2014admissiononwards iiisemester corecourse (cucbcss)...ramachandra dikshita – nagesa –...

METHODOLOGY OF ANCIENT

INDIAN TRADITION

B. A. SANSKRIT2014 Admission onwards

III Semester

CORE COURSE

(CU CBCSS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY P. O., MALAPPURAM DIST., KERALA,INDIA PIN: 673 635

School of Distance Education

Methodoloogy of Ancient Indian Tradition

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONSTUDY MATERIAL

BA SANSKRITIII SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

METHODOLOGY OF ANCIENT INDIAN TRADITION

PREPARED BY : THAHIRA P.Assistant Professor,Department of Sanskrit,S. N. G. S. College,Pattambi.

SCRUTINISED BY : Dr. PUSHPADASAN KUNIYIL,Asst. Professor of Sanskrit Sahitya,S. N. G. S. College,Pattambi.

©Reserved



SKT3B03B.A DEGREE PROGRAMME SANSKRIT

SEMESTER IIICORE COURSE III -METHODOLOGY OF ANCIENT INDIAN TRADITIONCredits 4 Instructional hours 90Aim of the course :

This course aims at imparting the students of through knowledge of the methodology of learningSanskrit, which includes both ancient and modern perspective of learning.Objective of the course:

1. To acquaint the students with the methodology of learning Sanskrit language and literature.2. To know about the methodology of learning Sastra.3. To impart basic knowledge to the students about Manuscriptology.

Course outline:Module ILoukika Sanskrit – Sanskrit grammarians – Munitraya – Panini, katyayana and Patanjali, Learningof Sanskrit through Kasika and Prakriya Method, Major grammarians in Kasika method –Jayaditya, Vamana and haradatta, Major grammarians in Prakriya method – Dharmakirti –Ramachandra Dikshita – Nagesa – Narayanabhatta etc. Two major traditions – Paniniya andApaniniya.Essential Reading:Vyakaranasastrsya ithihasa by Brahmananda Tripati.Additional reading:

1. Vyakaranamenna Vedangam by K.J Narayanan namboodiri, Kanipayyur SankaranNamboodirippad Smaraka Granthasala, Kanippayyur, Thrissur.

2. Uparinavagramajanmano Narayanabhattapadasya Vyakaranapratibha – N. V.Krishnawarriar. ( Translation to Sanskrit by Prof. K. P. Narayanapisharoti) fromPrakriyasarvaswam of Melputhur Narayanabhatta, pub. by Guruvayur Devaswam,Guruvayur.

Module IIManuscriptology.

Essential reading:Manuscritology by Maheswaran NairAdditional reading:

1. Fundamentals of Manuscriptology – P.Visalakshi, Dravidian linguists association, St.Xaviers College, Trivandrum.Chapters – Manuscriptology and its Significance, Language and Script,Manuscript characteristics, Collection of Manuscripts and cataloguing.

2. Conservation of Manuscripts and Documents – INTACH Indian conservation institute,Lucknow , 1992

3. Introduction to Manuscriptology – R. S. Sivaganeshamurthy,Sarada publishing house , Delhi- 1996.

4. Indian Textual Criticism – S. M. Kartre



MODULE 1temI-km-ln-Xy¯nÂ sh¨v Gddhpw t{ijvThpw {]Y-a-Øm-\-a-e-¦-cn-¡p-¶-h-bp-amWv thZ-§Ä. {]mNo-

\-cmb alÀjn-amÀ FÃm hyh-lm-c-̄ n-\p-ap-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ iÐ-kw-{K-l-§ÄthZ-§-fn-ep-s-¶p ]d-bp-¶p.Cu euIn-Ihpw hymh-lm-cn-I-hp-amb `mj-bmWv temI-̄ nÂ hncm-Pn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]qÀÆ-Im-enI euIn-I-`m-j-bn-ep-m-bn-cp¶ sshZn-I-i-Ð-§-sf-Ãmw Ct¸mÄ sshZn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ {]mNo-\-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ euIn-I-þ-ssh-ZnI iÐ-§Ä¡v t`Z-an-Ã. AÀ°-Úm-\-kw-_-Ô-¯n-\p-th-n Xcw-Xn-cn-¡p¶p Ft¶-bp-Åp. AYÀÆ-th-Z-¯nÂ ssZho-hm-Iv, am\p-jo-hmIv F¶v `mjsb c-mbn hÀ®n-¡p-¶p-v. AXnÂ kXy-am-

bXv ssZho-hm-¡pw, Ak-Xyhpw FÃm-bn-S¯pw {]N-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xpw am\p-jo-hm-¡pw. Cu am\p-jo-hm-¡mWveuInIw F¶pw ]d-bp¶p. C{]-Imcw sshZn-I-sa¶pw euIn-I-sa¶pw `mj c-mbn Xncn-bp-¶p. A]u-cp-tj-b-Xz{]-[m-\-am-bXv ssZho-hm¡pw ]ucp-tj-b-Xz-{]-[m-\-am-bXv am\p-jo-hm¡v/euIn-I-hm-¡p-am-Ip-¶p.

thZ-§Ä¡p-tijw DÛ-hn¨ thZmw-K-§Ä thZ-]p-cp-jsâ AwK-§-fmbn IÂ]n-¡p-¶p.

hm¡p-I-fpsS AÀ°-{K-l-Ww, {]tbmKw F¶n-hsb Ipdn-¨pff Úm\w thZm-[y-b-\-̄ n\v A\n-hm-cy-am-sW-¶XpsImv kÀÆmw-K-kpµ-c-amb ico-c-¯nÂ apJw-t]m-se- {]m[m-\y-ap-Å-XmWv hymI-c-Wsa¶thZmw-Kw.

F¶p hymI-c-W-i-Ð-

¯nsâ \njv]-¯n. km[p-i-Ð-P-\-I-imkv{Xw/iÐ-imkv{Xw/iÐ-hyp-Xv]-¯n-imkv{Xw F¶À°w.]X-RvP-en-bpsS "alm-`mjy'¯nÂ hymI-c-W-{]-tbm-P\w C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-¶pþ

`ÀXrlcnbpw Xsâ hmIy]Zob¯nÂ thZmwKamb hymIcWw tamt£m]mbamsW¶v

hyàam¡p¶p

तम।्

F«p hymIcWk{¼Zmb§Ä Dmbncp¶Xmbn kqN\Ifpv.

ap\n-{X-b-§ÄhymIcW¯nÂ Gddhpw {][m\w ]mWn\n, ImXymb\³, ]XRvPen F¶ ap\n{Xb§fpsS

kw`mh\bmWv.{Xnap\nhymIcWw, btYm¯cw ap\o\mw {]mamWyw XpS§nb DànIÄ {]kn²amWv.

]mWn\n.

“tb\m£ckamav\mba[nKay atlizcmXv

IrÕv\w hymIcWw t{]màw Xkvssa ]mWn\tb \ax“.



F¶p ]mWn\n kvacnbv¡s¸Sp¶p. `mc-Xo-b-hymIcWimkv{XNn´ AXnsâ ]qÀ®XbnÂ

F¯p¶Xv AjvSm²ymboIÀ¯mhmb ]mWn\nbneqsSbmWv.]gbemtlmdnse imemXpc{KmaamWv ]mWn\nbpsS P·tZiw. ]mWn-\n-bpsS P·-`qan imem-Xpcw

F¶ {Kma-am-sW¶v hÀ²-am-\³ Xsâ KW-c-Xv\-atlm-Z-[n-bnÂtc-J-s -̧Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Nne ]Þn-X-·mÀ]mWn-\n-bpsS hmk-̀ qan hmlo-I-tZ-i-¯n-\-Sp-̄ m-sW-¶-`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p.

‘Zm£o]p{Xky ]mWnt\x’ F¶ `mjyhN\¯nÂ \n¶pw A½bpsS t]cv Zm£o

F¶mbncp¶psh¶v a\Ênem¡mw. ]mWn\n F¶Xv tKm{X-\m-a-am-Wv. ‘ ]tWm/kymkvXoXn ]Wnx, ]Wnt\m

tKm{Xm]Xyw ]pam³ ]mWn\x, Xky tKm{Xm]Xyw ]pam³ ]mWn\nx CXn.’ ]mWn\nv, ]mWn\³, Zm£o]p{X³,

ime¦n, imemXpcob³,BlnI³ F¶o t]cpIfnepadnbs¸«ncp¶p.

Imew]mWn-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-Im-es¯ Ipdn-¨pÅ hnhn-[-a-X-§Ä NphsS tNÀ¡p¶pþkXy-{h-X³ kma-{ihn þ 2400 _n. kn.`ÞmÀ¡À þ 700 _n. kn.

s{]m^. kp{_ÒWyimkv{Xn þ 550 _n. kn.amIvtUm-WÂ þ 500 _n. kn.hmkptZh³ þ 500 _n. kn.amIvkvap-ÅÀ þ 350 _n. kn.G. _n. Io¯v þ 300 _n. kn.

AjvSm²ymbn.]mWn\n cNn¨ hymIcWimkv{X{KÙamWv AjvSm²ymbn. t]cv kqNn¸nbv¡p¶Xpt]mse

{KÙ¯n\v F«²ymb§fpv. Hmtcm A²ymb¯n\pw \mep ]mZ§fpw, BsI \membnct¯mfw

kq{X§fpw Dv.

AjvSIw, i_vZm\pimk\w, hr¯nkq{Xw, ]mWn\obw F¶o t]cpIfnepw Cu {KÙwAdnbs¸Sp¶p. kq{Xcq]¯nemWv CXnsâ cN\.

F¶p kq{Xe£Ww. ]mWn\obkq{X§sf kwÚ, ]cn`mj, hn[n, \nbaw, AXntZiw, A[nImcw

F¶n§s\ BdmbnXncnbv¡mw.]mWn-\o-b-hym-I-c-W¯nsâ ASnØm\w amtl-iz-c-kq-{X§fmWv þ

Cu hnj-b-̄ nÂ Hcp sFXnlyw Dv. _mey-̄ nÂ Aev]-_p-²n-bm-bn-cp¶ ]mWn-\nsb kl-]m-Tn-IÄ \nc-´cw ]cn-l-kn-̈ n-cp-¶p. CXnÂ a\w-s\m´ ]mWn\n kI-e-Úm-\-\n-[n-bmb ]c-a-in-hs\ X]-Êp-sNbvXv {]km-Zn-¸n¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ V¡-bnÂ\n-¶p-XnÀ¶ ]Xn-¶mep iÐ-§Ä ]Xn-¶mep kq{X-§-fmbn]mWn-\n-¡-\p- -̀h-s¸«p F¶mWv sFXnlyw.



]Xn\mev amtlizckq{X§Ä ChbmWvþ

अइउण,् ऋलक्ृ, , ऐऔच,् , लण,् ञमङणनम,् झभञ,् घढधष,्जबगडदश,् खफछठथचटतव,् कपय,् शषसर,् हल।्

amtlizckq{X§sf ASnØm\am¡nb {]Xymlmc§fpw A\phr¯n, hn{]Xntjt[ ]cw Imcyw,

]qÀh{Xmkn²w, XpS§nb kmt¦XnIXIളും ]mWn\obhymIcW¯nsâ {]tXyIXIÄ BWv]mWn\n Xsâ Aãm-²ym-bn-bpsS ]qÀ®-X-bv¡mbn [mXp-]m-Tw, KW-]m-Tw, enwKm-\p-im-k-\w,

in£m-{K-Ùw, DWm-Zn-kq-{X-§Ä F¶o imkv{X-§Ä cNn-̈ n-«pv. hymI-c-W-im-kv{X-¯nsâ ]qcI§fmb ChA\p_Ô-§Ä F¶pw Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. ap¼v Nne sshbmIcW·mÀ euInI `mjbv¡pw NneÀsshZnI`mjbv¡pw hymIcWw cNn¨p F¶ncns¡ ]mWn\n Ch cntebpw i_vZ§Ä¡v \nba§ÄDm¡n. kq£vahpw kÀÆtXmapJhpambn Dmb BZys¯ hymIcWimkv{Xw ]mWn\obamsW¦nepwBZys¯ hymIcWw AXÃ. ]mWn\n Xs¶ AjvSm²ymbnbnÂ Xsâ ]qÀhmNmcy·msc kvacn¡p¶pv.B]nien, Imiy]³, KmÀKy³, Kmeh³, Nm{IhÀaW³, `mcZzmP³, imISmb\³, imIey³, tk\I³,kvt^mSmb\³ F¶o ]¯p BNmcy·msc ]mWn\ob¯nÂ \nÀt±in¡p¶pv.

F¶-XnÂ\n¶pw "Pmw_-h-Xo-Pbw' F¶ t]cnÂ Hcp

Imhyw-IqSn ]mWn\n cNn-̈ n-«p-s-¶p a\-Ên-em-¡mw. Cu IrXn "]mXm-f-hn-Pbw' F¶t]cn-ep-a-dn-b-s -̧Sp-¶p.hmÀ¯nIImc\mb ImXymb\³Aãm-²ym-bnsb A[n-I-cn¨v sshbm-I-c-W-·mÀ hmÀ¯n-I-§Ä cNn-¨p.Ch-cnÂ {][m-\n-I-fmWv ImXym-b-\³, `mc-Zzm-P³, kp\m-K³, t{Imãmhv XpS-§n-b-hÀ.

hmÀ¯n-I-e-£Ww þ

F¶v ]cm-i-tcm-]-]p-cm-Ww.]d-ªXpw ]d-bm-̄ Xpw sXddmbn ]d-ª-Xp-amb hnjbs¯¡pdn¨pÅ Nn´bmWv hmÀ¯n-I-

§Ä. hmÀ¯n-I-¯n\v hmIyw/hymJym-\-kq{Xw/`mjy-kq{Xw/A\p-X{´w/A\p-kvarXn F¶o t]cp-I-fpv.ap\n-{X-b-¯nÂ ]mWn-\n-¡p-tijw hmÀ¯n-I-Im-c-\mb ImXym-b-\sâ t]cmWv Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv. IqSmsX,alm-`m-jy-̄ nÂ ImXym-b-\sâ hmÀ¯n-I-§Ä¡mWv IqSp-XÂ hymJym\w \evI-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

]pcp-tjm-¯-a-tZ-hm-Nm-cy³ Xsâ "{XnIm-Þ-tijw' F¶ tImi-¯nÂ ImXym-b-\\m-a-§fn{]Imcwhnh-cn-¡p¶p þ

ImXym-b-\sâ Pohn-X-Imew _n.-kn. H¶mw \qddmm-sW¶p Icp-X-s -̧Sp-¶p. Ct±-l-̄ nsâ P·-tZiw Z£n-W-tZ-i-am-sW¶pw Icp-Xp-¶p.

ImXym-b-\-tKm-{X-¯nÂ ]nd¶ hc-cpNn ImXym-b-\-\m-a-̄ n-e-dn-b-s -̧Sp-I-bm-Wpm-b-Xv. ImXym-b-\sâ hmÀ¯n-I-]mTw ]mWn-\o-b-hym-I-c-W-¯n\v FÃm-X-c-¯nepw t]mj-I-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu hmÀ¯n-I-§ÄkzX-{´-Ir-Xn-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ C¶p e`y-a-Ã. ImXym-b-\-hmÀ¯n-I-§sf B{i-bn-̈ mWv ]X-RvPen alm-`m-jy-c-N\ \S-¯n-b-Xv. IrXy-ambn F{X hmÀ¯n-I-§-fp-s-¶p ]d-bm³ Ign-bn-sÃ-¦nepw GI-tZiw 250 kq{X-§-fpsS tZmj-§sf ImWn-¡p-I-bpw, 240 kq{X-§-fnÂ Nne Awi-§Ä Iq«p-Ibpw Ipd-bv¡p-I-bpw, 10-Hmfwkq{X-§Ä A\m-h-iy-sa¶p I-v {]Xym-Jym\w sN¿p-Ibpw 700-Hmfw kq{X-§Ä tZmjw ]d-bmsX hmÀ¯n-I-§-fn-eqsS hymJym-\n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn a\-Ên-em-¡mw.



addp IrXnIÄhmc-cpNw Imhyw (kzÀ¤m-tcm-l-W-Imhyw) F¶ t]cn-semcp Imhyw ImXym-b-\³ cNn-̈ -Xmbn Icp-Xp-

¶p. Cu Imhys¯¡pdn-̈ pÅ ]cm-aÀiw alm-̀ m-jy-¯nÂ ImWmw þ

{`mP-kw-Ú-I-tÇm-I-§sfIp-dn¨pw alm-`m-jy-¯nÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p.ssIb-S³ XpS-§nb BNm-cy-·mÀ Cu tÇmI-§Ä cNn-̈ Xv ImXym-b-\-\m-sW¶p Icp-Xp-¶p.

`mjyImc\mb ]XRvPen

kq{X-hn-h-c-W-{KÙw F¶p kmam-\ymÀ°w.hnjvWp-[Àt½m-̄ -c-]p-cm-W-̄ nÂ `mjy-e-£Ww C{]-Imcw ]d-bp¶p

kq{XmÀ°-§fpw Ah-bpsS hmÀ¯n-I-§fpw hymJym-\n-¡p-Ibpw kz´w aXw kaÀ°n¡pIbpwsN¿p¶ {KÙ-amWv `mjyw. hmÀ¯nI§fS§nb ]mWn\obkq{X§sf ]cntim[n¡pIbpw AhbpsSkmcw kv]jvSam¡pIbpw AhbnÂ ]e hmÀ¯nI§sfbpw \ncmIcn¡pIbpw hymIcWkw_Ônbmb\qX\kn²m´§Ä BhnjvIcn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ {]mamWnI{KÙamWv ]XRvPen alÀjn cNn¨

alm`mjyw. CXnsâ cN\bneqsS GhcptSbpw ARvPen_Ô¯n\v (BZchn\v) ]m{XambXn\memWv]XRvPen F¶ t]cpmbXv. ]Xx ]X³ hm ARvPenx \akvImcnXbm bkvan³ CXn ]XRvPenx. {]mNo-\-{K-Ù-§-fnÂ\n¶v ]X-RvP-en, tKm\ÀZo-b³, tKmWn-Im-]p-{X³, \mK-\m-Y³, Aln-]-Xn, ^Wn-`r-Xv, tij-cmP³,NqÀWn-Im-c³, ]Z-Im-c³ F¶n-§s\ ]e-t]-cp-I-fn-e-dn-b-s -̧Sp-¶-Xmbn a\-Ên-em-¡mw. tKm\À±ob³ F¶XnÂ\n¶pw ]XRvPen tKm\À±tZi¯mWv P\n¨Xv F¶\pam\n¡mw. At±-l-̄ nsâ P·-`qan Imivao-c-am-sW-¶pw, -]m-S-eo-]p-{X-am-sW¶pw hn`n-¶m-`n-{]m-b-§-fpv. ]X-RvP-en-bpsS Imew G. Un. c-mw \qdd-m-msW¶v

Icp-Xp-¶p.

alm`mjyw]X-RvP-en-hn-c-Nn-X-amb alm-`m-jy-¯nÂ 85 BÓn-I-§-fp-v. BÓnIsa¶ ]Z¯n\v Hcp Znhkw

sImv ]Tn¸n¡mhp¶Xv F¶À°w. (AÓm \nÀhr¯w BÓnIw). Zpcqlhpw ipjvIhpamb hymIcWs¯]XRvPen alm`mjy¯neqsS kcfhpw kckhpw B¡n¯oÀ¯p. kwhmZcq]¯nepffhnjb{]Xn]mZ\coXn DXvIrjvSamWv. ]mWn-\n-bpsS 1700 kq{X-§-fmWv {]kvXp-X-{K-Ù-¯nÂ ]X-RvPenhymJym-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]mWn-\n-bpsS kq{X-§Ä¡v ImXym-b-\³ cNn¨ hmÀ¯n-I-§fpw alm-`m-jy-¯nÂ

hymJym-\n-¡p-¶p. F¶ kqàn-bnÂ\n¶pw ap\n-{X-b-¯nÂ D¯-tcm-

¯cw hcp¶ ap\n-IÄ¡mWv {]m[m-\y-sa-¶pw, At¸mÄ Gddhpw {]m[m\yw ]X-RvP-en-¡m-sW¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

]uc-kvXycpw ]mÝm-Xy-cp-am-bn-«pÅ FÃm sshbm-I-c-W-·mcpw ]X-RvP-ensb kmZcw \an-¡p-¶p.`À¯r-lcn Xsâ hmIy-]-Zo-b-¯nÂ C{]-Imcw {]iw-kn-¡p-¶pþ

कृते/



AXn-hn-kvXr-Xhpw AXy-Km-[-hp-amb ]mX-RvP-e-a-lm-̀ mjyw hymI-c-Wm-²y-b-\-¯nsâA´n-a-L-«-¯n-emWv ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv. alm`mjy¯nsâ ]T\w kmÀh{{XnIambt¸mÄ ap¼pmbncp¶

hymIcW{KÙ§sfÃmw hnkvarX{]mb§fmbn. “alm`mjyw hm ]T\obw almcmPyw hm ]me\obw”almcmPy]cn]me\w t]mse A`nImayamWv alm`mjy]T\w F¶v ]WvUnX·mÀ DZvtLmjnbv¡p¶p.alm`mjy¯n\v `À¯rlcn cNn¨ hymJym\amWv alm`mjyZo]nI. CXv {]mNo\hpw A]qÀ®hpamWv.

ssIbSsâ alm`mjy{]Zo]w {]mamWnIhpw {]mNo\hpamb alm`mjyhymJym\amWv.IminImcoXn./ {]{InbmcoXn.kq{X§Ä hymJymKay§fmWv. ]ZtÑZw, ]Z§fpsS AÀ°w, kakvX]Z§fpsS hn{Klw,

hmIytbmP\, ]qÀh]£w D¶bn¨ kn²m´§Ä Ahbv¡pff adp]SnIÄ F¶nh hymJym\§fpsSAhbh§fmWv. Cu Ahbh§sfÃmw tImÀ¯nW¡n kq{X{Iaa\pkcn¨v hymJym\n¡p¶ {KÙwhr¯n{KÙw F¶t]cnÂ Adnbs¸Sp¶p. ]mWn\ob¯nsâ hr¯n{KÙ§fnÂ anI¨Xpwal¯z]qÀ®hpamWv IminImhr¯n. AXpsImv Cu hymJym\coXn- Imin-Im-coXn F¶-dn-b-s -̧Sp-¶p.

kw£n]vXX e£yam¡n cNn¡s¸« AjvSm²ymbnbnse hnjb§Ä hn`Pn¨v, hnjbhn`mKa\pkcn¨v]mWn\obkq{X§sf {]{In-bm-ku-I-cy-¯n-\p-th-n ]pXnb coXn-bnÂ {Iao-I-cn¨v kwÚ, ]cn`mj, kÔn,kp_´w F¶o coXn-bnÂ hymJym-\n-¡p¶ coXnbmWv {]{Inbm-co-Xn.

IminImhr¯n

Imin-Im-co-Xn-bn-epÅ {][m-\-{K-Ù-amWv IminImhr¯n. PbmZnXy\pw hma\\pw kwbpàambncNn¨ ZznIÀ¯rI]mWn\obhymJym\amWv IminImhr¯n.

8 A²ym-b-§fpff IrXnbnse BZys¯ 5 A-²ymb§Ä Pbm-Zn-Xy\pw Ah-km-\s¯ aq¶-²ymb§Ä ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbXp hma-\\pambncp¶p F¶p ]WvUnXaXw.

ChÀ F. Un. 6þ7 \qddm-pIÄ¡n-S-bnemWv Pohn-̈ n-cp-¶Xv. ]ebnS¯pw alm-`m-jy-s¯A\pIcn¡msX {]mNo-\-hr-̄ n-Isf {]am-W-ambn kzoI-cn-¨ncn¡p¶p. ]Xn-t\gmw \qddm-nÂ kn²m- -́Iu-ap-Znbpw AXnsâ hymJym-\-§-fmb {]uV-at\m-c-abpw i_vtZµp-ti-J-chpw hcp-¶-Xp-hsc C´y-bnÂ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-cq-]-¯nÂ {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw

t\Snb {KÙamWv IminImhr¯n. Imin-bnÂ shs¨-gp-Xn-b-Xp-sIm-mWv CXn\v Imin-Im-hr¯n

F¶ t]cp-h-¶-sX¶v lc-Z-¯³. ---- - IminImhr¯nbv¡v

At\Iw hymJym\§Ä Dvþ

Pnt\{µ_p²n IminImhnhcW]RvPnI AYhm \ymkwCµpan{X³ A\p\ymkwhnZymkmKcap\n {]{InbmaRvPcn

lcZ¯³ AYhm ]ZaRvPcnlcZ¯an{i³cmatZh³ hr¯n{]Zo]w

ChbnÂ \ymkhpw ]ZaRvPcnbpw {]kn²§fmWv. F. Un. F«mw \qddm-nÂ Pohn-¨n-cp-¶_p²-a-Xm-\p-bm-bnbmWv \ymkIÀ¯mhmb Pnt\{µ_p²n.ssat{Xbc£nXsâ X{´{]Zo]hpwaÃo\mYsâ \ymtkmtZymXhpw \c]Xnalman{isâ \ymb{]Imihpw \ymk¯nsâ hymJym\§fmWv.

F. Un. H³]Xmw \qddmmWv ]ZaRvPcoIÀ¯mhmb lcZ¯sâ ImeL«w. cwK\mYbPzmhnsâaRvPcoaIcµhpw inh`«sâ Ip¦pahnImkhpw ]ZaRvPcnbpsS hymJym\§fmWv.



i_vZIukvXp`w`t«mPnZo£nX³ AjvSm²ymbn¡v cNn¨ hnkvXrXamb hr¯nbmWv i_vZIukvXp`w.

euInIi_vZ§fpsS hnkvXcn¨pff A\zmJym\amWv CXnse {]Xn]mZyw F¶v {KÙImc³ Xs¶

sshbmIcWkn²m´IuapZnbnÂ hyàam¡nbn«pvþ “ hnkvXmckvXp bYmimkv{Xw ZÀinXx

i_vZIukvXpt`”.iÐ-Iu-kvXp- -̀hym-Jym-\-§Ä1. hnj-a-]mZn þ \mtK-i- -̀«³.

2. {]` þ sshZy-\m-Y-]m-bp-Kp-Þ³.3. DtZymXw þ hnZym-\m-Y-ip-¢.4. `mh-{]-Zo]w þ IrjvW-an-{X³.5. iÐ-Iu-kvXp- -̀`q-jWw þ `mkvI-c-Zo-£n-X³.

IminImhr¯nIgnªmÂ Gddhpw {]mamWnIambn AwKoIcn¨ncp¶ Hcp {KÙambncp¶p`mKhr¯n. ]ZaRvPcn, `mjmhr¯n, AacSoImkÀhkzw apXemb {KÙ§fnÂ `mKhr¯nbnseaX§Ä D²cn¨n«pv. he`ocmPmhmb {io[ctk\sâ BÚb\pkcn¨v `À¯rlcnbmWv Cu{KÙsagpXnbsX¶v CXnsâ hymJymXmhv krjvSn[c³ ]dªn«pv. ssIbS³ lcZ¯³ apXembssh¿mIcW·mÀ IpWn cNn¨ AjvSm²ymbohr¯nsbIpdn¨v ]cmaÀin¡p¶pv.

{]{Inbm{KÙ§Ä]mWn\obhymIcW¯n\v At\Iw sshbmIcW·mÀ {]{Inbm{KÙ§Ä cNn¨n«pv.cq]mhXmcw þ[ÀaIoÀ¯n{]{Inbm{KÙ§fnÂ BZyt¯sX¶v ]dbmhp¶ cq]mhXmcw [À½IoÀ¯n F¶

_u²]WvUnX³ cNn¨XmWv. [À½IoÀ¯nbpsS ImeL«w F.Un. ]Xns\m¶mw iXI¯nemWv.cq]m-h-Xm-c-̄ n\v c-p `mK-§fpv þ ]qÀÆ-`m-Kw, D¯-c-`m-Kw. ]qÀÆ-`mK¯nÂ kwÚm-h-Xm-cw,kwln-Xmh-Xmcw, hn -̀àyh-Xmcw, Ahybmh-Xmcw, kv{Xo{]-Xy-b-Im-c-Imh-Xmcw, kam-kmh-Xmcw, X²n-Xm-h-Xmcw F¶o hnj-b-§Ä. D¯-c-`mKw [mXp-{]-Xy-b-]-RvPn-I F¶ t]cnÂ Adnbs¸Sp¶p.

hymJym-\-§Ä1. \oho þ i¦-c-cm-a³ /i¦-c-]m-c-i-h³ / i¦-c-hm-cyÀ.2. [mXp-{]-Xy-b-]-RvPn-I-SoIm þ AÚm-X-IÀ¯rIw3. cq]m-h-Xm-c-SoIm þ AÚm-X-IÀ¯rIw4. cq]m-h-Xm-c-hym-Jym\w þ AÚm-X-IÀ¯r-Iw

cq]-ame þ hna-e-k-c-kzXn

F. Un. ]Xn-¶memw \qäm-nemWv {KÙcN\. {]{In-bm-Iu-ap-Zo, kn²m-´-IuapZo F¶n-hbv¡vamÀ¤-\nÀt±iw \ÂInbn«pff {KÙamWv hnaekckzXnbpsS cq]ame. hnj-b-{Iaw kwÚm-am-e,kzc-k-Ôn, {]Ir-Xn-`m-hw, hyRvP-\-k-Ôn, hnkÀ¤-kÔn, AP-´-am-e, le-´-am-e, kÀÆ-\m-a-am-e, kwJym-`mKw,\nbXenwKame,

Omµkame, Ahybame, kv{Xo{]Xybame, ImcI`mKw, kmÀh[mXpIame, `mhIÀ½{]{Inb,epUv̀ mKw, erUv`mKw, epMv̀ mKw, enUv`mKw, ]©a`mKw,k\mZn`mKw, eImcmÀ°`mKw,eMmZn\nba`mKw, IrXv {]Xy-b-§Ä, X²n-X-§Ä, kam-k-§Ä F¶n§s\bmWv.



{]{In-bm-Iu-apZn þ cma-N-{µ³/ cma-N-{µ-Zo-£n-XÀ]mWn\ob¯nse FÃm kq{X§fpw hymJym\n¨n«nsÃ¦epw CXv cq]mhXmct¯¡mÄ

hnkvXrXamWv. CXnse hnjb{]Xn]mZ\coXn kcfamWv. F. Un. ]Xn\©mw iXI¯nemWv{]{InbmIuapZnbpsS cN\.

Cu {KÙ¯n\v cmaN{µinjy\mb tijIrjvW³ cNn¨ {]Imiw F¶ hymJym\w{]kn²amWv.

addp hymJym\§Ä{]{In-bm-{]Zo]w þ N{I]mWnZ¯³AarXkrXn þ hmcWht\i³{]{InbmhymIrXn þhnizIÀamimkv{XnX¯zN{µw þ Pb´³hnhcWw þ hcZcmP³{]{Inbmkmcw þ Imio\mY³{]{InbmcRvP\w þ hniz\mYZo£nX³

ssh¿mIcWkn²mÍuapZn þ `t«mPnZo£nX³

F.Un. ]Xn\mdmw iXI¯nÄ Pohn¨ncp¶ `t«mPnZo£nX³almcmjv{S{_mÒW\mbncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ ]nXmhnsâ t]cv e£vao[c³ F¶mbncp¶p.tijIrjvWinjy\mb At±lw IminbnemWv Pohn¨ncp¶Xv. `m\pPnZo£nX\pw hotcizcZo£nX\pw]p{X·mcmbncp¶p. `t«mPnZo£nX³ ]mWn\obkq{X§Ä¡v cNn¨ {]kn²hpw hnkvXrXhpambhymJym\amWv ssh¿mIcWkn²mÍuapZn. ]mWn\obkq{X§sfsbÃmw Xs¶ hymJym\n¨n«pffCu {KÙ¯n\v ]qÀhmÀ²w, D¯cmÀ²w F¶o cp`mK§fpv. ]qÀÆmÀ²¯nÂ kwÚ, ]cn-`m-j,kÔn-{]-I-c-Ww, kp_- -́{]-I-c-Ww, Ahy-b-§Ä,

kv{Xo{]-Xy-b-§Ä, ImcIw, kamk§Ä, X²n-X{]-I-c-Ww F¶o hnjb§Ä{]Xn]mZn¨ncn¡p¶p. D¯-cmÀ²¯nse {]Xn]mZyhnjbw XnM-´-{]-I-c-Ww, Wy´-þk-\´þbM´þbMv epK-´mZn {]{In-b-IÄ, ^nSvkq{X§Ä. kzctij§Ä, kamkkzc§Ä, kzc-k-©m-c-{]-Im-cw XpS§nbhbmWv. Ch-Iq-SmsX enwKm-\p-im-k\hpw CXnÂ DÄs¡m-Ån-̈ n«pv. AXnÂ 5A[n-Im-c-§fpw

188 kq{X-§-fpapv. hmÀ¯nI§Ä, `mjyw, IminImhr¯n apXemb{]mamWnI{KÙ§fnse hN\§Ä D²cn¡pIbpw aXt`Z§Ä kaÀ°n¡pIbpw sNbvXXneqsSsshbmIcWkn²mÍuapZn hymIcWm²yb\¯n\pff {][m\{KÙambn¯oÀ¶p.

IuapZo bZyIWvTØm hrYm `mtjy ]cn{iax.

IuapZo bZn IWvTØm hrYm `mtjy ]cn{iax.F¶ tÇmIw IuapZnbpsS al¯zw kqNn¸n¡p¶p. `t«mPnZo£nXsâ {][m\IrXn

i_vZIukvXpàmsW¦nepw kn²mÍuapZnbmWv {]kn²ambXpw At±ls¯{]ikvX\m¡nbXpw.



kn²m- -́Iu-ap-Zn-bpsS hymJym-\-§Ä1. {]uV-a-t\m-ca þ `t«m-Pn-Zo-£n-XÀ2. X¯z-t_m-[n\n þ Úmt\{µ-k-c-kz-Xn.3. _me-a-t\m-cam þ hmkp-tZ-h-Zo-£n-XÀ4. itÐµp-ti-Jcw

_rlÑ_vtZµptiJcw þ \mtK-i- -̀«³5. kpJ-t_m-[n\n þ \oe-I-WvT-hm-P-t]-bn.6. X¯z-Zo-]nI þ cmam-\µ³.7. cXv\m-Icw þ cma-Ir-jvW- -̀«v.

8. ]qÀ®nam þ cwK-\m-Y-b-Pzm-hv.9. cXv\mÀ®hw þ IrjvW-an-{X³.10. kpa-t\m-ca þ Xncp-ae ZzmZ-im-l-bm-Pn.11. {]Imiw þ tXm¸-e-Zo-£n-XÀ.12. eLp-a-t\m-ca þ AÚm-X-IÀ¯r-Iw.13. iÐ-km-Kcw þ AÚm-X-IÀ¯r-Iw.14. iÐ-c-kmÀ®hw þ AÚm-X-IÀ¯r-Iw.15. kp[m-RvP\w þ AÚm-X-IÀ¯r-Iw.16. hnemkw þ e£vao-\r-knw-l³.17. ^¡n-Im-{]-Imiw þ {-Z-t¯m-]m-²ym-b.18. _me-t_m[w þ kmc-kz-X-hyq-V-an-{i.19. am\-k-c-RvPn\n þ hÃ-`³.20. kpt_m-[n\n þ Pb-Ir-jvW³.21. enwKm-\p-im-k-\-hn-h-cWw þ ss`c-h-an-{i³.

{]uV-a-t\m-c-a-bpsS hymJym-\-§Ä

1. eLp-i-Ð-cXv\w þ lcn-Zo-£n-XÀ ( -̀t«m-Pn-Zo-£n-X-cpsS ]u{X³)2. _rl-Ñ-Ð-cXv\w þ lcn-Zo-£n-XÀ3. {]uV-a-t\m-c-am-J-Þ\w þ tij-ho-tc-iz-c-]p-{X³4. ]c-a-X-J-Þ\w þ N{I-]m-Wn-Z-̄ ³.5. at\m-c-am-Ip-N-aÀ±\w þ PK-¶m-Y-]-Þn-X³.

`t«m-Pn-Zo-£n-X-cpsS aäp-{K-Ù-§Ä

1. sshbm-I-c-W-`q-j-W-Im-cnI þ hymI-cWw2. X¯z-Iu-kvXp`w þ AssZz-Xw.3. {XnØ-eo-tk-Xp.4. {]h-c-\nÀ®-bw.5. Ime-\nÀ®-bw.eLp-kn-²m-´-Iu-apZn þ hc-Z-cm-P³



kn²m-´-Iu-apZn ]qÀ®-ambn ]Tn-¡m³ ]äm- -̄hÀ¡p-thn Zm£nWmXy\mb hcZcmP³Fgp-Xnb {KÙ-§-fmWv a²y-kn-²m-´-Iu-ap-Znbpw eLp-kn-²m- -́Iu-ap-Zn-bpw. CXnÂ IqSpXÂ{]Nmcw t\SnbXv eLp-kn-²m-´-Iu-ap-ZnbmWv. `t«mPnZo£nXinjy\mWv hcZcmP³

itÐµp-ti-J-cw þ \mtKi- -̀«³_lpimkv{X]WvUnX\mbncp¶ \mtKi`«\v hymIcWw, kmlnXyw, Ae¦mcimkv{Xw,

[À½imkv{Xw, kmwJyw, tbmKw, ]qÀhaoamwk, D¯caoamwk, tPymXnjw F¶o hnjb§fnÂAKm[]mWvUnXyapmbncp¶p. At±lw almcmjv{Sob{_mÒW\msW¶pw ]nXmhv inh`«\pwA½ kXotZhnbpambncp¶p F¶pw eLpi_vtZµptiJc¯nÂ\n¶pw hyàamhp¶p.eLpi_vtZµptiJcw, _rlÑ_vtZµptiJcw, ]cn`mtjµptiJcw, eLpaRvPpj, ]caeLpaRvPpj,kvt^mShmZw apXembh \mtKi`«sâ hymIcWkw_ÔnIfmb {KÙ§fmWv. itÐµp-ti-J-cwkn²m-´-Iu-ap-Zn-bpsS {][m-\-hym-Jym-\hpw eLp-i-tÐ-µp-ti-J-chpw, _rl-Ñ-tÐµp-ti-J-chpw CXnsâkw£n-]vX-cq-]-§-fpamWv.

sshbm-I-c-W-kn-²m-´-a-RvPqj sshbm-I-c-W-k-½-X-amb ZmÀi-\n-I-{K-ÙamWv.CXnsâ kw£n-]vX-cq-]-§-fmWv eLp-a-RvPq-jm, ]c-a-e-Lp-a-RvPq-jm F¶nh.]mWn-\o-b-kq-{X-§-fpsS AÀ°t_m[¯n-\p-]-I-cn-¡p¶ \nb-a-§fmWv ]cn`mjIÄGähpw ]gb ]cn-`m-jm-{KÙw hymUn-bpsS ]cn-`m-jm-kq-N\amW.v F¶mÂ C¶p {]am-W-am-

bw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv ]cn-`m-tj-µp-ti-J-cs¯bmWv.a¡-fn-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ \mtK-i- -̀«³ itÐµp-ti-J-c-t¯bpw aRvPq-j-tbbpw a¡-fmbn

IW-¡m-¡n.

sshbm-I-c-W-kn-²m-´-a-RvPq-j-bpsS hymJym-\-§Ä1. Ie þ sshZy-\m-Y-]m-bp-Kp-Þ³.2. IpRvPnIm þ ZpÀº-em-Nm-cy³.{]{InbmkÀÆkzw þ taev]p-¯qÀ \mcm-b-W-`«³/ -̀«-Xncn

hymIcW{]Xn`sImpw IhnXzw sImpw kÀÆk½X\mb sshbmIcW\mWvtaÂ]p¯qÀ \mcmbW`«Xncn. sImÃhÀjw 735 Â BWv At±lw P\n¨Xv. At±l¯nsâP·Krl¯mÂ {]kn²amb taÂ]p¯qcnÃw ae¸pdw PnÃbnse kp{]kn²amb Xncp\mhmb\mhmapIpµt£{X¯n\v kao]¯mWv. [À½\ncX\pw `m«aoamwkmZn imkv{X§fnÂ\njvWmX\pamb {_mÒWt{ijvT\mb amXrZ¯\mbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ AÑ³. Cuhnhc§sfÃmw Xs¶ kzIrXnbmb {]{InbmkÀhkz¯nÂ `«Xncn hyàam¡p¶pv.

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AÑ³ amXrZ¯\nÂ \n¶v aoamwk apXemb imkv{X§fpw am[h³ F¶ BNmcy\nÂ\n¶vthZhpw ZmtamZcmcy\nÂ \n¶v XÀ¡hpw A`ykn¨p.



\mcmbW`«XncnbpsS IrXnIÄ\mcmbW`«XncnbpsS IrXnIsf Bdmbn Xcw Xncn¡mw. 1. kvtXm{X§Ä, 2. {]ikvXnIÄ, 3.

N¼p¡Ä ( {]_Ô§Ä), 4. apàI§Ä, 5. imkv{X{KÙ§Ä, 6. addpffh.\mcmbWobw, {io]mZk]vXXn, Kpcphmbp]ptcikvtXm{Xw F¶nh kvtXm{XImhy§fmWv.tKm{io\KchÀ®\w, amSaloizc{]ikvXn, ssiem[oizc{]ikvXn F¶o {]ikvXnIfpwkqàtÇmI§Ä Bizemb\{Inbm{Iaw, {]{InbmkÀhkzw, [mXpImhyw, A]mWn\ob{]amWkm[\w, am\tatbmZb¯nse am\]cntÑZw, X{´hmÀ¯nI_Ô\w apXemb imkv{X{KÙ§fpwcmPkqbw, ZqXhmIyw, ]m©meokzbwhcw, \mfmb\oNcnXw, kptµm]kptµm]mJy\w, kp`{ZmlcWw,IutµbmjvSIw, IncmZw, ssIemkhÀ®\w, aÕymhXmcw, \rKtam£w, \nc\p\mknIw(iqÀ¸WJmhnem]w), cm£tkmXv]¯n, Aleymtam£w, _meImWvUw IY, Z£bÚw,{Xn]pcZl\w, AjvSaoN¼p, kzmlmkp[mIcw, tImSnhnclw F¶o {]_Ô§fpw\mcmbW`«XncnbpsS IrXnIfmWv.hmXhym[nbnÂ \n¶v apànt\Sm³ Kpcphmbqc¸s\ tkhn¨v Bbnc¯ne[nIw ]Zy§fpff\mcmbWobw \qdpZnhkwsImv cNn¨p F¶mWv sFXnlyw. \mcm-b-Wob¯nÂ 100 Zi-I-§fnembn1036 tÇmI-§fpv. {ioa-Zv̀ m-K-h-X-I-Ym-kw-{KlamWv hnjbw. ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-̈ Xv Bbp-cm-tcm-Ky-ku-Jyw -F¶ Ien-Zn\kwJy sh¨v 1586 \hw--_dnÂ 26þmas¯ hb-ÊnemWv.

hymJym-\-§Ä`à-{]nb þ tZi-aw-Kew cp{Z-hm-cyÀ (hm-kp-tZ-h³ F¶v DÅqÀ)ckn-I-{]nbm þ klr-Z-b-Xn-e-I³ sI. cma-]n-jm-tcm-Sn.h\-amem þ Kpcp-hm-bqÀ tZhkzw t_mÀUv.h\-am-e-sb-¡q-SmsX A¼-tXmfw ae-bm-f-hym-Jym-\-§Ä Cu IrXn-¡p-v.

taev]p-¯q-cnsâ hymI-c-W-Ir-Xn-IÄ{]{InbmkÀÆkzw, [mXp-Im-hyw, A]mWn\ob{]mamWykm[\w F¶nhbmWv taÂ]p¯qcnsâhymIcWIrXnIÄ.{]{InbmkÀÆkzw]mWn\obkq{X§fpsS kzX{´hpw ka{Khpamb hymJym\amWv {]{InbmkÀhkzw.CsXgpXm\pmb kmlNcy§fpw FgpXnb Imehpw `«XncnXs¶ {]{InbmkÀhkz¯nseD]{Ia¯nÂ {]Xn]mZn¨n«pv. cq]mhXmc¯nepw {]{InbmIuapZn apXemb]mWn\obhymJym\§fnepw FÃm kq{X§fpw hymJym\n¨n«nÃ. kwkvIrX`mjbnse FÃmi_vZ§fpsSbpw \njv]mZ\coXn hniZam¡p¶Xpw anXhpw kv]jvShpw kw£n]vXhpamb Hcp {KÙw{]{InbmkÀhkzsa¶t]cnÂ cNn¡Wsa¶pw kwÚ, ]cn`mj, kÔn, IrXv, X²nX³, kamkw,kv{Xo{]Xybw, kp_À°w, kp_zn[n, Bßt\]Zhn`mKw, XnMv, eImcmÀ°hntijw, k\´w, bM´w,bMvepK´w, kp_v[mXp, \ymbw, [mXp, DWmZn, Omµkw F¶o Ccp]Xv JWvV§Ä Cu{]{Inbm{KÙ¯nepmIWsa¶pw ]qcmSw Xncp\mÄ N¼ItÈcn tZh\mcmbWcmPmhv`«XncntbmSv Bhiys¸«p.

\mcmbW`«Xncn {]{InbmkÀhkz¯nÂ ]Z§fpsS cq]kn²nIY\w kv]jvSoIcn¡m³ ]esshbmIcWmNmcy·mcpsSbpw IrXnIsf {]amWambn kzoIcn¨n«pv. alm`mjyw, IminImhr¯n,AXnsâhymJym\amb lcZ¯sâ ]ZaRvPcn, ]ZaRvPcnbpsS hymJym\amb cmatZhsâhr¯n{]Zo]w, Pnt\{µ_p²nbpsS \ymkw, cmaN{µsâ {]{InbmIuapZn, [À½IoÀ¯nbpsScq]mhXmcw XpS§nb {KÙ§sf `«Xncn ]cmaÀin¨n«pv.



hnjb{Iaa\pkcn¨v kq{X§Ä kzoIcn¨v Ah hymJym\n¡pIsb¶XmWv`«XncnbpsS coXn. hymJym\¯n\nSbnÂ A\pjvSp]v ]Zy§Ä DÄsImffn¨ncn¡p¶p

F¶XmWv {]{InbmkÀhkz¯nsâ {]tXyIX. ChbnÂ DZmlcW§fpw kq{X§fpsShymJym\§fpw Nnet¸mÄ cpw tNÀ¶pff tÇmI§fpw ImWmw. Cu tÇmI§Äi_vZmÀ°caWobI§fpamWv F¶XmWv {]{InbmkÀhkz¯nâ khntijX.{ioaZv̀ mKhXs¯ Bkv]Zam¡n {ioIrjvWeoeIsf hÀ®n¡p¶ DZmlcW§Ä at\mlc§fmWv. {Xnap\nhymIcWs¯ AwKoIcn¡p¶tXmsSm¸w A]mWn\ob{]tbmK§Ä¡pw `«Xncnkm[pXzw IÂ]n¨n«pv. Xsâ aXw Øm]n¡p¶Xn\mbn t`mPhymIcWw, Nm{µhymIcWwapXemb imkv{X§sfbpw kn²m´§sfbpw bYmØm\w D²cn¨n«pv.

`«Xncn {]{InbmkÀhkz¯nÂ enwKm\pimk\s¯ {]Xn]mZn¨n«nÃ. enwKhyhØtemIhyhlmcs¯ B{ibn¨ncn¡p¶Xn\mÂ AXv hymIcWimkv{X¯Â DÄs]Spt¯XnÃF¶XmWv At±l¯nsâ \ne]mSv. addp {KÙ§fnenÃm¯ At\Iw Ahyb§sf `«Xncn{]{InbmkÀhkz¯nÂ ]cmaÀin¨n«pv.

hnjb§fpsS ka{KX, Bibkv]jvSX, efnXamb {]Xn]mZ\w, cq]kn²nIY\w,Imhykuµcyw sImv at\mlc§fmb DZmlcWtÇmI§Ä F¶nh H¯nW§nb hymIcWw]Tn¡m\m{Kln¡p¶hÀ¡pff Hcp D¯a{KÙamWv {]{InbmkÀhkzw.{]{In-bm-kÀÆ-kz-¯nsâ hymJym-\-§Ä1. hymJym\w þ \oe-I-WvT-Zo-£n-XÀ (]-Xn-s\«mw \qämv)2. {]Im-inI þ tZi-aw-Kew cp{Z-hm-cyÀ (a-t\m-c-a-¯-¼p-cm-«n-bpsS Kpcp) (Xn-cp-h-\- -́]pcw kwkvIr-X-ko-cokv {]Im-i\w sNbvXp).3. sI. kmw_-in-h-im-kv{Xn-bpsS hymJym-\w.4. BZy-`m-K-§Ä¡p-mb AÚm-X-IÀ¯r-I-amb hymJym-\-¯nsâ Xmfn-tbm-e.(K-h. am\p-kv{In]väv sse{_-dn, a{Zm-kv)

[mXpImhyw.taÂ]p¯qcnsâ asämcp IrXnbmWv imkv{Ximhyamb [mXpImhyw. hmkptZhhnPb¯nsâ

]qcIamWv [mXpImhyw. Iwkh[amWv Cu Imhy¯nsâ CXnhr¯w. Aq¶p kÀ¤§fnembnCcp\qän\mÂ]¯naq¶p ]Zy§fpff CXnÂ A{Iqcsâ A¼mSnbnte¡pff bm{X apXÂ Iwkh[whscbpff {ioaZv`mKhX¯nse {ioIrjvWeoeIÄ hÀ®n¨ncn¡p¶p. aq¶p Znhk¯nse{ioIrjvWeoeIfnÂ, Hmtcm Znhkt¯bpw kw`h§Ä Hmtcm kÀ¤¯nembn {]Xn]mZn¨ncnIp¶p.hymIcW]cambn H¶mw kÀ¤¯nse apgph³ ]Zy§fpw cmw kÀ¤¯nse \mÂ]¯naq¶p]Zy§fpw `zmZnKW¯nse [mXp¡sf DZmlcn¡p¶p. cmw kÀ¤¯nse tijn¨ \mÂ]¯ncp]Zy§Ä AZmZn, PptlmXymZn, ZnhmZn, kzmZn, XpZmZn F¶o KW§fnse [mXp¡sf DZmlcn¡p¶p.aq¶mw kÀ¤¯nse Adp]¯nbmdp]Zy§Ä X\mZn, {IymZn, NpcmZn F¶o KW§fnse [mXp¡ÄDZmlcn¡p¶Xn\mbn hn\ntbmKn¨ncn¡p¶p.

[mXpImhy¯nsâ IrjvWmÀ¸Wsa¶ hymJym\w \mcmbW`«XncnbpsS injy·mcmÂcNn¡s¸«XmWv. [mXpImhy¯n\v cma]mWnhmZ³ cNn¨ hnhcWw F¶ hymJym\hpw {]kn²amWv.A]m-Wn-\o-b-{]m-am-Wy-km-[\w

{]{In-bm-kÀÆ-kz-¯nse ap\n-{X-bm-\p-Kr-lo-X-a-Ãm¯ [mcmfw {]tbm-K-§sf ]e ]Þn-X-·mcpw \nin-X-ambn hnaÀin-¨p. {Xnap-\n-hym-I-cWw km[p AÃm-¯Xv Akm[p F¶p hniz-kn-¡p-¶-h-cm-bn-cp¶pChÀ. Ch-cnÂ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp¶p tNmf-tZ-i-]-Þn-X-\mb ssh\-tX-b³.kpZÀi\³ F¶ ]Þn-X³



ssh\-tX-bs\ JÞn¨v taev]p-¯q-cns\ A\p-Iq-en-¨p. Cu hmZ{]XnhmZ¯nÂ Xsâ \ne-]mSphyà-am-¡m³ taev]p-¯qÀ \mcmbW`«Xncn A]m-Wn-\o-b-{]m-am-Wy-km-[\w cNn-¨p. Cu XÀ¡-̄ nÂa²y-ØX hln-¡m³ taev]p-¯qÀ £Wn-¨Xv tNmf-tZ-i-¯n-se- Xs¶ ]Þn-X-·m-cmb tkmta-iz-c-Zo-£n-X-tcbpw btÚ-iz-c-Zo-£n-X-tc-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. A]m-Wn-\o-b-§-fmb {]am-W-§Ä \nc-h[n D-v, Ah-bpsS \nÀ½m-Xm-¡Ä B]vX-·m-c-sÃ¶v sXfn-bn-¡m³ {]am-W-an-Ã. AXp-sIm-v A]m-Wn-\o-b-{]-am-W-§fpw km[p-hmWv F¶v iàn-bpàw hmZn-¡p¶ IrXnbmWv A]mWn\ob{]mamWykm[\w.

A]m-Wn-\o-b-§-fmb hymI-c-W-§Ä]mWn-\n-¡p-ap-¼p-m-bn-cp¶ sshbm-I-c-W-·m-sc-¡p-dn¨v \ap¡p In«p¶ Hcp kq-N\ t_m]-tZ-hsâ

Xmsg-]-d-bp¶ tÇmI-am-Wvþ

Ch-bv¡p-]p-dsa t`mPsâ "kc-kz-Xo-I-WvTm- -̀c-W-'¯nepw `mkvI-cm-Nm-cysâ "eoemhXn'bnepw aäv F«psshbm-I-c-W-·msc ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-v. "cmam-bW'¯nsâ D¯-c-Im-Þ-̄ nÂ H¼Xp sshbm-I-c-W-·m-sc-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶p-v. F¶mÂ "Imin-Im-hr¯n'bnÂ A©p-t]-sc-am-{Xta kvacn-¡p-¶p-Åp. ]mWn-\n-bpsS "Aãm-²ym-bn-'bnÂ imI-ey³, Imiy-]³, imI-Sm-b-\³, tk\-I³ F¶o BNm-cy-·m-cpsSt]cp-IÄ ]e-h«w BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. asäm-cn-S¯v thsd ]Xn-\mdv BNm-cy-·m-tcbpw kvacn-¡p-¶p-v. F¶mÂ CXp-hsc ]dª FÃm-hÀ¡pw ]mWn-\n-bpsS ]qÀÆ-hÀ¯nXzw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm³km²y-a-Ã. ]mWn-\n¡p ap¼p-m-bn-cp¶ hymI-c-W-§Ä ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-¨p. ]mWn-\n-¡pti-jhpw]mWn-\ob hymI-c-W-{K-Ù-§-tfm-sSm¸w aäp Nne hymI-c-W-{K-Ù-§Ä \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.Nm{µhym-I-cWwNm{µ-hym-I-c-W-¯nsâ IÀ¯mhv N{µ-tKm-an³ BWv. Ime-L«w F. Un. 650. CXnÂ Bdv A²ym-b-§fmWpffXv. CXnÂ sshZn-I-hym-I-c-Ws¯ Dt]-£n-¨n-cn-¡p¶XmbnImWmw. Nne {]Xym-lm-c-§fpwkq{X-§fpw CXnÂ ImWp-¶n-Ã. DWm-Zn, enwKm-\p-im-k-\w, KW-]m-Tw, [mXp-]mTw F¶nh Nm{µ-hym-I-c-W-¯n-ep-ap-v. ]cn-`m-j-IÄ ImWp¶nÃ.ssPt\-{µhym-I-cWw

ssPt\-{µhym-I-c-W-̄ nsâ IÀ¯mhv tZh-\µn-bm-sW¶pw At±-l-¯nsâ Imew F. Un.A©mw \qäm-m-sW¶pw Icp-Xp-¶p. CXnsâ 3000 kq{X-§-f-S-§p¶ Hcp {KÙw A -̀b-\µnbpw 3700kq{X-§-f-pÅ asämcp {KÙw tkma-tZ-h\pw {]Im-in-¸n-¨n-«p-v. "hn`mjm, A\y-X-ckymw' apX-emb ]Z-§Ä¡p ]Icw "hm' F¶ ]Zw {]tbm-Kn-¡pI apX-emb A£-c-§sf Npcp-¡m-\pÅ hnZy-IÄCXnepapv. amtl-izc-kq{X-§-fn-Ã F¦nepw {]Xym-lm-c-§-sf AhXcn¸n¨n«papv. Cu coXn-bnÂhenb ]pXp-a-sbm¶pw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm-\n-Ãm¯ H¶mWv ssPt\-{µhym-I-c-Ww. CXns\ hyXy-kvXambcoXnbnÂ {]Xn]mZn¡p¶ ]©hkvXp F¶ {KÙw ]Xns\m¶mw \qämnÂ Pohn¨ncp¶{ipXIoÀ¯nbptSXmsW¶v IcpXp¶p.imISmb\hymIcWwimISmb\mNmcys\ Ipdn¨v ]mWn\n ]cmaÀin¡p¶ps¦nepw Hcp {KÙsa¶ coXnbnÂ CXv e`y-a-Ã. F. Un. 9þmw \qäm-nÂ Pohn-¨n-cp¶ asämcp imI-Sm-b-\sâ {KÙ-amWv "imI-Sm-b-\-i-Ðm-\pim-k\w'F¶ t]cnÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ]mWn-\o-b-¯nÂ\n¶v henb ]pXp-a-sbm¶pw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm³ imI-Sm-b-\-¯n\v Ign-hn-Ã. ]mWn-\n-bp-tSbpw ImXym-b-\-tâbpw Nne-t¸mÄ ]X-RvP-en-bp-sS-X-s¶bpw A`n-{]m-b-§sf tNÀ¯mWv imI-Sm-b-\sâ cN-\. ]cn-`m-j-I-fpw, KW-]m-Tw, [mXp-]mTw, DWm-Zn, enwKm-\pim-k\w apX-em-b-hbpw imI-Sm-b-\-̄ n-ep-v.



tla-N-{µhym-I-cWwssP\-k-¶ym-kn-bmb tla-N-{µsâ t]cnÂ t]cnÂ Xs¶-bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ hymI-c-Wa-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. At±lw F. Un. 1088-þÂ P\n-¨-Xmbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-«p-v.-A-l-½-Zm-_m-Znse [p´pI-bmWv P·-tZ-iw. At±l¯nsâ bYmÀ° t]cv N{µ-tZ-h³ F¶m-bn-cp-¶p. tla-N-{µ³Xs¶ At±-l-¯nsâ hymI-c-W-¯n\v "iÐm-\p-im-k-\-_rl-Zzr¯n' F¶ hymJym\w cNn-¨n-«p-v.ImX-{ -́hym-I-cWw

Ffp-¸-¯nÂ hymI-cWw ]Tn-¡m-\pÅ Hcp amÀ¤-am-bn-«mWv ImX-{´-hym-I-cWwAdn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. CXv kv]ã-am-Ip¶ ImcnI þ

ImX{-´h-ymI-c-Ww IpamchymI-cWsa¶pw Imem]- h-ymIcWsa¶pw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. U¡mW-nse

imXh-ml-\- F¶ cmPmh-nsâ Bhi-y{-]I-mcw kÀÆh-À½ \nÀ½n¨-X-mWv ImX{-´h-ymI-c-Ww F¶p]db-s-̧ S-p¶-p. ]ca-i-nh-sâ ]p{X\-mb Ipamc-\-mWv kq{X§-Ä ImWn¨-p- sImS-p¯-X-v. Iem] (abnÂ)

sâ klmb-t-¯msS-bmWv Cu hymIc-Ww \nÀ½n¨-Xv F¶nh Cu t]cpI-Ä ImWn¡-p¶-p. F. Un. 1þmw

\qämm-Wv CXnsâ ImeL-«-w. kÔn{-]I-c-W-w, \ma{-]I-c-W-w, BJym-X-{]-I-c-Ww, IrXv{]-I-cWw F¶v

4 `mK-§-fmWv CXn\v ImWp-¶-Xv. X²n-X-{]-I-c-Ww, kv{Xo{]-Xy-b-{]-I-cWw apX-em-bh ]n¶oSv Iq«n-

t¨À¯-h-bmbn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p. ImX-{´- hymI-c-W-̄ -nsâ Gähpw {]kn²a-mb hymJym\w ZpÀ¤k-nwl-sâ hr¯nb-mW-v.kmck-zX- hymIcWw

t_m]-tZ-h³ kmc-kz-X-hym-I-c-Ws¯ kvacn-¡p-¶n-Ã. AXp-sIm-v AXv 12þmw \qäm--n\p tijw

Dm-b-Xm-I-Ww. 700 kq{X-§-fpÅ kc-f-amb hymI-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. hymIc-Ww ]Tn¡-m\-pÅ {KÙa-Ã-,t\sc adn¨v AXymh-i-y¯-n\v `mj ]Tn¡-m\-pÅ {KÙa-mW-v. t£ta{-µ³ cNn¨ "kmck-zX-{-]{-Inb'bpsS

Ahk-m\w ImWp¶ þ ।F¶XnÂ\n¶v \tc-{µm-Nm-cy-\mWv kmc-kz-X-hym-I-c-W-̄ nsâ IÀ¯mhv F¶p IcpX-mw.A\p`qXnk-zc-q]-mN-mc-ysâ hymJym\-hpw "kmck-zX-{-]{-Inb' F¶pX-s¶ Adnb-s-̧ S-p¶-p. Aar-X-`m-cXncNn¨ "kpt_m-[nI'bmWv asämcp hymJym-\w. N{µ-IoÀ¯n, kl-P-IoÀ¯n, am[-h³, hmkp-tZ-h- -̀«-XncnXpS-§nb ]ecpw kmc-kz-Xs¯ hymJym-\n-¨n-«pv.

t_m]tZh-h-ymIcWwt_m]-tZ-hsâ AÑ³ tIi-h\pw Kpcp [t\-i-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. alm-cm-{ã-bnse ZueX-m_-mZ-mWv P·t-Zi-w. "apKv²t-_m['amWv At±l-¯-nsâ hymIc-W-{-KÙ-w. CXn\p ]pdta "Ihn-I-ev]-{Zpaw' Fs¶mcp{KÙw-IqSn At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xm-bpv. aäp hymI-c-W-§-tf-t¸m-se-Xs¶ eLph-mb amÀ¤¯-nÂ¡qSnhymIc-Ww ]Tn¸-n¡-pI-b-mbn-c-p¶p t_m]t-Zh-s-âbpw e£yw. kzc{-]{-Inb-bpw sshZnI-{-]{-Inb-bpw

At±lw Dt]£n¨n«pv.ku]ZvahymIcWw

- F. Un. 14þmw \qäm--mWv ]Zva-\m- -̀Z-̄ sâ ku]-Zva-hym-I-c-W-¯nsâ Ime-L-«w. ]mWn-\n-bpsS kq{X-§sf ]cn-jvI-cn¨v ]pXn-b-co-Xn-bnÂ kwhn-[m\w sNbvXv hnh-c-W-t¯m-Sp- IqS-nb-X-mWv At±l-¯-nsâhymIc-W-w. "ku]Z-av]-R-PvnI' ]Zav\-m`-Z- -̄sâ Xs¶ hymJym\-a-mWv.



MODULE II

Manuscriptology (lkvXe-nJ-nX-i-mk-v{Xw)lkvXe-nJ-nX-i-mk-v{Xhpw AXnsâ {]m[m\-yhpw

lkvXe- nJ- nXw/ssIsbgp¯-p{- ]Xn þ CXns\ Hcp {]tXyI- hn -̀mKa-mbn ]cnK-W- n¨v ]e-Øm-]-\-§fpw kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-Ifpw tImgvkpIÄ Cu hnj-b-¯nÂ \S-¯p-¶pv. ssIsb-gp-¯p-{]-Xn-IsfIpdn¨v ]T\w \S-¯p¶ hnÚm\ taJ-e-bm-Wv lkvX- enJ-nX-i-mk-v{Xw. ssIsIm-s--gp-Xp-Itbm,tImdn-bn-Sp-I-tbm, hc-bv¡p-Itbm sN¿p¶ GXp tcJt-bbpw kmam\ymÀ°¯-nÂ lkXve-nJ-nXwF¶p ]db-p¶-p. CXv Nne {]amW-§-tfm ]pkvXI§tfm/IrXnI-tfm ]\t-bme-, Nµ\s¯me-n, t]¸ÀF¶n-h-bn-se-gp-Xp-¶tXm AsÃ-¦nÂ inem-im-k-\-§-fmbn ]md, XqWv, a¬]m-{X-§Ä, sN¼p- XI-nSvF¶nh-b-ns-eg-pX-p¶-tXm BImw.

GXp lkvX-en-Jn-X-¯n\pw {][m-\-ambpw 2 LS-I-§Ä Bh-iy-amWv þ1. lkvXe-nJnX-sagpX-m\pÅ AkwkvIrX]-ZmÀ°w.2. FgpX-m\-pÅ {KÙw.Npcp¡n¸dªmÂ GsX¦-nepw IrXn FgpXm\-pÅ AkwkvIrX-]Zm-À°¯nÂ FgpX-m\-pÅ D]I-cWw D]t-bmK-ns-̈ g-pX-nb-mÂ lkvX-en-JnXw Dm-hp-I-bmbn/\nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fpsSBcw`w apXÂ {]Im-i\w hsc GsXÃmw Imcy-§-fn-emWv {i²n-t¡--Xv F¶Xv {][m-\-am-Wv. lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fpsS Bcw- -̀¯n\pw {]Im-i-\-¯n-\p-an-S-bnÂ ]e {]{In-b-I-fpapv. CsXÃmw X-s¶lkvXenJ-nX-i-mk-v{X¯-nsâ `mKw Xs¶b-mbmWv cq]I-e-v]\ sN¿p¶-Xv. lkvXenJ-nXimk{vXwF¶Xv hnjb§-Ä¡\pkrXamb AkwkvIrX]ZmÀ°§-Ä, FgpX-m\-pÅ D]I-c-W-§-Ä,Fgp¯nsâ kmcmwi-w, FgpX-m\-pÅ en]n, lkvXe-nJ-nX-k-¼-mZ-\-w, AXns\ kq£n-¡Â, kwc-£n-¡Â, AXnsâ hnh-c-¸-«nI/\mam-h-en, kwtim-[-\w, {]Im-i\w F¶nh DÄs¡mÅ-p¶-p.inemimk-\-§-fpw lkvXenJnX§fpw

inemimk-\-§-fpw lkvXenJnX§-fpw kmam\y\nÀÆN\¯nÂ hcp¶p. F¶mÂ lkvXe-nJ-nX-imkv{Xsa¶p ]db-pt¼mÄ ]\t-bme, ]qhci-nsâ tXmev/Nµ-\-s¯men, t]¸À F¶n-h-bnse ssIsb-gp-¯p-IÄ am{X-am-sW-¶mWv km[mc-W-b-mbn {]tbmK-n¡-p¶-X-v. lkXve-nJnX-imk{vX¯nÂinemimk\§fS¡w FÃmänt\bpw \nthi-n¸n¨n«pv. inemimk\§Ä/inemenJnX§ÄlkXvenJnX§fnÂ\n¶pw hymXymks¸Sp¶Xv Xmsg ]db-p¶ ImcW-§-f-me-mWv þ1. inem-en-Jn-X-§Ä¡v lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-tf-¡mÄ {]mNo-\Xzw D-mIpw.2. th--Xmb amä-§fpw -Xn-cp-¯-ep-apÅ {KÙs¯ (lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fnÂ sN¿p-¶-Xp-t]m-se) inem-

en-Jn-X-§-fnÂ ImWm³ ]än-Ã.3. inem-en-Jn-X-§-fnÂ DÄs¡m-Åp¶ hnjbw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fn-te-Xn-t\-¡mÄ Ipd-hm-bn-cn-¡pw.

AXp-t]mse `mj-bpsS FÃm hnin-ã-amb {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw tImdn-bn-Sm³ ine-I-fnÂ Ign-bn-Ã.4. kmam\-ya-mbn ]dª-mÂ ineI-f-nÂ tImdnb-n« A£c-§-Ä hyàa-Ã-m¯-Xpw lkvX-enJ-nX-§-sf

At]£-n¨v hmbns-̈ S-p¡-m³ kabw ]nSn¡-p¶-X-pa-mW-v.5. ineme-nJ-nX-§-f-nse Akwk-IvrX-]-Z-mÀ°§-Ä lkXve-nJ-nX-§-sf At]£n¨ vIqSpX-Â

\ne\nÂ¡p¶-X-mW-v.6. lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä an¡Xpw ssIbnÂ sIm-p-t]m-Im³ Ign-bp-¶Xpw Ffp-¸-¯nÂ Hcn-S-̄ p-

\n¶pw asäm-cn-S-t¯¡p amäm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xp-am-Wv. F¶mÂ ]md-bntem XqWp-I-fntem DÅ inem-en-Jn-X-§Ä¡v C¯cw kuI-cy-an-Ã. a¬]m-{X-§-fnse inem-en-Jn-X-§sf Hcn-S-̄ p- \n¶pw asäm-cn-S-t¯¡p amäm³ Ign-bp-sa-¦nepw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ät]mse I¿n-se-Sp-¯p-sIm-p t]mIpIFfp¸-a-Ã-.

7. lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fnÂ hnim-e-ambn hnj-bs¯ DÄs¡m-Ån-¡mw. F¶mÂ inemen-Jn-X-§-fnÂ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ät]mse hnkvXr-Xhpw hnim-e-hp-ambn hnj-b-§Ä DÄs¸S-p¯-m³ Ignb-nÃ-.



lkvXe-nJ-nX-i-mkv{Xw þ hfÀ¨{]mNo\- Ime-s¯ Cýb-nÂ hmbs-ImpÅ DcphnS-e-mWv hnZym`ymk- cwK-¯v \ne-\n¶-X-v.

thZ§fpw kwlnX-Ifpw ]pcmW-§fpw am{Xa-Ã kmlnXy]chpw imkv{X]c-hpamb IrXn-Ifpw C¯-c-¯n-emWv Kpcp-¡-·mÀ ]Tn-¸n-¨p-sIm--n-cp-¶-Xv. Ipd¨p Ime-¯n-\p-tijw {InkvXp-hÀjw (F. Un.) XpS-§p-¶-Xn-\p-ap¼v hmK]vmc-¼-c-y¯-ne-qsS t\Sns-bS-p¯ {]mNo\ kmlnX-ys¯ Cý³]Þ-nX-·-mÀFgpX-ns-h¡m³ XpS§-n. CXpIqSmsX ]pXnb- krã-nIfpw FgpXm³ XpS§n. HtcIrXnXs¶ ]eBfpIÄ FgpXm³ XpS§-nbt¸mÄ Ahb-nÂ Nne hyXymk§fpw ImWs-¸«-p. hyXykvX§-fmbhymJym\-§-fpw hymJym\- §- f- psS hymJym\- §- fpw DZbw sNbvXp. hyXykvX§fmb SoI/hymJym\wHtc IrXn¡pXs¶ Nabv¡s¸«-p. IrXn-I-fpsS C¯-c-¯n-epÅ hymJym-\-§fpw `mjy-§fpw imkv{Xo-bm-Sn-Øm-\-¯ne-mWv sNbvXX-v.

lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä ]IÀ¯pI F¶Xpw {]Nmc¯nÂ h¶p. {]mNo\ Cý-¡mÀ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä kq£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ah-cpsS Ign-hnsâ ]c-am-h[n {ian-¡p-Ibpw Nne ]mc-¼-cy-co-Xn-IÄ CXn-\mbnkzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. lkvX-en-Jn-X-im-kv{X-¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v C¯-c-¯n-epÅ FÃm LS-I-§fpwkw`mh-\ \evIn.

lkvX-en-Jn-X-imkv{Xw Hcp {]tXyI ]cn-io-e-\-am-sW-¦nÂ¡qSn CXn\v aäp -hn-j-b-§-fp-ambnAt -̀Zy-_-Ô-apv. lkvX-en-Jn-X-h-kvXp-hns\ kÖ-am-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ahsb ]cn-]m-en-¡p-¶-Xn\pwkwc£-n¡-p¶-X-n\pw Cu imk{vXw imk{vXh-n -̀mK-§-f-mb ckX-{´w, ùXnI-i-mk{vXw, Pohi-mkv{Xw,hnhc-kmt¦XnI-h-nZy F¶nh-sb B{ib-n¡-p¶-p. lkvXenJnX§-Ä FgpXp¶X- n\pw hmbn¡p¶-Xn\pw ]pcmX\- e-n]n hnÚm\-̄ - nse Adn-hp-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä ASp¡ntÌmIvdq-anÂ sh¡p-¶Xpw AXnsâ kqNn-]{Xw/ A\p-{I-a-WnI X¿m-dm-¡p-¶Xpw lkvX-en-Jn-X-im-kv{X-¯n\v{KÙm-e-b-im-kv{X-hp-am-bn-«pÅ _Ôs¯ shfns-̧ S-p¯-p¶-p. {KÙ§-Ä hmbn¡p¶Xn\pw k¼mZ\wsN¿p¶-X-n\pw `mj, kmlnXyw, ]pcmX-\-e-n]-n, Ncn{XþkmwkvImc-nI-a-mb Adnh-pI-Ä AXymh-i-ya-ms-W¶-X-ps-Imp --X-s¶ lkvXen-Jn-X-im-kv{Xw, `mjm-im-kv{Xw, kmln-Xyw, kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw, Ncn{XwF¶n-h-bp-ambn _Ôs¸«-nc-n¡-p¶-p. {KÙ-̄ nse hnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v aXnbmb Adn-hp-s--¦nÂam{Xta icnbmb k¼m-Z\w \S¡-pI-b-pÅ-p.

Hcp lkvXenJnXÚ\v Hcp IrXn k¼mZ\-w s-N¿W-sa¦nÂ B hnjb-̄ -nepÅ Adnt-hm,B hnjb-h-nZ-K-v²sâ klmb-tam Ahi-ya-mW-v. C{]Imcw lkvXenJnXi-mk{vXw FÃmhnÚm\taJeIfpambpw _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶p .Npcp¡-¯nÂ lkvXe-nJnXi-mk{vXs¯ HcmÄ¡vGsX¦-nepsamcp imk{vXsat¶m, hnhn-[-hn-j-b-§-fmb Ie, kpIp-am-c-I-e-IÄ, `mj, kmlnXyw F¶n-§-s\tbm {]tXyI-a-mbn IcpX-m³ Ignb-nÃ-. lkvX-en-Jn-X-im-kv{X-sa-¶Xv hnÚm-\-ta-J-e-bnÂA]qÀÆ-am-b-Xpw, ]e hnÚm\-t-{kmX-Ê-pI-f-pa-mbpw hnime-_-Ôw ]peÀ¯p¶-X-pa-mW-v.lkvXe-nJ-nX-i-mk-v{X¯-nsâ {]m[m\yw

lkvXenJnX-§-Ä Hcp {]tZis¯/cmPys¯ kmwkvImc-nI-þ-kmaqlnIþ- cm{ãob- þ- km¼-¯nI-þ-N-c-n{-Xs¯ Ipdn¨-pÅ- h-f-sc B[nI-mc-nI-amb Adnhp \evIp¶p.

`mj-bpsS Ncn-{Xs¯ Ipdn¨p ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v `mjm-im-kv{X-ÚÀ¡v Gähpw \Ã D]m[-nb-mWvlkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä. iÐh-yXnbm\§Ä, hymIcWLS\bnse amä§-Ä, kwtbmP\w (Iq«nt¨À¡Â),`mj-bpsS hnI-k-\-̄ nsâ ]mX-bnÂ hnhn[ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ \ã-s¸-Sp-Itbm amäw hcp-Itbm sNbvXiÐt-Imi-§-Ä F¶nh ineme-nJ-nX-§-f-nepw lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-f-nepw {]Xn -̂e-n¡-p¶-p. `mj-bpsS hnhn-[-im-J-IÄ¡mbn hnhn[ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ P\-§-fnÂ \n¶pmmb krãn]-c-a-mb DWÀÆnsâ ]cn{-ia-§-sfIpdn¨-d-nb-p¶-Xpw {][m\-a-mbpw lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-f-nÂ IqSnb-mW-v.



\ne-hn-epÅ ]e Adn-hp-IÄ¡pw t]mj-W-am-bn- XoÀ¶Xv hnc-f-am-bXpw A¯cw hnjb-§-fpambn _Ôs-̧ S-p¶-X-pa-mb AÚmX lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-fm-Wv. C{]Imcw ]cnt]mjWw\S¶Xn\pZmlc W§fmWv BbpÀtÆZw, hmkvXphnZy, tPymXnÈ-mk-v{Xw, KWnXw apXe-mb-imkv{X§Ä.

Ime-L-«-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨p amäw h¶ P\-§-fpsS BNm-c-§Ä, Ah-bpsS ]cn-io-e-\-§Ä, kmaq-ln-I-ho-£Ww F¶n-hsb Ipdn¨v Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Adn-bp-¶-Xn\v lkvX-enJ-nX-k-ml-nX-y -̄nÂ\n¶pwkm[n¡-p¶-p. Cu B[p\nIImeL-«¯- nepw lkvXenJnX§Ä Adnhnsâ hmXmb\§Ä Xpd¡-p¶p.Cý-bpsS Ncn-{X-̄ nse ]e AÚmX kw`-h-§fpw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fpsS {]Imi-\-¯neqs-Sb-mWvshfns-¸S-p¶-X-v.DZm þ IuSn-eysâ AÀ°-im-kv{X-¯nsâ Hcp ae-bmfw hymJym\w tUm. cm[m IpapZv apJÀPn¡v Xsâ

Chandragupta And His Times F¶ IrXns-bg-pX-p¶-X-n\v hfsc klmb-I-a-mb-n.asämcp DZm þ 14þmw \qämnse Cým-N-cn-{Xs¯ B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn hnh-cn-¡p¶ _u²- Ir-Xn-bmb

Bcy-a-RvPp-{io-aq-e-I-ev]w, sI. ]n. Pbvkzm-fn\v Xsâ IrXn-bmb Imperial History of IndiaFgpXp¶-X-n\v klmb-I-a-mb-n.Ncn{-X¯-nsâ ]e hnShpI-tfbpw \nI -̄p¶Xn\v CXph-sc hmbns¨Sp¡m¯Xpw {]Imi-\wsN¿m¯-X-pa-mb lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä¡v Igntª¡-mw. Ncn-{X-¯n-tâ-sX-¶-t]mse kmt¦-XnI/ imkv{X-

km-ln-Xy-§-fmb sshZyimkv{Xw (medicine), tPymXn-Èmkv{Xw (astronomy), inev]-imkv{Xw

(architecture), ckX{´w (chemistry) F¶n-h-bpsS Adn-hn-te¡pw taÂ¸-dª coXn-bnÂ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä {]tbmP-\-s-̧ S-pw. imkv{X-X-¯z-§fpw kn²m-´-§fpw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fm-bp-ÅXv I-p-]n-Sn-¡p-I-bmsW-¦nÂ imkv{Xo-b-I--p-]n-Sn- -̄§sf ]cn-jvI-cn-¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]tbmP\s¸Spw. Cýsbt-¸mepÅ cmPy§-fnÂ \½psS ]qÀÆnIcpsS ]e-ta-J-e-I-fn-ep-apÅ hne-a-Xn-¡m-\m-hm¯ kw`m-h-\-I-tfbpw Ipdn-¨-dn-bp-¶-XnÂ lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä {]tXyI-{-]m[-m\-ya-Àln¡-p¶-p.

s{]m^. eqbokv dnt\m (Prof. Louis Renou)b-psS A`n{-]mb-̄ -nÂ "CýsbtemIamIam\-a-pÅ P\X kvt\ln¡-p¶-X-n\pw _lpa-m\-n¡-p¶-X-n\pw ImcWw AXnsâ_u²nIhpw kZmN-mc-]-c-hpw Bßob-h-pa-mb ]mc¼-cy¯nsâ `Þmc-̄ -me-mWv.]mÝm-XyÀ \½psS {]mNo\ kwkvIm-cs¯ A\p-tam-Zn-¡p-Ibpw a\pj-yX-z¯-nt-e¡v {]No\Cý¡mÀ \evInb kw`mh-\-I-sf hnea-X-n¡-pI-bpw sN¿pt-¼mÄ CsXÃmw AÚmX-a-mb/CXns-eÃmwAÚc-mb \½Ä eÖnX-cmIp¶p. C¶s¯ Cý¡-mÀ¡v \½psS kmwkvImcnI- ]mc¼cys¯Ipdn¨dnbp¶- Xn\pÅ {][m\ Ddh-nS-§-f-mWv lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä.Manuscriptology for Higher Learning and ResearchlkvXe-nJ-nX-i-mkv{Xw þ D]c-n]-T-\- -̄n\pw Kthj-W-¯-n\pw

lkvvX-en-Jn-X-im-kv{X-¯n\v C¶v th-{X ]cn-K-W\ In«p-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw CXn\v Cýb-psShnZym -̀ymk-k-{-¼Z-mb-¯-nÂ {][m\-]-¦-ph-l-n¡-m³ Ignbpw F¶X-mWv bmYmÀ°yw. Bi-b-]-c-amb

hnZym-`ym-k-k-{¼-Zmbw (An Ideal Educational System)- F-¶Xv hnZymÀ°n¡v Ah³/AhÄ ]Tn-¡p¶ hnj-b-̄ n-epÅ iÐ-§-fpsS Ah-Km-l-a-Ã, adn¨v Ahsâ/Ah-fpsS ka-{K-hy-àn-Xzs¯ hnIm-k-]qÀ®-am¡n Ahs\/Ahsf \½psS kaql-¯-ns-âbpw cmPy¯-ns-âbpw `mK`-m¡-m¡n amäph-m³Ignh-p\-e-vIpI F¶X-mW-v.

Cu hnZym`-ymk- k{¼Zmb¯neqsS Hcph\v kz´w cmPyt¯mSpÅ kmwkvImc-nI- - þ[mÀ½n-I-Nn-´-tbbpw tZio-b-Xtbbpw Hcp-an¨v t{]mÕm-ln-¸n¨v hfÀ¯n-s¡m-p hcp-¶-Xn\v km[n¡-p¶-p.{]mNo\ Cý¡-mc-psS, tPymXnÈmkv{Xw, KWnX-w, `mjmi-mk-v{Xw, sshZyimkv{Xw F¶nh-b-ne-pÅAXn_-rl¯mb kw`mh-\-I-sf temIa-m\-apÅ ]ÞnX-·-mÀ BZc-n¡-pI-bpw AXns\ Ipdn¨v ]T\w\S¯-m³ AXypÕmlw {]IS-n -̧n¡-pI-bpw sN¿p¶-p. F¶mÂ, \nÀ`mKyh-i-mÂ hnZym`-ymk-h-nN-£-W-·mc-S-¡-a-pÅ Cý¡mÀ Ignª \qäm--nse alXvhyànIsfIpdn¨pw AhcpsS kw`m-h-\-sb-¡p-dn¨pw AÚcmWv.



DZmlcWambn Bcy -̀«-³, `mkvIc-mN-mc-y³, tbmK-kq{-XI-mc-\-mb ]XR-vPen F¶nhc-psS kw`mh-\-I-sfIpdn¨v AXmXp taJebnse {]KÛÀ¡pt]mepw ]cn]qÀ®Úm\anÃ. C¶s¯ _ncpZ_ncpZm\ć-tImgvknsâ kne_-knÂt]mepw Cý³ kn²m´§-Ä th{X ImWm³ Ignb-nÃ-.

Methodology of Sanskrit LearningCt¸mÄ {]mNo\ Cý-¡m-cpsS hne-a-Xn-¡m-\m-hm¯ kw`m-h-\-Isf hymJym-\n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn

NneÀ t_m[-hm-·m-cm-Ip-¶p--. `mhn-bnÂ BcmtWm GsX-¦nepw hnÚm-\-ta-J-e-bnÂ D]-cn-]-T-\-̄ nepwKth-j-W-¯nepw XpS-cp-¶Xv AhÀ XoÀ¨-bmbpw B hn`m-K-¯nse {]mNn-t\-ý-¡m-cpsS kw`mh-\-I-fpsS kmcmwi-s¯ Ipdn¨v Adnª-nc-n¡-W-w. CXv km²ya-mIpI lkvXenJnX- §fneqsS - am{-XamW- v.16þmw \qäm--p-ap-X-epÅ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä tISp-]m-Sp-IÄ IqSmsX In«p-¶p-¦n-epw, ]eXpw apt¼DÅh-b-psS ]IÀ¸pI-fmbncp¶p.`mk³, Imfn-Zm-k³, ]mWn\n F¶n-h-cpsS IrXn-Ifpw ]pcm-W-§fpwCXn-\pZ-ml-c-W-§-f-mW-v.

C¶p e`yamI-p¶ ]e lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-fpw ssat{Imk-vtIm¸-nsâ klmb- t-¯msS am{Xtahmbn¡-m³ Ignb-pI-b-pÅ-p. Ct¸mÄ Is--Sp¯ IrXn-IÄ¡v amÀ¤-ZÀi\w \evIp-¶-Xn\v Ign-bp¶]mWn-\n, `À¯rl-c-n, Bcy -̀«-³, IWmZ-³, `mkIvc-mN-mc-y³, IuSne-y³, kp{ipX-³, NcI-³ XpS§-nb-h-c-psS kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-j-b-§Ä¡p kam-\-amb IrXn-IÄ ]eXpw lkvX-en-Jn-X-s¡-«p-I-fnÂ {]ImiwImWmsX InS¡-pI-b-mW-v. Iemhnj-b-§-f-psS ØnXnbpw CXnÂ\n¶p `n¶a-Ã- .

Cýb-nÂ lkvXe-nJ-nX-i-mkv{Xw kmlnX-yw, Ie, kwkvImcw F¶nh-sb am{Xa-Ã DÄs¡mp-apt¶m«p \bn-¡p-¶-Xv adn¨v imkv{Xhpw kmt¦-Xn-I-Xbpw AXnepÄs]Sp¶p. X¯zimk{vX]ca-mb/ZmÀi\nIkml-nXyaS§-nb lkvXenJnX§Ä Cu \nKqVamb {]]©-̄ -ns-âbpw a\pj-yP-oh-nX-̄ -nsâbpw bmYmÀ°y§-Ä Ip]nSn¡-p¶-X-n\v klmb-n¡-p¶-p. Iem-ku-µ-cy-¯nÂ Xmev]-cy-ap-Å-hscXr]vXn-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶ Xc-̄ nÂ kpIp-am-c -I-e-I-fnÂ [mcmfw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fp-v. Bßo-b-X-bnÂXmev]-cy-ap-Å-hÀ¡v A¯-c-¯n-epÅ lkvX- en-Jn-X-§-fpw e`yamWv. Ncn-{Xw, `qan-im-kv{Xw, kmaq-ln-I-hn-Úm-\w, bp²w F¶o hnj-b§fn-epÅ [mcmfw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fpv. Npcp¡n¸dªmÂ CýbnÂHcp lkvXenJnX-i-mkv{X¯-ne-qsS hnÚm\- ¯nsâ Aaq-ey-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ hym]-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXn-eqsS GXp hn`m-K-̄ n-tebpw hnÚm\-Zm-laI-ä-p¶-X-n\pw km[n¡-p¶-p.

Language and Script`mjbpw en]nbpw`mj F¶Xv hm¡psImpff Bib- hn\nab- k{¼ZmbamW-v. `mjbpsS hmKznt-ij-s¯ asämcpØe¯- v, asämcp kab-̄ v ]p\c-mh-njvIc-Ww \S-¯p-¶-Xv {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-bn-Ã. kw`mj-W-§-Ä AXp\S¡-p¶ ASp¯ {]tZi-§-fnÂ am{Xta tIÄ¡p¶-pÅp. B[p\nI D]I-c-W-§-f-mb sSent-^m¬,tdUnt-bm, HmUntbm Imkäkv F¶nhb-psS A`mh-¯-nÂ {]mNo\-I-me-¯v Bib-§-s-f`mhnbnte¡pt-hn- `mjb-ne-qsS kwc£-n¡-p¶-X-nt\m aäp {]tZi-§-f-nse P\§-f-nt-e¡v hym]n¸-n¡-p¶-X-nt\m Ignª-nc-p¶-nÃ-.

Cusbmcp {]Xn-k-Ôn-L-«-̄ nÂ Fgp¯v I-p-]n-Sn-¡pI F¶Xv AXym-h-iy -am-bn-¯o-cp-IbpwHmtcm A£-c-§-tfbpw hm¡p-I-tfbpw aäpw Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xn\v NnÓ-§Ä D]t-bmK-n¡-pI-bpw sNbvXp.

`mjbpsS C¯cw ZriyNnÓ-§Ä en]n (ssI¸-S- þ script) F¶ Hcp k{¼Z-mb-s¯ cq]h-e-v¡c-n¨-p.kzcþ-hyR-vP\-A-£-c-a-me-, Bib-e-n]n F¶nh CXnsâ LSI-§-f-mW-v. {]mNo\ en]nIs-f¡-pdn¨-pÅAdnhv lkvXenJ-nX-imk-v{X¯-n\v AXymh-iyamW-v. en]n-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T-\w ]p-cm-X-\-en-]n-hn-Úm-\

(Paliography)¯nemWv s]Sp¶-s-X¦-nepw Hcp lkXve-nJ-nX-i-mk-{vXI-mc-\ vlkXve-nJ-nX-§-Ä

hmbn¡-p¶-X-n\pw k¼mZ-\w (editing) sN¿p¶X-n\pw AXnÂ AXy[-nI-a-mb Ignhv AXymh-iyamW-v. ]e ImeL-«¯-ntebpw ]e {]tZi§-fntebpw en]nIfnse hyXymk- §-Ä t]mepw lkvXe-nJ-nX-imk-v{XI-mc-³ Adnª-nc-n¡-W-w.



lmc-¸, tamlt-©m-Zmtcm F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ\n¶p In«nb ap{Z-I-fnÂ \n¶pw Cý¡-mÀ¡v hfs-c¡-mew ap¼pX-s¶ Fgp¯v Adnb-ma-mb-nc-p¶p F¶p a\Êne-m¡mw. knÔp-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâIme-L«w 4000-þ3000 _n. kn. ¡nS-bn-em-sW¶p IcpX-s-̧ S-p¶-p. F¦nepw FÃmhcmepwAwKoIcn¡s¸Sp¶ knÔp\-ZoXS- kwkvImc¯nsâ en]n C\nbpw hcm\-nc-n¡-p¶-t-Xb-pÅ-p.

I-p-In-«n-b-XnÂh¨v Gähpw {]mNo-\-amb Cý³ en]n {_mÒn en]nbmWv. CXnsâ XpS¡w _n.kn. Ggmw \qämmWv. ASp¯ en]n Jtcm-jvTn. XpS¡w _n. kn. A©mw \qämmWv.

Kharoshti ScriptJtcmjvTn en]n

JtcmjvTn en]n þ _m{În-b³, C³tUm-þ-_m-{În-b³, Bcy³, _mt{Îm-]m-en, Im_qf-nb-³, Jtcm«nF¶n§-t-\bpw Adnb-s-¸S-p¶-p. {_mÒn en]n hym]n¨p InS-¡p¶ Cý-bpsS hS-¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³`m-K-§-fnepw at²y-jysb sXm«p-In-S-¡p¶ {]tZ-i-§-fnepw JtcmjvTn en]n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv IÀi-\-ambn\ntcm[n¨-nc-p¶-p.

F. Un. \memw \qäm--p-hsc JtcmjvTn en]n \ne-\n-¶p. JtcmjvTn en]n-bnÂ Is--Sp¯Gähpw ]g-¡-apÅ inem-en-Jn-X-§Ä þ jlv_- k-KÀln, am³tklvd F¶o {]tZ-i-§-fpsS kao-]-¯p-\n¶pw In«nb Atim-Isâ ]md-bnse enJnX-§-f-mW-v. JtcmjvTn en]n-bn-epÅ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä/Xmfn-tbm-e-IÄ F. Un. c-mw \qäm--n-emWv IsSp-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. tJm«m-\nÂ \n¶pw Jtcm-jvTn-en-]n-bn-epÅ {]mNo\ Xmfn-tbme F. Un.-c-mw \qäm--nÂ IsSp-¯p.* JtcmjvTn en]n he¯-p\-n¶pw CSt¯m«mWv FgpX-p¶X- v.

Brahmi Script{_mÒn en]n

DdpZp t]mse-bpÅ Nne `mj-I-fp-tS-sXm-gn¨v FÃm Cý³ `mj-I-fp-tSbpw en]n{_mÒnen]nbnÂ \n¶p hfÀ¶p h¶X-mW-v. {]mNo\ ssP\-Ir-Xn-I-fm-b -k-a-hm-bw-K-kp¯w(_n. kn. 300),]®-h-Wm-kp¯w (_n. kn. 168) F¶n-h-bnÂ {_mÒn-en-]nsb _w`n F¶mWv ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xv.krãnIÀ¯mh-mb {_Òmh-pXs¶bmWv Fgp¯pw Ip- ]nSn¨Xv F¶ \neb v¡mWv {_mÒn F¶t]cv Cu en]n-¡p-h-¶-Xv._n. kn. A©mw \qäm--nÂ D¯À{]-tZ-inse _kvXn PnÃ-bn-Â\n¶pw Is--Sp¯ ]n¸-clvh _u²-·m-cpsS inem-en-Jn-X-§-fpw, cmP-Øm-\nse APvao-dnÂ \n¶pw Is--Sp¯ _mUven inem-en-Jn-X-§fpw þ{_mÒn en]n-bn-emWv Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-Å-Xv. Ch c-pw {]mNo\ ineme-nJ-nX-§-f-mW-v.

{_mÒn en]n CS¯-p\n¶pw het¯m«mWv FgpXp¶-Xv. {_mÒn-en-]n¡v Atim-Isâ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ {]mtZ-in-I-t -̀Z-§-fp--m-bn-cp-¶p. C¯cw {]mtZ-in-I-t -̀Z-§Ä {][m-\-ambpw c-p-X-c-¯nÂXncn¡mw þ Z£n-W-en-]n, D¯c-e-n]-n.

Southern BrahmisU¡m\-nepw Z£nW- t-Zi-§-f-nepw ImWp¶ {_mÒnt`Z§-Ä Z£nW- {_mÒnbnÂs]Sp¶-p.

Deccan variety - - U¡m³ sshhn²yw

CXv B{Ô en]n F¶pa-d-nb-s¸Sp¶-p. Ime-b-fhv _n. kn. 2þmw \qäm--p-ap-XÂ F. Un. 1þmw \qäm--ph-scbmWv. Cu en]n {]Nm-c-¯n-epm-bn-cp-¶Xv sU¡m-\nepw B{Ô-bnse IqSp-XÂ `mK-§-fn-epamWv.\m\mL-«-v, \mknI-v, ]n¯ÂtJmc F¶nhnS-§-fnse Kplmineme-nJnX§-f-nÂ Cu en]nb-mWv-D]tbmKn¨nc-n¡-p¶-Xv. imXhml\·mcpw ]Ãh·mcpw D]tbmKn¨ en]nbpw CXmW- v.



Dravidi variety - {ZmhnUn sshhn²yw

CXnsâ D]h-n`mK§-Ä þ IenwK- s-shh-n²yw(Kalinga variety) (D¯-c-{-Zmh-nU-n þ Northern

Dravidi), Xangv Kplm {_mÒn (Tamil Cave Brahmi) (Z£nW- {Zmh-nU-n - Southern Dravidi)F¶nhbmWv. Z£n-W-{Zm-hn-Un-bpsS Ime-b-fhv _n. kn. aq¶mw \qämp-ap-XÂ F. Un. H¶mw\qämp-h-scbmWv. Xan-gv\m-«nse ]e {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ\n¶pw Cu en]n Is--Sp-̄ n«pv. tIc-f-¯nse

hb-\mSv PnÃ-bnse CS-bv¡Â Kpl-bnse en]nbpw CXm-Wv. Diringer IenwK-c-mPyw GsX¶p

\nÀÆNn¡-p¶-p þhS¡v þ alm\-Z-n, sX¡v þ tKmZmh-c-n, Ing¡v þ ]ÀÆX-\-nc-I-Ä, ]Snª-mdv þ Ad_-n¡-S-Â F¶oAXnÀ¯nI-Ä¡pÅ-ne-pÅ-X-v.

t{]mt«mþ- s-Xe-pK-pþ- I-¶-U en]n, sU¡m³ F¶nh {]mNo\- I-enwKen]n IfnÂ\n¶pw hnIk-n¨ph¶X-mW-v. sXep¦v, I¶U en]nIf-psS XpS¡w t{]mt«mþ- sXepKpþ- I¶U en]nb-nÂ\n¶mWv.

hs«-gp-¯v, Xan-gven]n, {KÙ-en]n F¶nh Z£n-W-{Zm-hn-Un-bnÂ \n¶pw hfÀ¶p h¶h-b-mW-v.Xangv`mj-b-psS Fgp¯v k{¼Z-mbw hs«g-p¯-ne-qs-SbmWv. ae-bmfw {]tXy-I-`m-j-bmbn amdn-b-t¸mgpwAsX-gp-Xm³ hs«-gp-¯mWv D]tbmKn¨-nc-p¶-X-v. tImse-gp-¯v, ae-bm× F¶nh tIc-f-¯nÂ Is--Sp-¡-s¸-«n-«pÅ hs«-gp-¯nsâ {]mtZi-nI-t-`Z-§-f-mW-v. hs«gp¯p IqSmsX Xang-ven]nbpw BZyIme¯vXangv`mj FgpXm\p]tbmKn¨ncp¶p. Xangven]nbpw hs«gp¯pw Hcpa-n¨p \ne\n¶-ncp¶psh¦nepwhs«gp¯mWv IqSpXÂ {]mNo\-a-mb-X-v. Ct¸m-gs¯ Xan-gven]n {]mNo\ Xan-gven-]n-bnÂ \n¶pw hnI-kn¨p h¶-Xm-Wv. hs«gp¯v Ct¸mÄ \ne\nÂ¡p¶nÃ.

Xan-gv\mSp apgp-h\pw tIc-f-¯nse Nne {]tZ-i-§-fnepw IÀ®m-S-I-¯nse Xpfp\-mSp {]tZi-§-f-nepw kwkvIrX- -̀mj FgpX-m³ D]t-bmK-n¨-nc-p¶-Xv {KÙe-n]-nb-mW-v. ae-_mÀ sshhn-²y-¯n-epÅ{KÙ-en]n (Bcy Fgp-¯v)-bp-ambn tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv B[p-\nI ae-bmf en]n. Hcn-¡Â tIc-f-

¯nse ImkÀtKmUv PnÃ-bnepw IÀ®m-S-I-bnse Xpfp-\m-Sn-t\mSp sXm«pI-nS-¡-p¶ {]tZi-§-f-ne-pa-p]-t-bmK-n¨-nc-p¶ XnKf-mc-ne-n]n {KÙe-n]-nb-nÂ \n¶pw hnIk-n¨p h¶X-ms-W¶p IcpX-p¶-p. sX¡p-þ-In-g¡v Gjy³ cmPy-§-fmb {ioe-¦, amen-Zzo-]v, aym³amÀ, It¼m-Un-b, knbmw, C³tUm-t\-jy F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse Fgp¯p k{¼-Zm-b-̄ nsâ DZv̀ hw {KÙ-en-]n-bnÂ \n¶mW-v.

Northern Brahmi - D¯c-{-_mÒn

C´y³ D]`qJÞ-̄ nÂ sU¡m\p hS¡p `mK¯mbn \ne\-nÂ¡p¶ en]nbmWnXv.{_mÒnen]nbpsS hfÀ¨ AtimIsâ Ime¯p XpS§n ]nev¡me aucy·-mcpsS Ime-L-«-¯n-eqsSKp]vX-Im-e-L-«w-hsc \o-p\nev¡p-¶p. Kp]vXImeL«-¯- nse \ho\ C³tUmþ- B-cy³ `mjI-ÄhnIkn¨p h¶Xv {_mÒn en]nb-nÂ \n¶mW-v. Kp]XvImeL«¯nse {_mÒnen]n an¡hmdpwAdnbs¸«ncp¶Xv Kp]vX en]n F¶mWv.

at²y-jy³ en]n-I-fmb Bán-b³, Ip¨n-b³, tJm«m-\okv F¶n-h-bpw, C´y³ `mjm-en-]n-I-fm-b -im-c-Zm, \m{In, em¬U, Kpcp-apJn F¶n-hbpw Kp]vX-en-]n-bpsS ]Ýn-a(-]-Snªmd-³) sshhn²-y -̄nÂ\n¶mWv DSs-eS-p¯-nc-n¡-p¶-X-v. Sn_ä³ en]n, tJm«m\ok- v, kn²a-mXrI F¶nhb-pambn_Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶p. AXp-t]m-se Kpcp-ap-Jn¡v em¬U-bp-ambn am{X-aÃ tZh-\m-K-cn-bp-ambpwkmayapv.



Eastern variety of Gupta ScriptKp]vXe-n]-nb-psS ]uckvXy sshhn²ywCXn\v cv D]-hn-`m-K-§fmWpffXvþ]Sn-ªm-d³(-]m-Ým-Xyw), Ing-¡³ (]uckvXyw)]Snª-md-³ (]mÝ-mX-yw)]Snªmd³ sshhn²yw kn²a-mXrIbmbn hnIkn¨p. ssIYn, IpSn-e-en]n F¶nh kn²-am-Xr-I-bnÂ\n¶pw hnI-kn-¨p. _nlmdn en]n ImbØ-kapZmbamWv D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv. t`mPv]pcnen]nbpsS

DZv̀ hw ssIYn en]nbnÂ\n¶mWv. \mKc-oen]nbpsS DZv`hw IpSne- en]nbnÂ\n¶mWv.Ing¡-³ (]uc-k-vXyw)

\mK-co-en]n þ Ing-¡³ (]qÀÆ-\m-K-cn), ]Sn-ªm-d³ (AÀ²-\m-K-cn), a²y-a³ (tZ-h-\m-K-cn),sX¡³ (\-µn-\m-K-cn) F¶n-§s\ \membn Xncn-¡p-¶p.\mK-co-en]n ho-pw c-p Xc-¯nÂ þ hS-¡³ (tZh-\m-Kcn en]n), sX¡³ (\µn- \m-Kcn en]n).cmPØm\n, almP\n, KpPdm¯n F¶nh tZh\mKcnbpambn _Ôs-̧ «ncn¡p¶p. adm¯n `mj-bpsSen]n-bmb tamUn \µn-\m-K-cn-bpw, tZh-\m-K-cn-bp-ambn At -̀Zy- _Ôw ]peÀ¯p¶-p.

sX¡³ sshhn²yamb \µn\mKcn ssakqcnepw AXn\-Sp¯pÅ {]tZi§-fnepw\ne\nÂ¡p¶-p. t\hmcn (t\-¸m-fn) en]n-bpw, ]pcm-X\ _wKm-fn-en-]nbpw t{]mt«m-þ-_w-Km-fn-bnÂ \n¶pwDZv̀ h-n¨-X-mW-v. {]mt«mþ- _-wK-mfn Kp]vXe-n]-nbpsS ]uckvXy sshhn²-y¯-nÂ \n¶pw hnIkn¨ph¶XmW-v. Akma- ok- v, Hdnb- , ssaYne-n, aWn¸qcn, B[p\-nI _wKmfn en]nI-Ä þ]pcmX\-- _wKm-fn-en]nbnÂ \n¶pw hnI-kn¨p h¶-h-bm-Wv.

kucm{ãnb³ `mjb-psS en]nbpw D¯c- {-_mÒnb-psS Hcp A¦pcamWv.(ku-cm-{ãn-b³ `mjþ Xan-gv\m-«nse a[p-c, hncp-Zp-\-KÀ, tkew F¶o {]tZ-i-§-fnse kucm-{ãn-b³ hn`m-K-¡mÀ kwkm-cn-¡p¶ `mj).

hmbn-s -̈Sp-¡m³ Ignª en]n-Isf Ipdn-¨pÅ ]T-\-¯nÂ, C´y-bnÂ Is--Sp¯ ]pcmX-\

ineme-nJ-nX-§-f-nÂ {_mÒne-n]-nb-mWv BZyw IS¶p hcp¶-X-v. ]pcm-X-\-{_mÒn inem-en-Jn-X-§-fpsSImew _n. kn. A©mw \qämn\pw ap¼m-Wv. Jtcmãn en]n-bmWv ASp-¯-Xv. CXnse inem-en-Jn-X-§Ä_n.-kn. aq¶mw \qäm-t-m-Sp-IqSn Is--Sp-¯p.

]pcmX\- inemenJnX§-fnse `mj {]mIrXamb-ncp¶p. B[p\nI C´y³ `mjI-fnÂXangn\mWv ]pcmX\inemenJnX§f-pÅXv. Xan-gv`m-j-bv¡p-]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp¶ en]n Xangv Kplm {_mÒnen]n-bm-Wv. CXp \ne-\n-¶Xv _n. kn. c-mw \qäm-p apXÂ F. Un. aq¶mw \qäm--p-h-sc-bm-Wv.Xangv`mjbpsS en]nb-mb hs«gp¯mWv ASp¯-Xmbn ineme-nJnX§-fnÂ ImWp¶Xv.

alme-nwK¯nsâ A`n{]mb¯-nÂ Xncp\-mXÀIp¶nÂ IsSp¯ ihIpSoc¯nse en]n-bmWv ]pcm-X\ hs«-gp¯v. _qlvf-dpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ Xan-gven-]n-bpsS DZv`hw F. Un. \mev-þ-A©v\qäm-pIÄ¡n-S-bn-em-Wv. almenwK- ¯nsâ A`n{]mb-¯-nÂ Xangv en]nbpsS 2 te_epIÄ F. Un.Bdmw \qämnÂ Xncp-¨n-d-¸-Ån-bnÂ\n¶pw Is--Sp-¯n-«pv-.{KÙ-en-]n-bpsS Hcp te_Â F. Un. A©mw \qäm--nÂ Xncp-¨n-d-¸-Ån-bnÂ\n¶pw In«ns-b¶pwAt±lw ]db-p¶-p. ]pcmX\ sXep¦pþ- I¶-U en]nIfnepÅ ineme-nJnX§Ä F. Un. A©mw\qämp- apXÂ Is--Sp-¯n-«p--v. \ho\ C³tUm-þ-B-cy³ `mjm-en-]n-I-fnse inem-en-Jn-X-§Ä F. Un.]¯mw \qäm-p apXÂ Is--Sp-¯p.



Manuscript CharacteristicslkvXe-nJ-nX khnt-ij-X-I-Ä

GsX¦-nepsamcp IrXn Hcp ]IÀ¯nsbgp¯-pImc³ FgpXm\pÅ hkvXphnte¡v

]IÀ¯ns-bg-pX-nb-mÂ AXns\ lkvXe-nJ-nXw (Manuscript) F¶p ]db-p¶-p. IrXn GXp `mj-bnÂ Fgp-Xm-\p-Å-XnÂ Fgp-Xn-bmepw AXv ]IÀ¯p-¶-bmsf ]IÀ¯ns-bg-p¯-pI-mc-³

(Scribe)F¶p ]db-p¶-p. ]\-tbme lkvX-en-Jn-X-¯nsâ Hcp Hmesb Xmfv/XmÄ/Folio F¶p]db-p¶p.IrXn Xmfnsâ/t^mfn-tbm-bpsS c-p `mK-¯p-sa-gp-Xp-¶p. Hcp IrXn apgp-h-\m-bp-sa-gp-Xnb lkvX-en-

Jn-X-cq-]s¯ {KÙw (Grantha) F¶p ]db-p¶-p. {KÙ¯-nsâ Hmtcm - Xmfpw XpSÀ¨b-mb{Ia¯nemWv {IaoIcn¡p¶Xv.]IÀ¯nsbgpXnb Hmtcm -Xmfpw H¶n\p apIf-nÂ asäm¶v F¶ coXnbnÂ {IaoI-cn¡p¶-p. {KÙ-¯m-fp-IÄ kq£n-¡m³ ]\-tbm-e-I-fpsS apI-fnÂ (\Sp¡v) c-p Zzmc-an-Sp-¶p. \ofa-pÅ tIm«tWm,knÂt¡m \qev B Zzmc§fneqsS IS¯n AXns\ sI«p¶-p.

henb lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fm-sW-¦nÂ ac-¯nsâ Dcpm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ tImev/ZÞv Zzmc§-f-ne-qsSIS¯n D]t-bmK-n¡-p¶-p. Cu tImensâ \ofw Xmfntbme-s¡«nt\¡-mÄ IqSpXembncn¡pw. Xmfn-tbm-e-IfpsS \ofhpw hoXnbpw Ah-bpsS hyXn-bm-\-§Ä ImWn-¡p-Ibpw B IrXnbpsS hep¸s¯B{ib-n¨-nc-n¡-pI-bpw sN¿p¶-p. kmam\yambn ]dªmÂ henb- - Xmf- nt- bme- I- Ä¡v \ofhpwhoXnbpw IqSnb Xmfp- If-mb-nc-n¡-pw. sNdnb Xmfnt-bme-I-Ä¡v sNdpX-pa-mb-nc-n¡-pw.

Hcp Xmfnt-bmeb-psS Xmfnsâ hcnIÄ asämcp Xmfnt-bmebpsS Xmfnsâ hcnI-Ä Is--¯m³ Bh-iy-an-Ã. Hcp Xmfn-tbm-e-bpsS/{KÙ-̄ nsâ hep¸w IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Af-hp-tImÂ

(Unit of measurement) -{KÙ-k-wJy (number of Granthas) -BI-p¶-p.Hcp {KÙ-bq-Wn-änÂ 32 A£-c-§-fpm-Ipw. {KÙ-kwJy Xmsg ]dbpw {]Imcw IW-¡m¡mw

þ XmfpI-f-psS F®w * hcn-I-fpsS F®w * A£c-§-fpsS F®w * 2 ChnsS ]dª hcnI-fpsSF®hpw A£c-§fpsS F®hpw HmebpsS Hcp ]pd¯-pÅ-X-mW-v kqNn¸-n¨-X-v. Cu IW-¡p-Iq-«-ensâASn-Øm-\-X¯zw F¶Xv Hä IrXn-I-fpsS Hmtcm Xmfnt-ebpw hcnI-f-psS F®w an¡h-mdpwXpeyambnc-n¡-ps-a¶-X-mW-v. AXpt-]mse Xs¶b-mWv A£c-§-f-psS F®h-pw. AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶{KÙ-kwJy apI-fnÂ ]dª {]Imcw I-p ]nSn-¡mw.

]IÀ¯n-sb-gp-Xnb Xmfp-I-fpsS Hcp-an-¨pÅ Iq«w Xmfn-tbm-e-s¡«v (Manuscript bundle)F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. CXnÂ Ht¶m AXnÂ IqSp-Xtem {KÙ-§-fpm-bn-cn-¡mw. C¯c¯-nepÅ

Xmfntbmes¡«v ]pcmX\ enJnX-]pkvXIw/ ssIsbgp¯p {]Xn (Codex) F¶d-nb-s-¸S-p¶-p.

C¯cw Xmfntbmes¡«pIsf Codices F¶p hnfn¡-p¶p. _Ôn¸n¡m¯ Nne XmfpIÄ aäp NneIrXnIfpsS XmfntbmeI-f-psS IqsSt-bm, Hä-bv¡pÅ Xmfmtbm ImWm³ Ign-bp¶p þ C¯-c-¯n-

epÅXns\ Hä Xncn-ªpÅ Xmfp-IÄ (stray folios) F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p.Hmtcm Xmfn-tbm-e-s¡-«p-w AXnsâ Xmfnsâ hep-¸-apÅ Hcp ac-¯nsâ êI-¯-nÂ sh¡p¶-p.

AXpt-]mse¯s¶b-pÅ Hcp êIw B sI«n\-pa-pI-fnepw sh¡p¶-p. Xmfp-IÄt]mse¯s¶-bpÅCu ac- -̂e-I-§-fnepw Zzmc-§-fpm¡n Xmfp-IÄ ac¯-nsâ tImeph-¨v ASp¡n kq£n¡-p¶p. ChD]tbmKn¡p¶-Xv XmfntbmeIÄ kwc£-n¡p¶X-n\pw \qenÂ sI«p¶-Xnt\¡mÄ kuI-cy-¯n\pw

th-n-bm-Wv. Cu êI§-Ä tX¡n³ XSn (teak-wood) ¹mhn³XSn (jack-wood), th¸n³ XSn



(neem-wood) F¶nh-b-nÂ \nÀ½n¡-p¶-p. C¯cw ac- -̂e-I-I-jvW-§Ä¡p ]Icw Nne sIm«m-c-§-fnÂ \n¶p I-p-In-«nb Xmfnt-bme-I-f-nÂ B\s-¡m¼-p]-t-bmK-n¨-X-mbn ImWmw. AhbnÂ ]e-Xnepwat\m-l-c-Nn{X-§Ä hc-¨n-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. C¯cw Nn{X§-Ä IrXnbpw Xmfntbmebpw X½nepÅ_Ôs¯ shfnhm¡-p¶p. t]¸À lkvXenJ-nX-§fnÂ ac ê-I§-Ä¡p ]Icw t]¸dnsâ AtX hep¸-¯nepÅ I«nb-pÅ ImÀUvt_mÀUpI-f-mWv ]pdw N«sb kwc£-n¡-m\-p]-tbmKn -̈nc-p¶-X-v. Hcp Xmfn-tbm-e-{KÙw Fgp-tX--Xv Htc `mj-bnepw Htc en]n-bp-am-sW-¦nepw AhnsS Nne A]h-mZ-§-ÄImWm³ Ignb-pw.NnebnS§-fnÂ Htc IrXn FgpXp¶-X-n\v H¶nÂ IqSpXÂ `mj D]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶X-mbn ImWmw.Nne Xmfnt-bme-IfnÂ Htc `mjbmWp]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶-sX¦nepw AsXgpXm³ H¶nÂ IqSp-XÂen]n-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-XmbnImWmw.Cýbnse an¡hmdpw {]mNo\XmfntbmeIÄ apgph-³kwkvIrX- `mjb-ne-mWv. C¯cw kwkvIrX- Xmf-nt-bme-I-Ä Cý³ `mjI-f-psSsbÃmw en]nI-f-nÂImWmw. Cu kwkvIr-X-Xm-fn-tbm-e-I-fnÂ Gähpw IqSp-X-ep-ÅXv tZh-\m-Kcn en]n-bnemWv. c-mwØm\w {KÙ-en-]n-¡m-Wv. Z£n-tW-ý-bnse an¡-{]-tZ-i-§-fnepw Ct¸mgpw kwkvIr-X-sa-gp-Xm³ {KÙ-en]n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.v \µn\-mK-c-oe-n]-nb-nepÅ an¡ XmfntbmeIfpw kwkvIrX- `mj-b-nemW- v.

Cý-bnse an¡ Xmfn-tbm-e-Ifpw F. Un. ]Xn-\©mw \qämn\p tij-amWv Is--Sp- -̄sX-¦nepw Ah-bnÂ ]e-Xn-sâbpw DZv̀ hw F. Un. ]¯mw \qäm-t-m-Sp-Iq-Sn-¯s¶ XpS§-nb-nc-p¶-p.]¯mw \qäm--n-\p-ap¼pw Xmfn-tbm-e-IÄ IsSp-¯n-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw Ah-bpsS F®w Ipdh-mW-v.Is--Sp¯ Xmfn-tbm-e-I-fnÂ Gähpw ]pcm-X-\-amb H¶mWv F. Un. c-mw \qäm--nÂ Is--Sp- -̄Xv.CXn-ep-]-tbm-Kn¨ en]n þ Jtcm-jvTnen]nbpw, `mj {]mIr-Xhpw BWv. Cu Xmfnt-bme ssN\b-nsetJm«m³ (kn¦-nb-mMnsâ DubvLqÀ {]tZis¯ Hcp \K-cw) F¶ Øe-̄ p-\n-¶mWv Is--Sp- -̄Xv.

c-m-as¯ ]pcm-X-\-Xm-fn-tbme þ F. Un. \memw \qämnÂ IsSp¯p, AXnse en]nbpwJtcmjvTn en]nbmWv. CXp Is--Sp-̄ Xv ssN\-bnse ImjvK-dnÂ\n-¶m-Wv. (ImjvKÀ þ kn¦n-bm-MnsâDubvLqÀ {]tZi-s¯ Xcow \ZoX-S- -̄nsâ ]Snª-mtd Aä¯-pÅ \Kc-w)

F¶mÂ ]¯mw \qämn-\p-ap¼p Is--Sp¯ Xmfn-tbm-e-I-fnÂ NneXp am{Xta AXnP-oh-\-¯-nsâ ]mXb-nÂ tijn¡-p¶-pÅ-p. Cýb-psS hSt¡ `mK§-sf At]£-n¨v sX¡p`mK§-f-nÂ]pcmX\ Xmfnt-bme-I-Ä Ipd¨pam{Xta tijn¡-p¶-pÅ-p. CXn\p ImcWw NqSpw X-W-p¸pw \ndªCu {]tZi-§-f-nse Imemh-Ø-b-mWv.

Peculiar Manuscripts þ A]qÀÆX-mf-nt-bme-I-Ä

]IÀ¯n-sb-gp-̄ p-Im-csâ (Scribe) Iem-]-c-amb hmk-\-I-fpsS bYmÀ° kvamcI-§-f-mWvNne Xmfnt-bme-I-Ä. Nne Xmfn-tbm-e-I-fnÂ DÖz-e-amb Nn{X-§Ä ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶p. [mcmfw Xmfn-tbm-e-ti-J-c-§-fpÅ Nne {KÙ-sse-{_-dn-I-fnÂ C¯cw Ipd¨p Xmfnt-bme-I-Ä ImWmw. C¯-c-̄ n-epÅ A]qÀÆ Xmfn-tbm-e-IÄ Is--Sp¯ Nne {KÙ-sse-{_-dn-Isf Xmsg hnh-cn-¡p¶p þ

Saraswati Mahal LIbrary, Thanjavoor.

Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune.

Govt. Oriental Manuscripts Library, Chennai.

Orissa State Museum, Bhuvaneswar.

Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cs¯ Hmdn-bâÂ dnkÀ¨v C³Ìn-äyq-«v- B³Uv am\p-kv{In]vävkv (ORI & MSs)sse{_-dn-bnse tiJ-c-¯nÂ\n¶pw C¯-c-¯n-epÅ Nne Xmfn-tbm-e-IÄ Is--Sp-̄ n-«p--v.



Ah þ1. Nn{X-cm-am-bWw ( \w. 12308)2. Nn{X -̀mc-Xw (\w. 11828)3. cq]-{]iv\w (\w. 19949)4. cmam-b-W-Nn{Xw (s]³knÂ kvsI¨n-epÅ Xan-gvIrXn þ \w. 6650)5. {]mkm-Z-Nn{Xw (ssI-sImp--m-¡nb t]¸-dp-I-fnÂ Nn{Xw hc-¨Xv þ \w. 12330)kc-kz-Xn-a-lÂ sse{_dn X©m-hq-cnÂ\n¶pw IsSp¯ hnh-c-Wm-ßI Xmfntbme-I-Ä/lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä þ1. Nn{X-cm-am-bWw (cm-am-b-W-¯nse BZy-aq¶p ImÞ-§-fmb _me-þ-A-tbm-²ym-þ- Bc-W-yI-mÞ-§-Ä)Ch t]¸d-nÂ sNdpNn{X§-t-fmSp IqSnb s]bnân§mWv.2. {]t_m-[-N-t{µm-Zbw þ Cu IrXn-bn-se- I-Ym-]m-{X-§sf s]bnân-§n-eqsS Nn{Xs-¸S-p -̄nb t]¸ÀlkvXe-nJ-nX-w.3. KP-imkv{Xw þ CXnÂ B\-I-fpsS hnhn-[-X-c-¯n-epÅ IfÀNn-{X-§Ä DÄs¡mÅ-n -̈nc-n¡-p¶-p.4. Aizi-mkv{Xw þ IpXnc-If-psS hfsc hnkvXrX-amb Nn{X§-f-pÄs¡mÅ-n¨ IfÀ BÂ_w.

s{]m^. F. kn. kmcw-Kn- tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv (Proceedings and Transactions of the All

India Oriental Conference, 40th Session, 2002, ) `ph-t\-iz-dnse Hdokm tÌäv ayqkn-b-¯nÂ

408 hnh-c-Wm-ßI lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fp-s--¶m-Wv.

Xncph-\-´-]-pc-s¯ ORI & MSs LibrarybnÂ aäp Nne A]qÀÆ lkvXenJnX-§--fp--v.

Ah þ1. ]\-tbm-e-sIm--p-Xs¶ Hcp ame-bpm¡n AXnÂ AXp-sImp-Xs¶ 15 P]-a-Wn-IÄ D-m-¡p¶p þ CXv tZho-am-lm-ßy-¯nsâ 11þmw A²ym-b-¯nsâ Xmfn-tbm-e-bm-Wv.* Hmtcm P]-a-Wnbpw ]\-tbm-e-sIm--p-Xs¶ dn_-Wp--m¡n sI«p-¶p. AXnemWv A²ymb-w Bt-eJ-\w sNbvXnc-n¡-p¶-X-v.* Hmtcm P]-a-Wn¡pw Hcp cp{Zm-£-¯nsâ hen-̧ -ap--v.* CXv kq£n¡-p¶-Xv Iem]-c-a-mbn Hcp {]tXyI BIrX-nb-ne-pÅ ac¯-nsâ s]«nb-ne-mWv. B s]«n-¡p-Ånepw GsX-¦nepw Ie-I-fp--m-bn-cn-¡pw.2. asämcp A]qÀÆ lkvX-en-JnXw "A£-c-{]iv\w' (\w. 18936) BWv.* Hcp tIment-e¡v ]\t-bme-I-f-psS Aäw hcp¶ hn[¯-ne-mWv CXv Øm]n¡p¶-Xv.* Cu Hme-Isf apt¼m«pw ]nt¶m«pw Nen-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶p.3 Nne lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fpsS A£-c-§Ä hen-¸-¯nÂ sNdp Nn{X-§-fm-Wv. amcI-{-]I-c-Ww (\w. 11247)

(ORI & MSs Library, Tvpm) CXn\pZ-ml-c-W-a-mW-v.* Cu IrXnb-nse A£c-§-Ä `qX¡-®-mS-nb-ne-qsS am{Xta ImWm³ Ignb-pI-bpÅ-p.* CXnÂ Hcp Xmfnsâ/t^mfnt-bmb-psS Hcp `mK¯-pX-s¶ 30Hm AXnÂ¡qSpXtem hcn-IÄ DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡pw.* `qX-¡-®mSn hs -̈gp-Xnb asämcp IrXn X©m-hq-cnse kc-kzXn alÂ sse{_-dn-bnÂ\n¶pw Is--Sp-¯n-«p--v. AXv "inh-]-©-c-Xv\-tÇmIw' BWv.*-v t\cn«p t\m¡p-t¼mÄ tZh-\m-K-co-en-]n-bn-epÅ tÇmI-amWv CXnÂ {]Xy£-s¸S-p¶-X-v.* F¶mÂ `qX-¡-®m-Sn-bn-eqsS t\m¡p-t¼mÄ CXnse Hmtcm A£-c-§fpw "inh' F¶ hm¡ns\ 100XhW BhÀ¯n¨v {]Xn\-n[-m\w sN¿pI-b-ms-W¶p ImWmw.



Nne I¯p-IÄ {KÙ-h-cn-IÄ XpS-§nb sdt¡m-Up-IÄ ]cn-Wm-a-{Iaw sN¿m¯ Akw-kvIrX]\-tbm-e-I-fnÂ Fgp-Xn-bXv IsSp-¯n-«p--v. C¯cw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fpsS Xmfnsâ \ofw aq¶papXÂ \mev ASn-h-sc-bm-Wv. ]cn-Wm-a-{Iaw sN¿m¯ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä hf-sc-¡mew kq£n-¨p-h-¡p-¶-Xn\v km[n¡pI-b-nÃ-. ap¼p ]d-ª-t]m-se, Xmfn-tbme lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä hyXykvX hep-¸-¯n-ep-.v

Xncph\-´-]-pc-s-¯ ORI & MSs Library -bnÂ \n¶pw Is--Sp¯ ]\-tbm-e-bnepÅ lkvX-en-Jn-X-

¯nsâ ]c-am-h[n \ofw 30 C©m-Wv.DZm þ alm-`m-cXw (\w. 19374), PmX-I- -̂e-hn-ti-j-\n-cq-]Ww (\w. 19891).Cu sse{_-dn-bnÂ\n-¶p-Xs¶ In«nb ]\-tbme lkvX-en-Jn-X-¯nsâ ]c-am-h[n hoXn 2.75 C©m-Wv.DZm þ `mK-h-X-kvtXm-{X-k-ap-¨bw (\w. 20215). Cu sse{_d-nb-nÂ \n¶pw IsSp¯ Gähpw henb

lkvXenJ-nXw XangvIrX-nb-mb "Iµ-]p-cmWw' (\w. 3883) BWv. CXn\v 611 Xmfp-I-fp--v.* Cu sI«v 2 ASn \of-̄ nepw 2 ASn hoXn-bn-ep-amWv {Iao-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.* F¦nepw Cu sse{_-dn-bn-epÅ ]©mw-K-§-fpsS kam-lm-c-§-fnÂ H¶n\v 1433 Xmfp-Ifpw (\w.8270 þ

F) asäm-¶n\v 1279 Xmfp-Ifpw (\w.8270)-D--v. CXv Xmfntbme- a-S-¡v (manuscript rolls)- cq]-¯n-em-Wv.

* Cu sse{_-dn-bnse Gähpw sNdnb lkvX-en-JnXw tZho-am-lm-ßy-¯nsâ 11þmw A²ymb-a-mW-v.* CXn\v 8 Xmfp-Ifpw Ahbv¡v 2 C©v \ofhpw 1 C©v hoXn-bp-ta-bp-Åp.* inh-K-tW-i-aqÀ¯n-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ, ssakq-cnse Hmdn-bâÂ dnkÀ¨v C³Ìnä-yq«-nse kaml-c-W-¯-nÂ Gähpw sNdnb ]\t-bme lkvXe-nJ-nX-¯-n\v 4 sk. ao. \ofhpw 2 sk. ao. hoXn-bp-ta-bp-Åp.

* At±l-¯-nsâ A`n{-]mb- -̄nÂ AhnS-s¯ Gähpw \ofw IqSnb ]\t-bme lkvX-en-Jn-X¯nsâ\ofw 120 sk. ao. BWv.

Collection of ManuscriptslkvXe-nJ-nX-§-f-ps-S -tiJ-c-Ww/kaml-mcw

lkvXenJnX- i-mk-v{XI-mc-·-mc-psS {][m\- t-Pmen Fhns-Sb-mtWm lkvXenJnX§-Ä th-coXn-bnÂ kwc-£n-¡m³ Ign-bm-̄ Xv Ahn-sS-\n¶pw AXp tiJ-cn-¡pI F¶-Xm-Wv. A§s\sNbvXns-Ã¦-nÂ Ah Fs¶t¶¡pambn \ãs-̧ S-pw. an¡ kzImcy kam-lm-c-§fpw Cu Xc-̄ n-em-Ip¶p. ]\t-bme lkvXenJnX§-Ä (Xmfnt-bmeI-Ä) Ct¸mgpw ]gb ]e XdhmS-pI-f-nepw Bcm[-\-me-b-§-f-nepw ImWmw. Nne -Ø-e-§-fnÂ Hgn¨v Ch-bnÂ ]eXpw Acn-Ip-IÄ \in¨v apgp-h³ \in-¡p-¶-Xntes¡¯nbncn¡p¶p. lkvXenJ-nX§-fpsS kwc£-W-¯n\pw ]ÞnX-temI¯-n\v AhBhiym\pk-mcw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ah temI-{]-i-kvX-amb {KÙ-̧ p-c- (am\p-kv{In]väv sse{_-dn)I-fnÂ kq£n-t¡---Xm-Wv.

lkvXenJnXkamlcWsa¶Xv Hcp Ffp¸-apÅ tPmenbÃ-. C¯cw kam-l-c-W-¯n-\pÅ \nb-a-§Ä¡pw XpSÀ\-S-]-Sn-IÄ¡pw sFI-cq]yw hcp¯m³ km[n¡-pI-b-nÃ-. ImcWw Hmtcm kmlN-c-yhpwatäX-nÂ\n¶pw hyXyk-vXa-mW-v. lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä Is-Sp-¡p¶ {]tZ-i-§sf lkvX-en-Jn-X -C-S-§Ä

(manuscript locations) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fpsS DS-a-Ø-·msc lkvX-en-Jn-X-kw-c-£-

I³/kq£n-̧ p-Im-c³ (manuscript custodian) F¶p hnfn¡-p¶-p. lkvXe-nJ-nX CS§-sf Ip-]nSn¡pIbpw lkvXenJnX- k-aml-cWw \S¯-pI-bpw sN¿p¶ hyànsb lkvX-en-JnX k¼m-Z-I³

(manuscript collector) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. lkvXenJnX- CS-§sf¡pdn¨v Adnhp \ÂIp¶-h-sc

Adnh-p\-ÂIp¶-h-À (informers) F-¶p ]db-p¶-p. Adnh-p\Â-Ip¶-hÀ F¶X v hfsc hym]IambAÀ°¯-nemWv {]tbmK-n¡p¶Xv. lkvX-en-JnX kwc-£I\v lkvX-en-JnXk¼m-Z-Is\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¯n sImSp-¡p-¶-h-tcbpw ChÀ¡n-S-bnÂ _Ô-apm-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-h-tcbpw "Adnhp\ÂIp¶-h-À' F¶mWp ]db-p¶-X-v.



History of Manuscript Collections þ lkvXe-nJ-nX-k-a-ml-mc-N-c-n{Xw

A¨-Sn-¡p-ap¼pw, A¨-Sn-]p-kvX-I-§-fpÅ sse{_-dn-IÄ Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\p ap¼pwlkvXenJ-nX-§-f-mWv Adnhv ]IÀ¶Xpw AXns\ D¶Xnbnse¯n¨Xpw. sIm«m-c-§Ä,- {]`paµn-c-§Ä,A¼-e-§Ä, k¶ym-kn-a-T-§Ä F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ lkvX-en-Jn-X-k-am-lmcw [mcm-f-ap--v. CXpI-qS-msX]ptcml-nX-·-mÀ, ]Þ-nX-·-mÀ F¶nh-c-psS ]¡epw tPymXnj-w, hmkvXp- hnZ-y, Cý³ saUnkn³ F¶otaJe-I-f-nÂ {]hÀ¯n¡-p¶-h-c-psS ]¡epw lkvXenJ-nX-§Ä ImWmh-p¶-X-mW-.v ]mÝmX-yÀ¡v

kwkIvrX- -̀mj-b-psS {]m[m\-yhpw AXn\v C³tUmþ- bqt-dm]-y³ `mjm tKm{X¯-nse aäp `mjI-fpamb-pÅ _Ôhpw a\Ê-ne-m¡-p¶-X-n\ vlkXve-nJ-nX-§-f-ne-qsS km[n¨-p. CXv AhÀ¡v kwkvIrX-`mj-sb Ipdn¨v Xmev]c-y]-qÀÆw ]Tn¡-p¶-X-n\pw AXnsâ êa-mbn Cý³ kwkvImc-s¯ Ipdn¨-dnbp¶-X-n\pw km[n¨-p.

Cý-bnÂ\n¶pw A]qÀÆ-am-bn-«pÅ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ Nne bqtdm]-y³]ÞnX-·-mcpw Cýb-ne-pÅ {_n«ojv DtZymK-Ø-·-mcpw Xmev]cyw ImWn¨-p. {]mNo\ lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-ÄtiJc-n¡-p¶-X-nÂ AhÀ {]tXyI-X-mXv]cyw ImWn¨p. {_n«ojv kÀ¡mÀ AhÀ¡p thXmb FÃm]n´p-Wbpw \evIn. bqtdm]-y·-mÀ Nne A]qÀÆ lkvXenJ-nX§-Ä kaml-c-n¨v kztZ-i-§-fn-te¡psIm-p-t]m-bn. Cý-bnÂ kq£n-¨n-cp¶ C¯cw Aaqey lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä AhnsS F¯n-¨-Xn-eqsSCw¥--nÂ Hcp ]p¯-\p-WÀÆp--m-bn. Ahn-Ss¯ ]Þn-X-·mÀ¡pw hnZym-`ymk hnN-£-W-·mÀ¡pwA¯cw hnjb-§-f-nt-e¡-v {]thi-n¡-p¶-X-n\pw A¯cw lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä Bhi-ya-mbn XoÀ¶p.AXpsImp--Xs¶ A¯cw lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä kq£n¡-p¶-X-n\pw kwc£-n¡-p¶-X-n\pw th- \S-]-Sn-I-sf-¶-\n-e¡v e--\nse Cý Hmôkv sse{_-dn-bnepw AXp-t]m-se-bpÅ aäp Øm]-\-§-fn-epw- Chkq£n-¨p.Cu Ime-L-«-¯nÂ, AXm-bXv ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm--nÂ imkv{X-Ir-Xn-I-f-S-¡apÅ kwkvIrX-kmlnXy¯-nÂ bqtdm]-y³ ]ÞnX-·-mÀ Xev]c-c-mb-n. C{]Imcw hnhn-[-`m-K-§-fnÂ \n¶pÅ AXy-[n-I-

amb Bhiyw a\-Ên-em¡n kÀ¡mÀ {]mNot-\´-y³ dn¡mÀUpI-fpw kmlnX-yI-rX-nI-fpw kaml-cn¡p¶Xpw kwc£-n¡-p¶-Xpw t{]mÕml-n¸-n -̈p.

an. sshäven tÌmIvkv A`n{-]mbs-̧ S-p¶-Xv þ kÀ¡md-nsâ lkvXe-nJ-nX- k-a-ml-mc- - ]²-Xn1868Â XpS§-nb-X-nÂ\n¶pw ]mÝmX-yÀ¡v Cý³ lkvXenJnX-§-Ä kaml-c-n¡-p¶-X-nÂ F{X-am{XwXmev]-cy-ap-s-¶v shfn-hm-Ip¶p F¶mWv. At±l-s-ag-pX-p¶p (tkmh-\oÀ, Hmdnb-â-Â am\pk-v{In]vävkv sse{_d- n, 1949, ]pdw 3) þ "Cu ]²-Xn-{]-Imcw k¼m-Zn¨ bYmÀ° lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fpw, tIm¸n-Ifpw Nne-Xnsâ Nne `mK-§Ä /kmcmw-ihpw þ C§s\ FÃmw bqtdm-̧ n-te¡v Ab-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯p.hnaÀi-\-¯nsâ bYmÀ° X¯z-§-f-dn-ªXpw {]tbm-Kn-̈ Xpw bqtdm-¸nÂ am{X-am-Wv. 50 hÀj-¯n-\p-ti-jhpw kwkvIrX-k-ml-nX-y¯-nÂ _u²nI-a-mb Xmev]c-ya-pÅ-Xv bqtdm¸-nÂ am{Xa-mW-v. CXn\-pt-ijwHcp Imcyw hyà-ambn ]d-bm³ Ignbpw. {Kokn-epÅ {Ko¡p ]Þn-X-·m-tc-¡mÄ Ipd-hmWv Cýb-nsekwkvIrX-]-Þ-nX-·-mÀ. sshäven tÌmIvknsâ [mcW-I-fpw {]hN-\-§-fpw sXäms-W¶p sXfnb-n¡-m³Ignb-pw. F¶mÂ, AtXk-a-bw At±l-¯-ns-\t-¸me-pÅ ]mÝmX-yÀ¡v {]mNo\- l-kvXenJ-n-X§-sf\mi¯-nÂ\n¶pw hosS--p¡-p¶-X-n\-pÅ AXypÕ-ml-hpw ]nSnª-mdv C³tUmf-P-n¡-Â ÌUok-n\vkpZrV-a-mb ASn¯-d-]-mI-p¶-X-n\-pÅ A`n\-nt-hi-hpw sXfnb-n¡-s-̧ S-p¶-X-mW-v.

lkvX-en-Jn-X-k-am-lm-c-ta-J-e-bnÂ `mc-X-kÀ¡mcpw ]mÝm-Xy-]-Þn-X-·mcpw ImWn¨ Xmev]cyw

`mc-Xob ]Þn-X-·mÀ¡n-S-bnepw cmk-Xz-c-I-amb Hcp ê-am-Wp--m-¡n-b-Xv. `mc-Xo-b-]-Þn-X-·mcpwbqtdm-]y³ ]Þn-X-·mcpw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä kaml-c-n¡-p¶-X-n\pw Ah Cýb-nÂ¯s¶ {]km[-\w



sN¿p¶-Xn\-pa-pÅ {ia§-Ä XpS§-n. Cu Ahk-c-¯-nÂ _qlvfÀ (Buhler), -F -̂v. IoÂtlm¬ (F.

Keilhorn), t_WÂ (Burnell), cmtP{µ emÂ an{X (Rajendra Lal Mitra) BÀ. Pn. `ÞmÀ¡À

(R. G. Bhandarkar), lc-{]-kmZv imkv{Xn (Haraprasad Sastri) F¶n-h-cpsS tkh\w IrX-Ú-

Xm-]qÀÆw kvacn-t¡---XmWv. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm--nsâ BZy-L-«-¯nÂ Cu Zni-bn-epÅ {]hÀ¯-\-̄ nÂKW-]-Xn-im-kv{Xn, kmw_-in-h-im-kv{Xn, BÀ. F. imkv{Xn F¶o ]Þn-X-·m-tcbpw HmÀt¡---Xm-Wv.

lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-f-psS kaml-c-W-¯-n\pw {]km[-\-¯-n\pw kwØm\- kÀ¡md-pI-Ä hfschenb ]n´pW-b-mWv \evIp¶-X-v. ]ÞnX-·-mc-psS kzbmÀ¸W-a-mb ]cn{-ia-hpw AXnsâ êa-mbn CutaJe-b-ne-pm--b hnPbhpw Cýb-psS hnhn[- -̀mK-§-f-nÂ lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä¡v {]tXyI sse{_d-nI-Ä\neh-nÂ hcp¶-X-n\v ImcW-a-mb-n. t_mws_ _wKmÄ , a{Zmkv F¶nh-nS-§-f-nse kÀ¡m-cp-IÄ {KÙ-sse-{_dn XpS-§-¶-Xn-\p-th- t\XrXzw \evIn.aäp {]tZi-§-fpw cmP`-c-W{]tZi§-fpw Cu Imcy¯-nÂ Ahsc ]n´pS-À¶p. AXnÂ NneXv þ

Sajfoji Maharaja's Sarasvati Mahal Library, Thanjavoor.

Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune.

Govt. Oriental Manuscripts Library, Chennai

Oriental Manuscripts Library, Mysore.

ORI & MSs Library, Thiruvananthapuram.C¯cw Øm]-\-§Ä Øm]n-¨Xv lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fpsS kam-lm-c-¯n-\p- thn -am-{X-a-Ã, {][m-\-s¸«

lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä {]km-[\w sN¿p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n IqSn-bm-Wv. CXv ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qämn-sâ- D-̄ -cmÀ²-¯nepw Ccp-]Xmw \qäm--nsâ XpS-¡-¯nepw kwkvIr-X-̄ nepw ]men-bn-ep-apÅ ]e IrXn-I-fp-tSbpw XpSÀ{]-km-[-\-§Ä DbÀ¶p hcp¶-X-n\-nS-b-m¡-n. C¯-c-̄ n-epÅ {][m\ {]km-[-\-]-c-¼-c-IÄ

(Publication Series) þ

1. Bibliotheca Indica, Calcutta.

2. Bombay Sanskrit Series.

3. Ànand°ørama Sanskrit Series, Pune.

4. Bibliotheca Samsk§ta, Mysore.

5. Kavyamala, Bombay.

6. Advaitamaµjar¢ Series, Kumbhakonam.

7. Banaras Sanskrit Series.

8. Trivandrum Sanskrit Series.lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fpsS kam-l-cWhpw {KÙ-sse-{_-dn-I-fpsS DZv`-hhpw Ct¸mgpw XpSÀ¶p-

sIm--n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu Ahk-c-¯nÂ Cýbnse hnhn[- cmP- `cW{]tZi§-fnse cmPm¡-·-mÀ hnhn[Ddh-nS-§-f-ne-qsS lkXve-nJ-nX-§-Ä tiJc-n¡-p¶-X-nÂ ImWn¨ XmXv]cyw {]tXyIw HmÀt¡---XmW-v.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse cmPm-¡-·mÀ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä, kaml-c-n¡-p¶-X-nepwkq£n¡p¶-X-nepw AXy]-qÀÆa-mb DÕml-a-mWv {]ZÀin¸-n¨Xv.

1. {io ImÀ¯n-I-Xn-cp-\mÄ cma-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pmhv (1758-þ1795) bph-cm-Pm-sh¶ \nebv¡v kma-´-cm-Py-amb/A[o-\-cm-Py-amb A¼-e-¸pg ]nSn-̈ -S-¡p-Ibpw AXv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-te¡v ebn¸-n¡-pI-bpwsNbvX Ahk-c-¯-nÂ AhnS-s¯ {]tZi-§-f-ne-pm--b-nc-p¶ lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä apgph-³ ssIhi-am¡n.



2. {io Bbneyw Xncp\-mÄ cmah-À½ almc-mP-mhv (1860þ-1880) kzImc-yh-yà-nI-fnÂ\n¶pw lkvXe-nJ-nX-§Ä tiJc-n¡-p¶-X-n\pw Ah sIm«-mcw sse{_dn (he-nb-s-Im«-mcw {KÙ¸-pc-)b-nÂ kq£n¡-p¶-Xn\pa-pÅ D¯c-hv Cd¡-n.

3. {ioaqew Xncp\-mÄ almc-mP-mh-nsâ Ime¯-mWv(1885þ-1924) tUm. Sn. KW]Xnimk-{vXnb-psS kwtbmP-

I-X-z¯-n³ IognÂ (under the editorship) 1903Â Trivandrum Sanskrit Series Bcw -̀n¨-X-.v

4. {ioaq-ew-Xn-cp-\m-fnsâ Ime-¯p-X-s¶-bmWv 1908Â Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cs¯ {KÙ-sse-{_dn Hcp {]tXy-I-

hn-`m-K-ambn \ne-sIm---Xv.5. Xncph-nX-mwI-qÀ cmPm¡-·-ms-ct-̧ ms-e¯-s¶ Nne kma´-c-mP-m¡-·-mcpw lkXve-nJ-nX-§-Ä kaml-c-n

¡-p¶-X-nepw kwc£-n¡-p¶-X-nepw Xmev]c-ya-pÅ-h-cmb-nc-p¶-p.6. Cub-h-k-c-¯nÂ kvacn-¡-s¸-tS- Hcp kp{]-[m-\-\m-a-amWv X©m-hq-cnse kÀt^mPn

almcmPmhntâX-v. lkvXe-nJ-nX-k-q£-n¸-pI-mÀ (Manuscript custodians)lkvX-en-Jn-X-kq-£n-̧ p-Imsc c-p- hn-`m-K-ambn Xncn¡mw þ

1. Øm]\-§-f-mbn«pÅh (Institutional)

2. Øm]\-§-f-Ã-m¯-h (Non-institutional)Øm]-\-§Ä c-p-X-c-̄ n-ep-v þ

1. lkXve-nJ-nX-§-f-psS k¼mZ-\w, kwc£-W-w, {]km[-\w F¶nh-b-v¡mb-pÅ {KÙ-sse{-_d-nI-Ä.2. hnZym -̀ymk/aXØ-m]-\-§-Ä.

Chb-psS {][m\ {]hÀ¯\w lkvXe-nJ-nX-k-wc-£-W-tam {]km[-\-tam AÃ. tImtfPv/ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-I-fnse Nne `mjm-hn-`m-K-§fpw hnhn-[-a-X-hn-`m-K-§-fpsS B{i-a-§fpw Cu hn`mK-¯-nÂs]«X-mW-v. C§-s\-bp-Å-h-cnÂ hfsc Ipds¨-®-¯n\p am{Xta lkvX-en-Jn-X-kw-c-£-W-̄ n-\pÅ FÃm kmt¦X-nI-hnZyI-fpw ssIhi-a-pÅ-p. Øm]\-§-f-Ã-m¯ hn`mK-̄ -nÂ s]Sp¶-X-mWv Nne IpSpw_-§-fpw NnehyànIf-pw. C´y-bnse Nne IpSpw-_-§Ä ]mc-¼-cy-ambn BbpÀtÆ-Zw, thZm-´w, a{´w, X{´w,inev]imk-v{Xw, tPymXnjw F¶nh ]Tn¨ph-c-p¶-h-b-mW-v. C¯cw hnj-b-§-fn-epÅ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä

Ct¸mgpw Cu IpSpw-_-§-fnÂ ImWm³ Ignb-pw. Nne hyàn-I-fnepw aäp-Å-hÀ kq£n-¡m³ \evInbC¯cw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fp--v.

Chc-psS ssIbne-pÅ ]e lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-fpw IrXya-mbn kq£n¡-m³ Ignb-msX Ahan¡hmdpw \in¡-p¶-p. C¯cw lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä Fs¶t¶¡-pa-mbn \ãs-¸S-mX-nc-n¡-m³ AhAXymh-i-ya-mbn kzIm-cy-kq-£n-̧ p-Im-cnÂ\n¶pw k¼m-Zn-t¡---Xm-Wv. kq£n¸-pI-mÀ ]e Xc¯-ne-pÅ-h-cmb-Xp sImp--X-s¶ lkvXe-nJ-nX-k-¼-mZ-\-̄ -nÂ sFI-cq]yw hcp¯-m³ km²ya-Ã.-Nne Bfp-IÄAdn-b-s¸-Sp¶ {KÙ-sse-{_-dn-IÄ¡mbn lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä kzta[bm kw`mh-\-s-N¿-p¶-p. F¶mÂA§-s\-bp-Å-hÀ hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. IqSp-X-em-fp-Ifpw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä X§-fpsS {]mam-Wn-I-Nn-Ó-ambn IcpXn kzbw kq£n-¡p-¶p. aq¶ma-s-Xmcp Iq«À ]Ww Bhi-ys-¸S-p¶-p. \mema-s-Xmcp hn`mKwkw`mh-\-b-mtbm ]Ww kzoIc-nt¨m Ch \evIp¶-nÃ-. lkvXe-nJ-nX-§sf ]pWy{-KÙ-§-f-mb-mWv ]ecpwIcpX-p¶-X-v. AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶ tIc-f-̄ nse ]e lnµp-Ip-Spw-_-§-fnepw \h-cm-{Xn-Zn-\-§-fnÂ Chkck-zX-ot-Zh-nb-psS ap¼nÂ kq£n¡-p¶-p. Nne hoSp-I-fnÂ FÃm-Zn-h-khpw Cu coXn-bnÂ¯s¶ Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-sIm-v hoSnsâ ]qPma-pd-nb-nÂ kq£n¡-p¶-p. Cu {KÙ§-f-nÂ ]eXpw {]mNo\ en]nI-f-mb{KÙ, \µn\mKcn XpS§-nb-h-b-ne-pÅ-X-mW-v. ]e kq£n-̧ p-ImÀ¡pw Cu en]n-IÄ hmbn-¡m-\-dn-bn-Ã.AXps-Imp--X-s¶ C§s\ ]qPma-pd-nI-f-nÂ kq£n¡-s-̧ S-p¶ lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä bmsXmcp ssZh^-e-



hpw sN¿p¶-nÃ-. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v, Hcp Øe¯v {KÙ-en-]n-bn-epÅ aq¶p Xmfn-tbm-e-IÄ ]qPm-ap-dn-bnÂkc-kz-Xn-bpsS ap¼nÂ kq£n-¨n-cp-¶p. Ah \ÂIm³ IpSpw_mw-K-§Ä X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. F¶mÂ Ahaq¶pw B`nN-mc-I-À½§-Ä {]Xn]mZ-n¡-p¶-X-mb-nc-p¶-p.

ASp-¯-Xv, XnI-̈ p-samcp AÔ-hn-izm-k-am-Wv. Hcp hnZymÀ°n Xsâ _Ôp-hn-sâ-b-Sp¯vIpd¨p lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-f-ps-¶-p ]dª-p. CXv kq£n¨-nc-p¶-Xv Hcp hr²b-mW-v. Ahc-psS a¡Äapgph-³ hntZi-c-mP-y§-f-ne-mW-.v lkXve-nJ-nX-§-Ä AhÀ X¶nÃ-. Ahc-psS PohnX-̄ -nsâ `mKa-mbnamdnb B lkvX-en-Jn-X§Ä Ah-cpsS ac-W-¯nÂ IqsS Zln-¸n-¡-W-sa¶v AhÀ ]d-ªp. C¶pwC´y-bnse Nne `m-K-§-fnse Nne IpSpw-_-§Ä X§-fpsS PmXn-bntem AXn-\p- ap-I-fn-epÅ PmXn-bntems]«-hsc am{Xta lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä kq£n-¡p¶ apdn-bn-te¡v Ibä-pI-b-pÅ-p. C§-s\-bpÅ \ntcm-[-\§Ä lkvX-en-Jn-X-k-¼m-Z-\-̄ nÂ {]iv\-§-fpm-¡p-¶p. aäpN-ne BfpI-Ä lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä Hcp\nÝnX XpIbv¡v hntZi-nI-Ä¡v sImSp¯-mÂ AXp ]n¶oSv \s½ henb A]I-S-¯nÂs¸Sp¯psa¶v hnizk-n¡-p¶-p. sshZyw, tPymXnj-w, hmkXvph-nZy F¶nh ]mc¼-c-ys-Xmg-ne-mbnioen¨ IpSpw_-§-fnse kq£n-¸p-Im-cm-sW-¦nepw AhÀ¡v Ah-cp-sS-b-Sp-̄ pÅ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ähmbn-¡m³ Ign-ªn-sÃ-¦n-epw, Ah-cpsS `mhn-X-e-ap-dbv¡v D]-Im-c-s¸-Sp-sa¶p ]dªv Ah \ÂIm³hnk½-X-n¡-p¶-p. DbÀ¶ hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb Bfp-Ifpw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä kw`m-h-\-sN-¿m³ aSn¡-p¶-X-mbn ImWmw.

Nne kµÀ`§-f-nÂ kq£n¸-pI-mÀ AÚmX-I-rX-nI-Ä AhÀXs¶ {]kn²-oI-c-n¡-ps-a¶pw aäm-cp-tSbpw klmbw th- F¶p-apÅ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xmbpw ImWp¶p. NnebnS§fnÂ lkvX-en-Jn-X-kq-£n-̧ p-Im-c-\m-hnÃ AXnsâ bYmÀ° DS-a. henb Hcp IpSpw-_-¯nsâ s]mXpkz¯m-bn-cn¡pwlkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä. AXnse HcwKw am{X-amhpw AXv \neh-nÂ kq£n¡-p¶ BÄ. aäwK-§-f-psS k½XwIqSmsX Ah kw`mh-\-s-N¿-p¶-X-nt\m hnev¡p-¶-Xnt\m At±-l-¯n\v A[n-Im-c-apm-hn-Ã. C¯-c-a-h-k-c-§-fnÂ Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-¯nse FÃm-h-cp-ambpw _Ô-ap-m-¡pI F¶Xv hnj-a-I-c-am-Wv. \qdn-e-[nIw AwK-§-fnÂ ]ecpw C´yb-ps-S -]e- -̀mK-§-f-nepw NneÀ hntZi-¯-pa-mb-nc-n¡-pw. C¯cw Zpc\-p`-h-§-Ä lkvXe-nJ-nX-- k-¼m-Z-I\v [mcm-f-am-bpm-Ip-¶p.Nne lkXve-nJ-nX-k-q£-n¸-pI-mÀ Ah B[nI-mc-nI sse{_d-nI-fnte¡v sImSp¡-p¶-p. AXnÂ Xev]-c-cmb At\-IÀ¡v D]Imc{]-Z-am-Ip-atÃm F¶-Xp- sIm--m-Wn-Xv. Ch-cnÂ NneÀ Ah-c-h-cpsS Nne-hnÂXs¶ C¯cw Øm]-\-§-fnÂ h¶v Ah kzta[-bm \ÂIp¶-p. C¯c-¯-nÂ At\IwlkvXenJnX-§Ä hÀjwt-Xmdpw e`n¡-p¶ Nne Øm]\-§-f-mWv

Oriental Manuscript Library, Chennai,

Saraswati Mahal Library, ThanjavoorF¶nh. C¯cw IrXnI-Ä A]qÀÆa-mbn ORI & MSs Library bnepw In«m-dp-v

Requisite Qualities of a Manuscript CollecterlkvX-en-JnXk¼m-Z-I-\p-th- AXym-h-iy-Kp-W-§Ä

1. B {]tZis¯ kmwkvImc-nI-hpw kmlnX-y]-c-h-pa-mb ]mc¼-c-ys¯ Ipdn¨pÅ Adnh-v.2. t{imXmh-ns\ BIÀjn¡-p¶ Xc -̄nÂ k´pã-h-m\-mbn kwkmc-n¡-W-w.3. lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-f-psS {]m[m\-ya-d-nª-nc-n¡-W-w.* kq£n¸p-Im-c-sâ-b-Sp-̄ p-Xs¶ h¨mÂ Ah \in¨v CÃm-Xm-bn-̄ o-cp-sa¶v At±-ls¯t_m²ys¸Sp¯-m³ Ignb-W-w.



* Ah-cp-sS-b-Sp-̄ pÅ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä \Ã Øm]-\-§-fn-te¡v kw`m-h-\-sN¿pIhgn Kthj-I-À¡pwA¡mZ-a-nI-k-a-ql-¯-n\-pa-mWv AXv D]I-mc-s-̧ S-pI-sb¶v Ahs-c]-d-ªp a\Ê-n-em¡-m³ Ignb-W-w.4. kmaql-nI- _-Ôw hnime-amb-ncn¡W-w.5. B {]tZi-s¯ {]mNo\ en]ns-b¡-pd-n¨v A-d-nª-nc-n¡-W-w.A§s-\b-mh-pt-¼mÄ kq£n¸-pI-mÀ¡v AhÀ kw`mh-\-s-N¿-m³ t]mIp¶ lkvXe-nJ-nX-s¯ Ipdn-¨-dn-bm³ Xmev]-cy-ap--m-Ip-Ibpw PnÚm-kpXzw sIm-v k¼m-Z-I-t\mSv AXnse Nne hcnI-Ä hmbn¨-ps-ImS-p¡-m³ Bhi-ys-¸S-pI-bpw sN¿pw.6. k¼mZ-I³ s]mXpsh hnizkvX\pw BßmÀ°X-b-pÅ-h-\-pw am\y\pambncn¡-Ww.*\pW ]d-bp-¶-h\pw hnizmkyX Ipdhpff BfpamsW¦nÂ kq£n¸-pI-mc-\nÂ\n¶v lkvXe-nJ-nXwIn«ph-m\-pÅ km[yX Ipdh-mWv.7. Cu cwKs¯ hn]c-oX- k-ml-N-c-y§-t-fbpw coXnI-t-fbpw t\cnS-p¶-X-n\v k¼mZ-I-\v ss[cyhpw£abpw AXymh-i-ya-mW-v.8. IrXy\-njvT]-me-n¡-p¶-h-\-mb-nc-n¡-W- w.*CsÃ-¦nÂ kq£n-¸p-Im-c\pw k¼m-Z-Is\ klm-bn-¡m³ k·-\-Êp-Im-Wn- -̈bmÄ¡pw Ahn-izm-k-apm-Ipw.*CXv kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Ah-cpsS A\n-ã-¯n\v Imc-W-am-Ip-Ibpw B ZuXys¯ ]cmP-b-s-̧ S-p¯-pI-

bpw sN¿pw.

Field WorkcwKI-À½w*lkvX-en-Jn-X-k-¼m-Z-\-̄ n-\pÅ {]tZiw Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ Nne Imcy-§Ä {in²n-t¡---Xp--v.

1. lkvXe-nJ-nX-{-]t-Zi-§-sf Ipdn¨-pÅ Adnhv (Information on Manuscript Locations)* kzImc-yk-q£-n -̧pI-mc-nÂ\n¶pw lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä k¼mZ-n¡-m³ t]mIp¼-mÄ BcpsS ASp¯-mWv/GXp IpSpw_-¯-ne-mWv CsX¶v Adnb-W-w.* Ignb-ps-a¦-nÂ Cu hnhc-§-Ä AXXv {Kma§-f-nÂ\n¶pw/\Kc-§-f-nÂ\n¶pw kzoIc-n¡-pI-.*CXn\v klm-bn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶Xv B {]tZ-is¯ hnhn-[-km-aq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI kwLmS-I-t-cmA²ym]-I-t-cm \m«pI-mtcm BWv.*CXn\v FÃm {]tZ-i-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-apÅ ]qÀ®-hn-hcw In«p-¶-Xp-hsc Im¯n-cn-¡Ww F¶À°a-nÃ-.

*lkvXe-nJ-nX-{-]tZi§s-f¡-pd-n¨v Adnh-pt-\S-pI F¶Xv Hcp XpSÀ{]{-Inb BWv.

2. kq£n-̧ p-Im-c-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hni-Z-hn-h-c-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡pI (Collecting detailed information

about the custodian).*kq£n-̧ p-Im-c-s\-¡p-dn¨v {][m-\-ambpw Adn-ªn-cn-t¡--Xv Ch-bmWv þ* At±l- -̄ nsâ {]IrXw* IpSpw_- ]- Ý- m¯- ew* kmaql- nI- _- Ôw* ASp¯ _Ôp¡-f-pt-Sbpw kplr¯-p¡f-ptSbpw t]cv taÂhne-mkw F¶nh.* CXv k¼mZ-I-\v kq£n¸-pI-mc-\-pa-mbn CSs-]S-pt-¼mÄ hfsc D]I-mc-s-̧ S-pw.

3. A\pt-bmP-yc-mb a[yh-À¯nI-f-psS tkh\w (services of suitable intermediaries)



* Bcp-sS-sb-¦nepw I¿nÂ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä Ds¶-dn-ªmÂ k¼m-Z-I³ F{Xbpw s]s«¶v At±l-h-pa-mbn _Ôs-̧ S-pI-.* Nne kµÀ -̀§-fnÂ t\cn-«pÅ kao-]-\hpw Nne-XnÂ kq£n-¸p-Im-c-\p-ambn ASp¯ _Ô¯-ne-pÅ-h-cne-qs-Sbpw kao]-n¡-mw

4 HutZym-Kn-I -F-gp-¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ Adn-bn¸v (information through official letters).* Øm]\-t-a[-mhn kq£n¸-pI-mc-t-\mSv At±l-¯-nsâ lkXve-nJnX§Ä kw`mh-\-s-N¿-m³ ]d-ªp-

sIm-v HutZym-KnIambn I¯-b-b-¡mw.* I¯nÂ Øm]\w lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xnepw {]km-[\w sN¿p-¶-Xnepw hln¡-p¶DbÀ¶ ]¦v kqNn¸-n¡-mw.* AtXm-sSm¸w Kth-j-IÀ¡pw ]Þn-X-·mÀ¡pw th-n sN¿p¶ tkh-\hpw ImWn-¡mw.*lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä k¼m-Zn-¡m³ \ntbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cpsS t]cv, HutZym-KnI taÂhne-mkw F¶nhIgnh-Xpw BZy I-¯-nÂ Xs¶ kq£n¸-pI-mc-s\ Adnbn¡-mw; CsÃ¦-nÂ AXv Hcp asämcpI¯nsegpX-mw.* Cu I¯v ZmXm-hns\ t_m[-h-ev¡-cn-¡m-\pw, hnZym-`ymk kaq-l-¯nsâ tkh-\-amWv CXne-qsSe£ya-m¡-p¶-s-X¶v a\Ê-ne-m¡-n¡-m\pw km[n¡-p¶-p.* k¼mZ-I-\v Hcp HutZymK-nI ]cnt-hjw \evIp¶-X-n\v C§s-\s-bmcp I¯v D]I-c-n¡-pw.* IqSmsX Cu taJ-e-bnÂ DÅ hymP-·msc XS-bm\pw CXp klm-bn-¡p¶p.* Npcp-§n-bXv c-p -t]-sc-¦n-ep-a-S-§nb lkvX-en-JnX k¼m-Z-\-amWv \Ã-Xv.

* cwK{-]t-hi-\ (field work) k-a-b-¯ vk¼mZ-I-³ At±l-¯-nsâ Xncn¨-d-nb-Â ImÀUpw lkXv-

enJn-X-k-¼m-Z\w F¶ tPmen-bnÂ C¶ Øm]\w Xs¶ \ntbm-Kn-̈ n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv F¶p ImWn-¡p-¶HutZym-Kn-I-I¯pw kq£n-t¡-Xm-Wv.* lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä Ah sh¨nc-p¶ Øe¯-p\-n¶pw FSp¯-ps-Imp --t]mIpI-b-ms-W¦-nÂ kq£n-̧ p-Im-c\v Hcp No«v \ÂtI---Xm-Wv.* IqSpXÂ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä Ds¦nÂ XoÀ¨-bmbpw kq£n-̧ p-Im-c\v Fgp-Xn-s¡m-Sp-¡-Ww.* A{]I-mcw hniZ-a-mbn XÕa-bw sImSp¡-m³ Ignª-ns-Ã¦-nÂ Hm^ok-nÂ sN¶t-ijw Ah hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n¨v hnh-c-§Ä kq£n-¸p-Im-cs\ Adn-bn-t¡---Xm-Wv.* AXn\pw km[n-̈ n-sÃ-¦nÂ hni-Z-hn-h-c-§Ä ]n¶o-Sv A-dn-bn-¡m-sa-¶p-Im-Wn¨v I¯v Abt-¡---Xm-Wv.

Cataloguing\mamh-e-nc-q]-oI-c-Ww* kq£n¸-pI-mc-\-nÂ\n¶p k¼mZ-n¨ lkXve-nJ-nX-s-¡«-pI-Ä {i²n¨v \nco£-n¨ v{i²t-bmsS hmbn-t¡---Xm-Wv.* Hcp sI«n-se-¯s¶ Nne Xmfp-IÄ B Ir-Xn-bp-ambn _Ô-an-Ãm-̄ Xpw Hcp-]s£ aäpIrXnIfptSXpa-mI-mw.

* A{i²-a-mbn ssIImcyw sN¿p¶-X-ne-qsS sI«nb NcS-pI-Ä s]m«pt-¼mÄ Nne sI«pI-Ä IqSn¡-e-cp¶-p.* Nnet-¸mÄ thÀXnc-nª Nne XmfpI-Ä k¼mZ-n¨ lkXve-nJ-nX-§-f-psS `mKtam, ]cnN-b-a-pÅ aäp

]eXns-âbpw `mKtam Bbnc-n¡-nÃ-. C§s-\b-pÅ XmfpI-sf HäX-nc-nª-pÅ XmfpI-Ä (stray folios)F¶p ]-d-b-p¶-p.



* lkvX-en-Jn-X-k-¼m-Z-\-̄ n-\p-tijw Agnª Xmfp-Isf lkvX-en-Jn-X-Ú³ {IaoIcn-t¡---Xm-Wv.* B XmfpI-Ä {IaoI-c-n¡-p¶-Xv Xmsg ]db-p¶ LSI-§-f-psS ASnØ-m\-̄ nemb-nc-n¡-Ww þ1. Xmfnsâ DÅS- ¡- w.

2. {KÙ -̄nsâ BZys¯ Xmfntem Ahk-m\-t-̄ X-ntem tNÀ¡p¶ Nn{Xme-¦mc-w. (Colophon)

3. Xmfnsâ hen -̧w.4. XmÄ \¼À.

5. Hcp Xmfnse hcnI-f-psS F®w.6. D]t-bmK-n¨ en]n.7. D]t-bmK-n¨ `mjms-sie-n.8. A£c-§-f-psS hen¸-w.9. Fgp¯-nsâ {]tXyI-X-I-Ä.* Hmtcm IrXn-bpsS Xmfn-tâbpw tbmPy-amb {Iao-I-c-W-¯n-\p-tijw Hmtcm-¶nepw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-tcJ

(protocol) _Ôn-̧ n-¡-Ww.

* lkvXe-nJ-nX-s-¯¡-pd-n¨-pÅ {]kà-a-mb hniZ-oI-c-W-w, AXmb-Xv þ* IrXnb-psS t]cv.

* IÀ¯mh-nsâ t]cv.* en]n.* hnjb- w.* kabw/Imew.* {KÙk-wJy.* Ime¸-g-¡- w.F¶nh Hcp {]tXyIw Xmfns-eg-pXn ]pdw X-mf-ns-em«-n¡-W-w.

C§s\ {]k-à-amb hni-Zo-I-cWw ]pdw-Xm-fnÂ \evIp-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv Hu]-Nm-cn-I-tcJ ( protocol )-

F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv.Hcp sI«nÂ H¶nÂ IqSp-XÂ IrXn-I-fp-s--¦nÂ Hmtcm-¶n-sâbpw hni-Z-hn-hcw {]tXyIw

Xmfns-eg-pX-W-w. Ch sI«nsâ apIf-ne-mb-n, IrXnI-fpsS {Ia¯-nÂ sh¡W-w. t]¸À lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-fnÂ Hu]N-mc-nI-t-cJ ]pds¯ ImÀUvt_mÀUnÂ H«nt-¡X---mW-v. ]IÀ¯ns-bg-pX-nb lkXve-nJ-nX-

¯-nÂ (transcript) a-pI-f-nÂ ]dª hniZ-oI-c-W-̄ -ns-\m¸-w,

* ]IÀ¯ns-bg-pX-nb Bfnsâ t]cv.* ]IÀ¯nb Xn¿X-n.* GXv lkvXe-nJ-nX-a-mWv ]IÀ¯nb-X-v.* Cu lkvX-en-JnXw FhnsS \n¶mWv In«n-bXvF¶nh IqSn tNÀ¡W-w.* ]IÀ¯ns-bg-pX-nb-t-ijw ]IÀ¸ns\ bYmÀ°l-k-vXe-nJ-nX-h-pa-mbn H¯p t\mt¡X---mW-v.* C§-s\-bpÅ tIkp-I-fnÂ ssI¸ng Xncp-¯m³ klm-bn-¡p¶ BfpsS t]cpw Hcp Ipdn-s¸-¶-t]mse \ÂtI---Xm-Wv.* Hu]N-mc-nI-t-cJ-I-Ä lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä ]cnt-im[-n¡-m\-m{-Kl-n¡-p¶ BfpI-Ä¡v hfsc klmb-I-amb-nc-n¡-pw.



\mamh-en (catalogue) \mep-X-c-¯n-ep--v.

1. efn-X-kq-NnI (simple index)

2. A£c-a-memkqNnI ( Alphabetical index)

3. hnjb-{-Ia-k-qN-nI (Subject-wise index)

4. hnhc-W-mß-I\mamh-en (Descriptive catalogue)FÃm-̄ cw \mam-hen cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\pw BZyw sNt¿--Xv FÃm IrXn-I-fp-tSbpw hni-Z- hnh-cwImÀUns-eg-pX-pI F¶X-mW-v.

1 .efn-X-kq-NnI (Simple index)* BZyw IrXnb-psS t]cv* IÀ¯mh-nsâ t]cv* IrXnb-psS hnjbw* Fhns-S \-n¶p e`n¨pF¶nh tNÀ¡W-w. aäp hni-Zmw-i-§Ä CXnÂ \ÂIp¶n-Ã. AXp-sImp -Xs¶ CXnsâ {]m[m\ywIpd-hm-Wv.efn-X-kq-NnI A£-c-am-em-{I-a-¯nÂ {Iao-I-cn-̈ mÂ aäp kqNn-I-Ifpw \mam-h-en-Ifpw X¿md-m¡-p¶-Xn\v D]I-mc-{-]Z-a-mI-pw.

2. A£-c-amem{IakqNnI (alphabetical index)* A£c-a-me-mk-qN-nI-b-nÂ,* IrXnb-psS t]cv* IÀ¯mh-nsâ t]cv* hnjbw* {KÙ -̄nsâ F®w* en]n* FgpX-m\-p]-t-bmK-n¨ Akwk-vIrX-]-Z-mÀ°w* Fs´-¦n-epw- A`n-{]m-b-ap-s--¦nÂ AXv F¶nh ImÀUnÂ tNÀ¡-Ww.*A`n{-]mb- -̄n\p Xmsgb-mbn lkvXe-nJ-nX-¯-nsâ AhØ-, Imew, Cu lkvX-en-JnXw e`y-amb aäptI{µ-§Ä F¶nh kqNn-̧ n-¡-Ww.*B tI{µ¯-ne-pÅ lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-f-psS F®hpw \evIW-w.*C§s\ ]qcn¸-n¨ ImÀUpI-Ä AImc-mZ-n{-Ia-̄ -nÂ {IaoI-c-n¡-W-w.

ORI & MSs sse{_-dn-bnÂ A£-c-am-em-{I-a-̄ nÂ kwkvIr-X-l-kvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä {IaoI-c-n¨-XvXmsg]-d-bpw {]Imc-a-mW-v.

H¶m-as¯ tImf-̄ nse {Ia-\-¼À, \mam-h-en-bpsS {Iao-I-c-W-t¯bpw B lkvX- enJ-nX-¯nsâ sam¯w F®t-̄ bpw Ipdn¨-d-nb-m³ Hcmsf klmbn¡p¶-p.

ASp¯ cp -t-Imf-¯-nÂ IrXnb-psS t]cpw {_m¡ä-nÂ AXnsâ kzcq]-hpw tcJs-¸S-p¯-n.AXmb-Xv hymtJymt-]X-w, tIcf- -̀mt-jmt-]Xw F¶nX-ymZ-nI-Ä kwkvIrX A£c-a-mem {Ia¯-nÂtZh\mK-c-ne-n]-nb-nepw tdma³en]-nb-nepw tcJs-¸S-p¯-p¶-p.

\mem-as¯ tImf-¯nÂ IÀ¯m-hnsâ t]tcm, hymJym-Xm-hnsâ t]tcm, cpw IqSntbmtNÀ¡p¶-p. IÀ¯mhv/hymJymX-mhv AÚmX-\-ms-W¦-nÂ B tImf -̄nÂ shd-psX Ip¯nS-p¶-p.

A©ma-s¯ tImf¯-nÂ IrXnb-psS hnjbw \ÂIp¶-p.IrXy-X-bv¡p-th-n IrXn-I-sf, thZw, thZ-e-£-Ww, BK-aw, a{´w, D]-\n-j-Xv, X{´w, ]pcmW-w,

CXnl-mk-w, {iuX{-]t-bmK-w, Krlyw, -Krl-y{-]t-bmKw, [À½w, im´n, amlmß-yw, {hXw, `àn, in£,



hymI-c-Ww, \ncp-àw, Oµ-kv, tPymXn-jw, sshZyw, thZm-´w, \ymbw, tbmKw, aoamwk-, Imhyw ({]mI-rX-w,N¼q, KZyw), \mSI-w, Ae¦-mc-w, \mSyi-mk-v{Xw, Imai-mk-v{Xw, \oXn, inev]w, KoX, ck-hm-Zw, tImiw,ssP\-a-Xw, kvtXm{Xw, kp`m-jn-Xw, kmap-{Zn-Iw, hnhn[w F¶n§-s\ ]eh-nj-b-§-f-mbn Xncn¡-p¶-p.

Bdma-s¯ tImf¯-nÂ Hmtcm lkvXe-nJ-nX-¯-nepw DÅ {KÙ§-f-psS F®w \ÂIp¶p.Ggma-s¯ tImf¯-nÂ en]n, Akwk-vIrX-h-k-vXp, hen¸w F¶nh tcJs¸S-p¯-p¶-p.

ORI & MSs sse{_-dn-bnÂ tZh-\m-K-cn, \µn-\m-K-cn, ae-bm-fw, adm-¯n, Xan-gv, sXep-¦v, {KÙ,I¶-U, _wKmfn en]n-I-fn-epÅ kwkvIr-X-l-kvX-en-Jn-X-§-fp--v. Cu lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-f-psS Akwk-vIrX-h-kvXp ]\t-bme-t-bm -t]¸-tdm BWv.

ASp¯ A`n{-]mb-t-Imf-̄ -nÂ lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-f-psS hniZ-mwi-§-Ä \ÂIp¶-p. AXmb-Xv,* ]gb-X-mt-Wm, {Zhn -̈X-mt-Wm, \in¨-X-mtWm F¶n§-s\ lkXve-nJ-nX-s-¡«-pI-f-psS AhØ-.* aäp Z£nt-W´-y³ sse{_d-nI-f-nse e`yX-.* tImtfmt-^mW-nÂ ImWp¶ lkvXe-nJ-nXw ]IÀ¯nb Xn¿X-n.* B IrXnb-psS hymJym\-§-f-psS F®w.

* ORI & MSs sse{_d-nb-nse hnhc-W-mß-I-\-ma-mh-e-nb-nÂ sImSp¯-n«-pÅ B IrXnb-psS F®w.Ahk-m\-t-Imf- -̄nÂ tiJ-cW¯nÂ Hmtcm lkvXe-nJ-nX-¯-n\pw \ÂInb-n«-pÅ \¼À

tNÀ¡p-¶Xv sse{_dn sjÂ^nÂ\n¶pw IrXn Ffp-¸-¯nÂ FSp-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Xncn¨p sh¡p¶-X-n\pw

klmb-n¡-p¶-p. ORI & MSs sse{_-dn-bnÂ\n¶v CXp-t]mse Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bnÂ A£-c-amem{Ia-kq-Nn-I-bnÂ kwkvIr-X-l-kvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä Ggp- hm-fy-§fmbn {]km-[\w sNbvXn-«p--v. AXpt-]ms-e -̄s¶ Häh-mf-ya-mbn aebmfw lkXvenJnX§-f-psS A£c-ame-m{-Ia-k-qN-nI-bpw {]km-[\w

sNbvXn-«p--v. ORI & MSs sse{_dn BZyw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§sf kwkvIr-Xw, ae-bm-fw, Xangv F¶n-§s\ `mjm-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ thÀXn-cn-¨v, A\-´cw Hmtcm-¶n¶pw {]tXyIw \mam-hen X¿md-m¡-p¶-p.

3. hnj-b-{I-a-kq-NnI (Subject-wise index)Hmtcmh-nj-b- -̄n\pw kqNnI-mI-mÀUpI-Ä X¿md-m¡-W-w. ImÀUpI-Ä hnjb-{-Ia-̄ -nÂ {IaoI-

c-n¨v A£c-a-me-m{-Ia-̄ -nÂ Hmtcm hnjbhpw sh¡W-w.hnjb-h-n -̀P-\w t\À¯X-mh-m³ ]mSnÃ-. AXmb-X-,v Hcp henb hnjb-̄ -n³ Iogne-mb-nc-n¡-Ww hnhn[-hnj-b-̄ -ne-pÅ lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-Ä.C¯cw hnjb-§-f-ne-pÄs¸S-p¯-m³ ]äm¯ lkXve-nJ-nX-§-Ä hnhn[w F¶ hn`mK-¯-nÂ DÄs¸S-p -̄W-w.

Ahb-psS {Iahpw A£c-a-me-m{-Ia-k-qN-nI-b-v¡\-pk-c-n¨-mb-nc-n¡-W-w. Cu coXn-bnÂ ORI & MSssse{_-dn-bnÂ \n¶v ae-bmfw lkvX-en-Jn-X-§Ä c-p hmfy-§fmbn {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-«pv.Hmtcm hnj-b-̄ nepw e`y-amb IrXn-Isf Ipdn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xn\v hnj-b-{I-a-kq-Nn-I-sIm-p km[n¡-p¶-p.

4. hnhc-Wm-ß-I-\m-am-hen (Descriptive catalogue)hnh-c-Wm-ß-I-\m-am-h-en-bnÂ IrXn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Ign-bm-hp-¶{X hni-Zo-I-c-W-§Ä sImSp¡-W-w.Ah þ* IrXnb-psS t]cv* IÀ¯mhv* `mj* hnjbw* en]n* lkvXe-nJ-nX-¯-nsâ Akwk-vIrXh-kvXp



* lkvXe-nJ-nX-¯-nsâ AhØ* Imew* CXp e`ya-mb aäp sse{_d-nI-ÄF¶nh-b-mW-v. CtXms-Sm¸w,* lkvXe-nJ-nX-¯-nse hnjb- k-w{-Kl- w* AXnsâ XpS¡-̄ -nepw HSp¡- -̄ne-pa-pÅ Nne hcnI-Ä F¶nhbpw tNÀ¡Ww.* hmb\-¡-mc-\v CtXt-]c-ne-pÅ IrXn CXpX-s-¶b-mtWm AtXm hyXykvXamtWm F¶p Xncn¨-d-nb-m³ CXpa-qew Ignb-pw.*lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fnÂ ImWp¶ tImtfm-t^m-Wp-Ifpw B lkvX-en-Jn-Xs¯ Ipdn-¨p-Å {-]k-à-a-mbA`n{-]mb-§-fpw hnhc-W-mß-I-\-ma-mh-e-nb-ps-Sbpw `mKamW-v.*Xncph-\-´-]-pc-¯-p \-n¶pw {]kn²-oI-c-n¨ hnhc-W-mß-I-\-ma-mh-e-nb-ne-pÅ ]Xns-\«v hmfyw kwkvIr-X-l-kvX-en-Jn-X-§-fnÂ Fs«®w alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ sIm«mcw sse{_-dn-bnÂ\n¶pw ]s¯®w Iyptdä-d-psS

Hm^ok-nÂ\n¶-pa-mWv {]kn²-s-¸S-p -̄nb-X-v. (ORI & MSs sse{-_d-nb-psS BZyI-me \ma§-f-mW-nh-)*AXp-t]mse BsI- {]-kn-²o-I-cn¨ hnh-c-Wm-ß-I-\m-am-h-en-bn-epÅ Ggp hmfyw ae-bmflkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fnÂ cs-®w sIm«mcw sse{_-dn-bnÂ\n¶pw aqs¶®w Iyptd-ä-dpsS Hm^o-knÂ\n¶pw cs-®w

ORI & MSs sse{_d-nb-nÂ\n¶-pa-mW-v {]kn²-s-̧ S-p¯-nb-X-v.

\mam-h-en-I-fpsS \mam-hen (Catalogues catalagorum)* hnhn[ {KÙs-se{-_d-nI-f-nÂ\n¶pw {]kn²-oI-c-n¨-n«-pÅ lkvXe-nJ-nX-§-f-psS \mamh-e-n.* Cu \mam-h-en-bnÂ\n¶v hnhn-[-sse-{_-dn-I-fnse \mam-hen Adn-bm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xp-sIm-v Hmtcmsse{_-dn-bnepw t]mbn t\mt¡- Bh-iy-an-Ã.

* C¯cw kwcw`w BZya-mbn XpS§-nb-Xv Theodor Aufrecht BW.v AXv aq¶p hmfya-mb-nc-p¶-p.

At±lw Cu hmfy§-Ä¡v Catalogues catalagorum F¶p t]cp \-ÂIn. H¶mw hmfyw 1891 ÂloU³_ÀKnÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p.cp-w aq¶pw hmfy§-Ä t_WnÂ\n¶pw bYm{-Iaw 1896, 1903 hÀj§-f-nÂ {]kn²-oI-c-n¨p. B Ime-L-«-¯nÂ hnhn-[- Øm-]-\-§-fnÂ e`y-amb FÃm lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fp-tSbpw kaml-mc-a-mb-nc-p¶ B hmfy§-Ä Aaqe-y§-fmbncp¶-p. ]s£ Ahbv¡p Nne t]mcm-bva-I-fpm-bn-cp-¶p.

a{Zmkv kÀÆI-e-mi-me Hcp New Catalogues Catalogorum {]kn²-oI-cn¨p. AXnsâH¶mw hmfyw 1949 e-mWv {]kn²-s-̧ S-p¯-nb-X-v. CXph-sc AXnsâ ]s¯m¼-Xv hmfy§-Ä {]kn²-oI-rX-a-mb-n.

en]n-{I-a-kq-NnI (script-wise index)en]n-{I-a-¯n-epÅ lkvX-en-Jn-X-kq-Nn-I-IÄ Nne Øm]-\-§Ä {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-«pv. DZmlcW-a-mb-n,1. \µn-\m-K-cn-en-]n-bn-epÅ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fpsS kqNnI kc-kz-Xn-a-lÂ sse{_dn {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ n-«p--v.

2. XnKf-mcn en]nb-ne-pÅ ]\t-bme- l-kvXenJnX§f-psS \mamh-en IÀ®mS-I-b-nse K. Gunda Jois of

Keladi Research Centre {]kn²-s-̧ S-p¯-n.Htc en]nb-ne-pÅ kqNnI-b-nÂ¯s¶ hnhn[- -̀mj-I-f-ne-pÅ lkvXenJnX-§-f-pm--b-nc-n¡-pw.

DZm þ ae-bm-f-en-]n-bpsS kqNn-I-bnÂ ae-bm-fw, kwkvIr-X-`m-j-I-fnse lkvX- en-Jn-X-§-fp--m-hmw. IqSp-XÂ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§fpw {KÙ, \µn-\m-K-cn, tZh-\m-Kcn, sXep¦v, I¶-U, ae-bm-fw, Xangv en]nI-f-ne-mWvImWs-̧ S-p¶-X-v. Hmtcm en]n-bn-ep-apÅ lkvX-en-Jn-X-§-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-§Ä en]n-{I-a-kq-Nn-I-I-fnÂ{]kn²-oI-c-n¡-p¶-p.

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