2015 (183) · qhdk; - fiy ,yf;fpar; rq;rpif - mf];l; 2015 (183) 1xsp: 16 rlh;: 03 183 nts;sj;jpd;...

Qhdk; - fiy ,yf;fpar; rQ;rpif - Mf];l; 2015 (183) 1

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mmm


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ngz;ghL epiyNa ngUk;

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Vwpapwq;fpaJ.

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te;Jtpl;lJ.”rpupj;Njd;.

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itj;jhs;.

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,Oj;Jtpl;Nld;.

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vupr;ry; kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. mtis – mtsJ tPl;by; tpl;Ltpl;L ehd; tPl;bw;F te;Njd;.

mjd;gpd; epidtpYk; fdtpYk;

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ngd;rpiyj; jUtJ vdf; fhyk; fle;jJ.

mtspy; mbf;fb ,bg;gJk; cuha;tJk;

mjpfkhfpaJ.

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vdJ cwthd mz;zu; Cupy; ,sk;

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12 tajpy; vd;fhjiy ntspg;gLj;jyhk;

vd vz;zpf;nfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpy;jhd;

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nrd;whYk; ghlrhiy ehl;fs;Nghy;

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fspy; efuj;jpy; Ngha; gbg;gjw;F ngupa

ghlrhiyapy; vdf;F ,lk; fpilj;jpUe;jJ.

yypjhitg; gpupe;J nry;tJ

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mts; kl;Lk; me;j miwapy;

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nfhLg;gJk; ftdpg;gJkhf ,Ue;jJ.

%d;W ehl;fshf mtis ntspNatu

mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. xU fpoikahfg;

nga;j kio Fiwe;J rpW J}wYld;

ePbj;jJ. Mdhy; nts;sk; Kw;whf tba

tpy;iy.

kPz;Lk; thndhypapy; fhw;NwhL

fdj;jkio nga;a tpUg;gjhf mwptpj;jy;

te;jJ. xJq;f te;jtu;fspy; gyu; Vw;fdNt

jq;fs; tPLfSf;Fr; nrd;Wtpl;lhu;fs;.

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miyfs; Mu;g;gupj;jJ. RtNuhL xl;bg;

gLj;jpUe;jNghJ nkJthf xypj;j

fbfhuXir Nfl;L tpopj;Njd;. miwf;Fs;

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ftdpj;jNghJ Rtupy; jl;Lk; re;jk;

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fs; epd;wd. mtw;iwf; fle;J nrd;W

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itf;Nfhy; Nghupy; gLj;jpUe;j milf;

Nfhop kpuz;lJ.

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te;jts; “miwf;Fs; cOe;J kzk; kzf;fpwJ. ghk;G te;Jtpl;lNjh vdg;

gakhf ,Uf;fpwJ” vd;whs;.“cs;Ns tuth?”“cd;id cs;Ns tpl;lhy; mk;kh

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kdjpy; kiwe;jJ. me;j ntspr;rj;jpy;

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ngz;Kfk;Nghy; n[hypj;jJ.

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vOe;jNghJ mtsJ fOj;J cauj;jpy;

ehd; epd;Nwd; mtsJ khu;gfq;fs;


nrt;tpsdpahf ,Ue;jd. ,e;j %d;W

ehspy; vg;gb ,t;tsT khw;wq;fs;

ele;jd?.

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gwe;jd. kaf;fk; tUtJNghy; ,Ue;jJ.

thu;ijfs; rpf;fpajhy; tha; Ngrhky;

epd;wNghJ

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“ey;—nyz;—iz thrk;—jhd; tUfpwJ-J –J”

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epwkhd ehfg;ghk;G jpwe;jpUe;j ad;dy;

topNa nrd;wJ.

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fl;bg;gpbj;jhs;.

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gpd;gw;wp ,U ghk;Gfshf me;j

ad;dy;topahf njhOtj;ijaile;Njhk;.

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njhOtj;jpd; njd;Ndhiyf;$iuapy; Vwpr;

nrd;wNghJ fhw;W rj;jkhf tPrpajhy;

tPl;bd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; epd;w Ntg;gkuj;jpd;

fpisfs; ryryj;jd. njd;idkuq;fs;

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apy ,Ue;J ,wq;fpaJk; tPl;Lf;F ntspNa

,Ue;j nts;sk; ,UtUf;Fk; toptpl;L

tpyfp jiuahfpaJ. vkf;F Kd;dhy;

nrd;w ehfg;ghk;G kiwe;Jtpl;lJ.

“Ntg;gkuj;jpy; VWNthkh?” vd;whs; typjh.

ruru vd Ntg;gkuj;jpNywp cr;rhzpf;

fpisf;F nrd;W mq;F ,UtUk; gpize;J>

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ifj;jhq;fyhf Ve;jpa kio nts;sk;

kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. gpd;G me;j ,lj;jpy;

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epidj;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;.

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ehf;if mtsJ thapy;itj;Jj; jLj;Njd;.

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vd;idg; gpize;jhs;. ,UtUk;

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gLj;jpUe;jdu;.

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,UtUk; jiyikMrpupauJ miwf;

Fr; nrd;W mtuJ fjpiuapy; RUz;lgb

“,g;g vd;dpy; vd;d kzk;?” vd;whs;.mtsJ $e;jiy Kfu;e;Njd;.

“,g;nghOJ cd;dpy; ey;nyz;nza;

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rpWikfz;L nghq;Fjy;> r%f khw;wk;>

fhzhky; NghNdhu;

gw;wpa gpur;rpid Nghd;w tplaq;fs;

ghLnghUshfTs;sd.

rpwe;j ftpijfisj;

je;j Mrpupia

ghuhl;Lf ;Fupatu;.

tho;j;Jf;fs;.


kzk; – vd;dpy;…?”“cOe;J kzk; cd;dpy;jhd;lh”mk;kh jl;b vOg;gpaNghJ “vd;dk;kh

mofhd fditf; fiyj;Jtpl;lha;?”“vq;flh ,utpy; fhztpy;iy?”“yypjhtpd; miwf;Fs; ghk;G

nrd;wjhf mioj;jhs;. ngupa ehfg;ghk;G”mk;khtpd; Kfj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifapy;iy.

“ePAk; cq;fz;zd; khjpup te;jpLtha; NghypUf;F. mLj;j fpoik aho;g;ghzk;

gbg;gjw;F Nghfpwha; vd;gJ epid

tpUf;fpwjh?”“,d;Dk; ,uz;L fpoikapUf;F ghl

rhiy njhlq;f.”“,y;iy aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ngupag;gh

tPl;by; Ngha; ,Ue;J ,lj;ijg;ghu;”“rup” vdj;jiyahl;btpl;L kPz;Lk;

gLj;jNghJ VNjh rj;jk; Nfl;lJ.

thupr; RUl;bf;nfhz;L XbaNghJ

vq;fs; tPl;bd; Kd;ghf cs;s tstpy;

ghoile;J J}u;e;j fpzw;wUNf rpyu;

$bepd;whu;fs;. mq;Nf ehd; Xl vd;

gpd;dhy; mk;khTk; Xbte;jhu;.

kio tUtjw;Fr; rpyehl;fs; Kd;ghf

mq;F ehnahd;W Vw;fdNt fpzw;Wf;

fUfpy; cs;s ryitj; njhl;bapy;

,uz;L eha;Fl;bfs; Nghl;bUe;jJ.

mjpy; eha;f;Fl;b xd;W ehfg;ghk;gpd;

thapy; ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dq;fhy;fs; kl;Lk;

ntspj;njupe;jd. ,uz;lhtJ eha;f;

Fl;biaf; fhztpy;iy.

gf;fj;JtPl;L ngupag;gh me;jg;

ghk;ig mbj;jhu;. ngupa ghk;gpd; clypy;

gl;lNghJ rtupy; gl;l ge;JNghy; jpUk;gp

te;jJ. ve;jf;fhaKk; Vw;gltpy;iy.

“jiyapy; mbAq;fs;” vdf; $l;lj;jpy; ahNuh nrhd;dhu;fs;.

“,e;jg;ghk;Gjhd; ,uT yypjhtpd; miwf;F te;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;. mq;Fk;

,uj;jf;fiw cs;sJ. kw;wf; Fl;bia

Vw;fdNt jpd;wpUf;Fk; vd;whu; yypjhtpd;

mk;kh.

vdf;Fg; gaj;jpy; eLf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

,d;W kjpak; Nkhl;lhu; ts;sk;

XLnkdf; $wpdhu;fs;. cdJ cLg;Gfis

vLj;Jj; jahuhf it ngupag;ghTk; ePAk;

,d;W aho;g;ghzk; NghfpwPu;fs; vd;whu;

mk;kh.

“,g;gjhd; mLj;jfpoik vd;whNa?”“mg;gjhd; eP ruptUtha;" vd;W

ifapy; gpbj;J ,Oj;jhs; mk;kh.

“mtdhy;jhd; vd;kfs; me;j capu; nfhy;ypg; ghk;gplkpUe;J capu; gpioj;jhs;” vdr; nrhy;ypagb fl;baizj;jhu; yyp

jhtpd; mk;kh.

khkpapYk; ey;nyz;iz kzj;jJ.

,uT njhlu;r;rpahfg; nga;j kioapd;

rhuy; ad;dypy; mbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

me;jr; rj;jk; njhlu; thj;jpak;Nghy;

fhjpy; ,iue;jgb ,Ue;jJ. vq;fs;

ky;ypifj;jPtpy; kl;Lkh ,y;iy

,e;j kio vq;Fk; nga;fpwjh vd;w

Nfs;tpAld; vOe;J mUfpy; ,Ue;j

thndhypia KLf;fpaNghJ “tpNrl nra;jpfs;; fhw;wOj;jk; ePq;fptpl;lJ. kPd

tu;fs; flYf;Fr; nry;yKbAk;” vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.

mmm

E}y; : N[u;kdpaf; fug;ghd; G+r;rpfs;Mrpupau;: tp.[PtFkhud;ntspaPL: Qhdk; gjpg;gfk;tpiy: &gh 400/- tp. [PtFkhud; Gyk;ngau; Kd;tupirg;

gilg;ghspfspy; xUtuhfj; jpfo;gtu;.

,r;rpWfijj; njhFjpapy; 15 rpWfijfs;

mlq;fpAs;sd. ,tw;Ws; 6 fijfs;

‘jftk;’ gupR ngw;wit. cyfj; jukhd

rpy rpWfijfSk; ,j;njhFjpapy;

mlq;fpAs;sd. ,r;rpWfijj; njhFjpf;F

rpq;fg;G+u; %j;j vOj;jhsu; jpU. ,uhk

fz;zgpuhd; xU tpupthd Kd;Diuia

vOjpAs;shu;. Xtpau; up. nrse;jupd;

mofhd Xtpaq;fs; fijfSf;F

nkU$l;Lfpd;wd.


jpUf;Fwspd; rhuj;ijj;

jhyhl;lhfg; ghbath; :t. Qh. fNzr gz;bjh;

fLifj; Jisj;J Vo; fliyg; Gfl;bf; FWfj; jwpj;j Fws;

vd;W ,ilf;fhlh; jpUf;Fwspd; nrwpitf; $wpaJk;. gpd;dh; xsitahh;

mZitj; Jisj;J Vo; fliyg; Gfl;bf; FWfj; jwpj;j Fws;

vd;W \fLF| vDk; Kjw; nrhy;iy \mZ| vd;W khw;wpj; jpUf;Fwspd;

nrwptpd; jd;ikiar; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wpaikAk; ehk; mwpe;jNj.

,q;F Vo; fly;fs; Fwpj;J epw;gJ : cth;ePh;f; fly;> ed;dPh;f; fly;> ghw; fly;>

japh;f; fly;> nea;f; fly;> fUg;gQ;rhWf; fly;> Njd; fly; vd;gdtw;iwahFk; (Mjhuk;

: rJufuhjpapy; njhifafuhjp - tPukhKdpth;). Mf> Vo;fly; vd;gJ jpUf;Fws;

vLj;jhSk; tplag;gug;igAk;> tphpitAk;> Moj;ijAk; Fwpj;Jepw;fpd;wJ.

,j;jifa jpUf;Fwspd; rhuj;ijr; RUf;fpj; jUtjw;fhd gy Kaw;rpfs; eil

ngw;Ws;sij ehk; fhzyhk;. ,tw;Ws; rptQhdNghj khghbak; je;j rptQhd khjt

Kdptu;> mjpfhuj;jpw;F xU ntz;ghthf 133 jpUf;Fwis cs;sPLnfhz;l NrhNkru; KJnkhop

ntz;gh vd;w ePjp E}iyj; je;Js;shh;.

01 - flTs; tho;j;J

rPu;nfhspiw xd;Wz;lj; nja;teP vd;nwhg;ghw;

Nrhutpyil ahw;nwspe; NjhQ; NrhNkrh - Xupy;

mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yh khjp

gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF (NrhNkru; KJnkhop ntz;gh> ghly; 1)

aho;g;ghzk; ty;itiar; Nrh;e;j NrhjplUk; itj;jpaUkhfpa t.Qh. fNzrgz;bjh;

xUgb NkNy nry;fpd;whh;. jpUf;FwshdJ rpW Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ghpr;rakhfNtz;Lk;>

mf;Foe;ijfspd; jhahh;fSk; mwpe;Jnfhs;sNtz;Lk;> vd;w cah;e;j vz;zj;jpy;

jpUf;Fwspd; rhuj;ijj; jhyhl;lhfg; ghb jpUf;Fws; mjpfhur; rhukhfpa ed;ndwpj; jhyhl;L (1919)

vd;w E}yhf;fpdhh;. jpUf;Fwisj; jhyhl;lhfg; ghb md;whl epfo;tpd; xU gFjpahf;fpdhh;.

\flTs; tho;j;J|> \gadpy nrhy;yhik| vDk; mjpfhuq;fspd; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;thpfs;

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. (,e;E}ypd; ,yj;jpudpay;tbt gpujpiaf;

fl;Liu MrphpaUf;F jj;Jjtpah; : tpUgh. J.FkNurd; mth;fs;)

01 - flTs; tho;j;J

mfuk; vOj;jpw;nfy;yhk; Mjpaha; epw;gJNghy;

rfj;jpw;fhk; Mjpaha; rj;jprptk; fz;kzpNa

fz;zh vd; fz;kzpaha; fz;kzpapDs; xspahk;

tpz;zha; kjpaha; tpsq;Fguk; fz;kzpNa

20 - gadpy nrhy;yhik

gaDs;s nrhw;fisNa ghh;j;J eP nrhy;tjy;yhy;

gadpy;yhr; nrhw;fs; gfuhNj fz;kzpNa

8 8 8

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etPd jkpo; mfuhjpapaYf;F %ykhdhh; : F.it.fjpiuNtw;gps;is

“When such was the order of the day, a scholarly attempt was being made again in Jaffna, to compile a dictionary from various sources studied expressly for the purpose. The late Mr. C.W. Katiraivel Pillai was the compiler of this Dictionary.”

- Tamil Lexicon Vol - 1, Preface, 1982 reprint, Page xii jkpo; mfuhjp Kaw;rpfspy; kPz;LnkhU ghz;bj;jpa Kaw;rp aho;g;ghzj;jpy; F.it.

fjpiuNtw;gps;isahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ> vd;W tuyhW gjpTnra;Js;sJ.

fjpiuNtw;gps;is mth;fs; f. FkhuRthkp Kjypahu; kw;Wk; rptfhkp jk;gjpapdUf;F

1829 Mk; Mz;by; ty;ntl;bj;Jiwapy; gpwe;jhu;.

jkpo; mfuhjp Kaw;rpfspy; gytplq;fspy; topfhl;bahf ,Ue;j jhd; njhFj;j mfuhjpap

D}lhfg; gy Gjpa mfuhjpapay; $Wfisj; jkpOf;F mwpKfk; nra;Js;shh;.

• xU nrhy;yhdJ gy nghUs; tpsf;fk; jUk;NghJ> jUk; nghUs;fis 1> 2 vd

Fwpapl;Lf; fhl;baJ jkpOf;F GJ Kaw;rp.

• nrhy;ypd; nghUSf;F ,yf;fpa> E}y;fspypUe;J Nkw;Nfhs;

vLj;Jj;je;j Kjy; jkpo;-jkpo; mfuhjp ,JNt. (Vwj;jho 376

E}y;fspypUe;J Nkw;Nfhs;fs; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfj; njhpa

tUfpwJ. - jfty; www.valvai.com)• nrhy;ypd; nghUSf;F mbg;gil Mjhukhd E}w;rhd;Wfis

cjhuzk; vd vLj;Jf; fhl;baJ jkpOf;F GJKaw;rp

• nrhy;yhdJ rk;];fpUj mbapypUe;J Njhd;wpapUe;jhy; mr;

nrhw;fSf;F fpue;j thptbtj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpapUg;gJ

jkpOf;F GJKaw;rp

(- Tamil Lexicon Vol - 1, Preface, 1982 reprint, Page xiii) ,t;tfuhjp Kaw;rp \j|fu tupirapypUf;Fk; NghNj ,tu; ,we;Jtpl;lhu;. ,t;tfuhjp

ahdJ ,th; kfd; f. ghyrpq;fk;> kw;Wk; v];. Mh;. Rg;gpukzpa ftpuhah; (,e;jpah) cl;gl

rpy mwpQh;fshy; KOikahf;fg;gl;L> gFjpfshf 1910> 1912> 1923fspy; gjpf;fg;gl;L

ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ehd;fhk; jkpo;r; rq;fk; mikj;j mikg;ghsu;fspy; xUtUk;> ehd;fhk;

jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpd; Kjy; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpa ghz;bj;Jiuj; Njtu; mth;fs;

fjpiuNtw;gps;is mth;fspd; mfuhjpia ntspapLk; Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

,t;tfuhjpahdJ jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp my;yJ jkpo;r; rq;f

mfuhjp vd toq;fg;ngWfpwJ.

,th; 1863 ,y; Njrhgpkhdp thug; gj;jpupif elj;jp

dhh; vd;Wk;> 1962 ,y; ju;f;f #lhkzp vd;w E}iy

ntspapl;lhh; vd;Wk; gjpTfs; cs;sd.

jdJ Mrpupauhf ,Ue;j itkd; vd;gtupd;

ngaiuj; jdJ Kjy; ngauhfr; Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;ljhy;

F. itkd; fjpiuNtw;gps;is vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

,th; 1885 Mk; Mz;by; ey;Y}upy; tPL thq;fpf;

FbNawpdhh;. jpdKk; ,tiu gyh; ehb tUthu;fs;.

,th; ,Ue;j tPjp ,d;Wk; 'itkd; Nwhl;" vd;W

epd;WepyTfpd;wJ. (jfty; www.valvai.com).

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gy;yt fhyj; jkpopd; nkhopapay; $Wfis Muha;e;jth; : Nguhrphpah; f. fzgjpg;gps;is

“The Dravidian Linguistics Association at its 25th year celebration (1997) honoured two scholars as the pioneers in Dravidian Languages. One of whom was Professor Kandasamypillai Kanapathipillai and the contribution that enabled this recognition was his doctoral dissertation “A Study of the language of the Tamil Inscriptions of the 7th and 8th centuries A.D” submitted to the London School of Oriental and African Studies in 1935.”

Nguhrphpah;. fh. rptj;jk;gp, (Preface, Page V, “A Study of the language of the Tamil Inscriptions of the 7th and 8th centuries A.D”, 2004, Kumaran Book House publications.)

Nguhrphpah; f. fzgjpg;gps;is mth;fs;> 1935Mk; Mz;L jd;Dila Nkw; gl;lg;

gbg;gpw;F ,yz;ldpYs;s fyhrhiyapy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Ma;Tf; fl;Liuiaf; fUjp>

mth;fisj; jpuhtpl nkhopapay; Ma;thsh;fspy; Ke;ijah;fspy; xUtuhf (Pioneers in Dravidian Languages) mq;fPfhpj;Js;shh;fs;. ,e;jpahtpYs;s The Dravidian Linguistics Association mikg;ghdJ jdJ 25Mk; Mz;L epiwtpy; (1997) ,e;j mq;fPfhuj;ij toq;fpAs;sjhf Nguhrphpah; fh. rptj;jk;gp mth;fs; gjpT nra;fpd;whh;.

gz;bjkzp 1935Mk; Mz;L rkh;g;gpj;j Ma;Tf;fl;LiuahdJ

69Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dh; 2004Mk; Mz;L E}y;tbtk; ngw;wJ.

,t;tha;thdJ 7Mk; 8Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; nghwpf;fg;ngw;w

jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lr; rhrdq;fspYs;s jkpopd; nkhopapay; $Wfis Ma;T

nra;fpwJ.

,e;j Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapd; rpwg;G vd;d? ,f;Nfs;tpf;Fk;

Nguhrphpah; fh. rptj;jk;gp mth;fNs tpilaspf;fpd;whh;.

“First and foremost this was the first ever study “undertaken with a view of finding the actual use of the (Tamil) Language at a definite period of history” (Nguhrphpah;. fh. rptj;jk;gp, Nkw;fz;l E}y;)

1935Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;dh;tiu Fwpj;j xU fhyg;gFjpia (definite period of history - 7Mk; 8Mk; E}w;whz;L) vLj;Jf;nfhz;L jkpopd; nkhopapay; $Wfs; rhh;e;j Ma;Tfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.

Nguhrphpahpd; f. fzgjpg;gps;isapd; Ma;Tf;F Kd;dh; E}y;fspd; ghLnghUs; rhh;e;j

Ma;TfNs gutyhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jpUe;jd. ,t;tifahd Ma;tpy; ,Uf;Fk;

,Unghpa rpf;fy;fs; (1) ,ilr; nrUfy;fSk; (2) ghlNgjq;fSk; vd;W nfhs;syhk;.

fk;guhkhazj;jpy;$l E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ,ilr;nrUfy; ghly;fs; ,Ug;gjhf thjq;fs;

Kd;itf;fg;gLtij ehk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. gy jiyKiwfshf gyuhy; gbnaLf;fg;ngw;W

te;jikahy; epuk;gg; ghlNgjq;fs; %yq;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;sijg; gyh; epWtpAs;sijf;

fz;Ls;Nshk;. kzpthrfh; ghba jpUthrfj;ij 3Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlq;fp 13Mk; E}w;

whz;Ltiu Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; nfhz;L jphptij ehk; ,d;Wk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.

fzgjpg;gps;is mth;fs; gy;yt fy;ntl;L %yq;fisf;nfhz;L mf;fhy jkpo;

nkhopapay; $Wfis Muha;e;J jk; Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shh;. fy;ntl;L %yq;fs;

Mjyhy; ,ilr;nrUfy;fSk; ghlNgjq;fSk; ,tw;wpy; ,y;iy. ,e;jf;fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;

vt;thW jkpo; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ (actual use of the (Tamil) Language) vd;gij Muha;e;J Ma;Tf;fl;Liuia rkh;g;gpj;J jkpopy; Gjpa Ma;Tg;Gyj;ijj; jpwe;JtpLfpwhh;.

,t;tha;Tf;fl;Liuapd; cgjiyg;Gf;fshf 1. Writing 2. Bases 3. Substantives 4. Verbs 5. Particle Mfpait miktijf; fhZk;NghJ jkpopd; nkhopapay; (Linguistics) $Wfis Muha;e;Js;sijf; fz;Lnfhs;syhk;.

,j;jd;ikapdhy; Nguhrphpah; f. fzgjpg;gps;isapd; 1935Mk; Mz;L Ma;tpidf;

'Fwpj;j xU tuyhw;Wf; fhyg;gFjpapy; jkpohdJ vt;thW cgNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

vd;gijf;fz;L mjd; nkhopapay; $Wfis Muha;e;j KjyhtJ Ma;T Kaw;rp"ahf

Nguhrphpah; fh. rptj;jk;gp gjpTnra;fpwhh;. 8 8 8

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KjyhtJ jkpo;g; Nguhrphpah; : Rthkp tpGyhde;j mbfs;

19Mk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,aq;fpaNghJk; mq;F

jkpo;f; fy;tpf;F mjpfk; Kf;fpak; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,jidg; Nguhrphpah; M.

NtYg;gps;is mth;fs; njspTgLj;jpAs;shh;.

-

Nguhrphpah; M. NtYg;gps;is> 1989>

epidTg; NgUiu - Nguhrphpah; tpj;jpahde;jd; fhl;Lk; ,yq;ifapy; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,aq;fj; njhlq;fpaNghJ

jkpo;j; Jiwapd; KjyhtJ Nguhrpupauhf gyupd; Ntz;LNfhspw;fpzq;f gzpGupa

,zq;fpdhu;.

,jd;gb>

•

• jkpofj;jpd; KjyhtJ jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhf>

• ,UehLfspd; tuyhw;wpy; KjyhtJ jkpo;g; Nguhrphpa

uhfg; gzpGhpe;jtuhfTk; Rthkp tpGyhde;j mbfshh;>

tpsq;Ffpd;whh;.

,it midj;Jf;Fk; Nkyhf jkpopd; KjyhtJ Nguhrphpah;

vDk; rpwg;Gk; mtiuNa rhUfpwJ.

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,iza Kfthpapy; jkpio Vw;wpNahh; : fyhrhu> gz;ghl;Lf;F

$Wfs; jkpOf;F ghpr;rak; Mtjw;F

jw;fhyj;jpy; ,izakhdJ Kf;fpa

Clfkhfg; gq;fhw;wp tUtijf; fhzf;

$bajhf cs;sJ.

,ay;jkpopy; Blog Nghd;w rpy Gjpa tbtq;fis ,izaj;jpd; tUif

jkpOf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

2000fspy; Mq;fpy nkhopahy; Mjpf;fk; ngw;wpUe;j ,iza ClfkhdJ fle;j 10-

15 Mz;Lfspy; jkpo; nkhop cl;gl gpwnkhopfshYk; cs;thq;fg;gl;likahdJ ehk;

thOk;NghNj fz;l khw;wkhFk;.

,k;khw;wq;fspd; xU Kf;fpa ikw;fy;yhf miktJ jkpo; ,iza Kfthp MFk;.

Muk;g fhyq;fspy; URL vdg;gLfpd;w ,iza Kfthp Mq;fpyj;jpy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf www.gnanam.info vd;gJ Qhdk; rQ;rpifapd; ,izaj;js KfthpahFk;.

2009 Mz;L ,e;j ,izaj;js Kfthp mikg;gpy; nghpanjhU khw;wk;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. Mq;fpyk; jtph;e;j jkJ jha; nkhopfspYk; ,iza Kfthpfs;

mikf;fyhk; vd;gNj mk;khw;wk;. ,Ug;gpDk; mjidj; njhopy;El;g hPjpahf

nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; ghhpa Ntiyfs; fhzg;gl;ld.

,jdbg;gilapy; 2010 Mz;L Nk khjk; cyfyhtpa hPjpapy; 10w;Fk; Fiwe;j

ehLfs; ,jw;fhd njhopy;El;gj; Njitfisg; G+h;j;jpnra;J jkJ jha;nkhopapy;

,izaKfthpfis ntspaplj; jahuhfpd.

,tw;wpy; ,yq;if jdpj;Jtk;ngw;W epd;wJ. Kjd;Kjyhf Mq;fpyk; jtph;e;j

,uz;L nkhopfspy; (jkpo; kw;Wk; rpq;fsk;) ,izaKfthpfis ntspapl;l KjyhtJ

ehL vd;w kjpg;ig cyfj;jpy; rk;ghjpj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.

,jdbg;gilapy; jkpo; nkhopapy; mike;j ,iza Kfthpfis Kjyhtjhf

cyfj;Jf;F


jdpehafk; mbfs; jtph;f;fg;gl Kbahjth;

‘ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;’ (Every Country is my Country, Every Man is my kinsman) ‘vy;yh CUk; vd;Dila CNu vy;yh kf;fSk; vd;Dila cwtpdNu’ vd;W rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fzpad; G+q;Fd;wd; tFj;j

cyfshtpa rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij ‘rh;tNjrf; Fbkfdhf’(international citizen) tho;e;jth; jkpo;j;JhJ jdpehafk; mbfs;. 20Mk;

E}w;whz;by; kfhftp ghujpapd;>“jpwkhd Gyiknadpy; ntspehl;lhh; kjpf;Fk; tif

nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;” vDk; rpe;jidf;Fr; nray; tbtk; nfhLj;jth;. ,t;thW>

“NjkJuj; jkpNohir cynfyhk; gutr; nra;J” jkpio> jkpoh;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ jkpoh; my;yhjtUk; mwpar; nra;j jkpo;f;

fq;ifjhd; jkpo;j;je;ij jdpehafk; mbf

shthh;.

neLe;jPitr; Nrh;e;j nfd;wp

];udp];yh]; fzgjpg;gps;is> nrrpy;

,uhrk;kh g];jpahk;gps;is jk;gjpfspd;

%j;j kfdhf 02.08.1913md;W fuk;nghd;

vd;w Chpy; gpwe;jth; jdpehafk;

mbfs;. mth; gpwg;gpd; E}w;whz;ilf;

fle;J epw;fpNwhk;. jkpOf;F tpoh

vLf;fpd;wNghnjy;yhk; jdpehafk; mbf

shiuj; jtph;f;f KbahjpUg;gJ jkpOf;F

mth; nra;j juzp Nghw;Wk; jkpo;g;

gzpapdhNyjhd; vd;gij ahtUk;

mwpth;.

rh;tNjrj;jpy; jkpOf;F Kfthpje;J

Kfthpahdth;.

jkpo; nkhopapd; ,yf;fpar; rpwg;

Gf;fis gpwnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fSld;

xg;gpl;L Ma;Tnra;fpd;w nkhopahw;wiyj;

jdpehafk; mbfs; tsh;j;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.

mNjNtis> Vida jkpo; tpw;gd;dh;fspy;

(scholars) ,Ue;J jdpehafk; mbfs; xUgb NkNyhq;fp epw;ff; fhuzk;

mth; xU jkpo; NguwpQuhfj; jk;

MSikiaAk; Mw;wy;fisAk; tsh;j;Jf;

nfhz;lNjhL> xU kpfj;Njh;r;rp ngw;w

nkhopapayhsuhf (philologist) jkpo;nkhop tsh;r;rpapd; tpQ;Qhd hPjpahd Ma;Tfis

Nkw;nfhz;lJkhFk;.

jkpo;nkhopia Vida gy

nkhopfNshL itj;J Ma;Tfisr;

nra;jJk;> njhlh; Ma;Tj; NjlYf;F

jkpo; mwpQh;fSf;Fk; jkpouy;yhj

mwpQh;fSf;Fk; topNfhypaJ mthpd;

kpfr; rpwg;ghdnjhU jkpo; nkhopapay;

gq;fspg;ghff; fUjyhk;.

14 nkhopfis ed;F njhpe;jtuhfTk;>

NkYk; gy nkhopfNshL ghpr;rak;

cs;stuhfTk; tpsq;fpajpypUe;J jdp

ehafk; mbfs; jkpo; nkhopapaYf;F

cyfshtpa mq;fPfhuk; ngwTk;> jkpioAk;

jkpoh;fisAk; jkpo;NgRk; kf;fisAk;

cyf tiuglj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lTk;

fhuzkhapUe;jhh;.

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,d;W> ‘jkpoDf;F xU ehby;iy> jkpod; ,y;yhj ehLkpy;iy’ vdr; nrhy;Y fpwhh;fs;. jkpoh;fs; ,d;W cyfpd; gy

ghfq;fspy; gue;J tphpe;J tho;e;J

nfhz;bUf;fpd;whh;fs;. jkpoh;fSf;F

cyf muq;fpy; milahsj;ij – Kfthp iag; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jJjhd; jdpehafk;

mbfs; jkpoUf;Fr; nra;j> jkpo;NgRk;

kf;fSf;Fr; nra;j jiyahfpa jdpg;ngUk;

gzpahFk; vdf; nfhs;syhk;.

jkpohuha;r;rp> jkpoh; tho;tpaiyAk;

cs;slf;fpaJ.

Nguhrphpah; R.tpj;jpahde;jd; Nfhbl;Lf;

fhl;Ltijg; Nghy jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> jkpo;

,yf;fzk; Mfpait gw;wpa Muha;r;rpNa

jkpohuha;r;rp vd;w epiyia khw;wp> jkpo;

kf;fspd; tuyhW> khdpltpay;>rkaq;fs;>

jj;Jtq;fs;> rpj;jhe;jq;fs;> jkpo;j; njhy;

nghUspay;> jkpoh; gpw ehl;ltUld;

nfhz;l njhlh;Gfs;> jkpoh; gz;ghL>

jkpo;f; fiyfs;> jkpo; nkhopapay; vdg;

gy Jiwfspy; jkpohuha;r;rp tphpe;J

nry;y toprikj;jth; jdpehafk; mbfs;.

,jd; tpisthf> jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

rpwg;G> gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rp> jkpopd;

njhd;ik> jkpo; nkhopapay; gw;wpa Ghpjy;

fSk; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSk; ntsptuf;

fhuzkha; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhh;. ,t;thW

jkpopay; Ma;tpNy Gul;rpfs; Vw;glTk;>

GJikfs; epfoTk; fhuzuha; jdpehafk;

mbfs; jpfo;e;jpUf;fpwhh;.

jkpOf;Fr; nra;j rpwg;Gg; gq;fspg;Gfs;

jdpehafk; mbfshhpd; tho;itAk;

gzpfisAk; Nehf;Ffpd;wNghJ jkpOf;Fr;

nra;j rpwg;Gg; gq;fspg;Gf;fshf gpd;tUk;

gj;J (10) Fwpg;Gf;fisg; ghh;f;fyhk;:

1.‘jk;gpuhd; tzf;fk;’ vd;w E}iy (,Jtiuapy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; mr;R

Ehy;fspy; jkpo; nkhopapy; 20.10.1578

,y; mr;rplg;gl;l Kjy; mr;R E}y;)

mnkhpf;f Mh;th;J gy;fiyf; fofj;jpYk;>

‘fphprpj;jpahzp tzf;fk;’ vd;w E}iy (14.11.1579,y; nfhr;rp mk;gyf;fhl;by;

mr;rplg;gl;Ls;sJ.) ghhpR E}yfj;jpYk;>

mbahh; tuyhW ‘Flos Sanctorum’ (1586,y;

Gd;idf;fhaypy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.)

tj;jpf;fhd; E}yfj;jpYk; fz;nlLj;j

Nkw;nrhd;d E}y;fNshL Nghj;Jf;Nfa-

jkpo; mfuhjp Nghd;wit jkpopy;

mr;Nrw;wg;gl;l Kjy; jkpo; E}y;fshdit

vd;gjhy; mtw;iwg; gjpg;Gr; nra;J> ntsp

cyfk; mwpar;nra;jJ (Nguh.gh.tsd;

muR> jkpowpQh; jdpehafk; mbfshh;

mUk;ngUk; gzpfs;> njhz;ld;> Ig;grp

-fhj;jpif> 1980> gf;.04)

2. jkpo; gz;ghL gw;wpAk; njd;fpof;F

Mrpa ehLfspd; gz;ghLfs; gw;wpAk;

njhy;nghUsfq;fspy; (fpilj;jJ my;y)

fple;j vr;rnrhr;rq;fis ntspf; nfhzh;e;

jik.

3. NwhkhGhpapy; 1935fspy; ‘tPukh Kdpth; fofk;’> J}j;Jf;Fbapy; 1948,y; ‘jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fofk;’ (Tamil Literary Association), ,yq;ifapy; 1952,y; ‘jkpo; gz;ghl;Lr; rq;fk;’ Mfpatw;wpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jNjhL: jkpo;j;J}J> xd;Nw

cyfk;> jpUts;Sth; Mfpa 03 E}y;fisj;

jkpopYk;> Mq;fpyj;jpy; 07 E}y;fisAk;>

Ma;;thuha;r;rpf;fhf 140 fl;LiufSf;F

mjpfkhf vOjpaJ>

4. 1952Mk; Mz;L ‘Tamil Culture’ (jkpo; gz;ghL) vd;w ,jio cUthf;fp>

mjd; Kjd;ik Mrphpauhfg; 15 Mz;L

fSk;>‘Journal of Tamil Studies’ vd;w ,jopd; Kjd;ik Mrphpauhf 1960-1970fs; tiu

,Ue;J nkhopapay; cyFld;> (linguistic world) jkpo; nfhz;bUe;j cwtpid epiy ehl;baJ>

5. ‘jkpo;g; gz;ghLk; ehfhpfKk;’ (Tamil Culture & Civilization) vd;w E}ypd; gjpg;ghrphpauhf ,Ue;J gd;dhl;L

(international) tpw;gd;dh;fisf; nfhz;L cyfg; gz;ghl;by;> jkpo; nkhopapd;

tfp ghfj;jpid cyfwpar; nra;jJ>

6. gpwehLfspy; thOk; jkpoh;fs;

jkpo;f;fy;tp ngwTk;> gpw ehLfspd; E}y

fq;fspYs;s jkpo; E}y;fisg; NgzTk;

toptiffs; Nkw;nfhz;lJ>

7. njd;fpof;fhrpa gy;fiyf;fo

fq;fspy; ,e;jpa ,aypy; (indian studies) rk];fpujNk fw;if newpfshf ,Ue;j


Ntisapy;> jkpopay; fw;ifnewpfisAk;

gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; ghlkhf;f cioj;J

ntw;wp fz;lJ>

8. 1965,y; jkpohuha;r;rp khehl;il

epWtp (International Tamil Conference), mjd; Kjy; ehd;F khehLfisAk; kNyrpah>

nrd;id> ghhpR> aho;g;ghzk; Mfpa

,lq;fspy; Kd;dpd;W elj;jp cyfshtpa

hPjpapy; jkpopaiy cah;j;jp epWj;jpaJ>

9. Rkhh; 51ehLfSf;Fk;> 40f;Fk; Nkw;

gl;l gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;Fk; jkpo;j; J}j

dha;r; nrd;W jkpo; tsh;j;jJ (,tw;wpy;

rpy ehLfSf;Fk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;Fk;

gyjlitfs; nrd;wpUf;fpwhh;)>

10. jkpo;

Mfpa ,UnkhopfSk; Ml;rpnkhopahf

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdj; njhlh;

Kaw;rpfspy; jkpo;NgRk;

kf;fSf;fhfr; nra;j gzpfs;

jkpo;nkhop vj;jifa rthy;fSf;F

md;Wk; ,d;Wk; ,dptUk; fhyq;fspYk;

Kfk;nfhLf;f Ntz;btUk; vd;gijj;

jPh;f;fjhprdkhf 1952Mk; Mz;L jdp

ehafk; mbfs; vOjpa jkpo;j;J}J

vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpd;whNuh

vd vz;zj;Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ,q;Fjhd;

jkpo; ,iwthf;fpddhfj; jdpehafk;

mbfshiug; ghh;f;fNtz;bAk; cs;sJ.

jkpod;idf;F vjpuhd gifikia

jkpoh; nra;Ak; jkpo;j;J}jpd; topahfNt

ntw;wpnfhs;s KbAk; vd;gjidAk;

jdpehafk; mbfs; Fwpg;gplj; jtwtpy;iy>

“,j;njhz;L (jkpo;j;njhz;L) ,f;fhyj;J ,d;wpaikahJ Ntz;LNkhntdpd;>

,d;wpaikahJ Ntz;Lk;. cyf

nkhopfspd; gpwg;igf; fz;Lk;> mit

rpijaTk;> khwTk;> tof;nfhopaTk;> jhd;

,d;Wk; jd; ,sq; fd;dpj; jd;ikiaf;

fhj;J tUfpd;w jkpod;idf;F> ,d;W

,Lf;fZk; ,Lk;igAk; Neh;e;Js.

jkpod;id kPJ gy;NtW gifth;

mwpe;Jk;> mwpahJk;> gilnaLj;Js;sdh;.

,g;gif vy;yhtw;iwAk; Gwq;fhZk;

fUtp jkpo;j; J}J Kurpd; xyp xd;Nw

vd ek;Gfpd;Nwd;…” (jkpo;j; J}J> jkpo;j; J}J> 1952> Kjw;gjpg;G> gf;.01).

,jdhy;> jkpo;nkhop chpikf;fhfTk;

jdpehafk; mbfs; fzprkhd gq;fspg;ig

1955fspy; Mw;wpapUf;fpwhh; vd;gJ ,q;F

Nfhbl;Lf;fhl;lg;gl Ntz;baJ.

E}y; : kiyg;G+l;Lk; kUj;Jt mwptpaiy mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.Mrpupau;: lhf;lu; vk;. Nf. KUfhde;jd;ntspaPL: kzpNkfiyg; gpuRuk;tpiy: &gh 300/- rhjhuz kdpjDf;F Ntz;ba kUj;Jt

mwptpaiy Nkk;gLj;Jk; tz;zk;

jdJ njhlu;r;rpahd gjpTfisf; fl;

Liufs; %yKk;> E}y;fs; %yKk;>

,izaj;jsk; %yKk; njhlu;e;J

toq;fptUk; Mrpupaupd; gzp kpfTk;

gaDilaJ. ,tuJ E}y;fs; xt;nthU

,y;yq;fspYk; ,Uf;fNtz;bait.

Njitg;gLk;NghJ clDf;Fld; ghu;j;J

re;Njfq;fis eptu;j;jpf;ff; $bait.

,t;tifapy;> ,tuJ rkPgj;jpa E}yhf

,e;E}y; ntspte;Js;sJ. gad;kpf;f 18

kUj;Jtf; fl;Liufs; ,j; njhFjpapy;

mike;Js;sd. ,yf;fpa mofpay;

nrhl;lr; nrhl;l ,yF jkpopy; Mrpupau;

kUj;Jt tplaq;fisj; je;jpUf;fpwhu;.

mjdhy; E}iy thrpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhy;

thrpj;J Kbf;Fk; tiu

%b itf;f Kbahj Xu;

tho;j;Jf;fs;.


1956Mk; Mz;L Njh;jYf;Fg;

gpd; ‘rpq;fsk; kl;Lk; ,af;fk;’ jPtpu kile;jNghJ ,jdhy; tpisaf;

$ba jPikfis mg;NghJ Gjpa

gpujkuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l S.W.R.D. gz;lhuehaf;fhtplk; Nehpy; nrd;W

tpsf;fpdhh; jdpehafk; mbfs;. cyf

ehLfspd; xOq;fpy; gd;nkhopfis

Ml;rp nkhopfshf; nfhz;l ngy;Ipak;>

fdlh> Rtpl;ryhe;J> gpd;yhe;J Nghd;w

ehLfis Kd;Djhuzq;fshff; fhl;bdhh;.

xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nkhopfisf; nfhz;l

30f;Fk; $Ljyhd ehLfs; jq;fs; ehl;L

nkhopfSf;F xj;j nkhopAhpikapid

Vida nkhopfSf;F toq;fp nkhopg;

gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPh;T fz;bUg;gijf;

Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bdhh;.

NkYk;> ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fsth;

fSf;Fk; jkpoh;fSf;Fkpilapy; cs;s

ePz;l tuyhw;W> rka> nkhop> gz;ghL

hPjpahd cwTfis Ma;e;jwpe;J nkhop

chpikf;fhd Ntz;LNfhis Kd;itj;J>

,yq;ifapy; Ngrg;gLfpd;w rpq;fsk;

jkpo; Mfpa ,U nkhopfisAk; Ml;rp

nkhopfshf mq;fPfhpj;J ,d KW

fYf;Fj; jPh;TfhZk;gb jdpehafk;

mbfs; tpdakhf Ntz;b epd;whh;.

,tw;Wf;nfy;yhk;> md;iwa gpujkh;

S.W.R.D.gz;lhuehaf;fhtplk; ,Ue;J fpilj;j gjpYk; ghpRk;> “ghjh;> ,g;gpur; rpidf;F ths;Kidapy; jPh;T fhzNt

tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd; “(Father, I will rather decide it on the point of sword!”) vd;gjhFk; (A.J.Wilson, The Dedicated Patriotism of Father Thani Nayagam, Thamilaram, p.84).

15.06.1956,y; S.W.R.D.gz;lhuehaf;fh jiyikapyhd muR> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

mq;fPfhuj;NjhL>‘,yq;ifapy; rpq;fsk; kl;Lk; Ml;rp nkhopahapUf;Fk;’ vd mwptpj;J jkpo;nkhopia Kw;whfg;

Gwf;fzpj;jJ. ,f;nfhs;ifNa ,e;

ehl;Lf;F rhgkhfTk; rhgf;NflhfTk;

khwpaJ vd;gij mth;fspd;

gz;ghl;Lf;F capuha; ,Uf;fpd;w

nkhopiaNa muR ntWj;J NtuWf;f

epidj;jNghJ> ‘gpzj;NjhL vd;d

Ngr;Rthh;j;ij’ vdj; njhpe;Jk; jdpehafk; mbfs; njhlh;e;Jk; mfpk;ir topepd;W

mfpyj;jpw;F mwpnthsp gha;r;rpdhh;.

‘,yq;ifapy; nkhop chpikfs;’(Language Rights in Ceylon – Tamil Culture, Vol.V., No.3., July 1956 ,y; (217-230) vDk; fl;Liuia vOjp ‘jkpo; fy;r;rh;’ (Tamil Culture) vd;w ,jopy; ntspapl;lhh;.

NkYk;> jkpo;nkhop chpikg; gwpg;Gf;F

vjpuhf 1956fspYk;> 1961Yk; eilngw;w

rj;jpahf;fpufq;fspy; Neubahfg; gq;Nfw;whh;

jdpehafk; mbfs;. ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa

eyDf;fhf jkpoh;fs; Mw;wpa mUk;ngUk;

gzpfisAk;> jkpoh;fs; ngwNtz;ba

chpikfisg; gw;wpAk; rpq;fs> Mq;fpy

nkhopfspy; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fisj;

jahhpj;jNjhL> ,jw;F Mjuthf rpq;fsg;

Nguhrphpah;fspd; ifnahg;gq;fisAk;

ngw;W mtw;iw ntspapl;lhh;. rpwg;ghf

1980Mk; Mz;Lfspy; mtrufhyr; rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; jkpoh;fs; gl;l nrhy;nyhzhj; Jauq;

fis 10.01.1980 md;W aho;.efhpy; Vw;ghL

nra;ag;gl;l tpNrl muq;fpNy ,yq;if

murpd; Nghf;ifg; gfpuq;fkhfr; rhbdhh;.

,t;thW jkpo;nkhopapd;> jkpo;

kf;fspd;> jkpo;NgRk; kf;fspd; epahakhd

nkhop chpikfSf;fhf jk; Ngr;rhYk;>

vOj;jhYk;> mwpthYk; mwtopapd; epd;W

jdpehafk; mbfs; cioj;jhh; vd;gij

kdq;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

epiwTiu

epiwthf>‘vd;id ,iwtd; ed;wha; gilj;jdd;> jd;id ed;wha; jkpo; nra;A

khNw’ vd;w jpU%yhpd; nja;t thf;fpidr; nrhy;ypNa jkJ ciufis epiwT

nra;fpd;wth; jkpo;j;JhJ jdpehafk;

mbfs;. mNj thh;j;ijfis>‘vk;ik ed;wha; ,iwtd; gilj;jdd; jk;ik

ed;wha;j; jkpo; nra;AkhNw’ vdj; jkpo; thoTk; jkpohy; ehk; tsuTk; tho;j;jp>

‘tPo;tJ ehkhf ,Ue;jhYk; tho;tJ jkpohf ,Uf;fl;Lk;’ vd;W Mrpj;J> jkpo; njhlh;e;J tho jdpehafk; mbfshhpd;

topepd;W ciof;f mthpd; 102 mfitapd;

epiwtpy; cWjp G+ZNthk;.

mmm


,t;thz;L (2015) [_d; khjj;jpd;

eLg;gFjpapy; ,yq;iff;fhd vdJ

E}y;Njl;lj;jpd; ‘Njly; gazk;’ mike; jpUe;jJ. Rkhu; %d;W thufhyk;> Xa;T

xopr;ry; ,d;wp> ,yq;ifj; Njrpa E}yfk;>

nfhOk;Gj; jkpo;r;rq;fk;> nfhOk;Gg;; nghJ

E}yfk; cs;spl;l jiyefupd; gy Kf;fpa

E}yfq;fspYk; jpU. jp.QhdNrfud;> jpU.

mfsq;fd; (ttdpah)> Fkud; Gj;jf

,y;yk; - jpU. f.Fkud; MfpNahupd;

jdpg;gl;l E}w;Nru;f;iffspYk; ,Ue;J

E}y;Njl;lk; njhlupd; gjpndhuhk;

njhFg;gpw;fhd Rkhu; 800 E}y;fspd;

gjpTfisAk;> vOj;jhsu;fshy; md;Gf;

fhzpf;ifahf toq;fg;gl;l gy mupa

E}y;fisAk; Njbg;ngw;W xUtopahf

yz;lDf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;J Nru;j;J

tpl;Nld;. ,dp mtw;iw Mw mku

,Ue;J thrpj;Jg; gjpTnra;a Ntz;Lk;.

%d;W thu fhyKk; Xa;T xopr;rypd;wp

vdf;Fj; jhd; tpUk;gpathnwy;yhk;

tpjk;tpjkhd czTg;gz;lq;fisj;

jahupj;J tpUe;Njhk;gpaJld; vdJ

viliaAk; ehd;F fpNyh mjpfupj;Jg;

ngUikngw;Wepw;Fk; vdJ rNfhjup [Pth

mf;fhTf;Fk;> mtUf;Fj; Jizahf

epd;W vdJ gazj;ij ntw;wpfukhf;fpa

mtuJ Jiztu; uhkz;zh kw;Wk;

VfGjy;td; khjtd; MfpNahiuAk;

,t;Ntisapy; ed;wpAld; epidT $u

Ntz;Lk;. tTdpahtpy; vdf;F ,Ug;gplk;

je;J cgrupj;J jdJ E}w;Nru;f;ifia

vdJ ghtidf;F toq;fpatu;fs; ez;gu;

mfsq;fd; jk;gjpapdu;. mtu;fsJ

cjtpAld; 92 E}y;fis tTdpah khtl;lj;

jpypUe;J ,k;Kiw gjpT nra;aKbe;jJ.

toikahd vdJ ,yq;ifg; gazq;fspy;

Fkud; Gj;jf ,y;y cupikahsu;

f.FkuidAk;> Qhdk; rQ;rpif Mrpupau;

jpU. QhdNrfuidAk; juprpg;gij Kf;fpa

epfo;thff; nfhs;tJz;L. ,k;KiwAk;

mtu;fspd; ,Ug;gpypUe;J Vuhskhd E}y;

fisg; gjpTnra;aKbe;jJ.

yz;ldpypUe;jNghNj Ngrpj;jpl;l

kpl;bUe;jgb njsptj;ij N[hrg;>

gP.vk;.Gd;dpahkPd;> kw;Wk; me;jdp

[Pth MfpNahupd; E}w;Nrfupg;Gfisg;

ghu;itapl Kbatpy;iy. jtpu;f;f Kbahj

gb ,yq;ifapy; itj;Jr; Nru;j;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;l Gjpa rpy epfo;r;rpfshy;

vdJ jpl;lkpl;l gpuahzq;fs; gpd;Nghlg;gl

Ntz;bajhfp tpl;ld.

toikahf yz;ld; jpUk;gpaJk;

vdJ el;G tl;lhuj;jpypUe;J njhiyNgrp

miog;Gfs; tUtJz;L. thrpg;Gg; Nghf;Ffs;>

vOj;jhsu; re;jpg;Gfs;> murpay; Nghf;

Ffs;> vd;W vkJ ciuahlypd; tplag;

gug;G Neuj;jpw;Nfw;g tpuptilAk;. ,J

toikahd tplak;.

,k;Kiw vdJ ,yq;if tp[aj;jpy;

ehd; mtjhdpj;j rpy E}ypay;rhu;e;j

tplaq;fs; vdJ el;Gtl;lj;Jf;Fs;

khj;jpuk; gupkhwpf;nfhz;L kl;Lg;gLj;jj;


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(328) vd;w njhlh; tpsf;fp epw;gijAk; ng.khijad; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. KJFbkd;dh;

xnuhapy; kd;dd; (338) jz;gidf; fpotd; (342)> njhy; Fb kd;dd; (353) vd;W

tUzpf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. KJFb kd;dh; kUjepyj;ij Mz;lth;fisAk;> kUj tpis

tay;fspd; cilikahsh;fshAk; ,Ue;jdh;. rPW}h; kd;dh; Ky;;iy epyg;gFjpfspYk;

FwpQ;rp epyj;jpYk; tho;e;jth;fshth;.

FWepy kd;dh;

GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; FWepy kd;dh;fs; Ntsph;> koth;> Mtpah;

Kjypa Fbtop te;Njhuha; kiyAk; kiyrhh;e;j gFjpfis Ml;rp nra;jth;fsha;

cs;sdh;. tul;rpf; fhyj;jpYk; tsk; jUk; kiyg;gpuNjrg; nghUshjhuk; ,th;fspd;

tsh;r;rpf;F Mjhukhapw;W. mjpakhd;> ghup> fhup> Ma;> Ngfd;> Xup> gpl;lq;nfhw;wd;

Nghd;w gy FWepy kd;dh;fs; gw;wpg; GwehD}w;wpd; top mwpfpd;Nwhk;. ,th;fs; nfhilg;

gz;Gkpf;fth;fshfg; ghuhl;lg;gl;Ls;sdh;.

Nte;jh;

Nte;jh; gw;wp khijad; $wpapUg;gij Nkw;Nfhshf ,q;F jUfpd;Nwd;.

\tk;gNte;jh; (Gjpa kd;dh;fs;) (Gwk; 287>345) vdg;ngWk; %Nte;jh; nea;jy;

epyg; gFjpiaAk;> kUjepyg; gFjpiaAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Mz;Ls;sdh;.

,aw;if tsk; kpFe;j kiyg;gFjpfSk; ,th;fshy; ftug;gl;Ls;sd. nghUshjhug;

ngUf;fj;jpw;F mbg;gilaha; mikAk; epyg;gFjpfs; vy;yhk; ,th;fspd; MSikf;F

cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. \Nte;jd; Nka jPk;Gdy; cyfk;| (mfj;5) vdj; njhy;fhg;gpah;

Rl;baijg; Nghy; ,th;fs; jq;fis Nte;jh; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; nfhz;lJ. kUjepyj;

jiyth;fs; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapNyNa MFk;. (gf;.21). njd;dfj;jpd; fpof;F> Nkw;Ff;

flw;fiufspd; JiwKf efh;fspd; tsh;r;rpAk;> Vw;Wkjp th;j;jfKk;> cs;ehl;L

th;j;jfKk; tpUj;jp ngw;wJk; gz;l cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;jJ. kUj epyg;gFjpfspYk;>

nea;jy; epyj;jpYk; ikak; nfhz;l Gjpa muRfs; cUthfpd. ,it Ky;iy> FwpQ;rp

Mfpa epyg;gFjpfisAk; jkJ Ms;Gyj;jpy; nfhz;Lte;J jk; vy;iyia tpupthf;Fk;

Nghh;fspy; fl;Liufis vOjpath;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhd Ma;thsh;fshf uh[d; FUf;fs;>

Rjh;rd; nrdptpuj;jpd> Mh;.v];.nfd;db vd;w %tiug; Nguhrpupah; fh.,e;jpughy

Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. jkpopy; fh.Rg;gpukzpad; (1982) u.G+q;Fd;wd; MfpNahUk; ng.khijad;

mth;fSk; ,t;tplak; gw;wp vOjpNahUs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; vdyhk;.

muR vd;w epWtd tbtk; KOik ngWk;NghJ mJ gpd;tUk; cgKiwikfis (Sub System) nfhz;ljha; tpuptilfpwJ vd;gij khdpltpayhsh;fs; vLj;Jf; $wpAs;sdh;.

1. Fbkf;fisf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L tUjy;> milahsk;> Ms;Gy vy;iyfs;

vd;gd Kf;fpak; ngWk;.

2. ePjp eph;thfk; - rl;lk;> ePjpgjpfs;

3. rl;l epiwNtw;wk; - epue;ju ,uhZtKk;> fhty;gilAk;

4. tuptpjpg;Gk;> tup mwtPLk;.

,e;j ehd;F KiwikfisAk; xd;wpizf;Fk; Ms;Nthh; FO Njhw;wk; ngWk;.

,f;FOtpy; Fbapay; (rptpy;) ,uhZt mjpfhupfSk; rkaj;Jiwj; jiyth;fSk;

mlq;Fth;. rq;f fhyj;jpy; KOepiwTila muRfspd; Njhw;wk; Kw;Wg; ngwtpy;iy

vd;Nw $wyhk;.

2.r%f cUthf;fKk;> th;f;f NtWghLfSk;

GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fspy; tUk; rPW}h;j;jiyth;fs; cilikNah> ifg;nghUNsh

,y;yhjth;fs; (327> 313) kpFe;j Vo;ik epiyapy; tho;gth;fs; (331)> ,utyh;fisg;


NgZtjw;fhf nghUisf; fldhfg; ngWgth;fs; (316> 327) vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdh;.

rPW}h;j;jiytpaupd; tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;igAk;> Cuth;fspd; grpiag; Nghf;Fk; mth;jk;

,ay;igAk; rpy ghly;fs; rpj;jpupf;fpd;wd. ,utyh;f;F mspj;jjhy; tuF> jpiz

Kjyhd czTg; nghUl;fs; jPh;e;J Nghd epiyapy; tpijf;nfd itj;jpUe;j jpidia

cuypypl;L ,bj;Jr; rikf;Fk; rPW}h;j; jiytpia xU ghly; (Gwk; 333) rpj;jpupf;fpd;wJ.

rPW}h; jiyth;fSf;F mLj;j cah;epiyapy; cs;stuhf KJFb kf;fs; ,Ug;gij

Gw

2015 (183) · qhdk; - fiy ,yf;fpar; rq;rpif - mf];l; 2015 (183) 1xsp: 16 rlh;: 03 183 nts;sj;jpd;...

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