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Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (PERSUAP)

For Agribusiness for Rural Development and

Increasing Incomes ARDIIMarch 2019

Delivered to:Mohamed Abo El WafaContract Officer RepresentativeUSAID/Egypt1/A Nadi ElEtissalat StreetOff El-Laselki Street- New MaadiCairo, Egypt

This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Alan Schroeder, PhD, MBA (E-NoeTec Consulting) and Hassan Shalaby, PhD. The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.

Table of Contents

ACRONYMS...............................................................................................................3PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND.............................................................................6COUNTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION (BASELINE INFORMATION)........................................................................................................8EVALUATION OF ACTIVITY WITH RESPECT TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT POTENTIAL...........................................................................................779RECOMMENDED ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS............................................779PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFE USE ACTION PLAN:. .141415EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...............................................................................141415EGYPT ARDII PERSUAP Target Crops...................................................141415PERSUAP FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONDITIONS FOR MITIGATION...................................................................................................141415SECTION 1:INTRODUCTION................................................................................17

1.1 Purpose, Scope & Orientation..........................................................171.2 Regulation 216.......................................................................................171.3 The Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan

(PERSUAP)......................................................................................................................181.4 Integrated Pest Management—USAID Policy.............................181.5 USAID/Egypt Agriculture Sector PERSUAP Methodology........19

SECTION 2:..............................................................................................BACKGROUND...................................................................................................................................20

2.1 Egypt Country Background.........................................................................20

2.2 Egypt International Obligations Related to Pesticides............222.3 Egypt Pesticide Use Sectors Risks & Needs Identified by

PERSUAP Study....................................................................................................222223SECTION 3:............................................PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT (PER)...................................................................................................................................24

3.1 Factor A:...................................................................................................243.2 Factor B: ..................................................................................................253.3 Factor C:...................................................................................................263.4 Factor D: ..................................................................................................273.5 Factor E: ..................................................................................................273.6 Factor F: ..................................................................................................283.7 Factor G:...................................................................................................293.8 Factor H: ..................................................................................................303.9 Factor I: ...................................................................................................323.10 Factor J:.....................................................................................................333.11 Factor K:...................................................................................................343.12 Factor L: ..................................................................................................34

SECTION 4:PESTICIDE SAFE USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP)..............................364.1 Introduction to SUAP............................................................................36

Cooperative Agreement No. .................................... 2Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

4.2 USAID Egypt Pesticides Requested for Analysis.......................364.3 USAID requirement...............................................................................364.4 Compliance Requirements (Safe Use Measures)......................37

Annex 1: Matrix of Egypt PERSUAP Target Crops, Key Pests/Diseases/Weeds, Preventive IPM Tools/Tactics, and Curative Chemicals (Pesticides).......................38Annex 2: Guidelines for PMPs for Egypt ARDII Target Crops, Beneficiaries and Elements of an IPM Program..................................................................................134Annex 3: Elements of IPM Program..........................................................138Annex 4: Acute Toxicity of Pesticides: EPA and WHO Classifications................141Annex 5: Training Topics and Safe Pesticide Use Web Resources........................142Annex 6: Farm Record Keeping Associated with Pesticide Use............................145Annex 7: Form for Projects to Monitor Farmer Best Practices including GAP and IPM options..............................................................................................................146Annex 8: PERSUAP References..................................................................148

ACRONYMS

AI Active Ingredient (reference to chemical/s in pesticides)A/COR Agreement/Contracting Officer’s Representative (USAID)BEO Bureau Environmental Officer (USAID)BMP Best Management PracticeBT Bacillus thuringiensis (a bacteria that produces a toxin that is used as a pesticide)CCD Colony Collapse DisorderCFR Code of Federal Regulations (USA)CLI Crop Life International (private sector pesticide companies’ trade association)COP Chief of Party (USAID)DCN Document Number (USAID documentation system)E Emulsion (a pesticide formulation)EA Environmental AssessmentEC Emulsifiable Concentrate (pesticide formulation)EC50 Effective Concentration 50 (acute toxicity measure)EMMP Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (USAID)EPA US Environmental Protection Agency (also known as USEPA)EU European UnionFAA Foreign Assistance ActFAO Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations)FDA Food and Drug Administration (USA)FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (USA)FRAC Fungicide Resistance Action Committee G Granular (a pesticide formulation)GAP Good Agriculture PracticeGEF Global Environment Facility (part of World Bank)GlobalGAP Global Good Agriculture Practices, a certification systemCooperative Agreement No. ................................................................

3Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

GMO Genetically Modified OrganismGOE Government of EgyptGUP General Use PesticideHa HectaresHACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (processing standards system)HRAC Herbicide Resistance Action Committee HT Highly ToxicID IdentificationIEE Initial Environmental Examination (USAID)IGR Insect Growth Regulator (type of pesticide)IP Implementing Partner IPM Integrated Pest ManagementIRAC Insecticide Resistance Action Committee LC50 Lethal Concentration 50 (acute toxicity measure)LD50 Lethal Dose 50 (acute toxicity measure)M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEO Mission Environmental Officer (USAID)MOALR Ministry of Agriculture and Land ReclamationMOE Ministry of EnvironmentMOHP Ministry of Health and PopulationMRL Maximum/Minimum Residue Level/LimitMSDS Material Safety Data SheetMSL Meters above Sea LevelMT Moderately ToxicNAT Not Acutely ToxicNCAT National Center for Appropriate Technology (USA)NEPA National Environmental Policy Act (USA)NGO Non-Governmental OrganizationNIFA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USA)NIP National Implementation Plan (POPs Treaty Element)OD Oil Dispersion (a pesticide formulation)OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentPAN Pesticide Action Network (pesticide NGO)PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls PEA Programmatic Environmental Assessment PER Pesticide Evaluation ReportPERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action PlanpH log of hydrogen concentration, measure of acidityPHI Pre-Harvest IntervalPIC Prior Informed Consent (a treaty, relates to toxic pesticides)POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants (a treaty, relates to toxic persistent pesticides)PMP Pest Management PlanPNT Practically Non-ToxicPPE Personal Protection EquipmentR&D toxin Reproductive and Developmental toxinREA Regional Environmental AdvisorCooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


Reg 216 Regulation 216 (USAID Environmental Procedures under 22 CFR 216.3 (b))REI Re-Entry Interval (safety period after pesticide spraying)RUP Restricted Use PesticideSC Suspension Concentrate (a pesticide formulation)SL Soluble Liquid (a pesticide formulation)S&C Standards and CertificationSO Strategic ObjectiveSOW Scope of WorkSPU Safe Pesticide UseST Slightly ToxicSUAP Safe Use Action PlanUC University of CaliforniaUN United NationsUNEP UN Environment ProgramUNFAO UN Food and Agriculture Organization (also known as FAO)US United StatesUSAID US Agency for International DevelopmentUSDA US Department of AgricultureUSEPA US Environmental Protection Agency (also known as EPA)VHT Very Highly ToxicWB World BankWDG Water Dispersible Granule (a pesticide formulation)WHO World Health Organization (United Nations)WP Wettable Powder (a pesticide formulation, usually for fungicides)

PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND

Purpose

The main purpose is to approve Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) and associated mitigation and monitoring requirements for the ARDII project’s implementation in Egypt.

Program Overview

Agribusiness for Rural Development and Increasing Incomes (ARDII)

The ARDII Project aims to increase incomes of smallholder farmers in Egypt throughsustainably intensifying their agricultural productivity, increasing the efficiency of postharvest processes including food processing, improving the marketing of these goods,and improving the nutritional status of women and children. USAID programs underCooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


ARDII facilitated the development of the Regional Center of Excellence, a private sectorextension service provider supporting stakeholders along the value chain to meet demand,both local and international. USAID programing has also created sustainable linkagesbetween small farmers and export market channels for fresh produce, facilitated thedevelopment of cold-chain infrastructure including perishable terminals in both Cairo andLuxor and pack houses in Upper Egypt and the Delta, and created jobs and fosteredentrepreneurship throughout the horticultural sector.

All of these achievements have boosted Egypt’s exports and consequentially GDP.However, the local market for both fresh and processed horticultural produce remainsunderdeveloped. This portion of the sector has enormous potential to increase Egypt’seconomic growth through new investments in agribusiness and agro-processing, healthierproduce for local markets, and increased Egyptian exports of processed horticulturalproducts. The Mission views this buyer demand from not only exporters but local agro processors, retail chains, and large restaurants as an enormous new developmentopportunity that has the potential to increase incomes and employment of upstream farmers and firms – this is the focus of this new procurement.Due to the risk concerns presented by pesticides, USAID’s environmental regulations require that all programs that include assistance for the promotion or recommendation during training, procurement (directly or through financial instruments), or use of pesticides should assess risks associated with this assistance following the Pesticide Procedures described in 22 CFR (regulation) 216.3. At least 12 factors must be addressed according to regulation 216.3(b) (1) (i) (a through l).The purpose of the PERSUAP is to analyze the list of pesticides that the USAID/Egypt funded ARDII project and sub grantees, implementing partners (IPs) and beneficiaries could use. The PERSUAP also researches and analyzes preventative Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tools and techniques useful for defined crop-pest combinations. The USAID/Egypt funded ARDII project IPs and beneficiaries should use this PERSUAP to assist in identifying least toxic pesticides and mitigation measures. It can also be used in the future by Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


USAID/Egypt to help design agriculture programs and by IPs to guide implementation. The information in this PERSUAP should be updated every two years.

COUNTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION (BASELINE INFORMATION)

Only 3.5% of Egypt’s land surface is populated. Ninety-nine percent of the population resides in the Nile Valley and Nile Delta. Ninety percent of agriculture occurs in the Delta region1. Before completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970, the Nile flooded annually for several months, usually between through August and October, but sometimes extending through January during years of high flow2. Construction of the earlier Aswan Dam in 1902 allowed the majority of the annual flood and silt load to pass downstream. The annual flooding of the Nile brought fertile sediment from Ethiopia and deposited it along the valley and delta. The annual flooding thus brought both water and nutrients for agriculture as well as unpredictable quantities and durations of floodwater. The High Dam brought the river’s flow under control, allowing longer annual periods of cultivation, but it also stopped annual nutrient replenishment of the land, which now require chemical fertilizers to remain productive (4.5kg/ha in 200/2001 compared to 1.1kg/ha in the United States3).

Although the annual floods no longer occur, ancient silt deposits have left an average soil layer of nine meters along the Nile’s course4. However, the lack of silt replenishment has resulted in widespread elevation of the water table along the Nile.

All of Egypt’s agriculture is irrigated. Water from the Nile provides approximately 90% of irrigation water with groundwater providing slightly over 10%5. “Old lands” are those fields within the Nile Valley or Nile Delta where annual flooding took place and which now receive irrigation water from the river. “New lands” comprise desert areas of recent agricultural expansion to which irrigation schemes bring water via canal or wells tap aquifers. Canal construction, maintenance, and irrigation management is the responsibility of department level organizations within the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation. Some departmental irrigation zones are managed well, and more recent irrigation schemes prohibit flood irrigation and prohibit certain water-intensive crops. In general however, irrigation projects have been lightly regulated resulting frequent waterlogging of poorly drained parcels in the old lands of the Delta as well as increased salinity there. In Upper Egypt,

1 Metz, Helen Chapin ed. 1990. Egypt: A Country Study. Library of Congress.2 Metz, Helen Chapin ed. 1990. Egypt: A Country Study. Library of Congress.3 World Bank. World Development Indicators 2006.4 Metz, Helen Chapin ed. 1990. Egypt: A Country Study. Library of Congress5 World Bank. 2007. World Development Report 2008Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


riverbank erosion has resulted6. Where well water is used in the new lands, salinization is a problem. Neither of these longstanding problems is likely to be exacerbated by the GDA Egypt Tomato project, although improved water management in fields irrigated by both canals or wells irrigated will no doubt need to be part of GAP in Egypt.

Ninety-five percent of farms in Egypt are less than two hectares. The number of farms increased 31% between 1990 and 2000 with average farm size dropping from 1.0 to 0.8 hectares. 7 Egypt has one of the lowest per capita arable land areas in the world8. However, the environment permits this meager resource to be heavily exploited. Two and sometimes three crops per year are possible (with the exception of sugar cane which requires almost one year per harvest). With just under 30,000 hectares of EurepGAP certified land in 2005, Egypt is among the top ten countries9. According to the project proposal, Egypt has more land than any other country devoted to tomato production than any other country.

Agriculture generated 15% of Egypt’s 2005 GDP10. Of Egypt’s 3.4 million hectares of agricultural land, 56% are dedicated to cereal production. However, it is important to keep in mind that vegetables return ten times the value of cereals per cubic meter of irrigation water11.

EVALUATION OF ACTIVITY WITH RESPECT TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT POTENTIAL

All activities approved in the original IEE remain valid. This proposed PERSUAP will:

Cover any and all activities related to pesticide training, promotion, or use by supported beneficiaries on demonstration trials that produce the crops defined in the PERSUAP, with a focus on good agriculture practices (GAPs) and pesticide safety.

Include pest management plans containing major pests/diseases/weed constraints for each crop, with preventative non-chemical tools/tactics, as well as registered and artisanal natural pesticides and registered synthetic pesticides.

RECOMMENDED ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS

6 Metz, Helen Chapin ed. 1990. Egypt: A Country Study. Library of Congress7 World Bank. 2007. World Development Report 20088 Metz, Helen Chapin ed. 1990. Egypt: A Country Study. Library of Congress.9 Moeller, Kristian, EurepGAP Secretary. EurepGAP – The Global Good Agricultural Practices Standard; An Opportunity for International Cooperation. 27/28 April 2006. Tokyo Japan10 World Bank 2006. World Development Indicators 2007.At a Glance Country Tables11 World Bank. 2007. World Development Report 2008Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


A Negative Determination with Conditions is recommended for activities that are related to pest management, pesticide training, promotion, demonstration, distribution and use, directly or through other financial instruments (credit, sub grants) under this amendment pursuant to 22 CFR 2l6.3(a)(2)(iii).

ConditionsUse of only the PERSUAP-analyzed and accepted pesticides and implementation of safety recommendations as well as GAPs/IPM highlighted in the document are conditions for any assistance to farmers or financial instruments that might include training on, discussing, demonstrating or promoting pesticide inputs.

Allowed Pesticides (PER Factor A analysis)Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the pesticide active ingredients (AIs) listed as “allowed” in the following table—and ONLY those AIs—may be supported by USAID/Egypt, the USAID funded ARDII program covered by this PERSUAP. Such support is subject to the safer use conditions summarized below and set out in detail within the PERSUAP.

Allowed pesticides are those that passed the 12 factor analyses, particularly Factor A (the USEPA Registration Status of the Requested Pesticide) and Factor E (Acute/Chronic Toxicological Hazards to Human and Environmental Health), as analyzed and summarized in Annex 4 of the PERSUAP.

Tables of PERSUAP-Accepted Pesticide Active Ingredients: (with condition that label instructions, be followed):

Upon the Ministerial Decree No. 974 of 2017 Concerning Registration, Handling and Use of Agricultural Pesticides in Egypt (Article: 6), Accepted Pesticide Active Ingredients (AIs) listed as “allowed” in the following table—and ONLY those AIs—may be supported by USAID/Egypt, the USAID funded ARDII program covered by this PERSUAPArticle (6): Agricultural Pesticides Committee (APC) registers active ingredients of agricultural pesticides in their "technical grade" or "formulated" forms, according to the reference database of registered pesticides in European Commission (EC), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA), or in any other agencies accepted by APC.

Acaricide AIs in products registered by Egypt

Nematicide AIs in products registered by Egypt

Active Ingredients Product Usage Active Ingredients Product UsageAbamectin Acaricide Cadusafos NematicideAcequinocyl Acaricide Dazomet NematicideBifenazate Acaricide Ethoprophos NematicideClofentezine Acaricide Fenamiphos NematicideCyflumetofen Acaricide Fosthiazate NematicideCooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


Ethoxazole Acaricide Metam-sodium NematicideFenbutatin oxide Acaricide Oxamyl NematicideFenpyroximate Acaricide Abamectin Nematicide

Hexythiazox AcaricideRodenticide AIs in products registered by Egypt

Milbemectin Acaricide Active Ingredients Product UsagePyridaben Acaricide Bromadiolone RodenticideSpirodiclofen Acaricide Coumatetralyl RodenticideSulfur Acaricide Zinc phosphide RodenticideBeauveria bassiana Acaricide

Soil Steridant AIs in products registered by Egypt

Bifenthrin Acaricide Active Ingredients Product Usage

Buprofezin Acaricide1.3-dichloropropene - Chloropicrin Soil Steridant

Chlorfenapyr Acaricide Dimethyl disulfidde Soil SteridantSpiromesifen Acaricide Metam-potassium Soil SteridantBectericide AIs in products registered by Egypt

Molluscicide AIs in products registered by Egypt

Active Ingredients Product Usage Active Ingredients Product UsageOxolinic acid Bectericide Metaldehyde MolascocideStreptomycin sulfate Bectericide

Fungicide AIs in products registered by Egypt

Herbicide AIs in products registered by Egypt

Active Ingredients Product Usage Active

Ingredients Product Usage8- Hydroxyquinoline sulfate Fungicide Azimsulfuron Herbicide

Amisulbrom FungicideBensulfuron-Methyl Herbicide

Azoxystrobin Fungicide Bentazone HerbicideBacillus megaterium Fungicide

Bispyribac - sodium Herbicide

Bacillus subtilis FungicideBromoxynil - MCPA - Sodium Herbicide

Benthiavalicarb-isopropyl Fungicide

Bromoxynil - Terbuthylazine Herbicide

Bordeaux mixture Fungicide

Bromoxynil octanoate Herbicide

Boscalid Fungicide Butralin HerbicideBromuconazole Fungicide Clethodim HerbicideBupirimate Fungicide Clodinafop- HerbicideCooperative Agreement No. ................................................................




propargylCaptan Fungicide Cyhalofop-butyl HerbicideCopper hydroxide Fungicide Dicamba HerbicideCopper oxychloride Fungicide Diclofop-methyl HerbicideCopper sulfate Fungicide Diquat dibromide Herbicide

Copper sulfate anhydrous Fungicide

Ethofumesate - Desmedipham - Phenmedipham Herbicide

Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Fungicide

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl Herbicide

Copper sulfate tribasic - Zoxamide Fungicide

Florasulam - Flumetsulam Herbicide

Cuprous oxide FungicideFlorasulam - MCPA - Sodium Herbicide

Cyazofamid FungicideFlorasulam - pyroxsulam Herbicide

Cyflufenamid Fungicide Fluazifop-p- butyl Herbicide

Cyflufenamid FungicideFlucarbazone-sodium Herbicide

Cymoxanil Fungicide Fluroxypyr Herbicide

Cyproconazole FungicideFluroxypyr meptyl Herbicide

Cyprodinil - Fludioxonil Fungicide Foramsulfuron Herbicide

Difenoconazole FungicideGlufosinate-ammonium Herbicide

Dimethomorph Fungicide

Glyphosate Isopropylammonium Herbicide

Diniconazole Fungicide

Glyphosate monopotassium salt Herbicide

Dodine Fungicide

Glyphosate present asisopropylammonium and monoammonium salt Herbicide

Epoxiconazole FungicideGlyphosate-diammonium Herbicide

Fenbuconazole Fungicide Glyphosate-monoammonium

Herbicide

Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 11

Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:



salt

Fenhexamid FungicideGlyphosate-potassium salt Herbicide

Fenpyrazmine FungicideHalosulfuron-methyl Herbicide

Fluazinam Fungicide

Iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium - Foramsulfuron - sodium - Thiencarbazone - methyl Herbicide

Fludioxonil Fungicide Metamitron HerbicideFlutianil Fungicide Metribuzin HerbicideFlutolanil Fungicide Nicosulfuron HerbicideFlutriafol Fungicide Orthosulfamuron HerbicideFolpet Fungicide Oxadiazon HerbicideFosetyl-Aluminium Fungicide Oxyfluorfen HerbicideHymexazole Fungicide pendimethalin HerbicideIminoctadine tris (albesilate) Fungicide Penoxsulam HerbicideIsoprothiolane Fungicide Pinoxaden HerbicideKasugamycin Fungicide Pretilachlor HerbicideKresoxim-methyl Fungicide Prodiamine HerbicideMancozeb Fungicide Propanil HerbicideMandipropamid Fungicide Propaquizafop HerbicideMetalaxyl Fungicide Propyzamide HerbicideMetiram Complex Fungicide Pyraflufen-ethyl Herbicide

Metrafenone FungicidePyrazosulfuron-ethyl Herbicide

Myclobutanil Fungicide pyroxsulam HerbicideOrange oil (d-limonene) Fungicide Quinclorac Herbicide

Penconazole FungicideQuizalofop-P-ethyl Herbicide

Pencycuron Fungicide Rimsulfuron HerbicidePenflufen Fungicide S-metolachlor HerbicidePhosphorous acids salts Fungicide Sulcotrione HerbicidePotassium silicate Fungicide

Terbuthylazine - Mesotrione - S-metolachlor Herbicide

prochloraz Fungicide Thifensulfuron methyl -

Herbicide





NicosulfuronPropamocarb hydrochloride Fungicide Thiobencarb HerbicidePropiconazole Fungicide Tralkoxydim Herbicide

Propineb FungicideTribenuron-methyl Herbicide

Proquinazid FungicideTriclopyr - Butotyl Herbicide

Pyraclostrobin FungicideTriclopyr butoxyethyl ester Herbicide

Pyrimethanil FungicideTriflusulfuron-methyl Herbicide

Tebuconazole FungicideTetraconazole FungicideThiophanate-methyl FungicideThiram FungicideTolclofos-methyl FungicideTriadimenol FungicideTrichoderma album FungicideTrichoderma asperellum FungicideTrichoderma harzianum FungicideTricyclazole FungicideTrifloxystrobin FungicideTrifloxystrobin - Tebuconazole FungicideTriflumizole FungicideTriticonazole Fungicide

Insecticide AIs in products registered by Egypt

Active Ingredients Product Usage Active

Ingredients Product UsageAbamectin Insecticide Indoxacarb Insecticide

Acetamiprid InsecticideLambda-Cyhalothrin Insecticide

Alpha-Cypermethrin Insecticide

Lecanicillium muscarium Insecticide

Aluminium Insecticide Lufenuron InsecticideCooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


PhosphideAmmonium acetate - Trimethylamine Hydrochloride - 1.5-diaminopentane

InsecticideMagnesium Phosphide Insecticide

Azadirachtin Insecticide Malathion InsecticideBacillus thuringiensis Insecticide Metaflumizone InsecticideBeta-Cyfluthrin Insecticide Methomyl InsecticideBuprofezin Insecticide Methoxyfenozide Insecticide

Carbosulfan InsecticideMethyl Eugenol pheromone Insecticide

Chlorantraniliprole Insecticide Mineral oil InsecticideChlorfluazuron Insecticide Novaluron InsecticideChlorpyrifos Insecticide Phosmet InsecticideChlorpyrifos-methyl Insecticide

Phosphine Gas - Carbon Dioxide Insecticide

Chromafenozide Insecticide Pirimicarb Insecticide

Clothianidin InsecticidePirimiphos methyl Insecticide

Cyantraniliprole Insecticide Profenofos InsecticideCypermethrin Insecticide Pymetrozine InsecticideCypermethrin Insecticide Pyridalyl InsecticideCyromazine Insecticide Pyriproxyfen InsecticideDeltamethrin Insecticide Spinetoram InsecticideDiflubenzuron Insecticide Spinosad InsecticideDimethoate Insecticide Spirotetramat Insecticide

Dinotefuran InsecticideBeauveria bassiana Insecticide

E3,z8,z11-Tetradecacatrienyl acetate - E3,z8,-Tetradecadienyl acetate Insecticide Bifenthrin InsecticideEmamectin benzoate Insecticide Buprofezin InsecticideEsfenvalerate Insecticide Chlorfenapyr InsecticideEtofenprox Insecticide Spiromesifen InsecticideFenitrothion Insecticide Sulfoxaflor InsecticideFlonicamid Insecticide Teflubenzuron InsecticideFlubendiamid Insecticide Thiacloprid InsecticideFlufenoxuron Insecticide Thiamethoxam InsecticideGamma- Insecticide thiocyclam InsecticideCooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


cyhalothrin hydrogen oxalateHexaflumuron Insecticide Tolfenpyrad InsecticideHydrolyzed protein Insecticide Triflumuron Insecticide

Imidacloprid InsecticideTuta absoluta pheromone InsecticideZeta-cypermethrin Insecticide



PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFE USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP):

For value chains/crops: tomato, onions, green beans, mangoes, grapes, date palm, chamomile, cumin, hibiscus, lettuces, mint, peppers, potato, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, and pomegranate

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Risks are inevitably present with the use of pesticides and similar chemicals especially in agricultural crop production. The purpose of this Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER) and Safe Use Action Plan (SUAP) is to bring USAID-funded projects, including ARDII and others, into full compliance with USAID’s environmental regulations (Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR part 216, or Regulation 216) on pesticide support (purchase or financing of, training on, or promotion/use on demonstration farms).

Beyond compliance, this document offers best practices to ensure that USAID/Egypt-funded ARDII project activities not only reduce the risks of pesticide impacts on human health and environmental resources, but also help capture markets for high-quality Egyptian produce. If a project desires to promote or use pesticides rejected by this PERSUAP analysis, it will be required to perform an Environmental Assessment (EA) to evaluate, in detail, the potential impacts of the use of those chemicals. USAID must approve the EA prior to use of the pesticide(s) being evaluated.

Pesticides can enter the agriculture sector value chain at any point, from soil and seed to fork. Soil is often treated with fumigants and seeds are coated with pesticides prior to planting. Then pesticides are used during the growing season, often in post-harvest storage, and even at the processing stage microbicides are used for cleaning surfaces. And at the market/consumer phase, people who eat the produce want no, or acceptably low, levels of pesticide residues on their food.

Egypt ARDII PERSUAP Target Crops

The following are target crops: tomato, onions, green beans, mangoes, grapes, date palm, chamomile, cumin, hibiscus, lettuces, mint, peppers, potato, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, and pomegranate.

PERSUAP FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONDITIONS FOR MITIGATION



1. In accordance with 22CFR 216.3 (b) Pesticide Procedures, the Egypt PERSUAP addresses the needs of any current and near-future USAID-funded agriculture activities that will or may involve potential financing or use of pesticides. This PERSUAP addresses the following key findings and recommendations for pesticide “support by project resources/staff (Implementing Partners, including the prime award recipient and sub-grantees/partners):

PERSUAP/Allowed Pesticides: This USAID/Egypt PERSUAP evaluates pesticides that could be potentially “supported” with project resources (including conditions), as well as those that cannot be supported, including justifications for rejection.

Safety Training/Equipment: Recommend that USAID/Egypt ARDII -funded program that supports the use of pesticides on demo trials promote safe pesticide use (SPU) by performing pesticide safety training and ensuring the availability and use of the Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) recommended on pesticide labels (for example: gloves, mask, goggles, overalls, boots).

Good Agriculture Practices: Recommend that USAID/Egypt ARDII projects promote the use of state-of-the-art Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs) for each of their target crops, including use of high yielding and quality seed, soil fertility testing and conservation, plant nutritional needs to grow healthy crops, proper water use, crop rotation, clean storage and marketing.

Pest Management Plans/Integrated Pest Management: Recommend that USAID/Egypt ARDII promote the use of state of the art (used by many international, national and USA state extension services) pest management plans (PMPs) containing major pests/diseases/weeds of each target crop, with preventive non-chemical Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tools/tactics, registered synthetic pesticides, as well as any artisanal and registered natural pesticides available.

Spray Services: Recommend that USAID/Egypt ARDII promote and support the concept and use of pesticide spray services that have well-trained and PPE-protected spray personnel.



SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

This section introduces the purpose, scope, compliance context and methodology of the Egypt ARDII PERSUAP study.

1.1 Purpose, Scope & Orientation

PurposeTo maintain compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (PERSUAP):

Establishes the pesticides registered in Egypt for which support is authorized for ‘use’ on USAID/Egypt ARDII value chains project and activities.

Establishes requirements associated with support for these pesticides to assure that pesticide use/support (1) per USAID policy, is within an IPM framework and (2) embodies the principles of SPU.

These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP.

ScopeThis PERSUAP document covers the ARDII project agriculture activities and value chains, their sub-grantees, partners, financiers and beneficiaries.

Orientation The set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safe use are established through Section 3 of the document, the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which assesses the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors (a through l) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b).

The Safe Use Action Plan in Section 4 provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of compliance recommendations for pesticides, risk reduction, synthesized from the 12-factor analysis. The SUAP can be used as the base for developing ARDII’s required Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Report (EMMP).

1.2 Regulation 216

From 1974 to 1976, over 2,800 Pakistani malaria spray personnel were poisoned (5 deaths) by insecticide mishaps on a USAID/WHO anti-malaria program12. USAID was sued by a coalition of environmental groups, and in response to the lawsuit, drafted 22 CFR 216 (Reg. 216). According to

12 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/74508 Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/74508

Regulation 216, all USAID activities are subject to analysis and evaluation via – at minimum – an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), and – at maximum – an Environmental Assessment (EA). USAID/Egypt should produce an IEE to cover all agriculture sector/economic growth projects and activities, or write individual IEEs for each of its projects.

A large part of Regulation 216 – part 216.3 – is devoted to pesticide use and safety. Part 216.3 requires that if USAID is to provide support for pesticides in a project, 12 pesticide factors must be analyzed and recommendations must be written to mitigate or reduce risks to human health and environmental resources. This plan must be followed up with appropriate training, monitoring and reporting for continuous improvement on risk reduction. The adoption of international best practices for crop production, protection and pesticide use safety is strongly encouraged.

Pesticide Definition

For the purposes of this PERSUAP, the word pesticide is used, following EPA’s guidelines13, for the following: fumigants, insecticides, miticides/acaricides, nematicides, molluscicides, fungicides, antimicrobials, bactericides/biocides, microbicides/antibiotics, herbicides, rodenticides, avicides, algicides, ovicides (kill eggs), disinfectants/sanitizers and anti-fouling agents. Even biological agents such as biopesticides, microbial pesticides, repellents, attractants/pheromones, defoliants, desiccants and insect growth regulators are included as pesticides.

USAID “Support for Pesticide Use”

“Support for pesticide use” by the USAID/Egypt-funded ARDII Project, sub-grantees and financing partners was defined and agreed upon at the outset of this PERSUAP study as potentially including:

Purchase directly by the USAID/Egypt ARDII Project, or indirectly through project sub-grantees, partners or financing mechanisms.

Support for promotion or use during training of farmers by the USAID/Egypt ARDII Project or its sub-grantees.

Use or support by the USAID/Egypt ARDII project, sub-grantees, partners or farmers on demonstration farms.

1.3 The Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (PERSUAP)

In the late 1990s, USAID developed the Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) concept as a tool to analyze the pesticide system or sector in any given country or territory. The PERSUAP tool focuses on the

13 http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/about/types.htm Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/about/types.htm

particular circumstances, crops, pests and IPM/pesticide choices of a project or program. This approach analyzes the pesticide sector or system from registration to import through use to disposal, and develops a location-specific pesticide risk profile based on the analysis. A PERSUAP is generally recommended by and submitted as an amendment to the project IEE or an EA.

1.4 Integrated Pest Management—USAID Policy

In the early 1990s, USAID adopted the philosophy and practice of IPM as official policy. IPM is also strongly promoted and required as part of Regulation 216.3. Since the early 2000s, IPM—which includes judicious and safe use of pesticides—has been an integral part of Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs) and is increasingly considered to constitute best management practices in agriculture.

A good definition of IPM from University of California (UC)-Davis14 follows: “Integrated pest management (IPM) is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials [pesticides] are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.”

1.5 USAID/Egypt Agriculture Sector PERSUAP Methodology

This PERSUAP study took place from October 2015. To begin the study the International Expert sent requests for crop, pest and pesticide data to the Egyptian expert. Next, the International Expert analyzed pesticide AIs registered in Egypt for each target crop for US EPA and Egyptian registration and restrictions status, and then began to analyze key pests of each target crop for preventive IPM tools and tactics as well as for curative pesticides that could be used for each.

The complexity of the tasks needed for this study required that both consultants provide accurate interpretation of 22 CFR 216.3 as well as cutting-edge knowledge of IPM, agronomic, entomological, phytopathological, rodentological, weed, agribusiness and chemical topics. This PERSUAP study chose pesticide AIs as the common denominator for analysis.

14 http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/IPMPROJECT/about.html Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/IPMPROJECT/about.html

This PERSUAP contains links to websites with agriculture and pesticide best practices, both to make it easier to use (reduce the report’s length) and more up-to-date or accurate (as websites are updated continually, but static information is not). So, instead of having numerous annexes containing pesticide safety equipment recommendations or SPU practices, hot-linked websites now take their place. The information in this PERSUAP should be updated every two years.



SECTION 2: BACKGROUND

2.1 Egypt Country Background

This section introduces Egypt and its resources to provide a context for the agricultural systems in the various regions. Egypt (Figure 1, below) has an area of 1,002,450 square kilometers. Egypt borders Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and Palestine and Israel to the east. Egypt’s northern coast borders the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern coast borders the Red Sea. The east of the country also contains the Sinai Peninsula.

Figure 1: Egypt Map15

The landscape of Egypt consists of fertile alluvial soil and agricultural settlements along the floodplain of the Nile River Valley and Delta, bordered by deserts on both sides, the Eastern Desert and the Western Desert.

Despite covering only about 5.5% of the total area of Egypt, the Nile Valley and are the most important regions, encompassing the country's only cultivable land and supporting about 99% of the population. The Nile valley extends about 800 km from Aswan to the outskirts of Cairo, which is at the 15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_EgyptCooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


mouth of the Nile Delta. The Nile Valley is generally cooler and known as ‘Upper Egypt’ whereas the Nile Delta region is known as ‘Lower Egypt’. Most areas along the Nile are flat, low-lying areas with land for agricultural production, but others contain steep rocky cliffs. Some parts of the delta are marshy and waterlogged, and not suitable for agriculture.

Before construction of the Aswan High Dam in southern Egypt, flooding of the Nile during the summer provided silt and water to make agriculture possible on either side of the river. Since construction of the dam, agriculture in the Nile valley depends almost entirely on irrigation.

2.2 Egypt International Obligations Related to Pesticides

The following are international agreements concerning pesticides. First a description of each treaty or agreement is given, and then Egypt’s status with each is given, below.

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Stockholm Convention) covers POPs chemicals that are toxic, persistent in the environment, and liable to bio-accumulate. These chemicals are among the most dangerous and highly toxic pollutants released into the environment every year by human activity. Their effects on humans can include cancer, allergies and hypersensitivity, damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, reproductive disorders, and disruption of the immune system. Some POPs are also considered to be endocrine disrupters, which, by altering the hormonal system, can damage the reproductive and immune systems of exposed individuals as well as their offspring; they can also have developmental and carcinogenic effects.

The Stockholm Convention was established to eliminate or restrict the production and use of POPs. Through the World Bank’s Global Environment Fund (GEF), countries are creating sustainable capacity and ownership so as to meet their obligations under the Stockholm Convention including preparation of POPs National Implementation Plans. A National Implementation Plan describes how each country will meet its obligations under the Convention to phase-out POPs sources and remediate POPs contaminated sites.

The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, more commonly known simply as the Rotterdam Convention, is a multilateral treaty to promote shared responsibilities in relation to importation of hazardous chemicals, commonly referred to as PIC chemicals. The convention promotes open exchange of information and calls on exporters of hazardous chemicals to use proper labeling, include directions on safe handling, and inform purchasers of any known restrictions or bans. Signatory nations can decide whether to allow or ban the importation of chemicals listed in the Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


treaty, and exporting countries are obliged make sure that producers within their jurisdiction comply.

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known as the Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste. The Convention is also intended to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987, and entered into force on January 1, 1989, followed by a first meeting in Helsinki in May 1989. Since then, it has undergone seven revisions. It is believed that if the international agreement is adhered to, the ozone layer is expected to recover by 2050. Methyl bromide used for agricultural fumigation is one of the protocol chemicals being phased out worldwide.

The Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in a Transboundary Context (Espoo, Finland, 1991), commonly known as the 'Espoo (EIA) Convention', sets out the obligations of Parties to assess the environmental impact of certain activities at an early stage of planning. It also lays down the general obligation of States to notify and consult each other on all major projects under consideration that are likely to have a significant adverse environmental impact across boundaries.

Egypt Status on International Treaties and Obligations on Pesticides

Espoo Convention on Environmental Impact Assessments in a Transboundary Context (not signed by Egypt)16

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutant (POPs) (ratified on 5 February, 2003)17

Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides (not signed by Egypt)18

16 https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-4&chapter=27&lang=en 17 http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-15&chapter=27&lang=en Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-15&chapter=27&lang=en

http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-15&chapter=27&lang=en

https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-4&chapter=27&lang=en

https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-4&chapter=27&lang=en

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (ratified on 7 January, 2004)19

Montreal Protocol on Substances Depleting Ozone Layer (ratified on 2 August, 1988)20

18 http://www.pic.int/Countries/Statusofratifications/tabid/1072/language/en-US/Default.aspx 19 http://www.basel.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesSignatories/tabid/1290/Default.aspx20 http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/treaty_ratification_status.php Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/treaty_ratification_status.php

http://www.basel.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesSignatories/tabid/1290/Default.aspx

http://www.basel.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesSignatories/tabid/1290/Default.aspx

http://www.pic.int/Countries/Statusofratifications/tabid/1072/language/en-US/Default.aspx

http://www.pic.int/Countries/Statusofratifications/tabid/1072/language/en-US/Default.aspx

2.3 Egypt Pesticide Use Sectors Risks & Needs Identified by PERSUAP Study

The following list identifies risks found in the agriculture value chain and pesticide sectors in Egypt, as identified and experienced by visits to government offices, NGOs, pesticide stores and farmers.

Needs identified in the Egypt pesticide use sector 21

Counterfeit pesticides are entering Egypt farms and markets 22

Significant quantities of low-quality generic pesticides are found in Egypt retail shops

GOE has too few resources for monitoring, enforcement, extension on pesticides

Egyptian farmers require more pesticide toxicity awareness training Limited smallholder farmer knowledge of disease identification (ID) &

IPM tools Backpack sprayers are often not well maintained and leak onto users Over- and under-applications of pesticides are common on smallholder

farms Some farmers do not apply the optimal pesticide for each pest Smallholder farmers often purchase the cheapest pesticides and suffer

with low quality Pesticide shops have limited safety equipment (PPE) available for sale Most Egyptian farmers will not use PPE Proper disposal of unused pesticides & empty containers is lacking Significant quantities of POPs and PIC convention chemicals remain in

Egypt, awaiting disposal

On the positive side, the following observations were also made, which show a level of understanding and organization found in Egypt concerning the agriculture and pesticide sectors:

GOE has produced a list of laws and regulations governing the import and use of pesticides.

GOE registers an annual update of its list of pesticides allowed for import and use.

21 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948691; http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/06/12/unaware-pesticide-danger-rural-egyptians-put-health-risk/ 22 http://en.arij.net/report/illegal-counterfeit-pesticides-enter-egypt-via-health-ministry/Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


http://en.arij.net/report/illegal-counterfeit-pesticides-enter-egypt-via-health-ministry/

http://en.arij.net/report/illegal-counterfeit-pesticides-enter-egypt-via-health-ministry/

http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/06/12/unaware-pesticide-danger-rural-egyptians-put-health-risk/

http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/06/12/unaware-pesticide-danger-rural-egyptians-put-health-risk/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948691

SECTION 3: PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT (PER)

This part of the PERSUAP, the PER (Pesticide Evaluation Report), addresses pesticide choices based upon environmental and human health issues, uses, alternate options, IPM, biodiversity, conservation, training, PPE options, monitoring and mitigation recommendations according to the twelve Regulation 216.3(b)(1) Pesticide Procedures Factors, outlined to the right and analyzed below.

Reg. 216.3(b) (1) (i) stipulates: “When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both, of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction, the Initial Environmental Examination for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to the following:” (see box, right)

In Annex 1, this PERSUAP proposes preventive IPM tools and tactics available to be integrated with the pesticides evaluated by this PER, and recommended by extension services and USAID projects. Annex 3 provides guidelines for making PMPs and Annex 4 provides a system for using IPM.

It would be ideal to find pesticides for every need that are EPA Class IV (the lowest) acute toxicity, have no chronic human health issues, no water pollution issues and no ecotoxicity issues. Such pesticides do not exist. Most pesticides, including “natural” pesticides, have toxicity to at least one aquatic organism, or bees, or birds. Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


The 12 Pesticide FACTORS

Factor A. USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides

Factor B. Basis for Selection of Pesticides

Factor C. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program

Factor D. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment

Factor E. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards

Factor F. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use

Factor G. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems

Factor H. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils

Factor I. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods

Factor J. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide

3.1 Factor A: USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides

USAID project activities are effectively limited to promoting during training, recommending, buying, subsidizing, financing or permitting on demonstration farms, pesticides containing AIs in products registered by the Egypt Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation (MOALR) and in the US by the EPA for the same or similar uses, without restriction. Emphasis is placed on “similar use” because occasionally the crops and their pest species found overseas are not present in the US, and therefore pesticides may not be registered for the exact same use, but often are registered for similar crops, pests, methods of application, and pest situations.

To research pesticide AIs for EPA compliance, the following websites were used by this study: http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_ChemicalsAlpha.jsp (linked to USEPA websites and contain current registrations and RUP information); http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm (a website with good ecotoxicological information for each AI).

Compliance Requirements USAID/Egypt-funded ARDII project/sub-grantees will not promote, finance

and use on demonstration farms, pesticides not registered by EPA for same or similar use or those classified by EPA as RUP products (all listed above).

If a USAID/Egypt-funded ARDII project wishes to recommend/use any non-EPA registered or RUP product, including use on any demonstration farm, then first, a full EA must be done and approved by the BEO.

USAID/Egypt-funded ARDII project/sub-grantees shall obtain and retain copies of the MSDS for each pesticide that their beneficiary farmers use frequently.

3.2 Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides

Smallholder farmers in Egypt choose pesticides based primarily upon the advice of neighbors, agro dealers and extension agents. They also use price, efficacy and availability of products in quantities they desire and can afford to make decisions when buying pesticides. Most of the pesticides available to smallholders (up to 2 hectares) in Egypt contain older, off-patent (generic) AIs, which are more affordable for smallholders. Medium and large holder farmers purchase both quality generic as well as newer (and more expensive), patent-protected, products from reputable multinational companies like Arysta, BASF, Bayer, Dow, DuPont, FMC, Makhteshim-Agan, Monsanto, Syngenta and others. Generally they purchase these directly from importers/wholesalers/distributors, and bypass small retail shops.



http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_ChemicalsAlpha.jsp

Many agro input stores should have available small single-use sachets of pesticides (a sector best practice) ready to be mixed in a 16-liter backpack sprayer. This product quantity eliminates the need for storing leftover pesticides in the home where children might be exposed. Use of these sachets also eliminates empty pesticide bottles that require cleaning, puncturing and disposal. And, they are affordable for smallholders who may not require an entire liter of a pesticide.

Recommendations:

In conjunction with recommending pesticides, and providing training in pesticide use, USAID/Egypt-supported ARDII project/sub-grantees shall provide training to smallholder farmers on how to choose the correct quality of pesticide, instead of relying solely upon the advice of retail agro dealers and neighbors.

In conjunction with recommending pesticides, and providing training in pesticide use, USAID/Egypt-supported ARDII project/-sub-grantees shall provide training to encourage farmers to use products with lower human and ecological toxicities (see Annex 4) if there is a choice among pesticide products and AIs.

3.3 Factor C: Extent to Which the Proposed Pesticide Use Is, Or Could Be, Part of an IPM Program

All of the pesticides recommended for BEO acceptance (see list in Executive Summary) can be recommended and used in specialized crop-pest IPM programs. Annex 1 provides extensive guidance on which pesticides can be used to control each pest/disease/weed, preceded by a host of recommended preventive non-chemical tools/tactics. And, Annexes 2 and 3 provide state of the art advice on how to formulate and set up an IPM program.

Many smallholder farmers already take advantage of numerous IPM-recommended practices, partly from historical perspective, and partly due to increased ubiquity of new tools and technologies. For instance, smallholder farmers practice time-honored field crop rotation to escape from serious pest build-ups. Fruit orchard farmers practice pruning to remove diseased twigs, open the canopy to air and light (which helps reduce pest and disease incidence). Furthermore, new hybrid seeds treated with coatings of fungicides, insecticides and growth stimulants—as well as certified to be disease-free—are becoming ever more ubiquitous and affordable.

Field row crop farmers use some newer resistant varieties, hoes or tillers to control weeds, and crop residue destruction at the end of the season. Some farmers use raised-bed mounding and plastic mulch to control weeds as well as manage soil moisture, and keep the produce away from pathogen-laden soil. Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


Recommendations:

Preventive IPM tools and tactics for each crop-pest combination should be recommended and used before, as well as combined with, the use of synthetic pesticides.

The ARDII project should assist with the provision of new IPM tools/tactics/technologies, like hybrid seed, pheromone traps, drip irrigation, printed extension flyers, pest prevention text messaging systems, or computerized farm-based weather monitoring systems (micro meteo stations) for pest/disease prediction, if desired.

Egypt would benefit from a national Pest Management Plan (PMP) containing preventive tools and tactics to help reduce pests/diseases of major crops (beyond just cotton), as well as curative pesticides if needed. Annex 1 provides a starting point for such PMPs. World Bank assists many countries to produce or expand on these PMPs, and could be requested, if desired.

3.4 Factor D: Proposed Method or Methods of Application, Including the Availability of Application and Safety Equipment

Most Egyptian smallholder row crop and fruit orchard farmers use hand-pumped 16-liter backpack sprayers. Some larger fruit orchards use motorized knapsack sprayers. Larger row crops farms use tractor-pulled boom sprayers. A few orchards use large circular fan-driven air-blast sprayers.

Some retail agriculture input stores supply and sell most types of PPE (gloves, masks, goggles and boots), while some hardware stores carry PPE. Most smallholder farmers do not use PPE to apply pesticides and do not calibrate their sprayers properly, leading to over- and under-dosing. Some larger farms mandate the maintenance and use of PPE for hired laborers, following international best practices, and have technical staff on-hand to advise on proper dosage and calibration.

Recommendations:

ARDII train farmers on proper use of PPE as well as sprayer calibration, use, maintenance and empty container disposal by rinsing, puncturing and burial or recycling.

Promote the concept of spray service providers.



3.5 Factor E: Any Acute and Long-Term Toxicological Hazards, either Human or Environmental, Associated With the Proposed Use, And Measures Available To Minimize Such Hazards

Each of the chemicals approved by this study are compiled in Annex 4, which includes (in columns 6 and 7) WHO and EPA human acute toxicity classifications, and in column 7, EPA chronic (long-term) health issues (carcinogenicity, sterilization, birth defects or endocrine disruption). Column 9 records the groundwater pollutant potential of each AI. This information should be used to inform pesticide choice and use decisions.

For environmental hazards, Annex 4 compiles known relative ecotoxicity information of each approved pesticide AI to fish, honeybees, birds, amphibians, earthworms, mollusks, crustaceans, aquatic insects and plankton (columns 10-18). USAID-funded ARDII project should use this information to determine which pesticides are best for different conditions. For instance, if project-supported farms are near a surface water resource, the project can propose pesticides that have low impacts on fish. If there are risks to honeybees, the project can propose pesticides with low honeybee toxicity, and so on.

This PERSUAP eliminates the use on the USAID/Egypt ARDII project of pesticides that pose excessive risks to humans and the environment, providing a measure of safety. Most Egyptian farmers do not fully understand acute and chronic health impacts, or environmental issues associated with pesticide use, and require additional remedial training on this and other topics.

Recommendations: ARDII train farmers on how to read safety precautions and first aid

measures and/or safety pictograms on pesticide labels and encourage them to use PPE.

The pesticide safe use training required by this PERSUAP should include basic first aid for pesticide overexposure, availability and use of antidotes, and training on following recommendations found on pesticide labels and MSDSs for commonly used pesticides.

3.6 Factor F: Effectiveness of the Requested Pesticide for the Proposed Use

Often, smallholder farmers find some pesticides that are not effective. This may be due to several factors, including the purchase of cheap generic pesticides (that may not contain sufficient AI) as well as lack of proper dosing, calibration or application. These can be remedied by purchase of higher quality (and more expensive) pesticides, training or use of well-trained



spray services. Furthermore, government laboratories need to be capable to randomly test incoming registered pesticides for quality and quantity of AI.

There are reports that pest resistance has begun to form to some popular older generic pesticides (which have been used in increasing quantities over the years). Below are some of the most common issues with the development of pesticide resistance.

Ways to address and manage or mitigate pest resistance:

Use IPM to minimize pesticide use: Minimizing pesticide use is fundamental to pesticide resistance management. IPM programs incorporating pest monitoring in USA states of California, New York, and Maryland and in Canada have demonstrated 25 to 50% reduction in pesticide use with an increase in crop quality. IPM programs will help determine the best application timing for pesticides (when they will do the most good), thus helping to reduce the number of applications. The use of nonchemical strategies, such as pest exclusion (e.g., screening, micro tunnels, greenhouses), host-free periods, crop rotation, biological control, and weed control may reduce the need to use chemicals and consequently slow the development of pesticide resistance.

Avoid Knapsack Mixes: Never combine two pesticides with the same mode of action in a tank mix (e.g., two organophosphate insecticides or two azine herbicides). Such a 'super dose' often increases the chances of selection for resistant individuals. In some cases, mixing pesticides from two different classes provides superior control. However, long-term use of these two-class pesticide mixes can also give rise to pesticide resistance, if resistance mechanisms to both pesticides arise together in some individuals. Continued use of the mixture will select for these multiple-pesticide-resistant pests.

Avoid Persistent Chemicals: Insects with resistant genes will be selected over susceptible ones whenever insecticide concentrations kill only the susceptible pests. An ideal pesticide quickly disappears from the environment so that persistence of a 'selecting dose' does not occur. When persistent chemicals must be used, consider where they can be used in a rotation scheme to provide the control needed and with a minimum length of exposure.

Use Long-term Pesticide Rotations: Resistance management strategies for insects, weeds, and fungal pathogens all include rotating classes of pesticides. Pesticides with the same modes of action have been assigned group numbers by their respective pesticide resistance action committees, Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)23, Fungicide

23 http://www.irac-online.org/Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


Resistance Action Committee (FRAC)24, and Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC)25. These group numbers have been included in the treatment tables of these committee’s guidelines (see foot-noted websites, below) to help clarify which pesticides can be rotated.

The strategies used for rotations differ by type of pesticide: For example, with fungicides, classes should be rotated every application. With insecticides, a single chemical class should be used for a single generation of the target pest followed by a rotation to a new class of insecticide that will affect the next generation and any survivors from the first generation. Longer use of a single chemical class will enhance the chance of resistance since the survivors of the first generation and the next will most likely be tolerant to that class. Rotating through many chemical classes in successive generations will help maintain efficacy.

Recommendations:

Train and encourage farmers to value and buy higher quality products from name brand companies and rotate among pesticides from different chemical classes.

Support the development of certified government laboratories capable of testing registered pesticides for quantity and quality of AIs as well as manufacturing byproducts.

Train farmers on the above methods to reduce the development of resistance.

3.7 Factor G: Compatibility of the Proposed Pesticide Use with Target and Non-Target Ecosystems

The target ecosystem for each pesticide is the crop and pest/disease/weed production constraint to which each pesticide is applied. Annex 1 contains key pest/disease/weed production constraints for each target crop, as well as PERSUAP-approved pesticide AIs recommended for each. Non-target ecosystems of concern include aquatic environments and protected areas. Non-target species of concern include wildlife, fish, honeybees, birds, earthworms, aquatic organisms and beneficial insects.

Recommendations Train farmers about ecotoxicity and on how to read ecotoxicity

precautions or pictograms on pesticide labels. Train farmers on applying pesticides the proper distance (30 meters) from

open bodies of fresh water, and not to wash their sprayers out in ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, or wetlands, or where rinse water may run off into these aquatic resources.

24 http://www.frac.info/25 http://www.hracglobal.com/Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


Minimize chemical spray drift by using low-pressure sprays and nozzles that produce large droplets, properly calibrating and maintaining spray equipment, and use of a drift-control agent.

Warn beekeepers of upcoming spray events so that they may move or protect their hives.

Train farmers not to spray when honeybees are active and foraging.

3.8 Factor H: Conditions under Which the Pesticide Is To Be Used, Including Climate, Geography, Hydrology, and Soils

In general, in addition to covering biodiversity and protected areas under Factor G above, this requirement attempts to protect natural resources from the dangers of pesticide misuse and contamination, especially of surface and groundwater resources in Egypt.

Egypt Climate, Geography, Hydrology and Soils

Climate

Egypt has a desert climate, with low rainfall and extreme high temperatures during the daytime and low temperatures during the night. The Mediterranean Coast has more moderate temperatures and receives more rainfall than other parts of the country. Other parts of the country receive extremely high temperatures during summer months.

The prevailing winds blow continuously from the Mediterranean Sea. Average low temperatures on the coast vary from 9.5 °C during winter to 23 °C during summer and average high temperatures vary from 17 °C during winter to 32 °C during the summer.

Though temperatures are moderate along the coasts, the situation changes in the interior of the country where the prevailing northerly winds cease. Thus, in the central and the southern parts, daytime temperatures are hotter especially in the summer, where average high temperatures rise to 40 °C in the deserts (and many internal cities) of Egypt. Some mountainous locations in Sinai have cooler nighttime temperatures due to high elevations.

From March to May, an extremely hot, dry and dusty wind blows from the south/southwest. This air blows over desert regions, and picks up fine sand and dust particles that. This wind causes temperatures to soar temporarily to as high as 45 °C. During this time, the relative humidity levels to drop under 5%. The wind, locally called khamasīn causes sudden, early heat waves and the highest temperature records in Egypt.

Egypt receives between 200 mm and 20 mm of annual average precipitation along the Mediterranean Coast, but south to Cairo, the average drastically drops to reach nearly 0 mm in the central and the southern part of the Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


country. The cloudiest and rainiest places are in and around Alexandria and Rafah, in the north. The sunshine duration is also extremely high over all of Egypt, ranging from a low of 3,300 hours along the northernmost coast to a high of over 4,000 hours farther in the interior, in most of the country.

Geography, Topography, and Hydrology

Egypt’s geography, topography and hydrology are shown above, under Factor G.

Egypt Soils

The figure below shows the major soil types in Egypt.

Figure 5: Egypt Soils26

The key for the USAID Egypt ARDII project is to overlay this map with a map of project locations to see the major types of soils that beneficiary farmers are working with. Some soils are better than others at holding and detoxifying pesticides (see issue, below), while others lead to rapid leaching of pesticides to scarce and valuable groundwater resources.

26 http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esdb_archive/EuDASM/Africa/images/maps/download/afr_eggm1981.jpgCooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


Issue: Pesticides can adsorb (stick to) to soil, leach and contaminate groundwater resources. Each pesticide has physical and chemical characteristics, such as solubility in water. Also each has an inherent ability to bind to soil particles and be held there (adsorbed), especially alluvial soils like those along Egypt’s Nile River. And each has a natural breakdown rate in nature. If they are strongly held by soil they do not enter the soil water interface and the ground water table as easily. A listing of these properties for at least some of the pesticides in use in Egypt can be found by checking at this website: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm.

In general, pesticides with water solubility greater than 3 mg/liter have the potential to contaminate groundwater; and pesticides with a soil adsorption coefficient of less than 1,900 have the potential to contaminate groundwater. In addition, pesticides with an aerobic soil half-life greater than 690 days or an anaerobic soil half-life greater than 9 days have the potential to contaminate groundwater. Moreover, pesticides with a hydrolysis half-life greater than 14 days have potential to contaminate groundwater.

Recommendations Hydrology: Do not spray or rinse pesticide equipment in or within 30

meters of oasis resources, rivers, ponds, irrigation and drainage ditches, and other surface waters, including wetlands.

Hydrology: Do not spray pesticides with high toxicities to aquatic organisms before an impending rainstorm, as they can be washed into waterways before breaking down.

Soils: Do not use or recommend for use herbicides or other pesticides with high leaching and groundwater pollution potential (see Annex 4) near drinking water sources, on highly sandy soils or soils with water tables close (2-3 meters) to the surface.

Soils: Since transport of soil particles with pesticides adsorbed to them is a likely transportation route to waterways, employ techniques to reduce farm soil erosion whenever erosion is likely. Such techniques include vegetated buffer strips, green manure, mulching, terracing, employing wind breaks, employing ground covers between rows, planting rows perpendicular to the slope, and using drip irrigation.

3.9 Factor I: Availability of Other Pesticides or Non-Chemical Control Methods

Non-Chemical Preventive Control Methods

Annex 1 contains copious preventive non-chemical control methods for major pests, diseases and weeds of ARDII target crops grown in Egypt. It is the intent of this PERSUAP that the ARDII project use this valuable resource, which compiles most known preventive IPM tools and tactics for each major Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm

(worth spraying) pest of each target crop. It can be used as a pullout, stand-alone section that can be reproduced as necessary, and should be considered for translation into the local language, lamination, and distribution to project field staff to help advise farmers.Egypt has limited experience producing biological and microbial pest controls. Annex 1 contains lists of more than one pesticide AI that can be used for most pests, diseases and weeds of Egypt target crops.

Natural Pest Controls

Very few Egyptian farmers produce their own artisanal or homemade pesticides. In general, most synthetic soil pesticides/fumigants and nematicides are very highly toxic; however, there are some companies producing next-generation natural chemicals to control these pests as follow: Bio Huma Netics, http://www.bhn.name for natural nematicides and Agra Quest, http://www.agraquest.com for bioactive essential oils soil treatments.

For commercial operations, especially greenhouses, biological controls and beneficial organisms are available commercially from two large international companies, Koppert of Holland and Biobest of Belgium. Koppert provides many biological controls against spider mites, beetles, leaf miners, mealy bugs, thrips, aphids, whiteflies, and moth and butterfly larvae. Koppert also provides the Koppert Side Effects List, a list of the side effects of pesticides on biological organisms, at http://www.koppert.com.

Biobest of Belgium provides many of the same or similar biological controls as Koppert, and includes a control against leafhoppers. Their website is: http://www.biobest.be. These are especially useful for greenhouse and seedling production systems. Both companies also sell live bumblebees for greenhouse pollination.

Recommendation Preventive IPM tools and tactics for each crop-pest combination in Annex

1 should be tried and used before the choice is made to purchase and use synthetic pesticides.

Annex 3 provides guidelines for making PMPs and using IPM. For most pests, diseases and weeds, Annex 1 provides several choices of natural and synthetic pesticides to choose from.

3.10 Factor J: Host Country’s Ability to Regulate or Control the Distribution, Storage, Use, and Disposal of the Requested Pesticide

Egypt has a complete set of laws and regulations governing the distribution, storage, use and disposal of pesticides. Egypt’s MOALR tests and registers pesticides once a year.



Risks arise from the quantities of lower-cost generic (off-patent) pesticides that enter Egypt, primarily manufactured by companies in nearby Jordan, Turkey and Israel, as well as from companies in China and India. Many smallholder farmers can afford to purchase these generic pesticides because they are cheap; they cannot afford the newer, much more costly patent-protected pesticides. However, brand-name multinational pesticide companies assert that many times the cheap generic chemicals do not contain the correct AIs listed on the label, or the correct quantity of AI. There is also the risk that cheap generics from Asia may contain quantities of undesirable and often dangerous chemical manufacturing byproducts. Smallholder farmers may end up needing to apply more of these cheap generic chemicals (especially those from Asia) to provide sufficient control, and they take the risk of not knowing exactly what chemicals are in the bottle and on their produce. As trade regulations imposed by EU market membership come into force, this issue will become more important, especially for produce that is exported to Europe. Shipments containing produce with too much or many pesticide residues, or the wrong pesticide residues, may be rejected, causing economic loss for Egyptian farmers and middlemen. This could also damage the “Grown in Egypt” market image and brand name. GOE budgets remain challenged to do comprehensive control of pesticides entering the country, auditory pesticide quality tests, and enforcement of regulations on safe distribution, storage, use and disposal.

Disposal of pesticide containersInformation collected about the Egypt pesticide system (from interviews with GOE, pesticide wholesalers and retailers as well as farmers) indicates that most farmers do not understand the importance of safely disposing of empty pesticide containers. Many Egyptian farmers simply throw the empty containers in the field.

The best method for container disposal in Egypt is to triple-rinse the containers, puncture them to discourage re-use, and bury them, dispose of them in municipal waste or recycle them. USAID projects should strongly discourage burning plastic bottles and single-use pesticide sachets, which can lead to the formation of toxic fumes containing furans and dioxins.

Recommendations Absolutely no POP or PIC chemicals will be used or supported on the

USAID/Egypt ARDII project. Where alternatives (Classes III and IV/U) exist, do not recommend or use

EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Class II pesticide products on ARDII, unless it can verify that producers and laborers (pesticide applicators) properly and consistently utilize PPE as recommended by the pesticide label and MSDS.

If a regional empty pesticide container recycling facility is implemented, USAID should encourage its use.



Train farmers to purchase inputs from suppliers that provide quality technical backup support, and to purchase and use PPE, or contract private pesticide spray services.

Train farmers to properly dispose of containers and strongly discourage burning them.

Train farmers about proper storage and handling of unused pesticides.

3.11 Factor K: Provision for Training of Users and Applicators

USAID recognizes that, in addition to the use of PPE, safety training is an essential component in programs involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly critical in developing countries, where the level of education of applicators may typically be lower than in developed countries.

If the USAID/Egypt ARDII project/sub-grantees, or financiers promote pesticide use, training in SPU and GAP/IPM tools and tactics are mandatory for project beneficiary farmers using pesticides (see Annex 5 for recommended training topics). Refresher training courses are superb for changing beneficiary farmer behaviors, especially as they expand their agricultural opportunities.Egypt start the national program for pesticide applicator license during 2016, issued by APC (Article 4: All persons applying agricultural pesticides must have a pesticide applicator license issued by APC. The license is granted to pesticide applicators carrying diploma after passing APC specialized training programs directed for such matter. The license is to be renewed every four years.)

Recommendation The USAID/Egypt ARDII project may collaborate with the ministry of Agric.,

Egypt in pesticides applicators programme. Farmers require training and refresher training on proper pest

identification and IPM as well as how to choose the correct pesticide, do knapsack sprayer calibration and record keeping.

Annex 5 on Training Topics provides significant discussion of SPU and IPM training topics.

3.12 Factor L: Provision Made For Monitoring the Use and Effectiveness of Each Pesticide

Evaluating the risks, impacts and benefits of pesticide use should be an ongoing, dynamic process. Proper pesticide use and pest resistance are two of the risks that this factor is intended to address, as well as human health and safety and environmental effects.



On the farm, record keeping should track quantities and types of pesticides used, where they were used and what they were used for, with notes on efficacy. Notes on effectiveness of individual pesticides and pest numbers will help develop a more sustainable pesticide use plan for USAID/Egypt ARDII project beneficiary farmers. Farmers will need to keep records of any reduction in pesticide efficacy experienced, which is the first indication that pest resistance may be developing. Then a strategy needs to be in place to determine a shift to a different pesticide class, and rotation among classes, to overcome resistance development.

The following aspects should be included in all USAID/Egypt-funded ARDII project record keeping systems:

Annex 6 provides a format and ideas for farmers for GlobalGAP-like record keeping on crops grown, pests/diseases encountered and pesticides sprayed, among other pieces of data.

Annex 7 provides a format and ideas for the project or grantees/financial institutions to do monitoring of beneficiary compliance and GAPs.

A pesticide checklist: This list allows project agronomists to ensure that the pesticides they are using are registered. It should also provide notes on special safety requirements.

PPE: Lists of the types of equipment made available to applicators, number of pieces, prices and contact details of suppliers, dates when equipment needs to be washed, maintained or replaced. PPE should be numbered or personally assigned to applicators to ensure that it is not taken into the home where (as a contaminated material) it could pose a risk to family members.

Local regulatory compliance: A list of country laws related to the use of agrochemicals for plant protection.

GAPs/IPM measures tried/used (see Annex 1): USAID-funded project agronomists should try to incorporate a minimum of at least ten new IPM measures per annum and document their success or failure.

Monitoring/recording pests: Agronomists should incorporate into their records regular field pest monitoring and identification. This could be done by the USAID/Egypt ARDII project agronomists themselves, or if properly trained, by farmers.

Environmental conditions: Field conditions should be incorporated into the record keeping system (for example; precipitation, soil analyses and moisture, soil pH, temperatures and so on).

Information should be transmitted at least annually and the ARDII project should report to USAID on this progress in pesticide safety and GAP/IPM use in annual reports.



SECTION 4: PESTICIDE SAFE USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP)

4.1 Introduction to SUAPThis Safe Use Action Plan is the definitive statement of USAID Egypt-funded ARDII project pesticide compliance requirements and is synthesized from the PER analysis:

Section 4.2, immediately below, cites the locations in this PERSUAP where users can find the allowed pesticides.

Section 4.3 establishes USAID field monitoring requirements for compliance with safe use conditions.

Section 4.4 summarizes the recommended best practices and safe use conditions to be used/supported with these pesticides.

The USAID/Egypt-funded ARDII project will be required to insert into an EMMP the foreseeable risks and the appropriate recommendations from the PER that are applicable to their project that will reduce each of these risks. The EMMP should also include indicators of risk mitigation success, a monitoring timetable and responsible people/groups for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance. The project EMMP should include details on who will be trained, in which topics, and how often. EMMPs should have measurable and monitorable indicators to be reported on in progress reports to USAID.

4.2 USAID Egypt Pesticides Requested for AnalysisUpon approval of this PERSUAP, the pesticide active ingredients (AIs) listed as “allowed” in theTable of PERSUAP Accepted Pesticide Active Ingredients (9PERSUP pg.8)—and ONLY those AIs—may be supported by the USAID Egypt-funded project and their sub-grantees covered by this PERSUAP. Such support is subject to the safe use conditions summarized below and set out in detail in this SUAP.

Allowed pesticides are those that passed the 12-factor analyses, particularly Factor A (EPA & Egypt Registration and Restricted Use Pesticide Status) & Factor E (Acute/Chronic Toxicological Hazards), as analyzed and summarized in Annex 4. Synthesizing across the PER analysis, ONLY the pesticide AIs in Annex 4 and the Executive Summary—and with the implementation of specific noted conditions for any of the chemicals—are permitted for use/support/promotion on USAID/Egypt-funded project and their sub-grantees.



4.3 USAID requirementIn addition to continuous monitoring by the project and their sub-grantees/environmental compliance staff and others delegated, USAID/Egypt’s AOR, MEO and/or BEO should at least two times annually, make inspection visits to several randomly selected farms receiving project assistance/finance to check for compliance with the IPM and SPU measures summarized in section 4.4 below.

4.4 Compliance Requirements (Safe Use Measures)

The allowed pesticide AIs can only be used in compliance with the safe use measures and recommendations specified in the PER. These most important of these can be summarized as follows:

A. Only pesticides approved by this PERSUAP may be “supported” with USAID Egypt funds; Pesticide “support” equals any of the following: use of USAID funds to: purchase pesticides; directly fund the application of pesticides; recommend pesticides for use; facilitate or enable the application or purchase of pesticides via provision of application equipment, credit support, or other means by the IPs, their sub-grantees, partners or providers of finance.

B. If pesticide use is supported, appropriate project staff, sub-grantees & beneficiaries must be trained in IPM (Annex 1), SPU & pesticide first aid;

C. To the greatest degree practicable, if pesticide use is supported by the project or their sub-grantees, they must require use & assure maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices. (The USAID/Egypt-funded projects shall provide details in their project-specific EMMP of how they will implement the relevant recommendations from the PER, and if this SUAP is revised, as recommended, the EMMP will have to be revised as well.)

D. The allowed pesticide trade names and AIs can only be used in compliance with the safe use measures and recommendations specified in the PER according the Egyptian pesticides regulations, EPA and EU standards

Additional PERSUAP recommendations are found under each of the Factor A-L analyses, under Section 3, the PER analysis.



Annex 1: Matrix of Egypt PERSUAP Target Crops, Key Pests/Diseases/Weeds, Preventive IPM Tools/Tactics, and Curative Chemicals (Pesticides)

In this matrix, PERSUAP Recommended Chemicals will use as trade names.

According to Ministerial Decree No. 974 of 2017 (Article, 25), In case of there are no pesticides recommendations on the crop in Egypt ‘In response to the demands of farms producing export oriented crops, Egypt APC may issue an additional recommendation to control a pest on related crops (Off Label) by using a pesticide registered in Egypt to control the same pest on a different crop. In such a case, the recommendation is valid for one renewable year, provided that the pesticide is proven safe on the off-labeled crop’.

Basil, Ocimum basilicumPrimary Pests PERSUAP Recommended Preventive

GAP/IPM tools/tactics to integratePERSUAP Recommended Chemical Controls, when needed

Root Rot, Rhizoctonia solani

Grow and plow under a mustard cover crop to biologically ‘fumigate’ the soil.

Use certified clean seed. Monitor plants continuously for disease

presence. Plant fields with coarse-textured soils

first because they are less likely to become waterlogged and will warm up faster.

Use natural essential oils, like d-limonene (orange oil).

Can use sulfur and super phosphate as fungicides into soil.

Use fertilizers in foliar spray containing high phosphorus and potassium content as protective materials.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control root rots:

Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class

Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/

dayTrianum P 01×10^9 spores per gram WG Trichoderma harzianum U 250 g/ 100 Liter

waterBiocontrol T34 12% WP Trichoderma asperellum U 2 g/ kg seeds

Panoramix 2% FSBacillus megaterium - Bacillus subtilis - Trichoderma harzianum U 4 cc/kg seeds

Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 43Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:



Rhizo N (30 × 10^6 cells/gr) Powder Bacillus subtilis U 4 g/ Liter water

Greasy Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon

Use weed management by cultivation in and around field.

Irrigate to speed germination and emergence of the crop.

Monitor to determine where infestations are heavy.

Sanitation: Destruction of plant residues from previous crops and avoiding planting in fields that are coming out of pasture.

It is recommended to use bait with attractants: Chlorpyrifos 1 liter mixed with (Radda or Rageea) with sufficient water mixed with Molasse and distribute the bait after irrigation near infected spots in the evening.

Botanical and homemade extracts of neem seed. Use pheromone traps. Use sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis. Find ‘hot-spots’ (places of high infestation) and

treat only those hot spots. Can treat with synthetic insecticides containing indoxacarb, chlorantrinopril or methoxyfenozide.

Aphids, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, A. craccivora

Prune out heavily infested shoots and leaves. Use resistant or tolerant cultivars.

Do application of agricultural narrow range oil/Mineral.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control aphids:


Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/day

KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.75 Liter/ 100 Liter water 0

Achook 0.15% EC Azadirachtin U 750 cc/ Feddan 1Mycotal 01×10^10 spores per gram WG

Lecanicillium muscarium U 250 g/ 100 Liter water

New-oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.5 Liter/ 100 Liter water 12




Oikos 3.2% EC Azadirachtin U 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 1

Cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis

Check for leafworms in weeds around the edges of the field before planting. Remove weeds from field margins and plow fields at least 10 days before planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites.

If substantial numbers of cutworms are found, baits can be used for control.

Weed control near and in field. After the crop is up, check for a row of four or

more wilted plants with completely or partially severed stems. If you find damaged plants, look for cutworms by digging around the base of plants and sifting the soil for caterpillars.

Can use Bacillus thuringiensis products, spinosad or indoxacarb for control.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control Cotton leafworm:

Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class Rate of App. Rate App.

/Unit PHI/dayPasha 1..9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 250 cc/ Feddan 3Tracer 24% SC Spinosad U 50 cc/ Feddan 3Dipel DF 6.4% DF Bacillus thuringiensis U 200 g/ FeddanBiotect 9.4% WP Bacillus thuringiensis U 300 g/ FeddanDipel 2 X 6.4% WP Bacillus thuringiensis U 200 g/ FeddanAgerine 6.5% WP Bacillus thuringiensis U 250 g/ Feddan

Downy mildew, Peronospora belbahrii

Rotate away from highly infected fields Field well-drained

Use synthetic fungicides by soil drench and spray applications of Chlorothalonil




Use of resistant seed. Avoid overhead irrigation. Apply a

treatment when disease symptoms first occur and repeat if symptoms reappear.

Observation & early detection are very important - Protective measures: farmers should carry out good agricultural practices to get healthy and strong plants. Some fertilizers can use as protective agents as foliar application such as fertilizers with high potassium content and MAP (mono-ammonium phosphate) with 11: 52:0 N: P: K.

- Metalaxyl-M (Mefenoxam) or Tebuconazole

Curative measures: with first detection of disease symptoms, farmers should apply compounds that are safe in basil and should stop application one week before harvest such as Bacillus subtilis at 200g. /100L or; Phostrol 53.6% SL (Phosphorous acids salts) at 250cc/100L.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control downy mildew:

Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/dayPhostrol 53.6% SL Phosphorous acids salts U 250 cc/ 100 Liter waterRhizo N (30 × 10^6 cells/gr) Powder Bacillus subtilis U 4 g/ Liter water

Annual and Perennial weeds Cultivate weeds under before they set seed in rotation crops.

Pre-irrigate before planting crop and cultivate or spray weeds that emerge.

Plant or transplant cucurbits into uniform beds and use a precision

Herbicides may not be economical to use for basil.

Remove weeds manually then fertilization after irrigation.




planting system that puts crop in straight line that will allow cultivation close to the seed line.

Use mulches to smother weeds near plants.


Fennel, Foeniculum vulgarePrimary Pests PERSUAP Recommended Preventive




Use certified clean seed. Monitor plants continuously for

disease presence. Plant fields with coarse-textured soils

first because they are less likely to become waterlogged and will warm up faster.


Can use sulfur and super phosphate as fungicides into soil.

Use fertilizers in foliar spray containing high phosphorus and potassium content as protective materials.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control root rots:


Rate of App.

Rate App. /Unit

PHI/day

Trianum P 01×10^9 spores per gram WG Trichoderma harzianum U 250 g/ 100 Liter



Rhizo N (30 × 10^6 cells/gr) Powder Bacillus subtilis U 4 g/ Liter

water





Sanitation: Destruction of plant residues from previous crops and


Botanical and homemade extracts of neem seed.




avoiding planting in fields that are coming out of pasture.

Use pheromone traps. Use sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis. Find ‘hot-spots’ (places of high

infestation) and treat only those hot spots. Can treat with synthetic insecticides containing indoxacarb, chlorantrinopril or methoxyfenozide.


Prune out heavily infested shoots and leaves.

Use resistant or tolerant cultivars.

Do application of agricultural narrow range oil/Mineral.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control aphids:








Thrips, Thrips tabaci Rotation: Alternating crops with bean,

corn or other crop. Good irrigation, drainage and

fertilization.

Natural extracts of neem or garlic can be used.

Spray natural solution of agricultural soap (2%) or horticultural oil if




Blue sticky traps for monitoring and population reduction.

Destroy weeds and alternate host crops nearby.

Sanitation: Clean out plants and debris from previous crops.

Natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing or predatory thrips control thrips in the orchard.

Eliminate other host plants on or near the plantation. Maintain a clean plantation.

infestation is heavy. Use natural controls such as refined

mineral- or vegetable-based horticultural oils or thiamethoxam.

Resistance can form if insecticides are not rotated. Rotate among synthetic pesticides containing spinetorum and fenitrothion.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control thrips:



Prove plus 3.4% ME Emamectin benzoate Low III 25 cc/ 100 Liter water 7KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.75 Liter/ 100 Liter water 0Radiant 12% SC Spinetoram U 100 cc/ Feddan 1Delegate 25% WG Spinetoram U 50 g/ Feddan 1Agricultural Soreil KZ 98% D Sulfur Low III 30 Kg/ Feddan 3Movento 10% SC Spirotetramat U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.75 Liter/ 100 Liter water 0Achook 0.15% EC Azadirachtin U 750 cc/ Feddan 1

Powdery mildew, Podosphaera macularis; Erysiphe cichoracearum

Plant resistant varieties. Avoid over-fertilizing and over-

Use a baking soda solution. Can use boscalid, myclobutanal,




watering. Pruning and crowing will reduce

disease. Sanitation: remove basal growth and

infected tissues.

pyraclostrobin, triflumizole, or trifloxystrobin.

Rotate among fungicide classes to reduce development of resistance.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control Powdery mildew:



Achook 0.15% EC Azadirachtin U 250 cc/ 100 Liter water 3

Bio Arc 6% WP Bacillus megaterium U 250 g/ 100 Liter water

Prev-AM 6% SL Orange oil (d-limonene) U 400 cc/ 100 Liter water 1

Sil matrix 59% SL Potassium silicate U 750 cc/ 100 Liter waterThiovit Jet 80% WG Sulfur Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3

Pandel 8% SC Sulfur Low III 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 3

Siroko 96% DP Sulfur U 30 Kg/ Feddan 3Agricultural Soreil KZ 98% D Sulfur Low III 30 Kg/ Feddan 3

Solfan KZ 70% SC Sulfur Low III 150 cc/ 100 Liter water 3

Microvit KZ 80% WP Sulfur Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Microthiol special 80% WG Sulfur U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Bio Zeid 2.5% WP Trichoderma album U 250 g/ 100 Liter water

Annual and Perennial weeds Cultivate weeds under before they set

seed in rotation crops. Herbicides may not be economical to

use for fennel.Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 51Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:




Plant or transplant cucurbits into uniform beds and use a precision planting system that puts crop in straight line that will allow cultivation close to the seed line.


Remove weeds manually then fertilization after irrigation.


Primary Pests PERSUAP Recommended Preventive GAP/IPM tools/tactics to integrate

PERSUAP Recommended Chemical Controls, when needed

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)

Powdery mildew, Podosphaera macularis; Erysiphe cichoracearum

Plant resistant varieties. Avoid over-fertilizing and over-

watering. Pruning and crowing will reduce

disease. Sanitation: remove basal

growth and infected tissues.

Use a baking soda solution. Can use boscalid,

myclobutanal, pyraclostrobin, triflumizole, or trifloxystrobin.

Rotate among fungicide classes to reduce development of resistance.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control powdery mildew:














Damping-off, Pythium spp.

Use of resistant seed. Transplanting health plants. Use raised-bed soil. Cleaning and disinfecting

machinery and tools. Sanitation: Removal and

disposal of infected plants during the cropping season and after harvest.

Use pesticides only when it necessary after a monitoring program.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing tebuconazole, propiconazole, thiabendazole, or mancozeb.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control Damping-off:


Rate of App.

Rate App. /Unit

PHI/day





water

Annual broadleaves and grassy weeds

Monitor and identify weed species present.

Use fallow practices. Sanitation: To reduce seed

production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and produce seeds. Cultivation equipment and irrigation water must also be kept free of weed seeds and

Herbicides may not be economical to use for chamomile.




vegetative propagules to avoid spreading weed populations. Cultivate areas around the field such as field edges, fence lines, roadsides, and irrigation ditches regularly to prevent weed seed production. To reduce seed production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and produce seeds.

Pre-plant plowing, followed by irrigation and one or two diskings before bed formation, will destroy many weeds.

Regularly clean farm tools.

Use green manure that chokes out weeds.

Use intercropping.

Hand weeding during their earlier growing period. Do not let the weeds flower (do not compost weeds that have flowered and set seed).

Hoeing, mowing, and cutting.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum)





Do continuous and frequent crop monitoring to detect imminent aphid population explosions.

Use and increase the density of sticky yellow and blue traps.

Weed management to avoid alternative hosts for aphids.

Avoid the broad-spectrum insecticides to minimize natural enemies’ destruction.

Spray natural solution of agricultural soap (2%) or horticultural oil if infestation is heavy.

Do application of agricultural narrow range oil/dormant oil or garlic oil.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control Aphids:








Powdery Mildew, Erysiphe polygoni

Use resistant varieties and disease-free seed.

Use crop rotation and intercropping.

Monitor and manage soil

Use natural fungicide containing micronized sulfur.

Use synthetic fungicides containing triflumizole, myclobutanil, pyraclostrobin,




moisture by controlling irrigation water.

Control weeds in and around field.

Increase light intensity by planting at proper recommended intervals.

Sanitation: Remove and destroy dead plants.

boscalid, azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, and kresoxym-methyl.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control Powdery Mildew:
















Use certified clean seed. Monitor plants continuously for

disease presence. Plant seed tubers in warm soil

(above 46°F) and covering them with as little soil as possible speeds spout and stem development and emergence reduces the risk of stem canker.

Plant fields with coarse-textured soils first because they are less likely to become waterlogged and will warm up faster.


Can use synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin, mancozeb or thiophanate-methyl.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control Root Rot:







Blight of Cumin, Alternaria burnsii Do scouting and use spot

treatments of fungicides. Blights can be minimized by

Fungicide application is justified only when the disease is initiated early




maintaining optimum growing conditions, including proper fertilization, irrigation, and management of other pests.

Grow later maturing, longer season varieties.

Maintain optimum growing conditions, including proper fertilization, irrigation, and management of other pests.

enough to cause economic loss.

When justified, apply fungicides as soon as symptoms appear; continued protection requires application at 7- to 10-day intervals.

Use synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin, boscalid, chlorothalonil, fenamidone, irpodione, mancozeb, pyraclostrobin.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control Blight of Cumin:

Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/day

Bio Arc 6% WP Bacillus megaterium U 250 g/ 100 Liter waterBio Zeid 2.5% WP Trichoderma album U 250 g/ 100 Liter waterPlant guard (30 × 10^6) Liquid Trichoderma harzianum U 250 cc/ 100 Liter water

Weeds: Broomrape weed, Orobanche crenata; Dodder weed,

Cuscuta campasteris; Plantago weed, Plantago pumila

Control measures include the use of resistant cultivars with obligatory crop rotation.

Perform thorough land preparation (soil tillage, fertilizer, and water management).

Narrow row spacing makes the crop more competitive than the

Herbicides may not be economical to use for cumin.




weeds, use intercropping. Place the fertilizer in such a way

that the crop has access to it but the weeds do not. This allows the crop to be more competitive with weeds.

Keep the surroundings of your farm free of weeds, unless they are maintained and intended as habitats for natural enemies.

Regularly clean farm tools. Use green manure that chokes

out weeds. Use intercropping. Hand weeding and composting

(do not compost weeds that have flowered and set



Green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)









Botanical and extracts of neem seed.

Use pheromone traps. Use sprays of Bacillus

thuringiensis. Find ‘hot-spots’ (places of

high infestation) and treat only those hot spots. Can treat with synthetic insecticides containing indoxacarb, chlorantrinopril or methoxyfenozide.

Aphids, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii

Use resistant varieties Use regular monitoring with yellow

sticky traps Many types of natural enemies and

pathogens may control these aphids under low insecticide input situations.

Sanitation: Field disking and

Foliar contact insecticides have limited impact as plants enter the cupping stage.

While insecticides may help reduce secondary spread of aphid-transmitted viruses, they do not prevent primary





destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.

If control is needed, treat when aphids are found to be reproducing, particularly when second and later generation wingless females have started reproduction. Aphid populations are easier to control before the plants begin to cup.

infection of fields. Synthetic insecticides

containing imidacloprid, acetamiprid or pymetrozine can be used.

Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control aphids:







Oikos 3.2% EC Azadirachtin U 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 1Malatox 50% WP Malathion Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 8Chess 50% WG Pymetrozine U 20 g/ 100 Liter water 10Dancothoate 40% EC Dimethoate Mod II 150 cc/ 100 Liter water 5Suncloprid 35% SC Imidacloprid Mod II 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Motive 50% WDG Pirimicarb Mod II 200 g/ Feddan 7





Supertox-1 48% SC Clothianidin U 200 cc/ Feddan 7Orizon 50% WG Pymetrozine U 20 g/ 100 Liter water 10Aphox 50% DG Pirimicarb Mod II 50 g/ 100 Liter water 15

Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci

Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids (Encarsia species), lady beetles and minute pirate bugs.

Monitoring crops and establishment of a pesticide program after finding 1 white fly per 10 plants, spraying may be used.

Yellow sticky traps may reduce populations but cannot prevent the spread.

Spray natural solutions of horticultural oil, neem/azadirachtin seed extract or Beauveria bassiana if the infestation is heavy.

Treat soil with synthetic systemic insecticides containing acetamiprid, imidacloprid or thiamethoxam.

Spray with synthetic insecticides containing buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, or narrow range oil.

Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control Whiteflies:

Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/

dayBenevia 10% OD Cyantraniliprole U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Best 25% WP Imidacloprid Mod II 75 g/ 100 Liter water 7Imaxi 35% SC Imidacloprid Mod II 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Commando 35% SC Imidacloprid Mod II 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 5Confidor 20% OD Imidacloprid Low III 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 7





Mycotal 01×10^10 spores per gram WG


Planta 10% EC Pyriproxyfen U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Movento 10% SC Spirotetramat U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Closer 24% SC Sulfoxaflor U 100 cc/ Feddan 7Actara 25% WG Thiamethoxam U 350 g/ Feddan 6Renova 25% WG Thiamethoxam U 20 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Conserve 0.024% CB Spinosad U 500 cm3/4L (Partial treatment ) 1

Red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae

Natural predators and parasites control large proportions of spider mite populations. The western predatory mite, Galendromus (=Metaseiulus) occidentalis, can be purchased and released onto field.

Apply water to reduce dust on roads in the vineyard. Maintain resident vegetation or other cover in the vineyard middles to further reduce dust.

Irrigate in a manner that will avoid plant stress. Overhead watering has been shown to reduce mite problems, but it can increase some diseases.

Can use natural insecticides containing narrow range oils, neem/azadirachtin seed extract and insecticidal soap.

Can use synthetic pesticides containing fenpyroximate, pyridaben, hexythizox.





Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control Red spider mite:



Biosect WP (32 million cells/g) Beauveria bassiana U 200 g/ 100 Liter waterExcellent 1.9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 70 cc/ Feddan 5Milbecknok 1% EC Milbemectin U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 1Diver 97% EC Mineral oil U 1 Liter/ 100 Liter water 10KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.5 Liter/ 100 Liter water 10Solfan 70% SC Sulfur U 200 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Delmite 7.5% SC Sulfur Low III 1 Liter/ Feddan 3Micronite 80% WP Sulfur U 2 Kg/ Feddan 5Microvit 80% WP Sulfur U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Maccomite 10% WP Hexythiazox U 20 g/ 100 Liter water 21Baroque 10% SC Ethoxazole U 25 cc/ 100 Liter water 15

Fusarium Rots, Fusarium oxysporium, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum

Use resistant cultivars and seed treatments.

Disinfect tools and, if possible, steam clean equipment between uses and fields.

In greenhouses, disinfect all surfaces.

Rotate out of melons for at least 5 years.

Use sanitation—remove and burn heavily infected plants and crop residues at season end.

No synthetic fungicides are recommended for spraying.

If needed, fungicides containing fludioxonil could be used.





Use lime to raise soil pH. Use of chicken manure and

mushroom compost decrease disease symptoms.

Use soil solarization (heating under black plastic for 3 months) to kill spores.

Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control Fusarium Rots:


Rate of App.

Rate App. /Unit

PHI/day


waterBiocontrol T34 12% WP Trichoderma asperellum U 2 g/ kg seedsPanoramix 2% FS Bacillus megaterium - Bacillus subtilis -

Trichoderma harzianum U 4 cc/kg seedsRhizo N (30 × 10^6 cells/gr) Powder Bacillus subtilis U 4 g/ Liter

waterUniform 390- 39% SE Azoxystrobin - Metalaxyl-M (Mefenoxam) Mod II 650 cc/ Feddan 0Panoramix 2% FS Bacillus megaterium - Bacillus subtilis -

Trichoderma harzianum U 4 cc/kg seeds

Tachigaren 30% SL Hymexazole U 1 cc/1 Liter water 20

Aracur 72.2% SL Propamocarb hydrochloride U 1 cc/1 Liter water 15

Previcur N 72.2% SL Propamocarb hydrochloride Low III 2.5 cc/ 1 Liter water 7

Hattric 6% FS Tebuconazole U 1 cc/kg seeds 50Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 66Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:




Powdery Mildew, Podosphaera xanthii

Control irrigation water. Resistant varieties are available for

control. Use crop rotation. Sanitation: Remove and destroy

dead plants. Control weeds in and around field. Increase light intensity by planting

at proper recommended intervals.

Use natural fungicide containing potassium bicarbonate or micronized sulfur.

Use synthetic fungicides containing mancozeb.
















Rust, Uromyces phaseoli

Thin plants so they are not so close.

To prevent spread, heavily infected plants should be removed.

Control irrigation water. Resistant varieties are available

for control. Use crop rotation. Sanitation: Remove and destroy

dead plants. Control weeds in and around

field. Increase light intensity by

planting at proper recommended intervals.



Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control rust:


Sulfagro 80% WDG Sulfur U 200 g/ 100 Liter water 3Microthoate 80% WG Sulfur Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Sufrevit 80% SC Sulfur U 200 cc/ 100 Liter water 3





Dako S 80% WG Sulfur Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Helb Sulphur 98% D Sulfur Low III 15 Kg/ Feddan 3

Nativo 75% WGTrifloxystrobin - Tebuconazole Mod II 25 g/ 100 Liter water 3

Fomo 30% ECDifenoconazole - Propiconazole Mod II 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 7

Libra 12.5% EW Tetraconazole U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 15Domark 10% EC Tetraconazole U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 15

White mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Rotate out of beans for at least 5 years.

Use transplanting free disease Use sanitation—remove and burn

heavily infected bulbs and crop residues at season end.


Use fungicides containing Tebuconazole

Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control White mold:Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/dayTrust 25% EW Tebuconazole U 25 cc/1 Liter water 15Tebuzyn 25% EW Tebuconazole U 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Supercour 25% EC Tebuconazole U 25 cc/ 1 Liter water 7Pharmatebazole 43% SC Tebuconazole Low III 15 cc/ 1 Liter water 15Folicur 25% EC Tebuconazole U 25 cc/ 1 Liter water 28





Annual and Perennial weeds

Cultivate weeds under before they set seed in rotation crops.




Can use synthetic herbicides containing fluazifop-p-butyl, metribuzin, prometryn, pyraflufen-ethyl, quizalofop-p-tefuryl, rimsulfuron, metribuzin or linuron.

Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera)

Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

Establish a quarantine program to limit spread of this pest.

Respect set fertilization and irrigation recommendations.

Cut offshoots and paint cut surface with copper sulfate, and put soil around the base of the plant to protect the cut.

Do regular surveys. Use pheromone mass

If justified, can use registered insecticides.

Early detection of the pset is important.


trapping to remove beetles. Sanitation: Immediately

remove and destroy dead palms and those heavily infested.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Red Palm Weevil:

Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/dayChlorzan 48% EC Chlorpyrifos Mod II 3 cc/ 1 Liter water 15Medban 48% EC Chlorpyrifos Mod II 3 cc/ 1 Liter water 15Renopan 48% EC Chlorpyrifos Mod II 3 cc/ 1 Liter water 7Tafaban 48% EC Chlorpyrifos Mod II 3 cc/ 1 Liter water 7Neomyl 90% SP Methomyl High Ib 2 g/ Liter water 15Hachi Hachi 15% EC Tolfenpyrad Mod II 3 cc/1 Liter water 7

Scale Insects, Parlatoria blancherdi

Parasitic wasps and ladybeetle larvae serve as important parasites and predators of these pests.


Use natural or artisanal insecticides containing d-limonene (orange oil), soaps and oils.

Can use synthetic insecticides containing imidacloprid or thiamethoxam.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Scale Insects:

Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/dayApplaud 25% SC Buprofezin U 600 cc/ Feddan 5Confidor 20% OD Imidacloprid Low III 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 7


KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.5 Liter/ 100 Liter water 12Provy 10% EC Pyriproxyfen U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Movento 10% SC Spirotetramat U 40 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Transform 50% WG Sulfoxaflor Low III 125 g/ Feddan 1

The Dried Fruit Moth, Ephestia calidella

Cover fruit bunches with a bag to exclude moth entry and egg-laying.

Sanitation: Collect and burn fallen fruit.

Use pheromone traps to remove moths.

Can use pheromone-baited traps to lure and kill moths.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Ephestia calidella:



Tracer 24% SC Spinosad U 50 cc/ Feddan 3

Affirm 5% SGEmamectin benzoate Mod II 60 g/ Feddan 3

Excellent 1.9% EC

Emamectin benzoate Low III 250 cc/ Feddan 5

Rodents, Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, Arvicanthis niloticus

Monitor field for rodents. Use sticky traps for capture

and disposal by burying. Do not leave mature fruit on

the ground.

Can use homemade rat attractants plus rodenticides: ground avocado seeds, coconut pulp and salt.

Use plastic bait boxes with approved rodenticide (bromadialone) cubes inside.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Rodents:Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 72Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:


Rate of App.

Rate App. /Unit

Super caid KZ 0.005% Bait on wheat grains Bromadiolone U 1.85 Kg/ FeddanZinc phosphide El-Nasr 80% DP Zinc phosphide High Ib 0.7 Kg/ Feddan

Leaf spots of date palm, Alternaria alternate, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Cladosporium spp.

Protect seedlings from overhead irrigation or heavy rainfall.

Prune severely diseased leaves or eliminate the palm completely.

Grow juvenile palms in sun and limit shade.

Eliminate weeds in the plantation.

Plant palms with sufficient space for good air movement.

Reduce injuries to palm plants.

Ensure proper palm nutrition.

Fungicides are not recommended, as preventive control practices should reduce the diseases without the need for fungicides.

If needed, could use fungicides containing thiophanate-methyl.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Leaf spots of date palm:

Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/dayAmistar Top 325 - 32.5% SC

Azoxystrobin - Difenoconazole Low III 50 cc/ 100 Liter

water 7

Emerald NRG 18% SCAzoxystrobin - Tetraconazole U 70 cc/ 100 Liter

water 7

Curve 25% EC Difenoconazole U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 7


Graphiola Leaf Spot, Graphiola phoenicis

Use genetically tolerant or resistant varieties.

Do pruning of older infested leaves, only if palm is not exhibiting nutrient deficiency problems.

Do treatment with Bordeaux mixture.

After sporulation, treat with a synthetic fungicide containing copper hydroxide, or copper oxychloride.

Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa)

Aphids, Aphis gossypii and Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus

Parasitic wasps and ladybeetle larvae serve as important parasites and predators of these pests.

Plant varieties that mature earlier to avoid some infestation and damage.


Use natural or artisanal insecticides containing limonene, soaps and oils.

Can use synthetic insecticides containing imidacloprid, deltamethrin.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control Aphids on hibiscus:







Oikos 3.2% EC Azadirachtin U 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 1Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 74Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

Spiny bollworm, Earias insulana

Natural enemies include parasitoids in the Braconid wasp and Tachinid fly families and Trichogramma egg parasitoids. Predators include damselflies, hoverflies, lacewings, ladybird beetles and larvae, minute pirate bugs, praying mantis and spiders.

Use resistant varieties. Practice crop rotation. Avoid

planting crops successively that are hosts to cotton bollworm like corn, sorghum, tobacco, soybean, and tomato.

Two weeks before planting, remove weeds and grasses to destroy larvae and adults harboring in those weeds and grasses.

Plow and harrow fields at least 2 times before sowing seeds. This will expose pupae of corn earworm to chicken, birds, ants and other predators. Cotton bollworm pupates in the soil.

Sanitation: After harvest, remove cotton stubble and destroy by burning, feeding to cows or composting.

Use organic natural insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis.

Use synthetic insecticides containing flubendiamide.


Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control Spiny bollworm on hibiscus:



Annual and Perennial Weeds

Plant Elsahfir variety, which is more resistant to weed impacts.

Decrease spacing between plants to shade out weeds.

Plant cultivars that are earlier maturing.


Use intercropping that chokes out weeds.



production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and produce seeds. Cultivation equipment and irrigation water must also be kept free of weed seeds and

Herbicides may not be economical to use for hibiscus, and can damage the hibiscus plants if applied too close.


vegetative propagules to avoid spreading weed populations. Cultivate areas around the field such as field edges, fence lines, roadsides, and irrigation ditches regularly to prevent weed seed production. To reduce seed production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and produce seeds.


Regularly clean farm tools. Hand weeding during their

earlier growing period. Do not let the weeds flower (do not compost weeds that have flowered and set seed).

Use hoeing, mowing, and cutting.

Lettuces (Lactuca sativa)

Greasy cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon Natural enemies include

larvae of parasitic Braconid wasps and Tachinid flies.

Use poisons baits Botanical and homemade

extracts of neem seed.Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 77Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

Predators include ground beetles, lacewings, praying mantis and weaver ants.

Use crop rotation--plant alfalfa or beans after tomato.

Use pheromone traps. Removal of weeds in and

around fields will reduce egg-laying sites and will help in the prevention of cutworm infestation. Do this at least 2-3 weeks before planting to reduce the incidence of cutworm larvae transferring to newly planted crops.

Interplant main crops with onion, garlic, peppermint, coriander, or garlic every 10-20 rows to repel cutworms.

Sunflowers and cosmos can also be planted as a trap crop in or around fields.

Plow and harrow fields properly before planting. This will destroy eggs and expose larvae to chicken, ants, birds, and other predators.




Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

Use yellow and blue sticky traps for monitoring and trapping.

Weed management to eliminate alternative food plants for aphids.


Use of natural mineral oil sprayings.


Use of garlic-oil based repellents.

Avoid the broad-spectrum insecticides to minimize the destruction of natural enemies.

Use of synthetic insecticides containing thiamethoxam or imidacloprid

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control Aphids on lettuces:









Use regular monitoring. Use resistant varieties. Use rotation. Disc fields immediately

following harvest to kill larvae and pupae.

Destroy weeds along field borders.

Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for egg masses and young larvae in surrounding

Sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis and spinosad are acceptable.


weeds.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control Cotton leafworm on lettuces:



Glassy clover snail, Monacha cartusiana

Remove objects and debris that snails hide under.

Provide good soil drainage. Keep weeds under control. Remove leaves and trash

from the field when harvesting.

Do not use manure and/or mulches in areas of field prone to slug damage.

Use repellents containing diatomaceous earth, garlic or kaolin dust.

Use granular bait formulations of iron phosphate (if it becomes registered) or a molluscicide containing metaldehyde.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control snails on lettuces:


Neomyl 20% SL Methomyl Mod II 1 Liter/ FeddanGastrox E 5% G Metaldehyde Low III 2 Kg/ Feddan


Powdery Mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum

Transplanting healthy and resistant plants.

Rotate away from highly infected fields

Field well-drained Use of resistant seed. Avoid overhead irrigation.

Apply a treatment when disease symptoms first occur and repeat if symptoms reappear.

Use synthetic fungicides by soil drench and spray applications of metalaxyl + mancozeb or thiophanate-methyl.













Damping-off, Pythium ultimum

Use of resistant seed. Transplanting health plants. Use raised-bed soil. Continuously monitor crop

for signs of damping-off. Cleaning and disinfecting

machinery and tools. Sanitation: Removal and

disposal of infected plants during the cropping season and after harvest.

Use fungicides only when it is necessary after a monitoring program.

Can use synthetic fungicides containing tebuconazole, trifloxstrobin + propiconazole, thiabendazole, mancozeb and iprodione.

Details of registered bio-pesticides, when needed to control Damping-off on lettuces:







Annual and perennial weeds



production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and produce seeds. Cultivation equipment and irrigation water must also be kept free

During fallow, use synthetic herbicides.


of weed seeds and vegetative propagules to avoid spreading weed populations. Cultivate areas around the field such as field edges, fence lines, roadsides, and irrigation ditches regularly to prevent weed seed production. To reduce seed production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and produce seeds.


Proper bed preparation is important for successful weed cultivation after the crop is planted.



Use intercropping.


Hoeing, mowing, and cutting.Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 83Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

Mangoes (Mangifera indica)

Mealybug, Planococcus citri

Flood orchard in October. In December rake soil around

tree. Destroy affected parts at the

beginning of the infestation. Heavily infested branches may be pruned to control the pest, especially on the tender branches before flowering begins.

Conserve natural enemies like lady beetles, lacewings and other predators of mealybug.

Control ants tending mealybugs. Undesirable ants can be kept out of the mango trees by banding the stems with sticky stripes.

Remove tall weeds from orchard.

Prune and open the canopy to air movement and sunlight.

Incorporate 3 into soil around tree and spray with mineral oil.

Avoid excessive spraying and the use of broad-spectrum pesticides, since they may kill natural enemies.

Mealybugs are very difficult to control with insecticides, and insecticide use is usually inefficient and uneconomical. If needed, and economical, can use insecticides containing buprofezin.

Mango soft scale, Coccus mangiferae Natural enemies such as

parasitic wasps control scales in the orchard.

Eliminate other host plants

Use of dormant horticultural oil, neem/azadirachtin seed extract.


on or near the plantation. Cut back on shade by

pruning.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Mealybug and Mango soft scale on Mango:

Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/dayApplaud 25% SC Buprofezin U 600 cc/ Feddan 5Confidor 20% OD Imidacloprid Low III 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 7KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.5 Liter/ 100 Liter water 12Provy 10% EC Pyriproxyfen U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Movento 10% SC Spirotetramat U 40 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Transform 50% WG Sulfoxaflor Low III 125 g/ Feddan 1

Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata

Use resistant grafted planting materials.

Removal of fruit as it matures.

Sanitation: Pruning trees to open up canopy. Cleaning up and destroying dropped infested mangoes.

Can use natural insecticides containing spinosad combined with a liquid attractant as bait sprays on single trees.

Use insecticides in partial spray method.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Mediterranean fruit fly on mango:



Malatox 50% WP Malathion Low III 100 g/ 20 Litre Water+ Attractant 3

Perfekthion 40% EC Dimethoate Mod II 75 cc/ 20 Liter water + 5% Attractanct 3

Malatox 57% EC Malathion Low III 100 cc/ 20 Liter water + 5% Attractanct 6

Dimetox 40% EC Dimethoate Mod II 75 cc/ 20 Liter water + 5% 15Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 85Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

Attractanct

Mango thrips, Scirtothrips mangifcrae

Natural enemies such as minute pirate bugs, lacewing or predatory thrips control thrips in the orchard.

Eliminate other host plants on or near the plantation. Maintain a clean plantation.

Resistance can form if insecticides are not rotated. Rotate among natural insecticides containing mineral oil and thiamethoxam.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Mango thrips:


Radiant 12% SC Spinetoram U 100 cc/ Feddan 1KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.75 Liter/ 100 Liter water 0Movento 10% SC Spirotetramat U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Prove plus 3.4% ME Emamectin benzoate Low III 25 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Delegate 25% WG Spinetoram U 50 g/ Feddan 1Gaucho 70% WS Imidacloprid Mod II 7 g/ kg seeds

Spider mites, Tetranychus urticae

Eliminate other host plants on or near the plantation.

Maintain a clean plantation.

Use natural controls such as refined mineral- or vegetable-based horticultural oils and homemade neem seed extract.

Resistance can form if insecticides are not rotated. Rotate among miticides containing abamectin, fenpyroximate or hexythiazox.


Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Spider mites on mango:


Agromec 1.8% EC Abamectin Mod II 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 9Kanemite15% SC Acequinocyl U 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 10Solo 24% SC Bifenazate U 80 cc/ 100 Liter water 5Buprolord 25% SC Buprofezin Low III 400 cc/ Feddan 3Wondr 36% SC Chlorfenapyr Mod II 180 cc/ Feddan 7Excellent 1.9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 70 cc/ Feddan 5Acari Z 5% EC Fenpyroximate Low III 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Maccomite 10% WP Hexythiazox U 20 g/ 100 Liter water 7Oberon 24% SC Spiromesifen U 40 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Solfan 70% SC Sulfur U 200 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Delmite 7.5% SC Sulfur Low III 1 Liter/ Feddan 3

Powdery Mildew, Oidium mangiferae

Maintain a clean plantation. Use bio rational fungicide containing Bacillus subitlis and/or treat the soil with natural fungicides containing Trichoderma species.

Can use natural sulfur or copper-containing fungicides during flowering.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to controlTrade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO

Class Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/day

Escudo 25% SC Azoxystrobin U 45 cc/ 100 Liter water 7

Eliminate 30% SC Azoxystrobin - Difenoconazole Low III 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 15


Nimrod 25% EC Bupirimate Low III 40 cc/ 100 Liter water 15

Antalia 10% EC Difenoconazole U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 10

Sythane 24% EC Myclobutanil U 22 cc/ 100 Liter water 14

Topas (100) 10% EC Penconazole U 25 cc/ 100 Liter water 23

Tilt 25% EC Propiconazole U 15 cc/ 100 Liter water 19

Propika 25% EC Propiconazole U 15 cc/ 100 Liter water 7

H- Sulphur 80% WP Sulfur Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Luna Experience 40% SC Tebuconazole - Fluopyram Low III 50 cc/ 100 Liter

water 10Pilartop M 70% WP Thiophanate-methyl U 60 g/ 100 Liter water 7Bio Zeid 2.5% WP Trichoderma album U 250 g/ 100 Liter water

Root Rot & Wilt, Fusarium solani; Fusarium oxysporum; Rhizoctonia solani; Mucor racemosus;

Care should be taken that water should not stagnate near the root zone.

Nursery should be raised on elevated beds.

Application of Trichoderma in the affected nursery is effective.

During the growing season, Bordeaux mixture (1.5%) should be sprayed on the plants and the soil at weekly intervals.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Root Rot:


Rate of App.

Rate App. /Unit PHI/day

Uniform 390- 39% SE Azoxystrobin - Metalaxyl-M (Mefenoxam) Mod II 650 cc/ Feddan 0


Panoramix 2% FS

Bacillus megaterium - Bacillus subtilis - Trichoderma harzianum U 4 cc/kg seeds

Tachigaren 30% SL Hymexazole U 1 cc/1 Liter

water 20


Previcur N 72.2% SL Propamocarb hydrochloride Low III 2.5 cc/ 1 Liter

water 7

Mango Malformation, Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans

The floral malformed panicles/ vegetative malformed shoots should be pruned and burned which reduces the incidence of malformation.

Application of naphthalene acetic acid (200 ppm) in the first week of October (Before bud differentiation stages) followed by de-blossoming in the late December or January reduces the incidence of malformation.

Mango Dieback, Fusarium acuminatum; Botryospheria rhodina; Botryodiplodia theobromae; Lasiodiplodia theobromae

Maintain a clean plantation. Apply agricultural calcium to

soil. Sanitation: Pruning trees to

open up canopy. Cleaning up and destroying dead branches.

Paint tree trunks with a copper-containing fungicide.


Use green manure that chokes out weeds or hand-hoe on young orchards.

For trees 1-3 years old, mow or remove weeds for a one-meter radius around trees and between rows of younger trees. Increase the

Herbicides are not generally economical, effective or recommended for planted orchards.

If justified, can use herbicides containing diuron as a pre-emergence.


radius as the trees grow. Do not allow weeds in

orchard to set flower or seed. Smother weeds with a non-

living mulch placed around trees and in-between rows.

Mints (Spearmint, Mentha viridis, Peppermint, Mentha piperita)


In most years and in most production areas, naturally occurring predators such as lady beetles, lacewings, and syrphid larvae suppress aphid populations.

Prune out heavily infested shoots and leaves.

Use resistant or tolerant cultivars.

Use transplants that are aphid-free.

Use silver-colored mulch to repel aphids from mint.

Since populations are usually controlled naturally, insecticides are seldom needed to control this pest.


If needed, can use mineral oils or neem seed extracts.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Aphids on mints:









Mites, Tetranychus urticae; Brevipalpus obovatus

Spider mites can be controlled using predacious mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius spp).

Do weed control in and around field.

Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed trees are most likely to be damaged.

Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible.

Natural insecticidal soaps or agricultural oils and neem seed extracts can be used for management (apply especially on the undersides of leaves).


Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control mites on mints:


Biosect WP (32 million cells/g) Beauveria bassiana U 200 g/ 100 Liter waterExcellent 1.9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 70 cc/ Feddan 5Milbecknok 1% EC Milbemectin U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 1Diver 97% EC Mineral oil U 1 Liter/ 100 Liter water 10KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.5 Liter/ 100 Liter water 10Solfan 70% SC Sulfur U 200 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Delmite 7.5% SC Sulfur Low III 1 Liter/ Feddan 3Micronite 80% WP Sulfur U 2 Kg/ Feddan 5


Microvit 80% WP Sulfur U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3


Check for leafworms in weeds around the edges of the field before planting. Remove weeds from field margins and plow fields at least 10 days before planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites.


Weed control near and in field.

After the crop is up, check for a row of four or more wilted plants with completely or partially severed stems. If you find damaged plants, look for cutworms by digging around the base of plants and sifting the soil for caterpillars.


Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Cotton leafworm on mints


/Unit PHI/dayPasha 1..9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 250 cc/ Feddan 3Tracer 24% SC Spinosad U 50 cc/ Feddan 3Dipel DF 6.4% DF Bacillus thuringiensis U 200 g/ FeddanBiotect 9.4% WP Bacillus thuringiensis U 300 g/ Feddan


Dipel 2 X 6.4% WP Bacillus thuringiensis U 200 g/ FeddanAgerine 6.5% WP Bacillus thuringiensis U 250 g/ Feddan

Mint rust, Puccinia menthae

Thin plants so they are not so close.

To prevent spread, heavily infected plants and rhizomes should be removed.

Use heat treatment of roots immersed in hot water at 44°C (111°F) for 10 minutes, cooled using cool water before planting.

Can use fungicides containing azoxystrobin.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Mint rust on mints:Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class Rate of

App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/daySulfagro 80% WDG Sulfur U 200 g/ 100 Liter water 3Microthoate 80% WG Sulfur Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Sufrevit 80% SC Sulfur U 200 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Dako S 80% WG Sulfur Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Helb Sulphur 98% D Sulfur Low III 15 Kg/ Feddan 3

Annual and Perennial Weeds



production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and produce seeds. Cultivation equipment and irrigation water must also be kept free

Herbicides may not be economical to use for mints.


of weed seeds and vegetative propagules to avoid spreading weed populations. Cultivate areas around the field such as field edges, fence lines, roadsides, and irrigation ditches regularly to prevent weed seed production. To reduce seed production, disc or mow harvested fields before weeds flower and produce seeds.


Proper bed preparation is important for successful weed cultivation after the crop is planted.



Use intercropping.



Green Onion (Allium cepa)

Pests PERSUAP Recommended Preventive IPM tactics


The Mole Cricket Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa


Use light traps when adults are present.





Monitor and use spot treatments of synthetic insecticides. Chlorpyrifos.







Botanical and extracts of neem seed.


thuringiensis. Find ‘hot-spots’ (places of high

infestation) and treat only those hot spots. Can treat with Chlorpyrifos.

Cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis Use regular monitoring. Sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis and Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 96Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:




Use resistant varieties. Use rotation. Disc fields immediately following

harvest to kill larvae and pupae. Destroy weeds along field borders. Start monitoring before seedlings

emerge by checking for egg masses and young larvae in surrounding weeds.

Spinosad are acceptable. Also, use Bacillus thuringiensis, Methomyl, Lufenuron, Teflubenzuron

Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control Cotton leafworm:



Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci

Rotation: Alternating crops with bean, corn or other crop.

Good irrigation, drainage and fertilization.



Sanitation: Clean out plants and


Use natural controls such as refined mineral- or vegetable-based horticultural oils or Thiamethoxam.

Resistance can form if insecticides are not rotated. Rotate among synthetic pesticides containing





debris from previous crops. Spinetoram and Fenitrothion.

Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control Onion Thrips:



Radiant 12% SC Spinetoram U 120 cc/ Feddan 7Movento 10% SC Spirotetramat U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Prove plus 3.4% ME Emamectin benzoate Low III 25 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Delegate 25% WG Spinetoram U 50 g/ Feddan 1Thiaclomex 48% SC Thiacloprid Mod II 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 14Radiant 12% SC Spinetoram U 100 cc/ Feddan 1KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.75 Liter/ 100 Liter water 0Movento 10% SC Spirotetramat U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Prove plus 3.4% ME Emamectin benzoate Low III 25 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Delegate 25% WG Spinetoram U 50 g/ Feddan 1Gaucho 70% WS Imidacloprid Mod II 7 g/ kg seeds

The onion fly, Delia antiqua

Planting date should be during September

Destroy infested plants when transplanting

Destroy infested bulbs when harvest.

Use natural controls such as refined mineral- or Thiamethoxam.

Resistance can form if insecticides are not rotated. Rotate among synthetic pesticides containing Spinetoram and Fenitrothion.

The bulb fly, Eumerus amoenus

Planting date should be during September

Destroy infested plants when transplanting

Destroy infested bulbs when

Use natural controls such as refined mineral- or Thiamethoxam.

Resistance can form if insecticides are not rotated. Rotate among synthetic pesticides containing





harvest. Clean store for bulbs.

Spinetoram and Fenitrothion.

Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control the onion & bulb fly:


Biotect 9.4% WP Bacillus thuringiensis U 300 g/ FeddanAgerine 6.5% WP Bacillus thuringiensis U 250 g/ FeddanDipel 2 X 6.4% WP

Bacillus thuringiensis (Subsp. Kurstaki) U 200 g/ Feddan

Radical 0.5% EC Emamectin benzoate U 150 cc/ 100 Liter water 7

Pasha 1..9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 250 cc/ Feddan 9Takumi 20% WG Flubendiamid U 100 g/ Feddan 7Avaunt 15% EC Indoxacarb Mod II 100 cc/ Feddan 7Match 5% EC Lufenuron U 40 cc/ Feddan 7Lannate 25% WP Methomyl Mod II 1.08 Kg/ Feddan 1

Runner 24% SC Methoxyfenozide U 37.5 cc/ 100 Liter water 3

Pleo 50% EC Pyridalyl U 100 cc/ Feddan 2Tracer 24% SC Spinosad U 50 cc/ Feddan 3

Fusarium Pink Rots, Fusarium oxysporium, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum



In greenhouses, disinfect all

Use fungicides containing Fludioxonil could be used.





surfaces. Rotate out of onions for at least 5

years. Use sanitation—remove and burn


Use lime to raise soil pH. Use of chicken manure and

mushroom compost decrease disease symptoms.


Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control Fusarium Pink Rots:


Rate of App.

Rate App. /Unit

PHI/day

Uniform 390- 39% SE Azoxystrobin - Metalaxyl-M (Mefenoxam) Mod II 650 cc/ Feddan 6



waterMaxim XL 3.5% FS Fludioxonil - Mefenoxam (Metalaxyl-M) U 2 cc/kg seedsMoncut 25% WP Flutolanil U 2 g/ kg seeds

Tachichem 30% SL Hymexazole U 1.5 cc/ 1 Liter water 7


Previcur N 72.2% SL Propamocarb hydrochloride Low III 2.5 cc/ 1 Liter 7Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 100Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:




waterVitavax (200) 75% WP Thiram - Carboxin Low III 2.5 g/ kg seeds 0Rizolex T 50% WP Thiram - Tolclofos-methyl Mod II 3 g/ kg seeds 0Biocontrol T34 12% WP Trichoderma asperellum U 2 g/ kg seedsTrianum P 01×10^9 spores per gram WG Trichoderma harzianum U 250 g/ 100 Liter

water

Mystic 20% WP Pyrimethanil U 300 g/ 100 Liter water 10

White mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Rotate out of onions for at least 5 years.

Use transplanting free disease Use sanitation—remove and burn



Use fungicides containing Tebuconazole

Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control White mold:


Trust 25% EW Tebuconazole U 25 cc/1 Liter water 15Tebuzyn 25% EW Tebuconazole U 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Supercour 25% EC Tebuconazole U 25 cc/ 1 Liter water 7Pharmatebazole 43% SC Tebuconazole Low III 15 cc/ 1 Liter water 15Folicur 25% EC Tebuconazole U 25 cc/ 1 Liter water 28





Downy mildew



Field well-drained Use of resistant seed. Avoid overhead irrigation. Apply a


Use synthetic fungicides by soil drench and spray applications of Chlorothalonil - Metalaxyl-M (Mefenoxam) or Tebuconazole

Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control Downy mildew:


Rate of App.


Amistar Top 325 - 32.5% SC Azoxystrobin - Difenoconazole Low III 300 cc/ Feddan 10Folio Gold 53.75% SC Chlorothalonil - Metalaxyl-M (Mefenoxam) Mod II 1 Liter/ Feddan 14

Champ DP 57.6% WG Copper hydroxide Low III 180 g/ 100 Liter water 3

Cobox 84% WP Copper oxychloride Mod II 250 g/ 100 Liter water 8

Ridomil gold plus 71.5% WP

Copper oxychloride - Metalaxyl-M (Mefenoxam) Mod II 200 g/ 100 Liter

water 14Delcup 23.5% L Copper sulfate Mod II 1 Liter/ Feddan 6

Acrobate MZ 69% WG Mancozeb - Dimethomorph U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Tazolen 72% WP Mancozeb - Metalaxyl Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 8

Antracol 70% WG Propineb U 200 g/ 100 Liter water 7





Phostrol 53.6% SL Phosphorous acids salts U 250 cc/ 100 Liter water

Purple blotch



Field well-drained Avoid overhead irrigation. Apply a


Use synthetic fungicides of Copper oxychloride or Tebuconazole - Fluopyram

Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control Purple blotch:



Microrame 70% SC Copper oxychloride Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 7Luna Experience 40% SC Tebuconazole - Fluopyram Low III 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Vldomax 62.5% WG Cyprodinil - Fludioxonil Low III 50 g/ 100 Liter water 7Phostrol 53.6% SL Phosphorous acids salts U 250 cc/ 100 Liter water




Use mulches to smother weeds near

Use synthetic herbicides containing fluazifop-p-butyl, metribuzin, prometryn, pyraflufen-ethyl, quizalofop-p-tefuryl, rimsulfuron, metribuzin or linuron.





plants.


Peppers (Capsicum annuum)


Natural enemies include larvae of parasitic Braconid wasps and Tachinid flies. Predators include ground beetles, lacewings, praying mantis and weaver ants.


Removal of weeds in and around fields will reduce egg-laying sites and will help in the prevention of cutworm infestation. Do this at least 2-3 weeks before planting to reduce the incidence of cutworm larvae transferring to newly planted crops.



Plow and harrow fields properly before planting. This will destroy eggs and expose larvae to chicken, ants, birds, and other







predators.

Aphids, Myzus persicae, A. craccivora Many types of natural enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under low insecticide input situations. However, these aphids reproduce quickly and move into protected areas of the plants, thereby greatly reducing the potential impact of their predators and parasitoids in older stage plants.

Use resistant varieties. Use regular monitoring with

yellow sticky traps. Field disking and

destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.



Insecticides containing systemic synthetic insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid or pymetrozine can be used.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control aphids on peppers:Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO

ClassRate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/day






Oikos 3.2% EC Azadirachtin U 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 1Tedo 50% WG Pymetrozine U 50 g/ 100 Liter water 3Supertox-1 48% SC Clothianidin U 200 cc/ Feddan 5

Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids (Encarsia species), lady beetles and minute pirate bugs.

Yellow sticky traps may be used to reduce populations but cannot prevent the spread, once established.

Frequent crop monitoring.

Spray natural solution of mineral oil and neem/azadirachtin seed extract if infestation is heavy.

At crop initiation, seed or soil application of a synthetic systemic insecticide (imidacloprid, acetamiprid).

Selective synthetic chemicals as: insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen, abamectin, or Beauveria bassiana.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control whitefly on peppers:


Benevia 10% OD Cyantraniliprole U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 3

Best 25% WP Imidacloprid Mod II 75 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Imaxi 35% SC Imidacloprid Mod II 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7

Commando 35% SC Imidacloprid Mod II 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 5

Confidor 20% OD Imidacloprid Low III 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 7



Planta 10% EC Pyriproxyfen U 75 cc/ 100 Liter 7Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 107Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

water

Movento 10% SC Spirotetramat U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7

Closer 24% SC Sulfoxaflor U 100 cc/ Feddan 7Actara 25% WG Thiamethoxam U 350 g/ Feddan 6

Renova 25% WG Thiamethoxam U 20 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

Rotation: Alternating crops with bean, corn or other crop.

Good irrigation, drainage and fertilization.



Sanitation: Clean out plants and debris from previous crops.



Use natural controls such as refined mineral- or vegetable-based horticultural oils or thiamethoxam.

Resistance can form if insecticides are not rotated. Rotate among synthetic pesticides containing spinetorum and fenitrothion.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Thrips on peppers:



Prove plus 3.4% ME Emamectin benzoate Low III 25 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Gaucho 70% WS Imidacloprid Mod II 7 g/ kg seedsKZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.75 Liter/ 100 Liter water 0Radiant 12% SC Spinetoram U 100 cc/ Feddan 1Delegate 25% WG Spinetoram U 50 g/ Feddan 1Movento 10% SC Spirotetramat U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7


Mites, Tetranychus urticae, Polyphagotarsonemus latus

Spider mites have many natural enemies that often limit populations; predacious mites and some insect feeds on spider mites, eg (Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius andersoni); the major predator mites commercially available for purchase and release are the western predatory mite and Phytoseiulus.

Do weed control in and around field.

Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed trees are most likely to be damaged.

Broad-spectrum insecticide treatments for other pests frequently cause mite outbreaks, so avoid these when possible.

Natural insecticidal soaps or agricultural oils and neem extracts can be used for management (apply especially on the undersides of leaves).


Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control mites on peppers:


Biosect WP (32 million cells/g) Beauveria bassiana U 200 g/ 100 Liter waterExcellent 1.9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 70 cc/ Feddan 5Milbecknok 1% EC Milbemectin U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 1Diver 97% EC Mineral oil U 1 Liter/ 100 Liter water 10KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.5 Liter/ 100 Liter water 10Solfan 70% SC Sulfur U 200 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Delmite 7.5% SC Sulfur Low III 1 Liter/ Feddan 3Micronite 80% WP Sulfur U 2 Kg/ Feddan 5Microvit 80% WP Sulfur U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3


Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis Check for leafworms in weeds around the edges of the field before planting. Remove weeds from field margins and plow fields at least 10 days before planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites.


Weed control near and in field.

After the crop is up, check for a row of four or more wilted plants with completely or partially severed stems. If you find damaged plants, look for cutworms by digging around the base of plants and sifting the soil for caterpillars.


Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control cotton leafworm on peppers:


/Unit PHI/dayPasha 1..9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 250 cc/ Feddan 3Tracer 24% SC Spinosad U 50 cc/ Feddan 3Dipel DF 6.4% DF Bacillus thuringiensis U 200 g/ FeddanBiotect 9.4% WP Bacillus thuringiensis U 300 g/ FeddanDipel 2 X 6.4% WP Bacillus thuringiensis U 200 g/ Feddan


Agerine 6.5% WP Bacillus thuringiensis U 250 g/ Feddan

Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne spp. Use of resistant cultivars and grow healthy plants (use appropriate seed, spacing, watering, weeding and fertilizer)

Use Soil solarization using plastic.

Use crop rotation, deep plowing, fallowing and avoid mono cropping. Rotate with broccoli, cauliflower, sorghum, Sudan grass, rape, and mustard seed which are resistant to nematodes.

Sanitation: Remove and compost crop debris.

Use of organic fertilizer particularly chicken manure and composts to add organic matter and soil structure to sandy soils

Growing flax, a tropical herb, is good for controlling root knot nematodes.

African and French marigold (Tagetes minuta and T. patula, respectively) plowed under the soil also suppress and reduce nematodes. Plant and

Management of nematodes is difficult, especially in sandy soils and most synthetic nematicides are Class I and RUP.

Botanical and homemade water extracts of basil, garlic and neem seed may be effective controls.

Two new commercialized products, once registered for use, can be used as effective nematode controls: the microbe Myrothecium verrucaria and natural soil biopesticide labeled as Promax (containing extracts of tomatillo oil and thyme oil).


plow under 2 months later.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Root Knot Nematode on peppers:


Tervigo 2%SC Abamectin Mod II 2.5 Liter/ Feddan 3Oikos 3.2% EC Azadirachtin U 400 cc/ Feddan 45Rugby 20% CS Cadusafos Mod II 2.5 cc/m2 0Nemacap 20% EC Ethoprophos Mod II 2.5 Liter/ 100 Liter water 45Mocap 10% G Ethoprophos Mod II 5 g/ m2 25Vaydate 24 % SL Oxamyl High Ib 2 Liter/ Feddan (twice) 10Vaydate 10% G Oxamyl Mod II 20 Kg/ Feddan 15

Powdery Mildew, Leviellula taurica Use of resistant seeds. Transplanting healthy

plants. Follow strict greenhouse

hygiene throughout the growing season.

Improve greenhouse climate to reduce relative humidity and increase air circulation.

Crop monitoring. Early disease detection is important for successful powdery mildew control.

Pruning old and dead leaves branches.

Sanitation: Conduct a thorough year-end cleanup and dispose of all crop debris off-site or by

Use bio rational fungicides containing homemade neem seed extracts, Bacillus subitlis, or treat the soil with natural fungicides containing Trichoderma species.

If necessary, rotate among protectant products like copper, difenoconazole, mancozeb, azoxystrobin or these in combination with fosetyl-aluminum.


burning, burying in a landfill or composting.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Powdery Mildew on peppers:


Escudo 25% SC Azoxystrobin U 45 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Pastel 56% SC Azoxystrobin - Chlorothalonil U 250 cc/ 100 Liter water 10Nimrod 25% EC Bupirimate Low III 40 cc/ 100 Liter water 15Open 72% SC Chlorothalonil U 250 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Antalia 10% EC Difenoconazole U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 10Topas (100) 10% EC Penconazole U 25 cc/ 100 Liter water 15Tilt 25% EC Propiconazole U 15 cc/ 100 Liter water 19H- Sulphur 80% WP Sulfur Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Sulfolac 80% WG Sulfur Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 1Atrio 80% WP Tebuconazole Low III 20 g/ 100 Liter water 4Fabolous 75% WP Tebuconazole - Chlorothalonil Low III 75 g/ 100 Liter water 3Pilartop M 70% WP Thiophanate-methyl U 60 g/ 100 Liter water 7Bio Zeid 2.5% WP Trichoderma album U 250 g/ 100 Liter water

Root rot, Rhizoctonia solani Grow and plow under a mustard cover crop to biologically ‘fumigate’ the soil.

Use certified clean seed. Monitor plants continuously

for disease presence. Plant seed tubers in warm

soil (above 46°F) and covering them with as little soil as possible speeds spout and stem

Can use synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin, mancozeb or thiophanate-methyl.


development and emergence reduces the risk of stem canker.

Plant fields with coarse-textured soils first because they are less likely to become waterlogged and will warm up faster.

Potatoes should be harvested as soon as skin is set so minimal bruising will occur.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Root rot on peppers:


Rate of App.


Uniform 390- 39% SE Azoxystrobin - Metalaxyl-M (Mefenoxam) Mod II 650 cc/ Feddan 0Panoramix 2% FS

Bacillus megaterium - Bacillus subtilis - Trichoderma harzianum U 4 cc/kg seeds

Tachigaren 30% SL Hymexazole U 1 cc/1 Liter

water 20


Previcur N 72.2% SL Propamocarb hydrochloride Low III 2.5 cc/ 1 Liter

water 7

Annual broadleaves and grassy weeds Herbicide expenses make farmers use hand weeding, hoeing or cultivation.

At end of the harvest, manual removal of weeds.

Clean weeds along

On preformed beds, use synthetic herbicides containing glyphosate.

Post-plant, use synthetic herbicides containing sethoxydim, clethodim,


irrigation canals that can transmit weeds to the field.

Use crop rotation. Use transplants which can

out-compete weeds quicker.

Use soil solarization. Use soil mulches and

pruning. Continue hoe and hand

weeding. Can use drip irrigation to

regulate water in the crop and avoid weed emergence.

halosulfuron-methyl.


Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)






Sunflowers and cosmos can also be planted as a trap crop




thuringiensis. Find ‘hot-spots’ (places

of high infestation) and treat only those hot spots. Can treat with synthetic insecticides containing indoxacarb, chlorantrinopril or methoxyfenozide.


in or around fields. Plow and harrow fields

properly before planting. This will destroy eggs and expose larvae to chicken, ants, birds, and other predators.

Mole Cricket, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa







Monitor and use spot treatments of synthetic insecticides.

Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci



At crop initiation, seed or soil application of a




synthetic systemic nicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid, acetamiprid).

Selective synthetic chemicals as abamectin, neem/azadirachtin seed extract, Insect Growth Regulator pyriproxyfen, or natural insecticide Beauveria bassiana.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control whitefly on tomato:


Rate of App.

Rate App. /Unit

PHI/day

Gate Fast 12% SCAbamectin - Thiamethoxam Mod II 200 cc/ Feddan 8

Volley 20% SP Acetamiprid Mod II 25 g/ 100 Liter water 10

Mospilan 20% SG Acetamiprid Mod II 25 g/ 100 Liter water 10


Achook 0.15% EC Azadirachtin U 750 cc/ Feddan 1


Oshin 20% SG Dinotefuran U 125 g/ 100 Liter water 1

Primo 10% SC Etofenprox U 187.5 cc/ Feddan 7


Imidazed 20% SC Imidacloprid Low III 125 cc/ 100 Liter water 8

Confidor 20% OD Imidacloprid Low III 50 cc/ 100 Liter 7Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 118Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

waterMycotal 01×10^10 spores per gram WG Lecanicillium muscarium U 250 g/ 100 Liter

waterChess 50% WG Pymetrozine U 240 g/ Feddan 3


Actara 25% WG Thiamethoxam U 350 g/ Feddan 6

Tomato leaf borer, Tuta absoluta

Use pheromone traps. Cultivate seedlings

free infestation. Use recommended

fertilizer program to make plants more healthier and tolerant

Shallow setting varieties are generally more susceptible than varieties.

Severe under sprinkler irrigation than with furrow irrigation).

Prompt, thorough harvest and sanitation are also essential.

Sanitation: Destroy cull piles and volunteer potatoes. Piles of cull provide a year-round breeding site for the pest.

Use natural sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis.

Use synthetic insecticides containing chlorantraniliprole, fenitrothion, indoxacarb, or spinosad.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Tuta absoluta:



Rate of App.

Rate App. /Unit

PHI/day

Twistrid 40% SP Acetamiprid Mod II 20 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Agree 50% WG Bacillus thuringiensis U 500 g/ FeddanDipel DF 6.4% DF Bacillus thuringiensis U 400 g/ FeddanCoragen 20% SC Chlorantraniliprole U 60 cc/ Feddan 7

Trigard 75% WP Cyromazine U 50 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Excellent 1.9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 300 cc/ Feddan 5

Takumi 20% WG Flubendiamid U 50 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Dimeuron10% EC Hexaflumuron U 200 cc/ Feddan 7Avaunt 15% EC Indoxacarb Mod II 100 cc/ Feddan 7

Livo Chem 5% EC Lufenuron U 80 cc/ 100 Liter water 7

Alverde 24% SC Metaflumizone U 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 7

Radiant 12% SC Spinetoram U 100 cc/ Feddan 1Voliam Flexi 40% WG Thiamethoxam - Chlorantraniliprole Low III 80 g/ Feddan 10Voliam Flexi 30% SC Thiamethoxam - Chlorantraniliprole U 120 cc/ Feddan 7

Tuta 100 N Tuta absoluta pheromone U 2 Capsules/Feddan

Tuta lure Capsules Tuta absoluta pheromone U 2 Capsules/Feddan

Tripheron 0.6mg/ Capsules Tuta absoluta pheromone U 2 Capsules/

FeddanPherodis 100% Capsules

E3,z8,z11-Tetradecacatrienyl acetate - E3,z8,-Tetradecadienyl acetate U 2 Capsules/

Feddan

Glassy clover snail, Monacha cartusiana Provide good soil Can use garlic extracts Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 120Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

drainage. Keep weeds under

control. Do not use manure

and/or mulches in areas of field prone to snail damage.

Use yeast-baited traps. Sanitation: Clean up

and destroy all plant debris, and remove rocks, boards and logs where snails hide.

and salt as repellents. After irrigation or rains,

put out yeast baits with iron phosphate (if it becomes registered and available) or use a molluscicide containing metaldehyde.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Glassy clover snail on potato:



Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne spp.

Use of resistant cultivars and grow healthy plants (use appropriate seed, spacing, watering, weeding and fertilizer)


Use crop rotation, deep plowing, fallowing and avoid mono cropping. Rotate with broccoli,

Management of nematodes is difficult, especially in sandy soils.

Botanical and homemade water extracts of basil, garlic and neem seed may be effective controls.

Two new commercialized products, once registered for use, can be used as effective nematode controls: the


cauliflower, sorghum, Sudan grass, rape, and mustard seed which are resistant to nematodes.




African and French marigold (Tagetes minuta and T. patula, respectively) plowed under the soil also suppress and reduce nematodes. Plant and plow residues under the soil 2 months later.

microbe Myrothecium verrucaria and natural soil biopesticide labeled as Promax (containing extracts of tomatillo oil and thyme oil).

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Root Knot Nematode on tomato:



Oikos 3.2% EC Azadirachtin U 400 cc/ Feddan 45Tervigo 2%SC Abamectin Mod II 2.5 Liter/ Feddan 3Rugby 20% CS Cadusafos Mod II 1.5 Liter/ Feddan


Vaydate 24 % SL Oxamyl High Ib 2 Liter/ Feddan (twice) 10Fenatode 10% GR Fenamiphos Mod II 20 Kg/ FeddanDento 40% EC Fenamiphos High Ib 6 Liter/ Feddan 65Oxineem El-Nasr 24% SL Oxamyl High Ia 3 Liter/ Feddan 40Vyprotect 24% SL Oxamyl High Ib 3 Liter/ Feddan (twice) 50Nematex 24% SL Oxamyl High Ib 2 Liter/ Feddan 45Vaydate 10% G Oxamyl Mod II 20 Kg/ Feddan 15Nemacap 20% EC Ethoprophos Mod II 2.5 Liter/ 100 Liter water 45

Early blight, Alternaria solani

Scouting and spot treatment.

Blights can be minimized by maintaining optimum growing conditions, including proper fertilization, irrigation, and management of other pests.



Fungicide application is justified only when the disease is initiated early enough to cause economic loss.


Use synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, copper hydroxide, mancozeb, metalaxyl, copper sulfate (tribasic), cymoxanil + mancozeb or famoxadone, difenoconazole, difenoconazole + mandipropamide, dimethomorph, dimethomorph + metalaxyl, fenamidone +


mancozeb,Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Early blight on tomato:



Zoom 2007 38.37% WP Copper hydroxide Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 0Oxyplus 47.89% WP Copper oxychloride Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 0Bio Arc 6% WP Bacillus megaterium U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 0Bio Zeid 2.5% WP Trichoderma album U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 0No-Blight 50% WP Thiram Mod II 200 g/ 100 Liter water 1

Azostar 25% SC Azoxystrobin U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 3

Copper-hycide 77% WP Copper hydroxide Mod II 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Tridex Super 75% WG Mancozeb U 200 g/ 100 Liter water 3Antracol 70% WP Propineb U 300 g/ 100 Liter water 3

Flowsan 42.7% FS Thiram Mod II 200 cc/ 100 Liter water 3

Arom 80 80% WP Mancozeb U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 5Kocide (2000) 53.8 % DF Copper hydroxide Mod II 180 g/ 100 Liter water 6Reconil 75% WP Chlorothalonil U 350 g/ 100 Liter water 7Remik 30% WG Dimethomorph - Metalaxyl Low III 150 g/ 100 Liter water 7Rado El Nasr 72% WP Mancozeb - Metalaxyl Mod II 250 g/ 100 Liter water 7Polyram DF 80% DF Metiram Complex U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 7Coboko 57% WG Propineb - Dimethomorph U 200 g/ 100 Liter water 7Flint 50% WG Trifloxystrobin U 20 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Atlas 25% EC Difenoconazole Mod II 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 8

Tazolen 72% WP Mancozeb - Metalaxyl Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 8

Delcup 23.5% L Copper sulfate Mod II 250 cc/ 100 Liter water 12

Galben Copper 69.8% WP Copper oxychloride - Benalaxyl Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 20

Score 25% EC Difenoconazole U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 20

Aromil plus 50% WP Copper oxychloride - Metalaxyl Mod II 150 g/ 100 Liter water 21Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 124Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

Late blight, Phytophthora infestans

Use tolerant varieties and raised-bed production

Drain the growing field adequately before planting

Follow proper planting date; do not plant late

Farmers use sticks and lines to raise tomato plants and fruit into the air to aerate the plant and raise the leaves and fruit away from the soil

Use synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin, copper oxychloride, Bordeaux mix, chlorothalonil, copper complex + mancozeb, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, cymoxanil, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, dimethomorph, copper sulfate, famoxadone, fenamidone, fluazinam, mandipropamid, propamocarb hydrochloride.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Late blight on tomato:


Bio Zeid 2.5% WP Trichoderma album U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 0

Curzate R 73.15% WP Copper oxychloride - Cymoxanil Mod II 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3



water 3

Tridex Super 75% WG Mancozeb U 200 g/ 100 Liter water 3

Previcur N 72.2% SL Propamocarb hydrochloride Low III 250 cc/ 100 Liter water 4

Chlorothate 75% WP Chlorothalonil U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 5

Coprinco 77% DF Copper hydroxide Mod II 150 g/ 100 Liter water 5


Cabrio Top 60% WG Pyraclostrobin - Metiram U 200 g/ 100 Liter water 6

Heros 25% SC Azoxystrobin U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7

Redo-Copper 74% WP Copper oxychloride - Metalaxyl Mod II 150 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Montoro 30% EC Difenoconazole - Propiconazole Low III 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 7


Sereno 60% WG Mancozeb - Fenamidone Low III 150 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Vacomil 35% WP Metalaxyl Low III 75 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Anadol 80% WP Mancozeb U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 8

Remiltine S Pepite 50.5% WG Mancozeb - Cymoxanil U 250 g/ 100 Liter

water 8Acrobat copper 73.2% WP Copper oxychloride - Dimethomorph Mod II 150 g/ 100 Liter

water 9

Dithane M-45 - 80% WP Mancozeb U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 10

Ridomil Gold MZ 68% WG Metalaxyl M - Mancozeb Mod II 200 g/ 100 Liter

water 11

Delcup 23.5% L Copper sulfate Mod II 250 cc/ 100 Liter water 12

Verticillium Wilts, Verticillium dahlia, v. alboatrum

Use of certified disease-free propagation material.

Use resistant cultivars against race 1.

Need positive

No synthetic fungicides are recommended. (Many farmers tolerate some damage by Verticillium wilt).


identification of Verticillium (to avoid confusion with Fusarium wilt)

Sanitation—clean equipment to prevent transfer of vectors and inoculum.

Rotate to small grains and maize.

Use green manure plants.

Inoculate soil with Trichoderma species.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Verticillium Wilts on tomato:


Rate of App.

Rate App. /Unit

PHI/day

Uniform 390- 39% SE Azoxystrobin - Metalaxyl-M (Mefenoxam) Mod II 650 cc/ Feddan 0Teko 80% WG Fosetyl-Aluminium U 3 g/ Liter water 55

Tendro 40% FS Thiram - Carboxin Mod II 5 cc/ 1 Liter water 60

Previcur Energy 84% SLPropamocarb hydrochloride - Fosetyl-Aluminium Low III 3 cc/ 100 Liter

water 60

Pink-S 30% SL Hymexazole U 1 cc/ 1 Liter water 45

Double 56% WP Hymexazole - Thiophanate-methyl U 1 g/ Liter water 45

Sassco 25% EW Tebuconazole U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 60

Restart 56% WP Hymexazole - Thiophanate-methyl U 400 g/ Feddan 45Atrio 80% WP Tebuconazole Low III 2 g/10 L Water 45


Vitavax (200) 75% WP Thiram - Carboxin Low III 1.5 g/ kg seedsCooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 127Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:


Rhizo N (30 × 10^6 cells/gr) Powder Bacillus subtilis U 4 g/ Liter waterBiocontrol T34 12% WP Trichoderma asperellum U 2 g/ kg seedsTrianum P 01×10^9 spores per gram WG Trichoderma harzianum U 250 g/ 100 Liter

water

Red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae

Natural predators and parasites control large proportions of spider mite populations. The western predatory mite, Galendromus (=Metaseiulus) occidentalis, can be purchased and released onto field.



Can use natural insecticides containing narrow range oils, neem/azadirachtin seed extract and insecticidal soap.



Details of registered pesticides & bio-pesticides, when needed to control Red spider mite:



Buprolord 25% SC Buprofezin Low III 400 cc/ Feddan 3Oberon 24% SC Spiromesifen U 40 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Delmite 7.5% SC Sulfur Low III 1 Liter/ Feddan 3Solfan 70% SC Sulfur U 200 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Excellent 1.9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 70 cc/ Feddan 5Gold 1.8% EC Abamectin Mod II 40 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Mecti1.8% EC Abamectin Mod II 40 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Cormit 1.8% EC Abamectin Mod II 40 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Wondr 36% SC Chlorfenapyr Mod II 180 cc/ Feddan 7Shark 24% SC Chlorfenapyr Mod II 60 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Acramite 48% SC Bifenazate U 35 cc/ 100 Liter water 8Kanemite15% SC Acequinocyl U 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 10Vertimec 1.8% EC Abamectin Mod II 160 cc/ Feddan 14Maccomite 10% WP Hexythiazox U 20 g/ 100 Liter water


Herbicide expenses make farmers use hand weeding, hoeing or cultivation.

At end of the harvest, manual removal of weeds.

Clean weeds along irrigation canals that can transmit weeds to the field.

Use crop rotation. Use transplants which

can out-compete weeds quicker.

Pre- and Post-plant, use synthetic herbicides containing glyphosate, pendimethalin, sethoxydim, or rimsulfuron.




weeding. Can use drip irrigation

to regulate water in the crop and avoid weed emergence.


Potato (Solanum tuberosum)







Plow and harrow fields properly before planting. This will destroy eggs and expose larvae to chicken,







ants, birds, and other predators.









Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci





At crop initiation, seed or soil application of a synthetic systemic nicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid, acetamiprid).

Selective synthetic chemicals as abamectin, neem/azadirachtin seed extract, Insect Growth Regulator pyriproxyfen, or


natural insecticide Beauveria bassiana.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control whitefly on potato:



Best 25% WP Imidacloprid Mod II 75 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Imaxi 35% SC Imidacloprid Mod II 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7





Planta 10% EC Pyriproxyfen U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7




Potato tuber worm, Phthorimaea operculella

Use pheromone traps. Shallow setting varieties

are generally more susceptible than varieties that set tubers deep.

Any practice that reduces

Use natural sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis.

Use synthetic insecticides containing chlorantraniliprole, fenitrothion, indoxacarb, or


the exposure of tubers to egg-laying female moths will reduce tuberworm damage.

Prevention of soil cracking in the beds will reduce tuberworm damage. Thus, Furrow-irrigated fields have a much greater potential to become infested than sprinkler-irrigated fields (cracking of the soil is less severe under sprinkler irrigation than with furrow irrigation).

Prompt, thorough harvest and sanitation are also essential.

Sanitation: Destroy cull piles and volunteer potatoes. Piles of cull potatoes provide a year-round breeding site for tuberworm.

spinosad.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Potato tuber worm on potato:



Dipel 2 X 6.4% WPBacillus thuringiensis (Subsp. Kurstaki) U 200 g/ Feddan

Protecto 9.4% WP Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki U 300 g/ FeddanCoragen 20% SC Chlorantraniliprole U 60 cc/ Feddan 7

Penny 9% SCEmamectin benzoate - Indoxacarb Mod II 200 cc/ Feddan 7


Avaunt 15% EC Indoxacarb Mod II 25 cc/ 100 Liter water 14

Bedlis 5% EC Lufenuron U 160 cc/ Feddan 7

Malathin 57% EC Malathion Low III 500 cc/ 100 Liter water 7

Malason / Coromandel 57% EC Malathion Low III 2 Liter/ Feddan 7Di Up 90% SP Methomyl High Ib 300 g/ Feddan 6

Runner 24% SC Methoxyfenozide U 37.5 cc/ 100 Liter water 7

Tracer 24% SC Spinosad U 30 cc/ 100 Liter water 10


Provide good soil drainage. Keep weeds under control. Do not use manure and/or

mulches in areas of field prone to snail damage.

Use yeast-baited traps. Sanitation: Clean up and

destroy all plant debris, and remove rocks, boards and logs where snails hide.

Can use garlic extracts and salt as repellents.

After irrigation or rains, put out yeast baits with iron phosphate (if it becomes registered and available) or use a molluscicide containing metaldehyde.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Glassy clover snail on potato:



Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne spp. Use of resistant cultivars and grow healthy plants

Management of nematodes is difficult, especially in


(use appropriate seed, spacing, watering, weeding and fertilizer)


Use crop rotation, deep plowing, fallowing and avoid mono cropping. Rotate with broccoli, cauliflower, sorghum, Sudan grass, rape, and mustard seed which are resistant to nematodes.




African and French marigold (Tagetes minuta and T. patula, respectively) plowed under the soil also suppress and reduce nematodes. Plant and plow residues under the soil 2 months later.

sandy soils. Botanical and homemade

water extracts of basil, garlic and neem seed may be effective controls.

Two new commercialized products, once registered for use, can be used as effective nematode controls: the microbe Myrothecium verrucaria and natural soil biopesticide labeled as Promax (containing extracts of tomatillo oil and thyme oil).

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Root Knot Nematode on potato:

Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Rate of Rate App. /Unit PHI/dayCooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 136Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

Class App.Tervigo 2%SC Abamectin Mod II 2.5 Liter/ Feddan 45Nimayuk 10% GR Ethoprophos Mod II 30 Kg/ Feddan 90Nema fight 20% EC Ethoprophos Mod II 2 Liter/ Feddan 70

Early blight, Alternaria solani

Scouting and spot treatment.

Blights can be minimized by maintaining optimum growing conditions, including proper fertilization, irrigation, and management of other pests.



Fungicide application is justified only when the disease is initiated early enough to cause economic loss.


Use synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, copper hydroxide, mancozeb, metalaxyl, copper sulfate (tribasic), cymoxanil + mancozeb or famoxadone, difenoconazole, difenoconazole + mandipropamide, dimethomorph, dimethomorph + metalaxyl, fenamidone + mancozeb,

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Early blight on potato:




Decent 32.5% SC Azoxystrobin - Difenoconazole Low III 300 cc/ Feddan 3Index 77% WP Copper hydroxide Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 5Kocide (2000) 53.8 % DF Copper hydroxide Mod II 180 g/ 100 Liter water 5Novicure 70% WG Copper sulfate tribasic Mod II 175 g/ 100 Liter water 3Equation Pro 52.5% WG Cymoxanil - Famoxadone Low III 40 g/ 100 Liter water 15Score 25% EC Difenoconazole U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 14Tridex Super 75% WG Mancozeb U 200 g/ 100 Liter water 3Sandcure 72% WP Mancozeb - Metalaxyl Mod II 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Polyram DF 80% DF Metiram Complex U 200 g/ 100 Liter water 14Cabrio Top 60% WG Pyraclostrobin - Metiram U 200 g/ 100 Liter water 5Toledo 43% SC Tebuconazole Low III 35 cc/ 100 Liter water 5Flint 50% WG Trifloxystrobin U 20 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Late blight, Phytophthora infestans

Use tolerant varieties and raised-bed production

Drain the growing field adequately before planting

Follow proper planting date; do not plant late

Farmers use sticks and lines to raise tomato plants and fruit into the air to aerate the plant and raise the leaves and fruit away from the soil

Use synthetic fungicides containing azoxystrobin, copper oxychloride, Bordeaux mix, chlorothalonil, copper complex + mancozeb, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, cymoxanil, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, dimethomorph, copper sulfate, famoxadone, fenamidone, fluazinam, mandipropamid, propamocarb hydrochloride.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Late blight on potato:


Rate of App.

Rate App. /Unit

PHI/day

Microstar 25% SC Azoxystrobin U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 7


Folio Gold 53.75% SCChlorothalonil - Metalaxyl-M (Mefenoxam) Mod II 300 cc/ 100 Liter

water 7

Zoom 2007 38.37% WP Copper hydroxide Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 0

Oxyplus 47.89% WP Copper oxychloride Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 0

Galben Copper 69.8% WP Copper oxychloride - Benalaxyl Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter

water 20Acrobat copper 73.2% WP Copper oxychloride - Dimethomorph Mod II 250 g/ 100 Liter

water 20

Rolex 50% WP Copper oxychloride - Metalaxyl Mod II 150 g/ 100 Liter water 10



water 7

Equation Pro 52.5% WG Cymoxanil - Famoxadone Low III 40 g/ 100 Liter water 15

Bravo Top 55% SP Difenoconazole - Chlorothalonil Low III 500 cc/ Feddan 3

Shirlan 50% SC Fluazinam U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 7

Foly Star 40% SL Fluazinam - Dimethomorph U 300 cc/ Feddan 7

Dithane M-45 - 80% WP Mancozeb U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 15

Tridex Super 75% WG Mancozeb U 200 g/ 100 Liter water 3

Galben Mancozeb 58% WP Mancozeb - Benalaxyl U 250 g/ 100 Liter

water 14


Vacomil MZ 72% WP Mancozeb - Metalaxyl Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 14

Ridomil Gold MZ 68% WG Metalaxyl M - Mancozeb Mod II 200 g/ 100 Liter

water 8

Previcur N 72.2% SL Propamocarb hydrochloride Low III 250 cc/ 100 Liter water 3


Antracol 70% WP Propineb U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3

Plant guard (30 × 10^6) Liquid Trichoderma harzianum U 250 cc/ 100 Liter water

Verticillium Wilts, Verticillium dahlia, v. alboatrum


Use resistant cultivars against race 1.

Need positive identification of Verticillium (to avoid confusion with Fusarium wilt)

Sanitation—clean equipment to prevent transfer of vectors and inoculum.

Rotate to small grains and maize.

Use green manure plants. Inoculate soil with

Trichoderma species.

No synthetic fungicides are recommended. (Many farmers tolerate some damage by Verticillium wilt).

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Verticillium Wilts on potato:


Rate of App.


Amisto 25% Sc Azoxystrobin U 1 Kg/ ton seedsMoncut 25% WP Flutolanil U 3 g/ kg seeds 60Monceren G 37% FS Imidacloprid - Pencycuron Mod II 0.6 cc/kg seeds 70Monceren 25% WP Pencycuron U 1 g/ kg seeds 0Vitavax 200 40% FS Thiram - Carboxin Mod II 750 cc/ton 60Biocontrol T34 12% WP Trichoderma asperellum U 250 g/ton tuber


Biocontrol T34 12% WP Trichoderma asperellum U 250 g/ FeddanAracur 72.2% SL Propamocarb hydrochloride U 1 cc/1 Liter water

Bacterial soft rot, Erwinia carotovora


Do weed control. Use resistant or tolerant

varieties. Plant in well-drained soils

and avoid over-irrigation. Use deep well water for

irrigation. Remove and destroy

diseased plants.

Spray with copper-containing compounds.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Bacterial soft rot on potato:

Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/dayUniform 390- 39% SE Azoxystrobin - Metalaxyl-M (Mefenoxam) Mod II 650 cc/ Feddan 6


Rhizo N (30 × 10^6 cells/gr) Powder Bacillus subtilis U 4 g/ Liter waterTachichem 30% SL Hymexazole U 1.5 cc/ 1 Liter water 7Previcur N 72.2% SL Propamocarb hydrochloride Low III 2.5 cc/ 1 Liter water 7Vitavax (200) 75% WP Thiram - Carboxin Low III 2.5 g/ kg seeds 0Rizolex T 50% WP Thiram - Tolclofos-methyl Mod II 3 g/ kg seeds 0Biocontrol T34 12% WP Trichoderma asperellum U 2 g/ kg seedsTrianum P 01×10^9 spores per gram WG Trichoderma harzianum U 250 g/ 100 Liter water

Annual and Perennial weeds Herbicide expenses make

farmers use hand weeding, hoeing or cultivation.

At end of the harvest,

Pre- and Post-plant, use synthetic herbicides containing glyphosate, pendimethalin, sethoxydim,


manual removal of weeds. Clean weeds along

irrigation canals that can transmit weeds to the field.

Use crop rotation. Use transplants which can

out-compete weeds quicker.



weeding. Can use drip irrigation to

regulate water in the crop and avoid weed emergence.

or rimsulfuron.


Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata)

Greasy Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon Use weed management by cultivation in and around field.









Aphids, Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii Use resistant varieties Use regular monitoring

with yellow sticky traps Many types of natural

enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under low insecticide input situations.

Sanitation: Field disking and destruction of crop


While insecticides may help reduce secondary spread of aphid-transmitted viruses, they do not prevent primary infection of fields.

Synthetic insecticides Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 143Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

residues are important for control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.


containing imidacloprid, acetamiprid or pymetrozine can be used.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control aphids on pumpkin:







Oikos 3.2% EC Azadirachtin U 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 1Tedo 50% WG Pymetrozine U 50 g/ 100 Liter water 3Supertox-1 48% SC Clothianidin U 200 cc/ Feddan 5

Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci, Dacus ciliatus Controlled in nature by hymenopteran parasitoids (Encarsia species), lady

Spray natural solutions of horticultural oil, neem/azadirachtin seed


beetles and minute pirate bugs.

Monitoring crops and establishment of a pesticide program after finding 1 white fly per 10 plants, spraying may be used.

Yellow sticky traps may reduce populations but cannot prevent the spread.

extract or Beauveria bassiana if the infestation is heavy.

Treat soil with synthetic systemic insecticides containing acetamiprid, imidacloprid or thiamethoxam.

Spray with synthetic insecticides containing buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, or narrow range oil.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Whiteflies and Dacus ciliatus:


Benevia 10% OD Cyantraniliprole U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Best 25% WP Imidacloprid Mod II 75 g/ 100 Liter water 7Imaxi 35% SC Imidacloprid Mod II 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Commando 35% SC Imidacloprid Mod II 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 5Confidor 20% OD Imidacloprid Low III 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Mycotal 01×10^10 spores per gram WG


Planta 10% EC Pyriproxyfen U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Movento 10% SC Spirotetramat U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Closer 24% SC Sulfoxaflor U 100 cc/ Feddan 7Actara 25% WG Thiamethoxam U 350 g/ Feddan 6Renova 25% WG Thiamethoxam U 20 g/ 100 Liter water 7

Conserve 0.024% CB Spinosad U 500 cm3/4L (Partial treatment( 1

Red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Natural predators and Can use natural insecticides


parasites control large proportions of spider mite populations. The western predatory mite, Galendromus (=Metaseiulus) occidentalis, can be purchased and released onto field.



containing narrow range oils, neem/azadirachtin seed extract and insecticidal soap.


Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Red spider mite on pumpkin:


Biosect WP (32 million cells/g) Beauveria bassiana U 200 g/ 100 Liter waterExcellent 1.9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 70 cc/ Feddan 5Milbecknok 1% EC Milbemectin U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 1Diver 97% EC Mineral oil U 1 Liter/ 100 Liter water 10KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.5 Liter/ 100 Liter water 10Solfan 70% SC Sulfur U 200 cc/ 100 Liter water 3Delmite 7.5% SC Sulfur Low III 1 Liter/ Feddan 3Micronite 80% WP Sulfur U 2 Kg/ Feddan 5Microvit 80% WP Sulfur U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3


Fusarium Rots, Fusarium oxysporium, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum



In greenhouses, disinfect all surfaces.

Rotate out of melons for at least 5 years.

Use sanitation—remove and burn heavily infected plants and crop residues at season end.

Use lime to raise soil pH. Use of chicken manure

and mushroom compost decrease disease symptoms.


No synthetic fungicides are recommended for spraying.

If needed, fungicides containing fludioxonil could be used.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Fusarium Rots:




waterBiocontrol T34 12% WP Trichoderma asperellum U 2 g/ kg seedsPanoramix 2% FS Bacillus megaterium - Bacillus subtilis - Trichoderma U 4 cc/kg seeds


harzianumRhizo N (30 × 10^6 cells/gr) Powder Bacillus subtilis U 4 g/ Liter water

Powdery Mildew, Podosphaera xanthii Control irrigation water. Resistant varieties are

available for control. Use crop rotation. Sanitation: Remove and

destroy dead plants. Control weeds in and

around field. Increase light intensity by

planting at proper recommended intervals.



Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Powdery Mildew on pumpkin:










Microvit KZ 80% WP Sulfur Low III 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 148Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

Microthiol special 80% WG Sulfur U 250 g/ 100 Liter water 3Bio Zeid 2.5% WP Trichoderma album U 250 g/ 100 Liter water

Annual and Perennial weeds Cultivate weeds under before they set seed in rotation crops.




Herbicides may not be economical to use.

Can use synthetic herbicides containing fluazifop-p-butyl, metribuzin, prometryn, pyraflufen-ethyl, quizalofop-p-tefuryl, rimsulfuron, metribuzin or linuron.

Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas)





Sanitation: Destruction of plant residues from previous crops and




avoiding planting in fields that are coming out of pasture.












Aphids, Myzus persicae, A. craccivora

Use resistant varieties Use regular monitoring

with yellow sticky traps Many types of natural

enemies and pathogens may control these aphids under low insecticide input


While insecticides may help reduce secondary spread of aphid-transmitted viruses,


situations. Sanitation: Field disking

and destruction of crop residues are important for control of aphid pests of leafy vegetables to reduce their migration into nearby crops.


they do not prevent primary infection of fields.

Synthetic insecticides containing imidacloprid, acetamiprid or pymetrozine can be used.


Do weed control around and in field.

Sanitation: Remove and destroy all crop residues.

Use of a bait composed of bran, molasses and a synthetic insecticide containing pyrethrins.

Rotate among synthetic insecticides containing teflubenzuron, indoxacarb.


Provide good soil drainage. Keep weeds under control. Do not use manure and/or

mulches in areas of field prone to snail damage.

Use yeast-baited traps. Sanitation: Clean up and

destroy all plant debris, and remove rocks, boards

Use repellents containing diatomaceous earth, garlic or kaolin dust.

Use granular bait formulations of iron phosphate (if it becomes registered) or a molluscicide containing metaldehyde.


and logs where snails hide.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control snails on sweet potatoes:



Root Rots, Fusarium oxysporum; Fusarium culmorum; Fusarium radicicola; Fusarium solani; Rhizoctonia solani; Sclerotium rolfsii; Marco phomina phaseolina

Use resistant varieties, if available.

Use disease-free planting stocks.

Avoid fields with a history of wilt. Do crop rotations.

Ensure good drainage of soil.

Use nitrate nitrogen rather than ammoniacal nitrogen.

To reduce infection near transplanting time, hold transplants for 24 hours at 29°C to promote suberisation of the injured surface.

Plant more than one transplant per hill to make up for those infected.

Can use fungicides containing azoxystrobin, fludioxonil or metiram.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control root rots on sweet potatoes:



dayTrianum P 01×10^9 spores per gram Trichoderma harzianum U 250 g/ 100 Liter


WG waterBiocontrol T34 12% WP Trichoderma asperellum U 2 g/ kg seeds



Pomegranate (Punica granatum)

The pomegranate butterfly, Virachola livia

Sanitation: Collect and destroy all infested fruits.

Cover immature fruits with a bag or cloth.

Can use natural insecticides containing neem/Azadirachtin seed extract or Bacillus thuringiensis.

Can use sprays of synthetic insecticides containing deltamethrin or malathion.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control the pomegranate butterfly ob pomegranate:



Affirm 5% SG Emamectin benzoate Mod II 60 g/ Feddan 7Pasha 1..9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 250 cc/ Feddan 10Radiant 12% SC Spinetoram U 35 cc/ Feddan 1Promed 5% SG Emamectin benzoate Mod II 60 g/ Feddan 10Exboss 1.9% EC Emamectin benzoate Low III 250 cc/ Feddan 10

Mealybug, Planococcus citri Several natural predators

and parasites control mealybugs.

Spray with neem/azadirachtin seed extract, a spinosad product,


Monitoring, mapping and noting population levels throughout orchard.

or a narrow range oil. Use of insecticides

containing imidacloprid and thiamethoxam.

Scale insect, Chrysomphalus aonidium

Scales are often well controlled by beneficial predators and parasites, except when ants, dust, or application of persistent broad-spectrum insecticides disrupts these natural enemies.

Provide plants with good growing conditions and proper cultural care especially appropriate irrigation.

Prune off heavily infested twigs and branches to eliminate scales when infestations are on limited parts of the plant.

Pruning to open up tree canopies helps to control some scale species.

Consider replacing problem-prone plants.

A well-timed and thorough spray using horticultural (narrow-range) oil applied either during the dormant season or soon after scale crawlers are active in late winter to early summer should provide good control. Complete spray coverage of infested plants (such as the underside of leaves) is needed to obtain good control.

A soil application of the systemic insecticide imidacloprid can provide season-long control of soft scales and certain other species.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control scale insects & mealybugs on pomegranate:

Trade Name Active Ingredients Product WHO Class Rate of App. Rate App. /Unit PHI/dayApplaud 25% SC Buprofezin U 600 cc/ Feddan 5Confidor 20% OD Imidacloprid Low III 100 cc/ 100 Liter water 7


KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1.5 Liter/ 100 Liter water 12Provy 10% EC Pyriproxyfen U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Movento 10% SC Spirotetramat U 40 cc/ 100 Liter water 7Transform 50% WG Sulfoxaflor Low III 125 g/ Feddan 1

Pomegranate or Ash Whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae

Several natural predators and parasites control white flies.

If possible keep cotton fields as far away from pomegranate as possible.

Do weed control in orchard.

Avoid or remove plants that repeatedly host high populations of whiteflies.

Aluminum foil or silver reflective mulches can repel whiteflies.

Yellow sticky traps can reduce whitefly populations.

Insecticidal soaps or oils such as neem/azadirachtin seed extract may reduce but not eliminate populations.

Use of insecticides containing imidacloprid and thiamethoxam.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Pomegranate or Ash Whitefly:







Planta 10% EC Pyriproxyfen U 75 cc/ 100 Liter water 7




KZ oil 95% EC Mineral oil U 1 Liter/ 100 Liter water 0


Achook 0.15% EC Azadirachtin U 750 cc/ Feddan 1

Leopard Moth, Zeuzera pyrina

Use pheromones in traps and for mating disruption.

Prune off and destroy heavily infested branches and twigs.

Use sprays containing Bacillus thuringiensis.

Can use sprays containing dimethoate during adult moth emergence.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control Leopard Moth on pomegranate:


Pychlorex 48% EC Chlorpyrifos Mod II 1.25 Liter/ Feddan 25Tafaban 48% EC Chlorpyrifos Mod II 1 Liter/ Feddan 10Pestban 48% EC Chlorpyrifos Mod II 1 Liter/ Feddan 12Takumi 20% WG Flubendiamid U 100 g/ Feddan 3Match 5% EC Lufenuron U 160 cc/ Feddan 5

Root Rot, Fusarium solani; Rhizoctonia solani; Pythium spp.

Sanitation: Collect and destroy heavily infested

Use of fungicides containing copper applied late


fruits. afternoon.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control root rot on pomegranate:







Fruit rots, Phomopsis spp., Alternaria alternate, Cercospora sp.

Sanitation: Collect and destroy heavily infested fruits.

Use of natural fungicides containing copper applied late afternoon.

Details of registered pesticides, when needed to control fruit rots on pomegranate:



Bio Arc 6% WP Bacillus megaterium U 250 g/ 100 Liter waterCaptan Ultra 50% WP Captan U 300 g/ 100 Liter water 7Switch 62.5% WG Cyprodinil - Fludioxonil Low III 75 g/ 100 Liter water 3Teldor 50% SC Fenhexamid U 50 cc/ 100 Liter water 10Bellis 38% WG Pyraclostrobin - Boscalid U 50 g/ 100 Liter water 15Pandel 8% SC Sulfur Low III 125 cc/ 100 Liter water 1Biocontrol T34 12% WP Trichoderma asperellum U 85 g/ 100 Liter water

Annual and Perennial weeds Can use mechanical

means to mow or plow under weeds.

Can use herbicides containing glyphosate, pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen,


fluazifop-p-butyl, sethoxydim.

Farmer should cut grasses then, hoe by machine and irrigate the field. After irrigation and when weeds have 3 leaves, use herbicide as Herbazed 48% WSC (Glyphosate) at 2.5 L. /fed.


Annex 2: Guidelines for PMPs for the USAID/Egypt-funded projects Target Crops, Beneficiaries and Elements of an IPM Program

What is a PMP27?

Pest Management Plans or Guides provide field crop, livestock production or project decision-makers – farmers and farm managers – with best production practices recommendations, usually adapted by region, crop phenology and seasons. The aims of PMPs are to reduce the risks to production from pests by using a combination of best practices, including IPM, Integrated Vector Management (IVM) and Integrated Weed Management (IWM), that maximize crop or livestock health, and thus resilience to or tolerance of pests, and without an over-reliance on pesticides needed when best practices are not followed. Thus, prevention of pests plays a strongly pivotal role in the PMP, followed closely by management of pests when prevention alone is not adequate for the level of control needed or desired.

Who are the PMP’s intended audiences and users?

Farm land preparation and crop production decision-makers

Farmers

Farm managersWhy is a PMP being done?

PMP Objectives:

Prevent or reduce pest damage risk to agricultural production or health

Protect the health of farmers, farm family members, laborers and community members from pesticide risks

Maintain economically sound practices

Reduce environmental pollution and degradation risks

Enhance the overall quality and quantity of biodiversity on the sustainable farm work environment

27 PMPs or Year-Round (seasonal) IPM Programs are state of the art in many developed countries, and they help institutionalize IPM in planning and practice. PMPs provide agriculture managers and farmers with a tool to predict and prevent many crop pests of each crop throughout a season. See examples of PMPs at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html, upper left corner under “Year-Round IPM Programs”. Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html

Respond to foreign market demand for the use of agriculture sector best management practice standards, also called Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs) which include IPM measures, to achieve farm and produce certification

Comply with local, regional, donor and international laws, conventions, and regulations

Organization of the PMP

The following pieces of crop- or livestock-specific background information are used to build a PMP base

General information on the crop/livestock/sector

Crop/livestock common/species names:

Crop/livestock developmental stages:

Production regions and how they differ by soil type, pH, fertility, etc.

Overall concerns and priorities for crop/livestock production

Crop/livestock cultural best practices

Crop/livestock Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs) including some IPM (see PERSUAP section on GAPS and IPM) recommendations

Individual Pest Prevention and Management Sections for each of the following pest types:

Invertebrate (Insects, Mites, Slugs/Snails, Nematodes)

Diseases (Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Other)

Weeds (annual grasses, broadleaves, perennial grasses, broadleaves, sedges, others)

Vertebrates (birds, rodents, other)For each pest type, first, identify overall priorities for pest prevention and management in the target crop or livestock.

Next, identify individual pest species noting the type of damage incurred; part of plant damaged: roots/rhizomes/tubers, stems/stalks, leaves, florescence, or seeds (field or stored); or if livestock, part of animal affected.



To best understand how to manage a pest, one needs to understand how, where, when and on what parts of the plant or animal the pest feeds. For field pests and stored grain/food pests, many PMPs are designed and outlined as follows, for each major species of pest (insects, mites, slugs/snails, nematodes):

Photographs of each pest, life stages Photographs of plant or livestock damage Description of the pest, life cycle and survival strategies28: Description of damage symptoms Best Prevention Practices

o Use any and all of the above GAPs including IPM o Country or region-specific information

Best Management Practiceso Focus on prevention (above) o Country or region-specific information

Information on PMP-recommended pesticides:

Information needed for each pesticide referenced in the above PMP, by pest (so the farmer/farm manager has the information at their fingertips and do not need to refer to other documents and tables to find it):

Pesticide essential information needed

Active Ingredient (AI) name Product Trade names (with EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Classifications

in parenthesis)

Amounts to use per hectare Price Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI)

Special comments on best application methods and frequency

Any resistance management strategies needed

28 Survival strategies: All pests have survival strategies that allow them to live and breed in each crop’s farming systems. Knowing the survival strategies, including overwintering habit and alternate host plants, that are employed by the pest can help with decision making at the farming systems-level (e.g. choice of rotation crops) and also can help to anticipate pest outbreaks.



Pesticide application record sheet

Guidelines for reducing spray drift

Re-entry interval (REI): field safe re-entry period after spraying

Maximum residue levels (MRL) permitted by markets

Pesticide precautions with use including

Reading the label

Legal responsibilities and permitted registration uses

Permit requirements for possession and use

Recommended and obligated use of PPE and best practices

First aid and antidotes

Transportation best practices

Storage best practices

Safe use best practices

Container disposal best practices

Leftover pesticide disposal best practices

Protection of non-pest animals, plants, endangered species and water body quality

Protect natural enemies & honeybees: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r584310111.html

Posting signage in treated fields Some chemicals not permitted on processed crops Potential for phytotoxicity (crop injury) on some crops Documentation and record-keeping on farms

Information needed on Natural Enemies of Pests:

Common Names of Predators and Parasitoids effective against above pests: For a list of common natural enemies of crop pests, see http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/index.html. Genera will likely be the Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/index.html

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r584310111.html

same around the world, with different species in different continents, filling similar niches.

Additional Information Needed:

Will there be an IPM Coordinator, an IPM Advisory Committee, Education and Licensing for Applicators, Currency and Approval of the PMP?



Annex 3: Elements of IPM Program

Although farmers are likely using numerous IPM tactics, without really calling them that, IPM philosophy or planning is not generally an active part of crop production in most emerging market countries; thus, a basic understanding of the steps or elements needed in an IPM program are addressed below, as formulated by FAO29.

Step 1: Learn and value farmers’ indigenous IPM tactics.Most farmers are already using their own forms of GAPs and IPM, many of which are novel, self-created, adapted for local conditions, and many of which work well. These local tools and tactics need to be well understood and taken into account when making PMPs. Accurate assessments of these farmers’ GAP and IPM technologies, as well as an understanding of actual losses due to different constraints in farmers’ fields are required before designing a crop production and pest management program. Standards and Certification (S&C) farmers will have records of historical pesticide use and trends, as well as information on current use of artisanal or local IPM tactics.

Step 2: Identify key pests for each target crop. Although perhaps up to ten species of pests may impact a crop and yields at different plant growth stages, generally only two or three are considered serious enough to spend money controlling. Farmers should be encouraged to monitor their population size, their life cycle, the kind of damage they cause and actual losses. Note that crop loss figures based on farmers’ perceptions of damage and loss are often overestimated.

Step 3: Evaluate all management options. Use of best management practices, preventive measures, and “organic” options to control pest impacts may eliminate the need for synthetic pesticides.

Step 4: Choose IPM methods; identify Needs, and Establish Priorities.Continue dialog with project field staff, ministry extension staff and farmers when choosing methods to be used. Consider the feasibility of attractive methods, including the availability of resources needed, farmers’ perceptions of pest problems, their abilities to identify pests, their predators, diseases and parasitoids, and to act upon their observations.

Step 5: Do effective activities and training to promote IPM.Next, identify strategies and mechanisms for fostering the transfer of the needed IPM technology under various project and institutional arrangements, mechanisms, and funding levels. Define what is available for immediate transfer and what may require more adaptation and validation research. Set up an initial planning

29http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e00.htm; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e02.htm; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Field_School; http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.htmlCooperative Agreement No. ................................................................




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer_Field_School

http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e02.htm

http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad487e/ad487e00.htm

workshop (with a COP-supported and signed Action Plan) to help define and orient implementation activities, and begin to assign individual responsibilities.

Learning-by-doing/discovery training programs

The adoption of new techniques by small-, medium- and large-holder farmers occurs most readily when program participants acquire knowledge and skills through personal experience, observation, analysis, experimentation, decision-making and practice. Trained instructors or extension agents conduct frequent (usually weekly) sessions for 10–20 farmers during the cropping season in farmers’ fields.

Smallholder support and discussion groups

Weekly meetings of smallholders, held during the cropping season, to discuss pest and related problems are useful for sharing the success of various control methods. However, maintaining attendance is difficult except when there is a clear financial incentive (e.g., credit, advance knowledge of nearby infestations for early action leading to yield improvement).

Educational material

In many countries, basic written and photographic guides to pest identification and crop-specific management techniques are unavailable or out of date. Videos featuring graphic pictures of the effects of acute and chronic pesticide exposure, and interviews with poisoning victims can be particularly effective.

Youth education

Promoting and improving the quality of programs on IPM and the risks of synthetic pesticides has been effective at technical schools for rural youth. In addition to becoming future farmers, these students can bring informed views back to their communities.

Food market incentives (especially important in the last decade)

Promoting Organic, GlobalGAP, BRC, Fair Trade or other certification for access to the lucrative and rapidly growing S&C systems-driven international and regional food markets can be, and is, a strong incentive to adopt IPM.

Step 6: Partner successfully with other IPM implementers.The following design steps are considered essential.

Articulate the partnership’s vision of IPM

Organizations may forge partnerships based on a common commitment to “IPM” – only to discover too late that that their visions of IPM differ considerably. It is therefore highly important that partners articulate a common, detailed vision of IPM, centered on the crops and conditions the project will encounter.



Confirm partner institutions’ commitment

The extent of commitment to IPM integration into project, design, and thus implementation depends strongly upon the following key variables:

IPM program integration into larger project

The IPM program is likely to be part of a larger “sustainable agriculture” project. The IPM program must fit into a partner’s overall goals. The extent of this integration should be clearly expressed in the proposed annual work plan.

Cost sharing.

The extent of funds (or in-kind resources) is a good measure of a genuine partner commitment.

Participation of key IPM personnel

Organizations should have staff with expertise in IPM. In strong partnerships, these staff members are actively involved in the partnership.

Step 7: Monitor the fields regularly.At minimum twice a week, farmers should monitor their fields for pests, as some pest populations increase rapidly and unexpectedly; this increase is usually related closely to the stage of crop growth and weather conditions, but it is difficult to predict the severity of pest problems in advance.

Step 8: Select an appropriate blend of IPM tools.A good IPM program draws from and integrates a variety of pest management techniques, like those presented in the above list. Flexibility to fit local needs is a key variable. Pesticides should be used only if no practical, effective, and economic non-chemical control methods are available. Once the pesticide has been carefully chosen for the pest, crop, and environment, it should be applied only to keep the pest population low, not necessarily eliminate it.

Step 9: Develop education, training, and demonstration programs for extension workers.Implementation of IPM depends heavily on education, training, and demonstration to help farmers and extension workers develop and evaluate the IPM methods. Hands-on training conducted in farmers’ fields (as opposed to a classroom) is a must. Special training for extension workers and educational programs for government officials and the public are also important.

Step 10: Monitoring, Record-Keeping and Evaluation (M&E).Develop data collection forms and checklists, collect baseline GAP/IPM data at the beginning of the project, and set targets.

For the use and maintenance of Good Agriculture Practices (that include safe pesticide storage, use and disposal), maintain farm or project files of: farmer and Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................


farm employee training records certification; farm soil, water, biodiversity, cropping and pesticide use maps; pesticide purchase and stock records; price increases or decreases, chemical application instructions including target pest, type of chemical applied, dosage, time of spray, rates at which pesticides were applied, harvest interval days, application machinery, PPE required and used, and any special instructions on mixing, exposure to children or dangers.

Further, for project staff, beneficiaries, produce processing facilities, food warehouses, seed multipliers, or farmers that store seed or food and deal with stored seed and food pests, there are warehouse BMPs and monitoring reports that incorporate some IPM tactics. These monitoring forms track, by location or warehouse, use of pallets, stacking, general hygiene and sanitation, damaged packages, actual infestations or signs of rodents, molds, insects, drainage, locks and security measures, use of IPM tactics including least toxic chemicals and strict BMPs, including restricted access, for use of common but hazardous fumigants like aluminum phosphide.



Annex 4: Acute Toxicity of Pesticides: EPA and WHO Classifications

General Toxicity

Pesticides, by necessity, are poisons, but the toxicity and hazards of different compounds vary greatly. Toxicity refers to the inherent intoxicating ability of a compound whereas hazard refers to the risk or danger of poisoning when the pesticide is used or applied. Pesticide hazard depends not only on toxicity but also on the chance of exposure to toxic amounts of the pesticide. Pesticides can enter the body through oral ingestion, through the skin or through inhalation. Once inside the body, they may produce poisoning symptoms, which are either acute (from a single exposure) or chronic (from repeated exposures or absorption of smaller amounts of toxicant).

EPA and WHO Toxicity Classifications

Basically, there are two systems of pesticide toxicity classification. These are the USEPA and the WHO systems of classification. It is important to note that the WHO classification is based on the active ingredient only, whereas USEPA uses product formulations to determine the toxicity class of pesticides. So, WHO classification shows relative toxicities of all pesticide active (or technical) ingredients, whereas EPA classification shows actual toxicity of the formulated products, which can be more or less toxic than the active ingredient alone and are more representative of actual dangers encountered in the field. The tables below show classification of pesticides according to the two systems.

a) USEPA classification (based on formulated product = active ingredient plus inert and other ingredients)

Class

Descriptive term

Mammalian LD50

Mammalian

Inhalation

LC50

Irritation Aquatic invert/fish (LC50 or EC50)2

Honey bee acute oral (LD50)

Oral Dermal Eye1 Skin

I Extremely toxic

50 200 0.2 Corrosive

Corrosive < 0.1

II Highly toxic 50-500

200-2000 0.2-2.0 Severe Severe 0.11-1.0 < 2 µg/bee

III Moderately toxic

500-5000

2000-20000

2.0-20 No corneal opacity

Moderate 1.1-10.0 2.1-11 µg/bee


IV Slightly toxic

5000

20000 20 None Moderate or slight

10.1-100

Relatively non-toxic

101-1000

Practically non-toxic

1001-10,000

> 11 µg/bee

Non-toxic > 10,0001 Corneal opacity not reversible within 7 days for Class I pesticides; corneal opacity reversible within 7 days but irritation persists during that period for Class II pesticides; no corneal opacity and irritation is reversible within 7 days for Class III pesticides; and Class IV pesticides cause no irritation2 Expressed in ppm or mg/l of water

b) WHO classification (based only on active or ‘technical’ ingredient)

Class Descriptive termOral LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body wt.)

Dermal LD50 for the rat (mg/kg body wt.)

Solids Liquids Solids Liquids

Ia Extremely hazardous 5 20 10 40

Ib Highly hazardous 5-50 20-200 10-100 40-400

II Moderately hazardous 50-500 20-2000 100-1000 400-4000

III Slightly hazardous 501 2001 1001 4001

U Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use 2000 3000 - -

Annex 5: Training Topics and Safe Pesticide Use Web Resources

GAP/IPM

Pest identification: How to recognize common important pests and diseases

Monitoring: The importance of frequent crop monitoring for pests, diseases and weeds

GAP and IPM concepts, tactics and tools found in Annex 1 that can reduce pesticide use and associated risks on specific pests of project target crops


PMPs—Pest Management Plans: Creating and using these farm crop-management tools

Pesticides

Understanding pesticides: Quality, types, classes and acute toxicities of common pesticides

Regulations: US, EU and Egypt laws that guide pesticide registration and use

Natural pesticides: Raise awareness of and promote the use of natural pesticides found in Annexes 1, 4, and 5 as well as green-label synthetic pesticides with relatively low risks

Spot Treatments: The importance of spot treatments if needed (instead of crop-wide treatments)

MSDS: How to use MSDSs for pesticide-specific information on risks and risk reduction measures

REI—Re-Entry Intervals: Pesticide-specific risks associated with entering a sprayed field too soon after the spray operation

PHI—Pre-Harvest Interval: Pesticide-specific risks associated with harvesting a crop before pesticides have had a chance to break down

MRL—Maximum Residue Level: Risks associated with pesticide residues on human food

Vulnerable individuals: The importance of keeping children, pregnant women, elderly and infirm away from the field while spraying and kept out after spraying

Human and environmental risks: Risks associated with more commonly-used pesticides (use information from MSDSs and Annex 4)

When to spray: Early in the morning, late in the afternoon, or night without wind or rain

Use of recommended PPE: Why it is used (see product MSDSs, product labels and web reference below)

Proper use and maintenance of sprayers, including proper sprayer calibration and spray nozzle choice

Proper clean-up & post spray hygiene

Safe Use: How to purchase, transport, store and use pesticides safely (“safe purchase” requires quality, brand-name products)

Maintenance: of PPE and sprayers

Monitoring for the development of pesticide resistance


Proper collection and disposal of pesticide rinseate and packaging (see disposal web reference below and MSDSs)

The use of pesticide spray buffer zones near schools, water resources, organic crop production, apiaries, bird sanctuaries, biodiversity enclaves, national parks or other sensitive areas.

How to reduce and mitigate risks to critical environmental resources and biodiversity (found in PER Factors E and G)

Honeybees: Ensuring pesticide applicators notify beekeepers about spray activities, and spray early morning or late afternoon when no heavy winds or rain are present

Water Pollution: Raise awareness of pesticides (especially some herbicides) with high ground water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy to reach (use Annex 4 and MSDSs)

Exposure routes: Ways pesticides enter the body and ways to mitigate entry

Basic first aid: Understanding how to treat pesticide poisonings (see first aid web reference and MSDSs)

Record-keeping: Pesticide used, when used, which crop, how applied, who applied

Web Safe Pesticide Use Training Resources

General Mitigation of Potential Pesticide Dangers General Measures to Ensure Safe Use: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13EPA Recommended Worker Protection Standards: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/worker.htm (all types of PPE)Routes of Pesticide Exposure and Mitigation of Risks:http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13Basic First Aid for Pesticide Overexposure: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13International PIC & POPs Lists:PIC Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals (http://www.pic.int)POPs Pesticides and Chemicals (http://www.pops.int)Pesticide Disposal Options:http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/chap-13_0.pdf


http://www.pops.int/

http://www.pic.int/

http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf



Annex 6: Farm Record Keeping Associated with Pesticide Use


Annex 7: Form for Projects to Monitor Farmer Best Practices including GAP and IPM options

Name of Staff Responsible for Monitoring Demonstration Farms:

Name of Demonstration Farmer: Crop: Date:

What are the major pests encountered by the farmer?

Which of the attached Preventive and Curative GAP and IPM tools and tactics are used by farmer?

Are pesticides used by demo farmer? Yes__ No__

How are pesticides applied? backpack sprayer__ other__

What are the names of the pesticides used?

Which PPE does farmer have and use? gloves___ overalls___ boots___

respirator___goggles___

Has the farmer had IPM and Safe Pesticide Use training? Yes__ No__

Are there any empty pesticide containers scattered in the field? Yes__ No__

Are there signs that the backpack sprayer has leaks? Yes__ No__

Does the farmer understand the pesticide label information? Yes__ No__

Is the pesticide stored safely out of the house or away from kids? Yes__ No__

Does the farmer use gloves for mixing the pesticide with water? Yes__ No__

What times of the day are the pesticides applied? ________

Are pesticides applied during rain or windy conditions? Yes__ No__

Are women or children permitted to apply pesticides? Yes__ No__

Are empty pesticide containers are used to store water? Yes__ No__

Does the farmer rinse equipment away from streams and open water? Yes__ No__

Does the farmer wash clothes after applying pesticides? Yes__ No__

How does the farmer dispose of empty pesticide containers? Puncture/bury__ burn__


Is there any evidence that pesticides are becoming less effective? Yes__No__


Preventive and Curative GAP and IPM options:

Preventive Preventive CurativeSoil nutrient, texture and pH

testingFarmer ability to correctly

identify pest predators, parasitoids and diseases

Mechanical insect control by hand picking

Pest resistant/tolerant seed/plant variety

Weekly field scouting to assess pest levels/damage

Farmers make & apply local artisanal plant extracts (neem, pyrethroid, garlic, chili, other)

Early/late plantings or harvestings to avoid pests

Use of trap crops to trap and destroy pests

Weed control by machine cultivation, hoe or hand

Seed treatment with pesticides Removal/pruning of diseased or heavily infested plants/tree branches

Purchase and release of predators or parasitoids to control major pests

Soil moisture testing Planting parasite-attracting plants on field margins

Use of pheromone traps to reduce overall pest levels

Raised-bed production or mounding

Put baits and use other practices to encourage predator/parasite build-up

Use of pheromone inundation to confuse pest mating

Irrigation and drip irrigation Use of pheromone traps to monitor pest levels

Spot treatment of pest hotspots with insecticides, miticides or fungicides

Use of natural fertilizers (manure, compost)

Inter-planting crops with aromatic herbs (celery, cilantro, parsley, dill or local plants) that repel pests

Area spraying (complete field coverage) using synthetic and natural insecticides, miticides or nematocides

Use of purchased mineral fertilizers

Mulching with organic materials or plastic to control weeds

Use of synthetic and natural fungicides or bactericides

Combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers

Plant living barriers or bamboo/tree barriers on windward edge of field

Use of herbicides for weed control

Crop rotation Exclude insect pests by using vegetable tunnels and micro-tunnels

Farm use of a locked storage building for pesticides

Use of green manure crops Use of biodiversity or energy conservation practices

Farmer use of pesticide in-ground compost trap for depositing and capturing spilled or leftover pesticides

Farmer ability to correctly identify pests and their damage

Crop stalks, residue and dropped fruit destruction/composting season end

Farmer use of receptacle for empty pesticide bottle disposal


Annex 8: PERSUAP References

Baker EL, Zack M, Miles JW, Alderman L, Warren M, Dobbins RD, Miller S, Teeters WR (1978) Epidemic malathion poisoning in Pakistan malaria workers. The Lancet, January: 31–33.Websites: Website references used to develop the PERSUAP International Treaties and Conventions:POPs website: http://www.pops.intPIC Website: http://www.pic.intBasel Convention: http://www.basel.int/Montreal Protocol: http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/montreal_protocol.php Pakistan malaria poisonings: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACQ047.pdf.Pesticide poisonings: http://www.panna.org/resources/panups/panup_20080403 http://www.panna.org/legacy/panups/panup_20060131.dv.htmlIPM and PMP websites:http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/ http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/topic_pest_management http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/index.cfm http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/154769/cotton-pest-management-guide-part1.pdfPesticide Research Websites:http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ghindex.html (Extoxnet Oregon State database with ecotox)http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/f_2.htm (all types of application equipment)http://www.greenbook.net/ (pesticide Material Safety Data Sheets)http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm (EPA Registration Eligibility Decisions)Ecotoxicity : http://alamancebeekeepers.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Hazardous-Pesticides.pdf (pesticide toxicity to honeybees)http://wihort.uwex.edu/turf/Earthworms.htm (pesticide toxicity to earthworms)Safety : http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/index.htm (EPA regulated biopesticides)http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/index.html (IPM, PMPs and pesticide recommendations)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PI/PI07300.pdf (Restricted Use Pesticides)http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/ (EPA Health & Safety)http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/PPISdata/ (EPA pesticide product information)Personal Protection Equipment (PPE):http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm (All types of PPE)Cooperative Agreement No. ................................................................ 176Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan Submission:

http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PI/PI07300.pdf

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/index.html

http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/index.htm

http://wihort.uwex.edu/turf/Earthworms.htm

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm

http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/f_2.htm

http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ghindex.html

http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/index.cfm

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/

http://www.panna.org/resources/panups/panup_20080403

http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACQ047.pdf

http://www.basel.int/

http://www.pic.int/

http://www.pops.int/

2015 egypt fas persuap · web viewtrianum p 01×10^9 spores per gram wg trichoderma harzianum u 250...

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