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“ I can do all things through Christ who gives me strength” Eduardo Macias MD PGY3 DIABETES

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Page 1: 2015 FACES DIabetes BreakoutSessionsborderrac.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015... · The Impact of Non‐Adherence Substantially increases morbidity and mortality – associated

“ I can do all things through Christ who gives me strength”

Eduardo Macias MD PGY3

DIABETES

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INITIAL REACTION

• Traumatic prior event• Initial type 2 DM diagnosis• Kubler-Ross phases.• Confusion

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I am not the typical patient

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• “Familism”• Mexican culture myths• Use of insulin• Type 1 or Latent Autoimmune Diabetes diagnosis• Everyone assumed I knew I had all the information

so no one bothered to give the appropriate information

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“Familism”

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LIST ADAPTATIONS• Diet• Exercise • Administration of insulin• Thinking ahead• Caring (and forgetting) Glucometer, glucose, insulin.• Differentiating between low glucose/high glucose and just being

tired

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DIABETES AS A SCIENCE

• Real Adaptation came until I went and shadowed a pediatric endocrinologist at UCSF.

• Lots of guessing vs predicting and understanding my diabetes.

• Technology + Information

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PARTNERSHIP WITH PROVIDERS

• Dr. AdiExperience, knowledge, and innovator.• Dr. Tamis BrightTrust to ask anything• Research Partners

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Stem Cell break through in Harvard.!!

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Thank You!!!

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In the Diabetic Patient

LOWER EXTREMITY ASSESSMENT

Larissa A. Szeyko, MD

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General Examination Takes several minutes but also focus Goals

Identify any current injuries Assess risk for future injury

Remember diabetics have increased risk for neuropathy and arterial disease = even if glycemic control is good patient may still be at high risk for ulceration and limb loss

Coordinate further workup Initiate referral for specialty evaluation

If you don’t see it you can’t address it Unaddressed ulcer on the distal toe can lead to above the knee amputation!

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Visual Assessment Symmetry

Healed amputation (AK/BK/TMT/digital) Bony deformities or contractures of the foot Calf and foot girth

Skin appearance Smooth with normal coloration Dry and flaky Hairless and shiny Erythematous or ischemic (red/purple/black)

Toenail appearance Yellow, thickened, flaky?

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Physical Examination Skin palpation

Texture Temperature

Closer visual skin assessment Heel fissures Interdigital maceration or ulceration Bruising Callus formation

Pulses Popliteal, Dorsalis Pedis, Posterior Tibial

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1st MTP ulcer depth as yet unkown

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Lymphedema with charcot arthropathy

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Dry gangrene with evidence of arterial disease

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What do you see?

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Wagner Classification

F. William Wagner, Jr., MD, The Dysvascular Foot: A System for Diagnosis and Treatment (Foot and Ankle, 

2:64‐122, 1981, Williams and Wilkins)

Grade Tier Classification Criteria

Grade 0 No open lesion, may have healed lesions/amputations or bony deformity

Grade 1 Superficial lesion without penetration to deeper layers

Grade 2 Deeper ulcer, reaching tendon, bone, or joint capsule

Grade 3 Deeper tissues are involved, and there is abscess, osteomyelitis, or tendonitis usually with extension along the mid‐foot compartments of tendon sheaths

Grade 4 There is gangrene of some part of the toe, toes, and/or forefoot; gangrene may be wet or dry, infected or non‐infected

Grade 5 Gangrene involves the whole foot or enough of the foot that no local procedures are possible and BKA is indicated

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Diego De la Mora MD, FACPAssistant Professor – Department of Internal Medicine 

Texas Tech University HSC Paul L. Foster School of Medicine

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Disclosures Dr De la Mora has no conflicts of interest to disclose

Presentation/Slides adapted from contributions by: DrMarie Brown from Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 

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Learning objectives Audience will have a better understanding of the factors that contribute to medication adherence

Review behavioral interventions to improve medication adherence

Discuss clinical practice strategies to improve adherence among patients with diabetes

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Medication Adherence: Definition The World Health Organization:

“the extent to which a person’s behavior – taking medication, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle changes, corresponds with agreed recommendations from a health care provider.”

Sabate E. Adherence to long‐term therapies: evidence for action. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003. 

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Adherence vs Compliance (vs Under‐dosing) Both are imperfect terms Adherence implies agreement Compliance implies patient passivity Under‐dosing implies prescriber‐related causes

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Defining the Dichotomy

# of pills taken in Time Z# of pills prescribed in Time Z

24 pills taken30 pills prescribed

X  100 = MA Rate

X  100 = 80%

• Despite being a value that has a continuum, patients are labeled “compliant” or “not‐compliant”

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The Impact of Non‐Adherence Substantially increases morbidity and mortality –associated with approx. 125,000 deaths per year. (in 2013 Lung cancer deaths = 156,252)

Causes 10% of all hospitalizations  Of all medications related admissions33‐69% are due to poor adherence

Osterberg L  NEJM 2005 353;5:487‐9Viswanathan M Ann Int Med 2012;157:785‐95CDC: National Vital Statistics Data. Deaths: Final Data for 2013.

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The Impact of Non‐AdherenceADHERENT

NONADHERENTN= 423,616

24%=101,668

•24% of initial prescriptions are never filled

•Patients don’t take their medicine as prescribed 50% of the time

Osterberg L N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487‐497Fischer MA, Choudhry NK. Am J Med. 2011;124(11):1081.e9‐22.Fischer MA,  J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(4):284‐290.

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Primary Non‐adherence by drug class

0

10

20

30

40

50

% U

nfilled 

Adapted from Fischer M  AJM 2011  124;1081.e9‐e22

N= 423,616

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Long‐term persistence of statin usein the elderly over 5 yrs

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

3 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60

N= 34,501

Benner J JAMA 2002 288;4  455‐461Months 

% of p

atients

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Health Care Costs ‐ Diabetes

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

%1‐19 20‐39 40‐59 60‐79 80‐100

TOTA

L CO

ST ($

)

ADHERENCE LEVEL (%)

137,277 patients under age 65

Sokol M Med Care 2005;43: 521–30

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Factors Contributing to Medication Non‐Adherence Patient

Unintentional Intentional/Rational Non‐adherence

Provider Failure to recognize complicated regimens Inadequate communication/relationship Negative Attitude towards the patient

Process Fumbled hand‐offs Insufficient time to develop trust Lack of educational resources Low refill consolidation

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Closer look: Patient FactorsUnintentional Intentional Forgetting Shift work Cost Confusion Work Restrictions

Mistrust Fear of side effects Mental illness Lack of belief in benefit Fear of dependence Lack of desire No apparent benefit Altruism 

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UNINTENTIONAL(Forgetful)

INTENTIONAL(Orothercause)

NONADHERENCECAUSES

Osterberg L N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487‐497

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Competence and caring in relation to building trust

Paling,J BMJ 327: 9/27/2003

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Prefers immediate rewards to efforts linked to long term therapy.

Prefers smaller‐sooner to larger‐later rewards. 

The reward of adherence is “to avoid complications".

Paradoxically this type of reward is never “received". 

The Impatient Patient

Reach G. Diabetologia. 2010;53(8):1562‐1567

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Factors Contributing to Medication Non‐Adherence Patient

Unintentional Intentional/Rational Non‐adherence

Provider Failure to recognize complicated regimens Inadequate communication/relationship Negative Attitude towards the patient

Process Fumbled hand‐offs Insufficient time to develop trust Lack of educational resources Low refill consolidation

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Therapeutic Complexity

Osterberg L N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487‐497

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Therapeutic Complexity over 90 days among statin users N=1,827,395 Patients 

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 9 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 >35Total Medications, No.

% Patients

Mean 90th Percentile 

Choudhry Arch Int Med 2011 171;93 P 814‐21

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Quiet! I Can’t Hear You When Your Talking!!

Baron,R Ann Int Med 1985;103:606‐11

Inadequate Communication/Relationship

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85%  of physicians believe the majority of their patients are adherent

85% of patients surveyed state that they would not tell their doctor that they were not planning on buying a medicine

Brown MT  Family Practice Mgt; March/April 2013McHorney,C Current Medical Research and Opinion 2009 25:1; 215‐238

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Negative Attitudes towards the‘Non‐Compliant Patient’ “Why are you not taking your insulin? Do you want to have another heart attack?”

“If you want to live to see your daughter’s wedding you better start taking your meds”

“If you are not taking your medication by our next visit, I will not be your doctor anymore”

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Factors Contributing to Medication Non‐Adherence Patient

Unintentional Intentional/Rational Non‐adherence

Provider Failure to recognize complicated regimens Inadequate communication/relationship Negative Attitude towards the patient

Process Fumbled hand‐offs Insufficient time to develop trust Lack of educational resources Low refill consolidation

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Fumbled Hand Offs Direct communication between hospitalists and Primary Care Providers occurs in less than 20% of hospitalizations

Discharge summaries are available at less than 34% of first post‐discharge visits

Med rec is one of the Joint Commission  Hospital National Patient Safety Goals

Kripalani S JAMA.  2007; 297(8): 831‐841

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Variations in pill appearanceand the risk of Nonadherence1

1.Kesselheim, Choudhry JAMA Intern Medicine 2013;173(3):202‐2082. Dressed for success  YU 208‐209 

Changes in pill color  increased risk of nonadherence

A patient taking 5 medicines, each produced by 5 generic manufacturers theoretically faces over 3000 possible arrays of pill appearances (55)

If taking 9 meds, patients experience 36 opportunities/yr to change appearance

80% of all meds in us are now generic2

UK mandated inhaler colors be coordinated 

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Pharmacy Visitsover 90 day period for statin users 

0

4

8

12

16

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 >14

Choudhry Arch Int Med 2011 171;93 P 814‐21

Pharmacy Visits, No.

% Patients

N=1,827,395 Patients 

Mean  90th Percentile

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Therapeutic Complexity and AdherenceN=1,827,395 Patients 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Choudhry N Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(9):814‐22

Refill Consolidation,%

% Patients

Mean  90th Percentile# visits# meds filled 

R.C = 1  ‐

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Solutions  Measuring Adherence and the Patient‐Centered Interview

Develop a differential diagnosis of medication non‐adherence

Tailor the solution and individualize the conversation

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Measuring Medication Adherence Direct methods

Direct observed therapy Measuring levels of medication/metabolite in blood

Indirect methods Patient/caregiver questionnaires, self‐reports, interview Pill counts Rates of prescription refills Assess patient’s clinical response Electronic medication monitors Measurement of physiologic markers Patient diaries

Osterberg L, Blaschke, T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:487‐97

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1.Do you sometimes forget to take your high blood pressure pills?

2. Over the past two weeks, were there any days when you did not take your high blood pressure medicine?

3.Have you ever cut back or stopped taking your medication without telling your doctor, because you felt worse when you took it?

4. When you travel or leave home, do you sometimes forget to bring along your medications ?

TheMorisky 8‐ItemMedicationAdherenceScale

Morisky et al. J Clin Hypertens. 2008;10(5):348‐354

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5. Did you take your high blood pressure medicine yesterday?

6. When you feel like your blood pressure is under control, do you sometimes stop taking your medicine?

7. Taking medication everyday is a real inconvenience for some people. Do you ever feel hassled about sticking to your blood pressure treatment plan?

8. How often do you have difficulty remembering to take all your blood pressure medication?

Morisky et al. J Clin Hypertens. 2008;10(5):348‐354

TheMorisky 8‐ItemMedicationAdherenceScale

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The Adherence EstimatorI am convinced of the importance of my prescription medication.

I worry that my medication will do more harm than good to me.

I feel financially burdened by my out of pocketexpenses for my prescription medication. 

McHorney,C Current Medical Research and Opinion 2009 25:1; 215‐238

Agree Disagree

Agree Disagree

Agree Disagree

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The Physician Centered Interview

On the average, physicians interrupt the patient                        after the patient begins to speak

Adapted from American Academy of Health Care Communications and David Gullen MD MACP

18 seconds

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The Patient Centered Interview Patients who were not interrupted rarely took more than one minute to complete their list, and never took more than three minutes.

Adapted from American Academy of Health Care Communications and David Gullen MD MACP

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Why Not Interrupt? The degree to which patients can tell their own storyaffects outcomes of care Headaches are more likely to resolve Hypertension improves Better overall health ratings Fewer days lost from work Fewer functional limitations

Adapted from American Academy of Health Care Communications and David Gullen MD MACP

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Interviewing in a blame free environment These are difficult to take every day. How often do you skip one?

There are quite a few‐how many of these do you take? Most people don't take all their meds everyday. How about you?

When was the last time you took drug A? B? 

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Developing a Differential Diagnosis Provider Process Intentional Causes

Assess patient’s emotions and beliefs Address social determinants of health

Unintentional Causes Behavioral Change Interventions

Identify the patient’s ‘Stage of Change’

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Stages of Change Pre‐contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action (early and late) Maintenance Termination

Stages of change. Prochaska, James O.; Norcross, John C. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, Vol 38(4), 2001, 443‐448.

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Medication Reconciliation

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Once a day dosing

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VideosMedication Adherence http://vimeo.com/42194365 http://vimeo.com/42144406 www.drmariebrown.com