2015 faces diabetes breakoutsessionsborderrac.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015... · the impact...
TRANSCRIPT
“ I can do all things through Christ who gives me strength”
Eduardo Macias MD PGY3
DIABETES
INITIAL REACTION
• Traumatic prior event• Initial type 2 DM diagnosis• Kubler-Ross phases.• Confusion
I am not the typical patient
• “Familism”• Mexican culture myths• Use of insulin• Type 1 or Latent Autoimmune Diabetes diagnosis• Everyone assumed I knew I had all the information
so no one bothered to give the appropriate information
“Familism”
LIST ADAPTATIONS• Diet• Exercise • Administration of insulin• Thinking ahead• Caring (and forgetting) Glucometer, glucose, insulin.• Differentiating between low glucose/high glucose and just being
tired
DIABETES AS A SCIENCE
• Real Adaptation came until I went and shadowed a pediatric endocrinologist at UCSF.
• Lots of guessing vs predicting and understanding my diabetes.
• Technology + Information
PARTNERSHIP WITH PROVIDERS
• Dr. AdiExperience, knowledge, and innovator.• Dr. Tamis BrightTrust to ask anything• Research Partners
Stem Cell break through in Harvard.!!
Thank You!!!
In the Diabetic Patient
LOWER EXTREMITY ASSESSMENT
Larissa A. Szeyko, MD
General Examination Takes several minutes but also focus Goals
Identify any current injuries Assess risk for future injury
Remember diabetics have increased risk for neuropathy and arterial disease = even if glycemic control is good patient may still be at high risk for ulceration and limb loss
Coordinate further workup Initiate referral for specialty evaluation
If you don’t see it you can’t address it Unaddressed ulcer on the distal toe can lead to above the knee amputation!
Visual Assessment Symmetry
Healed amputation (AK/BK/TMT/digital) Bony deformities or contractures of the foot Calf and foot girth
Skin appearance Smooth with normal coloration Dry and flaky Hairless and shiny Erythematous or ischemic (red/purple/black)
Toenail appearance Yellow, thickened, flaky?
Physical Examination Skin palpation
Texture Temperature
Closer visual skin assessment Heel fissures Interdigital maceration or ulceration Bruising Callus formation
Pulses Popliteal, Dorsalis Pedis, Posterior Tibial
1st MTP ulcer depth as yet unkown
Lymphedema with charcot arthropathy
Dry gangrene with evidence of arterial disease
What do you see?
Wagner Classification
F. William Wagner, Jr., MD, The Dysvascular Foot: A System for Diagnosis and Treatment (Foot and Ankle,
2:64‐122, 1981, Williams and Wilkins)
Grade Tier Classification Criteria
Grade 0 No open lesion, may have healed lesions/amputations or bony deformity
Grade 1 Superficial lesion without penetration to deeper layers
Grade 2 Deeper ulcer, reaching tendon, bone, or joint capsule
Grade 3 Deeper tissues are involved, and there is abscess, osteomyelitis, or tendonitis usually with extension along the mid‐foot compartments of tendon sheaths
Grade 4 There is gangrene of some part of the toe, toes, and/or forefoot; gangrene may be wet or dry, infected or non‐infected
Grade 5 Gangrene involves the whole foot or enough of the foot that no local procedures are possible and BKA is indicated
Diego De la Mora MD, FACPAssistant Professor – Department of Internal Medicine
Texas Tech University HSC Paul L. Foster School of Medicine
Disclosures Dr De la Mora has no conflicts of interest to disclose
Presentation/Slides adapted from contributions by: DrMarie Brown from Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
Learning objectives Audience will have a better understanding of the factors that contribute to medication adherence
Review behavioral interventions to improve medication adherence
Discuss clinical practice strategies to improve adherence among patients with diabetes
Medication Adherence: Definition The World Health Organization:
“the extent to which a person’s behavior – taking medication, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle changes, corresponds with agreed recommendations from a health care provider.”
Sabate E. Adherence to long‐term therapies: evidence for action. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.
Adherence vs Compliance (vs Under‐dosing) Both are imperfect terms Adherence implies agreement Compliance implies patient passivity Under‐dosing implies prescriber‐related causes
Defining the Dichotomy
# of pills taken in Time Z# of pills prescribed in Time Z
24 pills taken30 pills prescribed
X 100 = MA Rate
X 100 = 80%
• Despite being a value that has a continuum, patients are labeled “compliant” or “not‐compliant”
The Impact of Non‐Adherence Substantially increases morbidity and mortality –associated with approx. 125,000 deaths per year. (in 2013 Lung cancer deaths = 156,252)
Causes 10% of all hospitalizations Of all medications related admissions33‐69% are due to poor adherence
Osterberg L NEJM 2005 353;5:487‐9Viswanathan M Ann Int Med 2012;157:785‐95CDC: National Vital Statistics Data. Deaths: Final Data for 2013.
The Impact of Non‐AdherenceADHERENT
NONADHERENTN= 423,616
24%=101,668
•24% of initial prescriptions are never filled
•Patients don’t take their medicine as prescribed 50% of the time
Osterberg L N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487‐497Fischer MA, Choudhry NK. Am J Med. 2011;124(11):1081.e9‐22.Fischer MA, J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(4):284‐290.
Primary Non‐adherence by drug class
0
10
20
30
40
50
% U
nfilled
Adapted from Fischer M AJM 2011 124;1081.e9‐e22
N= 423,616
Long‐term persistence of statin usein the elderly over 5 yrs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
3 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
N= 34,501
Benner J JAMA 2002 288;4 455‐461Months
% of p
atients
Health Care Costs ‐ Diabetes
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
%1‐19 20‐39 40‐59 60‐79 80‐100
TOTA
L CO
ST ($
)
ADHERENCE LEVEL (%)
137,277 patients under age 65
Sokol M Med Care 2005;43: 521–30
Factors Contributing to Medication Non‐Adherence Patient
Unintentional Intentional/Rational Non‐adherence
Provider Failure to recognize complicated regimens Inadequate communication/relationship Negative Attitude towards the patient
Process Fumbled hand‐offs Insufficient time to develop trust Lack of educational resources Low refill consolidation
Closer look: Patient FactorsUnintentional Intentional Forgetting Shift work Cost Confusion Work Restrictions
Mistrust Fear of side effects Mental illness Lack of belief in benefit Fear of dependence Lack of desire No apparent benefit Altruism
UNINTENTIONAL(Forgetful)
INTENTIONAL(Orothercause)
NONADHERENCECAUSES
Osterberg L N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487‐497
Competence and caring in relation to building trust
Paling,J BMJ 327: 9/27/2003
Prefers immediate rewards to efforts linked to long term therapy.
Prefers smaller‐sooner to larger‐later rewards.
The reward of adherence is “to avoid complications".
Paradoxically this type of reward is never “received".
The Impatient Patient
Reach G. Diabetologia. 2010;53(8):1562‐1567
Factors Contributing to Medication Non‐Adherence Patient
Unintentional Intentional/Rational Non‐adherence
Provider Failure to recognize complicated regimens Inadequate communication/relationship Negative Attitude towards the patient
Process Fumbled hand‐offs Insufficient time to develop trust Lack of educational resources Low refill consolidation
Therapeutic Complexity
Osterberg L N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487‐497
Therapeutic Complexity over 90 days among statin users N=1,827,395 Patients
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 9 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 >35Total Medications, No.
% Patients
Mean 90th Percentile
Choudhry Arch Int Med 2011 171;93 P 814‐21
Quiet! I Can’t Hear You When Your Talking!!
Baron,R Ann Int Med 1985;103:606‐11
Inadequate Communication/Relationship
85% of physicians believe the majority of their patients are adherent
85% of patients surveyed state that they would not tell their doctor that they were not planning on buying a medicine
Brown MT Family Practice Mgt; March/April 2013McHorney,C Current Medical Research and Opinion 2009 25:1; 215‐238
Negative Attitudes towards the‘Non‐Compliant Patient’ “Why are you not taking your insulin? Do you want to have another heart attack?”
“If you want to live to see your daughter’s wedding you better start taking your meds”
“If you are not taking your medication by our next visit, I will not be your doctor anymore”
Factors Contributing to Medication Non‐Adherence Patient
Unintentional Intentional/Rational Non‐adherence
Provider Failure to recognize complicated regimens Inadequate communication/relationship Negative Attitude towards the patient
Process Fumbled hand‐offs Insufficient time to develop trust Lack of educational resources Low refill consolidation
Fumbled Hand Offs Direct communication between hospitalists and Primary Care Providers occurs in less than 20% of hospitalizations
Discharge summaries are available at less than 34% of first post‐discharge visits
Med rec is one of the Joint Commission Hospital National Patient Safety Goals
Kripalani S JAMA. 2007; 297(8): 831‐841
Variations in pill appearanceand the risk of Nonadherence1
1.Kesselheim, Choudhry JAMA Intern Medicine 2013;173(3):202‐2082. Dressed for success YU 208‐209
Changes in pill color increased risk of nonadherence
A patient taking 5 medicines, each produced by 5 generic manufacturers theoretically faces over 3000 possible arrays of pill appearances (55)
If taking 9 meds, patients experience 36 opportunities/yr to change appearance
80% of all meds in us are now generic2
UK mandated inhaler colors be coordinated
Pharmacy Visitsover 90 day period for statin users
0
4
8
12
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 >14
Choudhry Arch Int Med 2011 171;93 P 814‐21
Pharmacy Visits, No.
% Patients
N=1,827,395 Patients
Mean 90th Percentile
Therapeutic Complexity and AdherenceN=1,827,395 Patients
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Choudhry N Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(9):814‐22
Refill Consolidation,%
% Patients
Mean 90th Percentile# visits# meds filled
R.C = 1 ‐
Solutions Measuring Adherence and the Patient‐Centered Interview
Develop a differential diagnosis of medication non‐adherence
Tailor the solution and individualize the conversation
Measuring Medication Adherence Direct methods
Direct observed therapy Measuring levels of medication/metabolite in blood
Indirect methods Patient/caregiver questionnaires, self‐reports, interview Pill counts Rates of prescription refills Assess patient’s clinical response Electronic medication monitors Measurement of physiologic markers Patient diaries
Osterberg L, Blaschke, T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:487‐97
1.Do you sometimes forget to take your high blood pressure pills?
2. Over the past two weeks, were there any days when you did not take your high blood pressure medicine?
3.Have you ever cut back or stopped taking your medication without telling your doctor, because you felt worse when you took it?
4. When you travel or leave home, do you sometimes forget to bring along your medications ?
TheMorisky 8‐ItemMedicationAdherenceScale
Morisky et al. J Clin Hypertens. 2008;10(5):348‐354
5. Did you take your high blood pressure medicine yesterday?
6. When you feel like your blood pressure is under control, do you sometimes stop taking your medicine?
7. Taking medication everyday is a real inconvenience for some people. Do you ever feel hassled about sticking to your blood pressure treatment plan?
8. How often do you have difficulty remembering to take all your blood pressure medication?
Morisky et al. J Clin Hypertens. 2008;10(5):348‐354
TheMorisky 8‐ItemMedicationAdherenceScale
The Adherence EstimatorI am convinced of the importance of my prescription medication.
I worry that my medication will do more harm than good to me.
I feel financially burdened by my out of pocketexpenses for my prescription medication.
McHorney,C Current Medical Research and Opinion 2009 25:1; 215‐238
Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree
The Physician Centered Interview
On the average, physicians interrupt the patient after the patient begins to speak
Adapted from American Academy of Health Care Communications and David Gullen MD MACP
18 seconds
The Patient Centered Interview Patients who were not interrupted rarely took more than one minute to complete their list, and never took more than three minutes.
Adapted from American Academy of Health Care Communications and David Gullen MD MACP
Why Not Interrupt? The degree to which patients can tell their own storyaffects outcomes of care Headaches are more likely to resolve Hypertension improves Better overall health ratings Fewer days lost from work Fewer functional limitations
Adapted from American Academy of Health Care Communications and David Gullen MD MACP
Interviewing in a blame free environment These are difficult to take every day. How often do you skip one?
There are quite a few‐how many of these do you take? Most people don't take all their meds everyday. How about you?
When was the last time you took drug A? B?
Developing a Differential Diagnosis Provider Process Intentional Causes
Assess patient’s emotions and beliefs Address social determinants of health
Unintentional Causes Behavioral Change Interventions
Identify the patient’s ‘Stage of Change’
Stages of Change Pre‐contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action (early and late) Maintenance Termination
Stages of change. Prochaska, James O.; Norcross, John C. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, Vol 38(4), 2001, 443‐448.
Medication Reconciliation
Once a day dosing
VideosMedication Adherence http://vimeo.com/42194365 http://vimeo.com/42144406 www.drmariebrown.com