices have surged in
the last 12 years, doubling or tripling in
many parts of the U.S, according to a USA
Today study of 100 municipalities. Think
of what that does to living expenses and
business costs. And like crude oil, which
is still threatened despite the current
production boom here in the U.S., water
is getting scarcer by the minute.
Many Americans could soon realize this,
since water shortages due to high de-
mand and climate change have become
a realistic possibility in New York City,
Washington D.C., Los Angeles and San
Diego—where approximately 40 million
Americans reside—as well as most of
Municipal water loss in Canada, Mexico
and the United States ranges between 20
and 50 per cent.
Water: The most critical asset in your production strategyIt’s the new oil, and both need to be in the business mix.
Source: extract from Huffington Post, by Michael Zacka, Cluster Vice President, Tetra Pak.
California and breadbasket states including
Nebraska, Illinois and Minnesota, notes
Columbia University Water Center’s new
study, “America’s Water Risk: Water
Stress and Climate Variability.” The vast
majority of our food is produced in these
water-stressed regions.
Analysts are constantly reminding us
that new discoveries of ‘black gold’
can’t keep up with declining production
from established sources and rising car
production, especially in Asia. Likewise,
we need to raise awareness when it comes
to water scarcity.
Water Scarcity Is Everywhere
Unpardonably, 2.6 billion people—more
than a third of the world’s population
—don’t have access to clean water or live
in water-stressed areas. And it is expected
18 TETRA PAK Magazine
Lost in the pipe.Number of gallons of water that leak from utility pipes before reaching customers:
U.S 1 of 6U.K 1 of 6ITALY 1 of 4
that water demand will exceed supply
by 40 per cent by 2030. Alan Hinchman,
Global Market Director of Infrastructure
at GE Intelligent Platforms, told my col-
leagues and me this disturbing statistic
at a conference hosted by Tetra Pak for
North American business leaders in the
food and beverage industry. We called on
GE since they’re now one of the world’s
leading suppliers of sustainable water
and process systems solutions.
Alan also told us that municipal water
loss in Canada, Mexico and the United
States ranges between 20 and 50 per
cent. Think about it: “for every 1,000
gallons of water we use, somewhere
between 250 to 1,000 more [gallons]
were pumped and lost by leaking pipes,”
Alan said. This helps explain why North
Americans have the largest water footprint
in the world (currently 2,060 gallons per
person a day, according to nature.org). So
not surprisingly, Alan warned us "North
America has a huge water infrastructure
bill coming due.”
What The Numbers Mean
Ironically, most companies have sophisti-
cated and effective sustainability programs
in place. Yet water management seems
to be one of their least obvious areas of
immediate concern, noted Alan, basing
his analysis on astute observation: “I’m
seeing more and more companies locating
in water-challenged areas, even though
the increased demand and reduced avail-
ability of quality water is raising its cost
and the risk of productivity disruptions.”
None of us can afford to waste water
anymore. “Many civilizations have been
crippled or destroyed by an inability to
understand water or manage it. We have
a huge advantage over the generations
of people who have come before us,
because we can understand water and
we can use it smartly,” notes award-
winning journalist Charles Fishman in
his ground-breaking tome, “The Big Thirst:
The Secret Life and Turbulent Future of
Water.” And everyone can achieve this
goal. For example, between 1980 and
now, farmers have reduced their water
use by 15 per cent, but produce 70 per
cent more food. That’s a 100 per cent
increase in farm-water-productivity,
notes Fishman.
19TETRA PAK Magazine
How To Create A Water-Use Plan
Bottom line, “we’re quickly going from a
world where water is relatively free to one
where it will cost a lot. The government
will have to figure out the infrastructure
issues, but we have to streamline our own
processes and make smart water decisions
right now,” Alan warned. Like innovation,
which is an entire business practice area
rather than just a single, or even series,
of new solutions, it must become an inte-
gral and deep part of an overall business
strategy. Experts like Alan say there’s room
in every step of the production process for
improvement.
1. Determine the true cost of the
water you use, starting with a
comprehensive analysis of current water
use, and allocate it more efficiently. A
case in Australia illustrates this; water
treatment giant Yarra Valley Water just
had the British natural capital consultancy
Trucost assess the real environmental costs
of the water it uses, and found that one
cubic meter of water actually ranges from
ten cents to $15 AU in areas of extreme
scarcity. Yarra Valley is now using this
information to evaluate its new infra-
structure investments, procurement
strategies and product portfolios.
2. Carefully manage your supply
chain. Most companies’ direct
water use pales in comparison to their
embedded water use, which means the
amount of water required to produce every
aspect of a product from start to finish. For
example, according to the U.S. Geological
Survey, to make a single slice of bread,
single cup of coffee or grow one pound
of corn it takes 10, 35 and 110 gallons of
water, respectively. According to the GE
Water Facts video, it takes 2,700 gallons
of water to make one hamburger. The
supply chain is a primary focus of water
stewardship activity for companies that
include Ikea and Levi Strauss & Co. Levi has
reduced water by 50 per cent since 2005
through sustainable cotton cultivation.
Here’s how:
4– out of –
10
People worldwide who either have no access to clean water or must walk to retrive it:
CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER
20 TETRA PAK Magazine
3. Minimize water use in your
production process. At Tetra
Pak, our Design for Environment (DfE)
program considers every aspect of product
design, production and operation to reduce
water loss, also offering this as a competitive
advantage to our customers. For example,
our Tetra Lactenso Aseptic with OneStep
technology for the processing of aseptic
milk reduces water utilization by 60 per
cent and our Tetra Therm pasteurizers
use cutting-edge intelligent automation
to drive resource efficiencies that slash
water consumption by up to 80 per cent
compared to older versions.
4. Increase water recycling and
reuse. Manage water quality
through responsible wastewater
collection, treatment, recycling and dis-
posal, and monitor activities that can
potentially cause water quality problems.
Reusing wastewater can reduce
the potential impact of discharging
pollutants into water sources, and/or
reduce the demand on potable water
supplies.
5. Design Water-Savvy Plants and
Products. Sustainable design
must go from ‘emergent’ to ‘entrenched’
right now. Any product design process
must start with a total life cycle analysis
that gauges its water impact. This
means taking into consideration the
entire supply chain, manufacturing and
distribution procesand how it will be
recycled and/or disposed of to optimize
its water metrics.
All of these processes can help us better
manage this precious resource, but are
just a starting point. So here is to hoping
it won’t be long before we all figure out
how to not only implement them, but also
come up with innovative new strategies
to better these methods.
Unpardonably, 2.6 billion people—more than a third of the world’s population—don’t have access to clean water or live in water-stressed areas.
1,460gallons
1,920gallons
1,360gallons
1955 ........
1980 ........
2005 ........
Per capitawater use in the U.S(per day)
CONVERSATIONNATION
21TETRA PAK Magazine
91 - 100%
76 - 90%
50 - 75%
<50%
1990 2010
who has access To iMProVed drinKing waTer*
insufficiEnt dataor not applicablE
* Improved drinking water sources include sources that, by nature of their construction or through active intervention, are protected from outside contamination, particularly faecal matter.
11% of the global population, or 783 million people, remain without access to an improved source of drinking water
The number of people using improved drinking water sources reached 6.1 billion in 2010,up by over 2 billion since 1990.
49,6%Mauritania
46,5%democratic republic
of the congo
22 TETRA PAK Magazine
91 - 100%
76 - 90%
50 - 75%
<50%
1990 2010
who has access To iMProVed drinKing waTer*
* Improved drinking water sources include sources that, by nature of their construction or through active intervention, are protected from outside contamination, particularly faecal matter.
49,2%Mozambique
49,6%Madagascar
39,7%Papua new guinea
iMProVed uniMProVed
Piped water Cart with small tank
Protected dug well Unprotected dug well
Public tap Tanker-truck
Rainwater Surface water
Tubewell or borehole Bottled water
Protected spring Unprotected spring
sources in 2010
23TETRA PAK Magazine
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A global thirst for designer water
As sales of carbonated soft drinks continue to decline in advanced markets, global demand for packaged water is booming. What is behind today’s
enthusiasm for bottled H₂O in all its innovative forms?
24 TETRA PAK Magazine
watEr in a box
UK based Vivid Waters has recently launched Water in a Box, a plain plus three flavoured water range packed in Tetra Pak® cartons. Aimed at on the go consumption,
the drinks are packed in Tetra Prisma® Aseptic 330 Sq cartons with DreamCap™, an innovative drink-from, re-closable cap.
Packaged water has now surpassed
carbonated drinks as the leading
non-alcoholic beverage category.
Consumers are lapping up the
growing number of packaged water
options available on the market, with
Europe and North America accounting
for about 50% of global sales. In many
developed countries, the success of
packaged water rests on the lifestyle
trends of more health-conscious
consumers. However, in some of the
emerging markets, demand is also
driven by a need for safe drinking water
in areas where municipal supplies are
not always reliable. In the context of
emergency relief efforts, the distri-
bution of hundreds of thousands of
packages of pure drinking water to
the victims of a natural disaster is a
familiar image. Sometimes a sealed
package of pure water is literally a
life-saver.
sparklinG, minEral, or with a hint of citrus?
Packaged water is a hugely success-
ful product, even where municipal
water supplies are safe and trust-
worthy. In France and Italy, packaged
mineral water has long been popular
in both restaurants and homes, with
well-known brands associated with
particular natural sources. People often
have a favourite, and will describe the
virtues of their preferred brand with
the lyrical enthusiasm usually reserved
for wine. A favourite mineral water is
not only superior in taste, according to
its fans, but it’s also full of great health
benefits.
No one can argue that drinking plenty
of pure water isn’t good for you –
indeed, the spread of packaged water
in the developed world has proceeded
alongside the health and fitness trends
of recent decades. As with other
products, a previously generic basic
commodity - drinking water - has been
transformed into an expression of
individual taste.
For consumers who love water but
enjoy added taste, producers have
come up with a multitude of innovative
flavoured water options. One British
supermarket giant for example, lists no
less than 145 different water choices on
its website, of which 45 are flavoured.
In some ways, these offer health-con-
scious people the best of both worlds:
a diversity of tastes without any of the
calories!
Packaged water is also popular in
single portions to be consumed on the
go – practical for picnics, sports and
lunch boxes. Many schools prohibit
the consumption of sugary drinks on
their premises but have no objection
to water, whether sparkling, still or
flavoured.
packaGinG in all shapEs and sizEs
With all these thirst-quenching options
on the market, producers of ‘designer’
water work hard to differentiate their
product through innovative and
eye-catching packaging. A popular
alternative is water in carton packages,
which are robust, stackable and have
a smaller carbon footprint than their
plastic counterparts. Cartons also allow
for colourful, eye-catching designs
while satisfying many consumers’
requirements for an environmentally
friendly product.
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purity and convEniEncE
Some packaged water originates from
a particular natural spring and takes its
name from that spring. These prod-
ucts are associated with a location in
the same way as a cheese or wine; their
brand is the name of the location. Water
from some of these famous sources
is claimed to have health-enhancing
properties and many of these brands
have a distinctive taste. Some are also
naturally carbonated, or contain certain
minerals, features that producers
emphasise in their marketing.
Other water brands are in fact simply
tap water from a municipal source which
has been purified through a process of
reverse osmosis, ozonation, distillation
or deionization. The benefit for the
consumer is mainly in the convenience
of the packaging and the guarantee of
a pure, safe product. Where municipal
water is unsafe to drink, packaged water
is more than just trendy and convenient;
it is a necessity.
People can boil tap water in their
homes, but when they are out and
about, a sealed package is their safest
option. This accounts for the increase
in sales of packaged water in parts
of the world such as India, where
consumption is expected to increase
annually by more than 20% in the
next few years. Asian markets already
account for around a third of global
sales of packaged water, with plenty of
room for expansion.
Meanwhile, producers are coming up
with ever more innovative and enticing
versions of good old plain drinking
water.
26 TETRA PAK Magazine
aqua zana
Aqua Zana, natural spring water from the Canary Islands, recently released by JSP and packed in Tetra Prisma® Aseptic
330 Sq DreamCap™ packages.
faroE watEr
Faroe Water orginates from the remote North Atlantic location of the Faroe Islands. Deep within the mountains are natural springs where crystal clean Atlantic rain seeps into mountain crevices and
settles into pristine wells.
This natural spring water is now packed in Tetra Prisma® Aseptic 500 ml Sq packages allowing consumers to enjoy the freshness of
spring water wherever they are.
coconut watEr
Coconut water has moved from being a niche health product to an increasingly popular drink around the world particularly
over the last five years.
Changing consumer tastes and increasing health awareness have been important factors in bringing about the success of coconut water. Coconut water is
naturally low in fat, and has a number of health benefits: it contains electrolytes (potassium, magnesium, sodium, calcium, and phosphorous) needed for natural
rehydration and provides similar benefits to energy and sports drinks.
As coconut water has become more and more popular, the demand for products that people can drink on-the-go has increased and the majority of
coconut water is in fact sold in individual, on-the-go portion packs.
Tetra Pak was the first company to introduce aseptically packed coconut water which could be stored for long periods and packaged without altering
its natural texture and nutrients. Today, the company works closely with coconut water customers around the world to provide packaging solutions
which ensure product safety and convenience for consumers.
In 2012 Tetra Pak opened a Coconut Knowledge Centre in Singapore. This centre enables us to understand the characteristics of coconut products;
provide technical support to customers; develop new recipes; and expand knowledge sharing among our international network of experts.
cactus watEr
True Nopal Cactus Water was recently launched in America, packed in Tetra Prisma® Aseptic 1000 ml Square packages, maintaining its freshness.
True Nopal is made with the nutritious fruit of the prickly pear cactus and is 100 per cent all natural with no added sugars, no fat, no cholesterol,
no GMOs and is gluten-free.
A maybe less known but very healthy option is cactus water. Already a popular beverage in Mexico, South America, India, the Middle East and parts
of Europe, it has recently caught on in popularity in the United States too.
Cactus water comes from prickly pears - the fruit produced by one particular cacti, Opuntia - which offer a range of health benefits, containing a variety of
vitamins, a high fibre content and are rich in magnesium and potassium.
Additionally, this fruit is rich in amino acids, specifically taurine. Taurine has antioxidants and flavonoids, both of which are beneficial to the body.
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Exploration and trade
Over millennia water has exerted an extraordinary pull on the human imagination. It seems that we only have to see a sea to want to travel across it. The following
conquests enabled the world to become connected and, through trade, stay connected.
28 TETRA PAK Magazine
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connEctinG continEnts
A history of the great sea-faring nations doubles up
as a history of how nations learned to speak to one
another, although not always peacefully. There are
the Polynesians who used balsa-log boats to colonise
the Pacific; or the Vikings who used their long ships
to travel as far east as Constantinople and as far west
as Newfoundland; or the British who colonised North
America and Oceania and discovered the South Pole;
or the Spanish who colonised America and were the
first to circumnavigate the globe; or the Portuguese
who discovered a way round Africa to India and were
the first Europeans to travel to Indonesia, China and
Japan.
All these amazing feats of seamanship created the first
trade bonds. Both the Silk Road and the maritime Silk
Route were established in the 1st Century BC thereby
providing the opportunity for East to meet West.
And for an extraordinary four centuries (beginning
in the13th century) the Hanseatic League allowed a
collection of naval cities to form a trade monopoly
over most of Northern Europe and the Baltic, making
their merchants the wealthiest in Europe.
But the true ‘Age of Sail’ was launched by Vasco de
Gama when he sailed round the Cape of Good Hope
and reached Calicut. Thanks to Vasco’s seafaring
skills, control of the spice trade started to move
from the East to the West. Trade in the East Indies
was dominated by Portugal in the 16th Century, the
Dutch Republic in the 17th century and the British in
the 18th Century.
tradinG on rivErs and canals
De Gama’s feat has been regarded by many as the
‘Big Bang’ of globalization. However, water voyages
have not all been on a grand or international scale.
Travel and trade has always been a feature of life
up and down rivers, and where no natural water-
ways existed, people have often created them. The
building of canals was started by the Mesopotamians
as early as 4000 BC, and continued by the Chinese
when they created the Grand Canal of China, still
the longest canal in the world, at the turn of the 7th
Century. Canals provided the infrastructure for the
Industrial Revolutions in both America and Britain.
Over time, they were superseded by rail and road.
But even to this day, the Panama and Suez Canal are
of vital strategic importance.
29TETRA PAK Magazine
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rEapinG what you sow
Until approximately 10,000 years ago, our ancestors did
not deliberately sow and harvest plants for consumption.
Communities subsisted on hunting and gathering, for which
they had developed tools and techniques. But certain
groups, in locations with a steady and relatively predictable
supply of fresh water, were able to take a great developmental
step forward in the form of early agriculture. This occurred
independently in several very different parts of the world;
each time in proximity to one or several rivers.
Sowing and harvesting crops meant that these early commu-
nities no longer had to be nomadic in order to survive
by hunting for edible plants and following game. Instead
they could focus on developing technologies to improve
their harvest: early engineering projects were in fact often
destined to control the flow and availability of water for
crops.
Early urban planninG alonG thE indus
This pattern – freshwater supply, agriculture, irrigation
systems - appears in the four major early riverine civilizations
which gave rise to the first sophisticated city states. It seems
that mastering the water supply was key to the development
of many other technologies, allowing human communities
to take their skills and knowledge to a completely new level.
Consider Harappa, an ancient city-state in the Indus Valley.
As early as 3000 BCE, this impressive civilization had sew-
erage and drainage systems that were far more advanced
than many to be found elsewhere in later centuries. Good
hygiene, coupled with efficient irrigation systems, allowed
the population along the Indus to flourish. Controlling the
freshwater supply and the flow of waste water was crucial to
the success of the Harappan civilization, which numbered
over five million people at its height. Harappan cities were
constructed using advanced urban planning and building
techniques. They applied a uniform system of weights and
measures and are credited with inventing dentistry as well as
a system of writing known as Indus script.
irriGation canals in thE cradlE of civilization
Similarly, the first city-based civilization in Mesopotamia,
around 3300 BCE, developed irrigation systems to divert
water from the two great rivers to crops in the region in
between them. Communities living in what is known as the
cradle of civilization learned to exploit the water supply
through a system of man-made canals, thereby guaranteeing
How water turned hunter-gatherers into farmers and engineers
It is not an exaggeration to say that the birth of major human civilization depended on close proximity to water. Enormous leaps forward, such as the invention of writing and irrigation technology, first happened in early human settlements located along major
rivers in very different parts of the world.
The Indus Valley Civilization Pakistan 1865.
30 TETRA PAK Magazine
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more reliable food production. Maintenance of the irrigation
network required a large amount of human labour, which led
to the development of urban centres and, eventually, city-
states. The fertile plains of Mesopotamia sustained the fertile
minds of their inhabitants, who went on to develop a written
language (Sumerian), in addition to mathematics, astronomy,
medicine, literature, philosophy and art.
ExploitinG floodwatEr alonG thE nilE
In ancient Egypt as well as along the Indus and in Mesopotamia,
irrigation technology also included the diversion of flood water.
The rich sediments in the flood waters improved agricultural out-
put, and the more secure food supply in turn allowed people to
focus on innovations beyond irrigation systems. Fishing will have
provided much-needed protein as well, probably contributing
to the population’s chances of thriving and developing new skills
and abilities. Visitors to Egypt today still marvel at the innovative
capabilities of the ancient Egyptians and their unrivalled building
techniques, of which the famous pyramids, temples and monu-
mental statues provide abundant proof.
watEr fostErs human inGEnuity
Chinese civilization was also born along a river – or more
than one. The Yellow River, or Huang He, was apparently
harnessed for irrigation purposes as early as the third
millennium BCE. The importance of irrigation engineering for
the region was such that warring city states would sabotage
each other’s canals and dykes, deliberately causing floods
in rival territories. But in peacetime, along these ancient
rivers, human ingenuity exploded in the form of techno-
logical advances, with a spill-over effect into many areas of
human endeavour besides agriculture. Architecture, urban
planning, art and handicrafts all developed in the early city
states, along with the great human breakthrough of written
language. In addition to providing essential water, the rivers
also acted as communication channels between the various
settlements along their banks. Traders and artisans exchanged
knowledge and skills, while materials were brought from distant
regions to produce artefacts, some of which are still being
unearthed by archaeologists today.
Without access to fresh water in the form of major rivers,
human civilization might never have developed as it did. The
many inventions and discoveries originating in the ancient
riverine civilization indicate that human potential is generally
enhanced and supported by the addition of water. This is
even true today, as access to clean drinking water, irrigation
for crops and good waste water disposal are preconditions
for the successful development of communities all over the
planet.
Pyramids at Gizeh with dhows on the Nile River. Yellow river Huang He in Qinghai Province in western China cradle of Chinese civilization.
Chinese calligraphy on ground with water brush.
31TETRA PAK Magazine
Water may be essential to life, but the
land is where humans usually choose to
live. We may venture out on the water
for recreation, adventure or solitude,
but few of us can bear to be cut adrift
from solid ground for too long. What
would it be like to live each day without
ever setting foot on dry land? For most
of us, it’s hard to imagine. For some, it’s
a simple fact of life.
While exact numbers are hard to come
by, more people are living on the water
than you might think. Through choice or
necessity, individuals—and sometimes
even entire communities—are leaving
the shores behind to find a home
among the waves. On houseboats,
longboats, sailboats, makeshift rafts,
and even synthetic islands, these
water-dwellers are drifting outward to
colonize the shifting liquid surface that
covers more than 70 per cent of our
planet.
swEpt off thE land
For some, life on the water is the only
life possible. Driven from the land by
poverty or climatic extremes, these
fragile communities find ingenious
ways to adapt and survive.
When the land no longer welcomes
them, the rivers, lakes, and oceans
While most of us cling to the comforting stability of terra firma, others find creative ways to make the world’s oceans, lakes, and
waterways their permanent home.
There’s no place like Home
The liquid surface covers more than 70 per cent of
our planet.
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about 25,000 people. Sometimes
called “la Venise noire” (the black
Venice), it’s made up of hundreds of
tumbledown wooden shacks perched
on stilts above the grey, oily waters of
a shallow lagoon. The children learn
to swim before they walk, and every
family owns a long canoe used for
transportation and fishing—the way to
earn a living.
Further east, in Cambodia, the floating
village of Chong Khneas bobs on the
offer a last resort to some of the
world’s poorest citizens. On slender
wooden stilts or light bamboo vessels,
these waterborne societies may look
as though they would blow away in a
stiff wind, but many have endured for
centuries, sprawling further each year
until they stretch for miles and house
tens of thousands.
The neighbourhood of Makoko has
crowded the shores of Lagos for nearly
three centuries, and is now home to
chong
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, ind
iam
akoko, lagos
surface of the volatile Tonle Sap Lake.
Every year, the lake swells mightily and
floods the surrounding area, making
any kind of land settlement impossible.
Instead, the locals have built their entire
community on a series of bamboo
houseboats that contain homes, shops,
restaurants, and even a police station.
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in the neighbouring country of thailand, the moken, or
sea gypsies, believe their aquatic way of life is the result of a
curse laid upon them by an ancestral queen. For centuries,
the Moken have lived on boats called kabangs on which they
drift for most of the year. Over time, the water has actually
changed their physiology: the Moken have the ability to
see further and stay longer beneath the water than other
humans. When the tsunami ravaged the coast of Thailand in
2005, not a single Moken life was lost: they read the impending
disaster in the pattern of the waves they knew so well and took
to high ground before impact.
Eco-friEndly livinG
With sea levels now predicted to rise as much as one metre
by 2100, some of the world’s most creative minds are exploring
new ways to house the coastal inhabitants whose homes may
be submerged by the rising tides.
the government of kiribati, a tiny island in the South
Pacific, is also looking into the viability of floating islands to
re-house the “climate refugees” who will soon be pushed
out of their homes by rising sea levels. This development
would allow some 30,000 people to relocate to a series of
artificial islands that float on the water like lily pads. Islands
can be linked together to form self-sustaining “cities” that
include residential units, offices, services, shops, and even
arable land for growing crops.
Whilst working on plans for a floating village, Nigerian architect Kunlé Adeyemi has designed and built, using local materials and labour, a floating school in the watery heart of Makoko. Floating on 256 plastic barrels the school offers classrooms for around 100 children.
While the floating islands of Africa and Kiribati have yet to become reality, an enterprising artist/ecologist has already created an artificial floating island on a much smaller scale. Rishi Sowa built Spiral Island II, which floats near Cancun, Mexico, out of 100,000 recycled plastic bottles. The sandy island is about 18 metres in diameter, and includes a house, mangrove trees, and even a duck pond.
Moken have the ability to see further and stay longer beneath the water than other humans.
nigerian architect kunlé adeyemi is working on plans for
water cities that will allow the coastal waters of Africa to
sustain floating dwellings that minimize ecological impact,
expand the habitable area, and enable residents to weather
adverse environmental conditions including flooding and
storms. His living structures float on recycled barrels and are
powered sustainably by solar panels.
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Some people simply love the freedom of life on the water.
They trade a mortgage for moorage without a backward
glance at their old, landlocked lifestyle.
Water shifts and flows in ways that make life interesting,
especially when you can pick up any time and follow its
unpredictable course. All over the world, adventurous,
independent spirits choose to live on sailboats, longboats,
and houseboats that allow them to blend the comforts of
home with the thrill of adventure.
Amsterdam’s houseboat culture is a unique part of the city’s
distinctive charm. Today, about 2,500 houseboats—some of
them more than 100 years old—float along its labyrinthine
canal system, offering a unique mode of living for artists,
professionals and families.
Britain’s 2,000 miles of navigable waterways are also home
to more than 15,000 people who live on houseboats and the
distinctive, colourful narrow-boats designed to navigate the
nation’s slender canals.
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We need water to survive, of course; along with oxygen it is
a non-negotiable factor for sustaining life. A strong human
being can survive for a month without food, but not more
than about 3 days without water.
Liquid Love
For creatures with no gills or fins, we humans seem to have a surprisingly intense relationship with water. What is behind the love affair between us and H2O?
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So it makes sense that human beings
have evolved to value the presence
of water and particularly of clean, drink-
able, running water. Yet our fascination
with the stuff that covers about 70% of
our blue planet and makes up almost
two thirds of our bodies goes well
beyond mere utility. Throughout history,
our civilizations have developed and
thrived at the water’s edge. In addition,
we connect to water as individuals: we
bathe in it, drink it, play and relax in it,
use it to heal and soothe our bodies
and minds. In communities all over the
planet, human beings have integrated
water into their architecture, religious
rituals, leisure activities, health and
wellbeing.
wErE our ancEstors aquatic mammals?
One tentative explanation for this
intense relationship with water is the
Aquatic Ape Hypothesis, according to
which we all descend from a common
aquatic ancestor. This theory has not
gained mainstream support within the
scientific community, although it has
some eminent proponents, including
Sir David Attenborough (the English
naturalist and former BBC 2 senior
manager, broadcaster of natural history
programmes for more than 60 years).
Some of the arguments in its favour
are compelling - especially when you
compare the human body to that of
other land mammals, most of which are
covered in hair. We, in contrast, appear
to have more in common with dolphins
and seals than with sheep or bears: our
smooth bodies, upright stance and
subcutaneous fat make us better
adapted to an aquatic environment.
And if our hominid ancestors lived in
or by bodies of water, it can be argued
that the fish and seafood they ate - rich
in Omega 3 fatty acids - resulted in
their brains evolving to become the
largest among the genus Homo. If
that is correct, we would owe our very
intelligence to our ancient relationship
with water. While these theories remain
to be scientifically proven, the love
affair between humans and water is
still going strong - starting, arguably,
before we are even born.
swimminG undErwatEr is child’s play
Ultra-sound images reveal human
babies floating happily in amniotic
fluid until the moment of birth. New-
borns retain an uncanny ability to swim
underwater and an efficient reflex that
prevents them from breathing water
into their lungs. Not only can they
cope with an aquatic environment,
they appear to find it very agreeable.
Fontana di Trevi, Italy
For most children, the loss of the
neonatal ability to swim is followed by
years of delighted play in and around
water.
soothinG thE body and thE human spirit
We still use water in therapeutic
contexts, as humans have done since
ancient times. Throughout history,
people have found different ways of
harnessing the soothing properties
of water to enhance their health and
well-being. The ancient Romans elevated
their thermal bath rituals into an art, as
they took to the water – cold, warm or
in steam form - in magnificent sur-
roundings. Not all spa enthusiasts
of today know that they are merely
continuing in the same tradition, as
the word spa is nothing more than
an acronym for the Latin expression,
Salute per Aqua, or Health through
Water.
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Polytheistic religions frequently feature
a river or sea deity with great power,
such as the Greek Poseidon or Roman
Neptune. In Chinese mythology, Gong
Gong was a powerful water god, whilst
He Bo was the god of the Yellow River,
or Huang He.
A common thread among these diverse
watery deities is their association with
both destructive and life-giving powers.
In many sea-faring cultures, a sea god
has to be appeased in order to protect
sailors and fishermen. The sea is
their livelihood, but also a dangerous
environment for humans, and this is
often reflected in its symbolic person-
ification.
Among the more appealing features
of aquatic deities are beauty, fertility
and purity. The Greek goddess
Aphrodite, for example, emerged from
the sea while the Zoroastrian divinity,
Tishtrya, brings life-giving rain and
hence fertility to both the land and its
human inhabitants.
In many sea-faring cultures, a sea god has to be appeased
in order to protect sailors and fishermen.
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African water deities are often female
(the Yoruba goddess Oshun, for
example, or her Igbo river counterpart
Idemili) and associated with beauty,
fertility and motherhood. The life-
fostering properties of water seem to
be embodied in these divine entities.
clEansinG & purifyinG
Human societies as far apart as the
river Jordan and the Ganges have
placed their hopes in the river’s capacity
to cleanse and purify, allowing the
believer to emerge renewed - reborn,
in a sense - as a result.
Water has a central place in the
practices and beliefs of many religions
for two main reasons. First, water
cleanses. Water washes away impurities
and pollutants, it can make an object
look as good as new and wipe away any
signs of previous defilement. Water
not only purifies objects for ritual use,
but it cleanses a person, externally or
spiritually, ready to come into the
presence of his/her focus of worship.
And second, water is a primary building
block of life. Without water there is no
life, yet water has the power to destroy
as well as to create.
The significance of water varies in
different religions and beliefs but
these two qualities of water lie behind
its place in most cultures and faiths.
a trEasurE worth protEctinG
Evidently our passion for water runs
deep – as it were – only adding to the
many reasons we already have to value
this essential resource. Whether or not
we descend from an ancient aquatic
ancestor, as a species we have benefited
from proximity to water. It remains a
vital necessity, as well as a source of
pleasure and well-being.
Without water there is no life!
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Tetra Pak Magazine No.103 2014, ISSN 0346-3044. The Tetra Pak Group’s International Company Magazine is produced in Sweden. The magazine is distributed to more than 150 countries and is available in Chinese, English, Finnish, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish and selected issues in Japanese. Publisher: Christopher Huntley. Editor: Julie Trolley. Editorial board: Vincent Michelet, Carol Yang, Paul Wharton, Rolf Viberg, Julie Trolley. Produced by: Tetra Pak International, Ruben Rausings gata, 221 86 Lund, Sweden. Tel +39 059 898361, E-mail [email protected] . Graphic design: Wahlgren & Hansson, Malmö, Sweden, www.woh.se. Cover Image: Gettyimages/ Christopher Pillitz Paper Cover: Arctic paper/Amber Graphic, 240 g. Paper Body: Arctic paper/Amber Graphic, 120 g. Print: ExaktaPrinting Malmö, Sweden. ISO 14001 and FSC Certificates.
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Tetra Pak, ,PROTECTS WHAT’S GOOD, Tetra Brik, Tetra Classic, Tetra Evero, Tetra Fino,Tetra Gemina, Tetra Prisma, Tetra Recart, Tetra Rex, Tetra Top, and Tetra Wedge are some of the trademarks belonging to the Tetra Pak Group.
www.tetrapak.com
Theme: Water
No.
2014