20150316-the commingling art of free and open source software and its license management
TRANSCRIPT
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自由開源軟體的組合工藝與授權運用
本著作採用創用 CC 「姓名標示-非商業性」授權條款台灣 3.0 版
中央研究院 資訊科技創新研究中心 自由軟體鑄造場
林誠夏 法政研究
Email: [email protected]
TEL: +886-2-27883799 #1474
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個人簡介
林誠夏 Lucien
2005 年 - 自由開源軟體授權條款與商業模式研究
Creative Commons, Open Data License
淺白易懂、拋磚引玉
Email at [email protected]
Linkedin at http://tw.linkedin.com/in/lucienchlin
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大綱
● 相關的名詞定義● 什麼是自由開源軟體?● 自由開源軟體的三大分類● 自由開源軟體的基本特性● 自由開源軟體的相關疑問● 結語與討論
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要點 - 自由開源軟體
● 是什麼?● 為什麼?● 怎麼用?
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進行方式
● 原則的解說– 非放諸四海而皆準,需個案討論。
● 討論的方式– 可隨時提問,視情況回答。
● 會後的連絡– 電郵、電話、法政論壇。
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進行方式
● 原則的解說– 非放諸四海而皆準,需個案討論。
● 討論的方式– 可隨時提問,視情況回答。
● 會後的連絡– 電郵、電話、法政論壇。
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進行方式
● 原則的解說– 非放諸四海而皆準,需個案討論。
● 討論的方式– 可隨時提問,視情況回答。
● 會後的連絡– 電郵、電話、法政論壇。
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此圖下載於網際網路: http://www.deviantart.com/download/319863826/naked_mickey_by_undiesman123-d5afsia.png
本次取用特別聲明在自由開源軟體推廣演講中主張「合理使用」,請讀者不要更行移置他用。
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與我何關?
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好處在哪?
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Overview of consultation events from 2007-2011
YearConsultation events
Industry & Government
Community & Universities
I/C ratio
2011 140 95 45 2.1 : 1
2010 120 92 28 3.3 : 1
2009 133 90 43 2.1 : 1
2008 52 37 15 2.5 : 1
2007 13 5 8 0.6 : 1
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Statistics of consultation analyses – Great Recession
Consultation events
Industry & Government
Community & Universities
I/C ratio
2011 140 95 45 2.1 : 1
2010 120 92 28 3.3 : 1
2009 133 90 43 2.1 : 1
2008 52 37 15 2.5 : 1
2007 13 5 8 0.6 : 1Great Recession
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Compliance Engineering
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自由開源軟體的故事與定義
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此圖下載於: http://www.unix.org/images/unix_plate.jpg
聲明為在自由開源軟體推廣演講中進行「合理使用」,請讀者不要更行移置他用。
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智慧財產權基礎概念
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智慧財產權
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無體財產權
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財產權
此圖下載於網際網路,本次取用特別聲明在自由軟體推廣演講中主張「合理使用」,請讀者不要更行移置他用。
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1. 專利權 / Patent law
2. 商標權 / Trademark law
3. 著作權 / Copyright law
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本圖之取用特別聲明在自由軟體推廣演講中主張「合理使用」,讀者請勿更行移置他用。http://www.colorcn.com.cn/UpLoadFiles/pic/2007-7/2007072614015243711.jpg
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本圖之取用特別聲明在自由軟體推廣演講中主張「合理使用」,讀者請勿更行移置他用。http://images.zj.com/uppic/2009/07/18/1252043_1.jpg
專利權 / Patent
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左圖之取用特別聲明在自由軟體推廣演講中主張「合理使用」,讀者請勿更行移置他用。http://ent.ynet.com/img.db?38209460+s(450x400)+part(0,0,450,400)右圖其原著作權利人 Gam3 at en.wikipedia, 聲明放棄其著作權利,故基於公眾領域 (Public domain) 之故,毋需取得授權即可基於任何目的使用之。http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beverage_pull_tab.jpg
專利權 / Patent
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本圖之取用特別聲明在自由軟體推廣演講中主張「合理使用」,讀者請勿更行移置他用。http://btwfood.myweb.hinet.net/untitled.bmp
商標權 / Trademark
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本圖之取用特別聲明在自由軟體推廣演講中主張「合理使用」,讀者請勿更行移置他用。http://cp.yoho.cn/trend/FashionEditorImage/2011/5/25/images/0682254423.jpg
著作權 / Copyright
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智慧財產權
1. 鼓勵發明、創作、正常商業行為
2. 調和公益、私益
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專利權、商標權 vs. 著作權
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1. 偏重商業
2. 期間較短
3. 登記生效
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創作保護主義
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1. 範圍極廣
2. 期間極長
3. 不需登記
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精神創作
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語言 音樂 戲劇 舞蹈
美術 攝影 圖形 視聽
錄音 建築 電腦程式
其他…………………
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詩、詞、書、畫
影音、多媒體
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眼耳感知
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©
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All rights reserved
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優、缺
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自動保障
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拘束僵化
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阻礙創意流通
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1710 安妮女王法 / 14 年
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Tom Bell, released it on his website under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copyright_term.svg
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2011 存續 / 50 年
30 第 條
著作財產權,除本法另有規定外,存續於著作人之生存期間及其死亡後五十年。
著作於著作人死亡後四十年至五十年間首次公開發表者,著作財產權之期間,自公開發表時起存續十年。
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20/80 著作權保護期間 =
60+50=110 年
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作者生命存續期間 + 70 年
…美國、日本
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20/80 著作權保護期間 =
60+70=130 年
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©Gisle Hannemyr, CC by-sa 3.0 unported, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rms_ifi_large.jpg
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Free SoftwareFree to Use and Free to Modify
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此圖下載於: http://www.unix.org/images/unix_plate.jpg
聲明為在自由開源軟體推廣演講中進行「合理使用」,請讀者不要更行移置他用。
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GNU ProjectGNU is Not Unix
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Fair Use at: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-linux-kernel/#figure2
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GNU LINUXGNU Project + LINUX Kernel
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可以被自由修改、自由散布的軟體專案,就是自由開源軟體專案。
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使用權、修改權、散布權。√ √ √
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使用權、修改權、散布權。
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源碼/ Source Code
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人類能夠理解的程式語言後手可以窺探的程式邏輯
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__version__ = "0.3"__revision__ = '0.3.2'__author__ = "Yi-Feng Tzeng"__authorcontact__ = "[email protected]"__website__ = "http://antbsd.twbbs.org"
import os, sys, reimport commandsimport subprocess
def main(): xrandr_output = map(lambda x: x.split(' ')[0] + ':' + x.split(' ')[1], commands.getoutput('xrandr').split('\n')) output = [] for i in xrandr_output: if i == 'default:connected': os.system("zenity --warning --title='提示 ' --text ' 此程式僅支援筆記型螢幕 , 並不支援桌上機型 '") sys.exit() if i != ':' and i != 'Screen:0:' and i != 'LVDS:connected': if i.split(':')[1] == 'connected': output.append(i.split(':')[0])
mon_output = map(lambda x: x.split(' ')[0] + ':' + x.split(' ')[3], commands.getoutput('xrandr').split('\n')) mon = [] for i in mon_output: if re.search(r'x', i): mon.append(i.split(':')[1]) if re.search(r'LVDS', i): break
if (len(output) == 0 or len(mon) == 0): os.system("zenity --warning --title='提示 ' --text '沒有發現外接螢幕 , 請檢查影像連接線是否正確接上您的電腦 '") else: str = "zenity --width=400 --height=240 --list --radiolist --title='切換顯示器 ' --column='選擇 ' --column='簡述 ' --column='詳述 ' " s = 0 cmd = {} for i in range(len(mon)): if (s == 0): str+="TRUE " else: str+="FALSE " str+="'投影 (" + mon[i] + ")' ' 使用本機與外接螢幕 (" + mon[i] + ")' " cmd['投影 (' + mon[i] + ')'] = "xrandr --output LVDS --output " + output[0] + " --mode " + mon[i] + " --auto" s+=1 str+="FALSE ' 本機 ' '只使用本機的螢幕 '" cmd[' 本機 '] = "xrandr --output " + output[0] + " --off"
fout = subprocess.Popen(str, shell=True, bufsize=0, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True) selected = fout.stdout.readline().strip()
for k, v in cmd.iteritems(): if selected == k: os.system(v)
if __name__ == '__main__': main()
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1 、多人共工2 、借力使力
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1 、多人共工大家一起寫比較快!
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2015/03/16 69
2 、借力使力抄寫好的更省事!
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2015/03/16 70
自由開源軟體:協同開發方式
此圖下載於網際網路,其授權資訊如下,本次取用特別聲明在非商業性、學術推廣演講中主張「合理使用」,請讀者不要更行移置他用。 Author: Iconshock; Homepage: http://www.iconshock.com; License: Linkware; Commercial usage: Not allowed.
Repository
ClientClient
Client
ClientClient
Client Client
Client
ClientClient
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2015/03/16 71
實際做事的工程師
此圖下載於網際網路,因年代久遠出處已無可考,特別聲明為自由開源軟體推廣演講中進行「合理使用」,請讀者不要更行移置他用。
![Page 72: 20150316-The commingling art of Free and Open Source Software and its license management](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052401/55a8fd731a28ab95278b479f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
2015/03/16 72
此圖下載於 MySQL 網站: http://www.mysql.com/,本次取用特別聲明在自由開源軟體推廣演講中主張「合
理使用」,請讀者不要更行移置他用。
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![Page 75: 20150316-The commingling art of Free and Open Source Software and its license management](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052401/55a8fd731a28ab95278b479f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
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![Page 78: 20150316-The commingling art of Free and Open Source Software and its license management](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052401/55a8fd731a28ab95278b479f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
2015/03/16 78
下列都不是自由開源軟體
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2015/03/16 79
與近似軟體的差別
● Freeware(免費軟體)– 免費使用– 限制用途、不給源碼。
● Shareware(共享軟體)– 通常免費使用,有(時間或功能)限制。– 通常另有商業版本可以購買– 限制用途、不給源碼。
● Public Domain(公共領域;公共財)– 著作權期間經過、著作權人拋棄著作權。– 沒有權利
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2015/03/16 80
與近似軟體的差別
● Freeware(免費軟體)– 免費使用– 限制用途、不給源碼。
● Shareware(共享軟體)– 通常免費使用,有(時間或功能)限制。– 通常另有商業版本可以購買– 限制用途、不給源碼。
● Public Domain(公共領域;公共財)– 著作權期間經過、著作權人拋棄著作權。– 沒有權利
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2015/03/16 81
與近似軟體的差別
● Freeware(免費軟體)– 免費使用– 限制用途、不給源碼。
● Shareware(共享軟體)– 通常免費使用,有(時間或功能)限制。– 通常另有商業版本可以購買– 限制用途、不給源碼。
● Public Domain(公共領域;公共財)– 著作權期間經過、著作權人拋棄著作權。– 沒有權利
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遊戲規則
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自由開源軟體的三大分類
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運用方式、悉依照其授權條款的相關規定
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Academic Free License 3.0 (AFL-3.0), Adaptive Public License (APL-1.0), Apache License 2.0 (Apache-2.0), Apple Public
Source License (APSL-2.0), Artistic license 2.0 (Artistic-2.0), Attribution Assurance Licenses (AAL), BSD 3-Clause "New" or
"Revised" License (BSD-3-Clause), BSD 2-Clause "Simplified" or "FreeBSD" License (BSD-2-Clause), Boost Software
License (BSL-1.0), Computer Associates Trusted Open Source License 1.1 (CATOSL-1.1), Common Development and
Distribution License 1.0 (CDDL-1.0), Common Public Attribution License 1.0 (CPAL-1.0), CUA Office Public License Version
1.0 (CUA-OPL-1.0), EU DataGrid Software License (EUDatagrid), Eclipse Public License 1.0 (EPL-1.0), Educational
Community License, Version 2.0 (ECL-2.0), Eiffel Forum License V2.0 (EFL-2.0), Entessa Public License (Entessa), European
Union Public License, Version 1.1 (EUPL-1.1), Fair License, Frameworx License (Frameworx-1.0), GNU Affero General
Public License v3 (AGPL-3.0), GNU General Public License version 2.0 (GPL-2.0), GNU General Public License version 3.0
(GPL-3.0), GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License version 2.1 (LGPL-2.1), GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public
License version 3.0 (LGPL-3.0), Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer (HPND), IBM Public License 1.0 (IPL-1.0), IPA
Font License (IPA), ISC License (ISC), LaTeX Project Public License 1.3c (LPPL-1.3c), Lucent Public License Version 1.02,
MirOS Licence, Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL), Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL), MIT license (MIT), Motosoto
License (Motosoto), Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL-1.1), Multics License, NASA Open Source Agreement 1.3 (NASA 1.3),
NTP License (NTP), Naumen Public License (Naumen), Nethack General Public License (NGPL), Nokia Open Source License,
Non-Profit Open Software License 3.0 (Non-Profit OSL 3.0), OCLC Research Public License 2.0 (OCLC-2.0), Open Font
License 1.1 (OFL 1.1), Open Group Test Suite License (OGTSL), Open Software License 3.0 (OSL-3.0), PHP License 3.0
(PHP-3.0), The PostgreSQL License (PostgreSQL), Python License (Python-2.0), CNRI Python license, Qt Public License
(QPL-1.0), RealNetworks Public Source License V1.0 (RPSL-1.0), Reciprocal Public License 1.5 (RPL-1.5), Ricoh Source
Code Public License (RSCPL), Simple Public License 2.0 (Simple-2.0), Sleepycat License (Sleepycat), Sun Public License
(SPL), Sybase Open Watcom Public License 1.0 (Watcom-1.0), University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License (NCSA),
Vovida Software License v. 1.0 (VSL-1.0), W3C License, wxWindows Library License (WXwindows), X.Net License (Xnet),
Zope Public License 2.0 (ZPL-2.0), zlib/libpng license (Zlib).
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Academic Free License 3.0 (AFL-3.0), Adaptive Public License (APL-1.0), Apache License 2.0 (Apache-2.0), Apple Public
Source License (APSL-2.0), Artistic license 2.0 (Artistic-2.0), Attribution Assurance Licenses (AAL), BSD 3-Clause "New" or
"Revised" License (BSD-3-Clause), BSD 2-Clause "Simplified" or "FreeBSD" License (BSD-2-Clause), Boost Software
License (BSL-1.0), Computer Associates Trusted Open Source License 1.1 (CATOSL-1.1), Common Development and
Distribution License 1.0 (CDDL-1.0), Common Public Attribution License 1.0 (CPAL-1.0), CUA Office Public License Version
1.0 (CUA-OPL-1.0), EU DataGrid Software License (EUDatagrid), Eclipse Public License 1.0 (EPL-1.0), Educational
Community License, Version 2.0 (ECL-2.0), Eiffel Forum License V2.0 (EFL-2.0), Entessa Public License (Entessa), European
Union Public License, Version 1.1 (EUPL-1.1), Fair License, Frameworx License (Frameworx-1.0), GNU Affero General
Public License v3 (AGPL-3.0), GNU General Public License version 2.0 (GPL-2.0), GNU General Public License version 3.0
(GPL-3.0), GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License version 2.1 (LGPL-2.1), GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public
License version 3.0 (LGPL-3.0), Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer (HPND), IBM Public License 1.0 (IPL-1.0), IPA
Font License (IPA), ISC License (ISC), LaTeX Project Public License 1.3c (LPPL-1.3c), Lucent Public License Version 1.02,
MirOS Licence, Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL), Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL), MIT license (MIT), Motosoto
License (Motosoto), Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL-1.1), Multics License, NASA Open Source Agreement 1.3 (NASA 1.3),
NTP License (NTP), Naumen Public License (Naumen), Nethack General Public License (NGPL), Nokia Open Source License,
Non-Profit Open Software License 3.0 (Non-Profit OSL 3.0), OCLC Research Public License 2.0 (OCLC-2.0), Open Font
License 1.1 (OFL 1.1), Open Group Test Suite License (OGTSL), Open Software License 3.0 (OSL-3.0), PHP License 3.0
(PHP-3.0), The PostgreSQL License (PostgreSQL), Python License (Python-2.0), CNRI Python license, Qt Public License
(QPL-1.0), RealNetworks Public Source License V1.0 (RPSL-1.0), Reciprocal Public License 1.5 (RPL-1.5), Ricoh Source
Code Public License (RSCPL), Simple Public License 2.0 (Simple-2.0), Sleepycat License (Sleepycat), Sun Public License
(SPL), Sybase Open Watcom Public License 1.0 (Watcom-1.0), University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License (NCSA),
Vovida Software License v. 1.0 (VSL-1.0), W3C License, wxWindows Library License (WXwindows), X.Net License (Xnet),
Zope Public License 2.0 (ZPL-2.0), zlib/libpng license (Zlib).
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2015/03/16 88
GPL
LGPL
AGPLEPL/CPL
MIT/BSD
Apache2.0
GPL類 其他類 BSD類
MPL/CDDL
幾乎無拘無束的自由
大家都必須要一直自由
有點自由又不太自由
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2015/03/16 89
BSD 類:幾乎無拘無束的自由
● MIT/BSD– 著作權聲明 (Copyright Notice)– 免責聲明 (Disclaimer)
● Apache-2.0– 明示提醒商標權未授權– 明示提醒可收費提供擔保– 專利授權規定– 專利權行使抑制條款– 相容於 GPL3 、不相容於 GPL2
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Permissive License
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2015/03/16 91
GPL 類:大家都必須要一直自由
● GPL– GNU General Public License 2.0– GNU General Public License 3.0
● LGPL– GNU Lesser General Public License 2.1– GNU Lesser General Public License 3.0
● AGPL– GNU Affero General Public License 3.0
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2015/03/16 92
Copyleft License
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![Page 94: 20150316-The commingling art of Free and Open Source Software and its license management](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052401/55a8fd731a28ab95278b479f/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
2015/03/16 94
請你和我這樣說請你和我這樣做
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2015/03/16 95
GIVE and TAKE
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2015/03/16 96
散布修改程式相同方式授權
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Copyright
著作權
©Copyleft
著佐權
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2015/03/16 98
Strictly Copyleft示意圖: GPL 為例 1/3
利用
新程式
GPL 程式
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2015/03/16 99
Strictly Copyleft示意圖: GPL 為例 2/3
利用
GPL 程式
新程式→ GPL 程式
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2015/03/16 100
Strictly Copyleft示意圖: GPL 為例 3/3
利用
散布時必須提供程式源碼
GPL 程式
新程式→ GPL 程式
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GPL :重要內容
● 注重程式源碼的散布– 散布程式目的碼,便有提供程式源碼的義務。– 提供程式源碼的方式必須符合授權規定。
● 衍生程式採用相同條款來授權● 修改過的檔案必須標示
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授權拘束性 / Strictly Copyleft
● Viral Effect / 授權感染性● License Capture / 授權攫取性● License Reciprocal / 授權互惠性● License Inheritance / 授權承繼性
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2015/03/16 103
Lesser Copyleft示意圖:連結 LGPL 為例 1/3
連結利用
新程式
LGPL函式庫
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2015/03/16 104
Lesser Copyleft示意圖:連結 LGPL 為例 2/3
連結利用
LGPL函式庫
新程式
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2015/03/16 105
Lesser Copyleft示意圖:連結 LGPL 為例 3/3
連結利用
散布時是否提供程式源碼,依照新程式的授權條款來決定。
LGPL函式庫
新程式
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2015/03/16 106
Lesser Copyleft示意圖:修改 LGPL 為例 1/3
修改
新函式庫
LGPL函式庫
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2015/03/16 107
Lesser Copyleft示意圖:修改 LGPL 為例 2/3
修改
LGPL函式庫
新函式庫→ LGPL函式庫
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2015/03/16 108
Lesser Copyleft示意圖:修改 LGPL 為例 3/3
散布時必須提供程式源碼
修改
LGPL函式庫
新函式庫→ LGPL函式庫
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LGPL :特色
● 針對函式庫設計的授權條款● 調弱 GPL 的授權拘束性
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ASPApplication Service Provider
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More strictly Copyleft示意圖 - 修改 AGPL為例 1/3
結合
AGPL-3.0 程式
新程式
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More strictly Copyleft示意圖 - 修改 AGPL為例 2/3
結合
AGPL-3.0 程式
新程式→AGPL-3.0 程式
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More strictly Copyleft示意圖 - 修改 AGPL為例 3/3
提供網路服務視同散布,必須提供程式源碼(原 AGPL 程式確經修改時)。
結合
AGPL-3.0 程式
新程式→AGPL-3.0 程式
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AGPL :特色
● 針對 ASP所設計的授權條款– 依據 GPL規定 ASP 的衍生程式不需要提供程式源碼
● 強化 GPL 的授權拘束性
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其他類:有點自由又不太自由
● Netscape (AOL)– MPL: Mozilla Public License– File based Copyleft
● Sun Microsystems (Oracle)– CDDL: Common Development and Distribution License– File based Copyleft
● IBM– EPL: Eclipse Public License– CPL: Common Public License– Module based Copyleft
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Copyleft License
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檔案基礎的獨立性 - MPL 、 CDDL
模組基礎的獨立性 - EPL 、 CPL
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File/module-based copyleft: 以 MPL-2.0 為例
MPL-2.0 授權條款 X 授權條款 Y 授權條款
授權條款之間相容
MPL-2.0 程式
MPL-2.0
XMPL-2.0
Y
YX
X
X
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常見授權條款表
分類 授權條款 全名
BSD類
Apache-1.1 Apache Software License 1.1
Apache-2.0 Apache License 2.0
BSD-3-Clause New BSD License
MIT MIT License
Zlib Zlib/libpng License
GPL類
GPL-2.0/3.0 GNU General Public License 2.0/3.0
LGPL-2.1/3.0 GNU Lesser General Public License 2.1/3.0
AGPL-3.0 GNU Affero Public License 3.0
其它類
CPL/EPL-1.0 Common Public License 1.0Eclipse Public License 1.0
MPL-1.1 Mozilla Public License 1.1
CDDL-1.0 Common Development and Distribution License 1.0
Artistic 2.0 Artistic License 2.0
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自由開源軟體的授權疑問
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1 、使用別人的開源程式碼
2 、釋出開源程式碼給別人使用
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遊戲規則
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Q1 :自由開源專案的創作者,仍然享有開發專案的著作權嗎?
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1 、仍然享有著作權2 、權利、法定權利3 、雙重授權$模式4 、不可嗣後撤回性
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Q2 :大家共同參與的自由開源專案,著作權利會被如何分配?
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1 、共同著作–特定/均等2 、衍生著作–新權利客體3 、結合著作–個別獨立體
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1 、共同著作–創作競賽2 、衍生著作–Mac OS X
3 、結合著作– Linux+Android
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1 、共同著作–創作競賽2 、衍生著作–Mac OS X
3 、結合著作– Linux+Android
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1 、共同著作–創作競賽2 、衍生著作–Mac OS X
3 、結合著作– Linux+Android
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Open Source / Closed Source
Apache-2.0
Apache-2.0
GPL-2.0
Apache-2.0 Apache-2.0
Apache-2.0
MIT BSD-like
BSD-like BSD-like
Public Domain
LGPL-2.0
2009 © Alvaro Fuentes Vasquez (Kronox), released under GFDL-1.2+, with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
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Q3 :大家都運用自由開源軟體元件來開發,為何有人提供程式源碼,有人可以不用提供源碼?
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GPL
LGPL
AGPLEPL/CPL
MIT/BSD
Apache2.0
GPL類 其他類 BSD類
MPL/CDDL
幾乎無拘無束的自由
大家都必須要一直自由
有點自由又不太自由
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開放源碼→ 概念提供源碼→ 義務
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散布者 - 提供源碼的義務
後手 - 索取源碼的權利
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GPL-2.0.感染性特強.佔有率高.可遠觀而不可褻玩焉. Linux Kernel 是一個特殊的變態
Linux Kernel 主要開發者兼精神領袖 Linus Torvalds表態, 寬鬆地允許應用程式可以不採用 GPL-2.0 授權。
User space
此圖著作權利歸屬於 Google © 2008 ,特別聲明為自由軟體推廣演講中進行「合理使用」,請讀者不要更行移置他用。 ©Google
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Derivative Works衍生著作
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NOTE! This copyright does *not* cover user programs that use kernel
services by normal system calls - this is merely considered normal use of
the kernel, and does *not* fall under the heading of "derived work".
Also note that the GPL below is copyrighted by the Free Software
Foundation, but the instance of code that it refers to (the linux kernel) is
copyrighted by me and others who actually wrote it.
Linux Kernel-COPYING
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Q4 :已經開源釋出的專案,以後還可以商業授權,或是用不同的授權方式來釋出嗎?
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可以、前提是:具有完整的權利重新釋出
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不可嗣後撤回性
irrevocable
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自由開源軟體的授權轉換方式
1. XYZ-1.0 released under MIT License
2. XYZ-2.0 released under GPL-2.0
3. XYZ-3.0 released under GPL-2.0 or
Commercial License
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自由開源軟體的授權轉換方式
1. XYZ-1.0 released under MIT License
2. XYZ-2.0 released under GPL-2.0
3. XYZ-3.0 released under GPL-2.0 or
Commercial License
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自由開源軟體的授權轉換方式
1. XYZ-1.0 released under MIT License
2. XYZ-2.0 released under GPL-2.0
3. XYZ-3.0 released under GPL-2.0 or
Commercial License
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自由開源軟體的六大特性
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六大特性
● 開放程式源碼● 不限制授權對象與使用地域● 不收取授權金● 授權不可撤回● 不附隨擔保● 釋放四大自由予後手
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六大特性
● 開放程式源碼● 不限制授權對象與使用地域● 不收取授權金● 授權不可撤回● 不附隨擔保● 釋放四大自由予後手
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六大特性
● 開放程式源碼● 不限制授權對象與使用地域● 不收取授權金● 授權不可撤回● 不附隨擔保● 釋放四大自由予後手
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授權金、權利金✘
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著作權 ✘專利權 ✘
商標權 △
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2015/03/16 153本照片採用創用 CC「姓名標示 - 非商業性 -相同方式分享」 2.0 通用版授權,下載網址: http://www.flickr.com/photos/stanleyju/1426429337/
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授權對象授權時間授權範圍
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授權對象授權時間授權範圍✘
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妨礙自由研究與分享
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For a Fee √
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GPL 的收費方式
1. 目的碼 + 原始碼 =100萬
2. 目的碼 99萬 + 原始碼 300元
3. 目的碼 100元 + 原始碼 99萬
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GPL 的收費方式
1. 目的碼 + 原始碼 =100萬
2. 目的碼 99萬 + 原始碼 300元
3. 目的碼 100元 + 原始碼 99萬
√
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GPL 的收費方式
1. 目的碼 + 原始碼 =100萬
2. 目的碼 99萬 + 原始碼 300元
3. 目的碼 100元 + 原始碼 99萬
√√
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GPL 的收費方式
1. 目的碼 + 原始碼 =100萬
2. 目的碼 99萬 + 原始碼 300元
3. 目的碼 100元 + 原始碼 99萬
√√×
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1 、服務收費模式
● 客製化、● 教育訓練● 諮詢服務
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2 、嵌入式加值模式
● 降低成本● 增進效能
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3 、雙重授權模式
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● 商標權授權金 → 不影響軟體的自由散布– 把商標拿掉即可
● Mozilla Corporation
● Canonical
● Red Hat
4 、商標權收費模式
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六大特性
● 開放程式源碼● 不限制授權對象與使用地域● 不收取授權金● 授權不可撤回● 不附隨擔保● 釋放四大自由予後手
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沒有豬血的豬血湯
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六大特性
● 開放程式源碼● 不限制授權對象與使用地域● 不收取授權金● 授權不可撤回● 不附隨擔保● 釋放四大自由予後手
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進階議題:授權相容性
© David A. Wheeler, The Free-Libre / Open Source Software (FLOSS) License Slide, September 27, 2007, available at: http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/floss-license-slide.html.
You may use, modify, and/or redistribute this document under the Creative Commons “Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License”; the GNU Free Documentation License; or the GNU GPL (version 2 or later). This information is believed to be correct, but is not legal advice; for formal legal advice, please consult an attorney.
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小結與討論
● 新型態的授權模式– 仍在發展中的軟體授權體系
● 雙面刃– 運用得當、當受其利。– 運用不當、可能受害。
● 力量來自於了解與知識● 主動了解、適當運用。
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Mozilla ProjectOpen to live or Close until vanished.
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此圖下載於維基網路百科全書: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Browser_Wars_zh-tw.svg
原作者維基用戶Wereon 以 Creative Commons姓名標示 - 相同方式分享向外釋出,中文譯者
為 Ch.Andrew ,本簡報聲明為在自由開源軟體推廣演講中進行「合理使用」。
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POWER of OPEN
開放協作、群策群力
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Free Software Foundation (FSF)
● Free Software – 自由軟體Richard M. Stallman (rms)
Free Software Foundation (FSF) 1985-
基本教義派
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Open Source Initiative (OSI)
● Free Software – 自由軟體● Open Source Software – 開放源碼軟體
Bruce Perens & Eric Raymond
Open Source Initiative (OSI) 1998-
折衷主義,商業化思維
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gpl-violations.org
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Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC)
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Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC)
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Linux Foundation
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http://readwrite.com/2013/12/19/the-genius-of-linux-is-community-not-technology#awesm=~ovezrNTT0huSXw
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http://readwrite.com/2013/12/19/the-genius-of-linux-is-community-not-technology#awesm=~ovezrNTT0huSXw
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Linaro
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Open Invention Network (OIN)
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Open Invention Network (OIN)
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開源訴訟重要案件與侵權糾紛的處理
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226
0( BusyBox8件)
重要開源訴訟案件分佈地域 (2014)
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Welte 案件群
Welte案件群
時間 案件 國家
2004 年 5月 Welte vs. Sitecom(假處分裁定) 德國
2005 年 4月 Welte vs. Fortinet(假處分裁定) 德國
2006 年 9月 Welte vs. D-Link(一審定讞) 德國
2008 年 5月 Welte vs. Skype(上訴撤回,一審定讞。) 德國
2011 年 6月 AVM vs. Cybits(Welte 為訴訟參與人,二審定讞。) 德國
2013 年 2月 Welte vs. Fantec( 2013 年 6月,一審勝訴。) 德國
●侵害 Harald Welte 程式的著作權。●其他歐洲開發者之程式著作權受到侵害,委託 Harald
Welte 代為處理。
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© Fair use, available at: http://www.linux-magazin.de/NEWS/Skype-gegen-Harald-Welte-Skype-zieht-Einspruch-zurueck-GPL-bestaetigt.
Harald Welte
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gpl-violations.org
● 處理 GPL侵權案件的組織以 Harald Welte 的程式為主
接受他人委託處理侵權案件
與 JBB 法律事務所長期合作
●活躍的法律與技術論壇● 與歐洲自由軟體基金會 (Free Software Foundation
Europe, FSFE)有合作關係
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Kanzlei JBB Rechtsanwaelte, Till Jaeger
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gpl-violations.org - legal mailing list
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Welte vs. D-Link (2006)
原告 Welte
授權代理
被告 D-Link
位於德國境內之台籍子公司
使用原始碼
法蘭克福法院
提起訴訟
第一審判決
賠償損失
1. 提供原始碼2. GPL-2.0文字內容客戶
msdosfs, initrd, mtd
1. Linux kernel 程式之一2. 著作權人:
Werner Almesberger
(奧 ) 、 David Woodhouse
(英 ) 、 Harald Welte (德 )
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要嚇阻侵權不要反效果
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全球第一個 GPL完整法院訴訟案例剖析
●葛冬梅 2006-10-13● http://www.openfoundry.org/tw/legal-column-list/504--gpl- ● 全球第一個經過完整法院訴訟程序( Hauptsacheverfahren ,本案程序)
的 GPL (GNU General Public License) 案例判決書,於今年九月在德國法
蘭克福地方法院正式出爐,原告 Harald Welte(以下稱 Welte)第一審
勝訴,被告則透過媒體表示不會上訴。 GPL 在德國法管轄區域內的法律
有效性與可執行性正式確立。
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全球第二件 GPL訴訟又見德國
●葛冬梅 2007-09-29● http://www.openfoundry.org/tw/legal-column-list/1211--gpl- ● 從 2004 年開始,德國軟體工程師 Harald Welte(簡稱 Welte)以一年一個法
院案例,向各界展現 GNU General Public License v.2 (GPL-2.0) 在德國的法律效
力。今年七月底則向慕尼黑法院控訴著名的 Skypy ,一審獲判勝訴。● 爭端產品是透過 Skype 網頁販售的 VoIP-Telephon(註一),該產品韌體採用
了 GPL-2.0 授權的程式,包括 Linux 作業系統以及兩個由 Welte 擁有著作財
產權的程式。依照 GPL-2.0 的規定,必須將程式的原始碼提供給取得韌體之
人,此外還必須附上 GPL-2.0 的文字內容,而案中爭端產品在散布的時候並未
符合這些 GPL-2.0 規定,因此挨告。。
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自由開源軟體德國訴訟再一例 - Welte vs FANTEC
●黃郁文/編譯 2013-06-28● http://www.openfoundry.org/tw/foss-news/9014--welte-vs-fantec ● 德國漢堡地方法院日前以判決,認定 FANTEC 公司網路多媒體機上盒
產品 FANTEC 3DFHDL 的商用模式,涉及 GPL 侵權利用的事證屬
實,從而就其與被侵權使用元件 netfilter/iptables 著作人 Harald Welte
之間的訴訟案,必須償付懲罰性償金 (penalty fee) ,以及支付原告在訴
訟過程中所花費的律師費用,並且在最快時間內,就其怠於提供
netfilter/iptables 元件程式源碼的侵權事態進行修正。
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BusyBox案件群
時間 案件 國家
2007年10月 BusyBox vs. Monsoon(和解) 美國
2007年11月 BusyBox vs. Xterasys(和解) 美國
2007年11月 BusyBox vs. High-Gain Antennas(和解) 美國
2007年12月 BusyBox vs. Verizon(和解) 美國
2008年6月 BusyBox vs. Bell Microproduct(和解) 美國
2008年6月 BusyBox vs. Super Micro Computer(和解) 美國
2008年7月 BusyBox vs. Extreme Networks(和解) 美國
2009 年 12月 BusyBox vs. Best Buy等 14家公司( 2010 年 7月針對Westinghouse Digital Technologies裁定損害賠償)
美國
BusyBox 案件群
●侵害 BusyBox著作權的訴訟案。
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BusyBox
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BusyBox :注重自由分享與權利維護的社群
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Software Freedom Conservancy, SFC
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SFC 代理專案與著作權人處理侵權糾紛
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Software Freedom Law Center, SFLC
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BusyBox vs. Moonson (2007)
原告 Anderson 與 Landley
紐約州南區地方法院
提起訴訟
和解
1. 在網路上公布原始碼2. 通知取得產品者 GPL 的權利3. 組織內部指派一位開放原始碼協調員( Open Source Compliance Officer)
4. 未公開的賠償金著作權人Erik Anderson(美)Rob Landley(美)與 BusyBox 的開發者
BusyBox
輕量級的 UNIX 工具組,特別適合應用在資源有限的設備, GPL-2.0 授權。
被告 Moonson使用原始碼
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有組織的行為態度相對嚴格
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從 BusyBox 案例看美歐爭訟實務的差異與轉變
●葛冬梅 2008-03-29● http://www.openfoundry.org/tw/legal-column-list/1481-busybox ● 歐洲在過去 4 年,陸續產生 5 件 GPL 的法院案例,其中 4 件在德
國,一件在法國,美國則是在 2007 年年底一口氣有 4 件 GPL 的訴訟
案出來。在美國這 4 件案子出來前,就有不少人問我,美國既然是自由
/開放源碼軟體的發源地,卻遲遲未見 GPL 法院訴訟,反而在德國產
生了第 1 件 GPL 的訴訟,原因為何?現在美國有了案例,就讓我們先
來大略瞭解一下這 4 個案例的始末,然後再來看美歐面對法律爭端時,
處理態度的差異在那裡。
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從 BusyBox 案談起:台灣業者侵權利用自由軟體所面對的法律風險
●葛冬梅 2010-03-22● http://www.openfoundry.org/tw/legal-column-list/2277--busybox- ● 去年 (2009) 12 月 BusyBox 專案(註一)的著作權人,透過
SFLC( Software Freedom Law Center ,軟體自由法律中心)(註二)進
行訴訟代理,在美國紐約南區地方法院對 14 家公司提出了自由軟體侵
權控訴,其中被告包括了台灣的合勤科技在內,這是繼 2006 年友訊科
技在德國被告之後,第二件台灣廠商被控違反 GPL(註三)、侵害自由
軟體著作權的訴訟案件(註四)。在此同時,多家國內資訊業者也收到
了 BusyBox 代理人所發出的警告信。 BusyBox 著作權人這一波所採取
的法律措施,對於台灣業界傳達出了不同於以往的意義,這表示,侵權
利用自由軟體的法律風險,已由歐洲擴散至美國,其後,甚至可能演變
至全球各地。
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1 、違反 LGPL-3.0
2 、損害賠償金3 、類比授權 (Lizenzanalogie/ License
Analogy)
adhoc dataservice vs. Buhl Data Service :商業公司間的爭訟
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假設侵權人在取得合法授權
的前提下 , 會願意支付多少
的合理授權金給權利人。
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沒有源碼不是問題特有的 bug
預設的測試後門字串- BAT
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FSF早期警告信函 1/3
To whom it may concern,
I am writing to you because we at FSF have some concerns about the GNU GPL/LGPL compliance status of the 「 PRODUCT 」 . I hope that this is simply a misunderstanding, and that we can clear up the concerns quickly. It appears to us that the firmware for the 「 PRODUCT 」 uses GNU X-PROJECT, which is a program copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation. Moreover, it does not appear that 「 YOUR COMPANY 」 provides materials that are required by the software's license, the GNU General Public License. Could you please clarify this situation for us?
We do hope that this is indeed a misunderstanding and not, in fact, a violation of the GNU GPL (as it currently appears). However, in the interest of full disclosure, we would like to inform you, from the outset, how matters must proceed if we confirm that a violation has occurred. Under Section 4 of the GNU GPL (and Section 8 of LGPL), violators of these licenses lose their right to distribute the software in question. The copyright holder of the software, of course, has the power to restore these rights.
貴公司產品似乎侵權利用 GNU 專案的程式碼,請您解釋一下!根據 GPL-2.0第 4 條,侵權者失去散布軟體的權利,僅著作權利人可以回復這些權利。
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FSF早期警告信函 2/3
We prefer to restore the rights of violators quickly once they come into compliance as deemed by our review and confirmation procedure. If you are indeed in violation of the license, this is what we want to do. Our goal is to help you bring the 「 PRODUCT 」 into compliance with the terms of our licenses.We will, however, require your assistance to confirm your compliance. In past situations, violators have almost always cooperated with us to bring their product into compliance. We hope that the same will occur here.
We employ Licensing Compliance Engineers and Attorneys who can assist your engineers and legal team in bringing the 「 PRODUCT 」 into compliance. Our team would prefer to work with you interactively to resolve the matter. This friendly approach minimizes engineering and lawyer time required to resolve the matter on both sides. In this case, we only require that you reimburse us for the hourly cost of our work in bringing the 「 PRODUCT 」 into compliance. (As always, there are no licensing fees associated with the Free Software we distribute. You would only reimburse us for the costs of our time spent working with you. This ensures that we can continue our GPL enforcement in perpetuity). If you work with us in this way, bringing PRODUCT into compliance will take no more than 10 hours (at $265/hour).
若您真的侵權,我們的工程師與律師將協助您,將產品調整至符合授權規定的狀態。而我們僅要求您賠償為了解決侵權問題而產生的工時費用。若您合作的話,調整過程將會少於 10小時,每小時費用為 265美金。
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FSF早期警告信函 3/3
If you do not take advantage of our offer to work with you to bring the 「 PRODUCT 」 into compliance, your continued distribution of these products may very well be in violation of GNU GPL. As such, we request that you immediately cease distribution. Remember, simply bringing the 「 PRODUCT 」 into compliance on your own will not restore your rights to distribute GNU X-PROJECT and other Free Software Foundation works. Only we, the copyright holders, can grant you such restoration. Further, making future distributions of the「 PRODUCT 」 in compliance with the GPL will not necessarily compensate for the damages that existing non–compliant distributions may have already caused the Free Software community. Resolving this matter requires negotiation about how best to serve the community's needs and interests. We would prefer to carry out these negotiations in a friendly and cooperative way. We look forward to your prompt response.
Best regards
XXXX
請您記得,單純地將產品調整至符合授權規定,並不會讓您的權利回復。只有著作權利人才可以讓您復權。
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http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1048027
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http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1048027
https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/sjs/htc-willfully-violates-gpl-t-mobiles-new-g2-android-phone/
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SOURCE CODE 、 INSTALLATION INFORMATION 、 COMPILING SCRIPTS
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所提供的源碼與安裝資訊、是否能
讓使用者以新版的 BUSYBOX 取代
舊版的 BUSYBOX 在裝置中的運作關係
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判斷 /註記程式元件為自由開源軟體的方式
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網站清楚說明
http://www.busybox.net/license.html
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Header 簡要標明
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README或 LEGAL檔
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http://opensource.org/licenses/alphabetical
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http://www.openfoundry.org/of/projects/1/download
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*of/of
OpenFoundry : OSI: MIT License*of/services
Request Tracker : GPL 2.0
Kwiki : Artistic License 2.0
Sympa : GPL 2.0
Subversion : Subversion License
CVS : GPL 2.0*sso
OpenFoundry : OSI: MIT License*wsw
joomla! : OSI: GPL 2.0
*of/of
OpenFoundry : OSI: MIT License*of/services
Request Tracker : GPL 2.0
Kwiki : Artistic License 2.0
Sympa : GPL 2.0
Subversion : Subversion License
CVS : GPL 2.0*sso
OpenFoundry : OSI: MIT License*wsw
joomla! : OSI: GPL 2.0
http://www.openfoundry.org/of/download/openfoundry/2.0/OpenFoundry-2.0-README.txt
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新型態的授權運用策略
● 授權方式– BSD :廣泛散布 ↓– GPL :眾多軟體採用 + 代表四大自由理念 ↓– 其他:奠基於成熟的自由開源軟體專案繼續開發↓
● Dual License(免費開源版本/收費商業版本)– LGPL+ 商業授權↓( Qt↑)– GPL+ 商業授權↓(MySQL)– Apache-2.0+ 商業授權↓( Google Android)
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新型態的授權運用策略
● 授權方式– BSD :廣泛散布 ↓– GPL :眾多軟體採用 + 代表四大自由理念 ↓– 其他:奠基於成熟的自由開源軟體專案繼續開發↓
● Dual License(免費開源版本/收費商業版本)– LGPL+ 商業授權↓( Qt↑)– GPL+ 商業授權↓(MySQL)– Apache-2.0+ 商業授權↓( Google Android)
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技轉商業化過程圖
✘
✘B
接受技轉公司
B
接受技轉公司C
品牌公司
C
品牌公司D
消費者
D
消費者
自由開源軟體清單
自由開源軟體清單
A
國科會計畫
A
技轉公司 /計畫
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自由開源軟體清單:內容
● 自由開源軟體名稱● 版本號● 授權條款全名與版本號● 相關網址● 商業利用狀態
– 禁止商業利用?雙重授權?● 其他說明
– 所包含的專利技術狀況– 相關的商標權狀況– 相關的營業秘密狀況– …...
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Slideshare LucienCHLin
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2015/03/16 245http://www.slideshare.net/LucienCHLin
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本簡報授權聲明
● 除另有聲明外,本簡報內容採用 Creative Commons 「姓名標示 - 非商業性」台灣 3.0
版授權條款。
● 歡迎非商業目的的重製、散布或修改本簡報的內容,但請標明: (1) 原作者姓名; (2)
本簡報標題; (3) 演講日期。
● 簡報中所取用的圖形創作乃截取自網際網路,僅供演講者於自由軟體推廣演講時主張
合理使用,請讀者不得對其再行取用,除非您本身自忖亦符合主張合理使用之情狀,
且自負相關法律責任。
THANK YOUWebsite: www.openfoundry.orgPhone: 02-2788-3799 ext. 1474