2016 03 naturalstone petrology blc · igneous (magmatic) rocks sedimentary rocks metamorphic rocks...
TRANSCRIPT
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NATURAL STONE
2 - PETROLOGY
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THE THREE CLASSES OF ROCKS
Igneous (magmatic) rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
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Cours de pétrologie magmatique en ligne
http://www.botanic06.com/site/geol/magma1.htm - 23.09.2016
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IGNEOUS ROCKS(= formed from a magma)
Magma : molten rocks (silicate solutions) located in the Earth crust or in the mantel
T ≈ 1200 –1500°C
plutonic rocks(intrusives)
magmatic chamber
volcanic rocks(extrusives)
crust
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plutonic rocks volcanic rocks
magma granitic basaltic
origin of the material
crust (metamorphic rocks)
mantel (peridotites)
SiO2 high low
viscosity high low
rocks intrusives extrusives
solidification slow fast
cristallization complete incomplete or non-existent
"Schematic" characterization of the igneous rocks
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Concept of fractional crystallization
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristallisation_fractionn%C3%A9e_%28g%C3%A9ologie%29 – 23.09.2016
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Concept of fractional crystallization
http://www.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/s2/r.ign.html - 23.09.2016
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Mineralogical (or chemical) composition
Classification of magmatic rocks
Structure
Coarse grained
Fine grained, vitreous
PlutonicVolcanic
NAME
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Classification of magmatic rocks
Cardinal minerals (light colours):- quartz- Na,K feldspars- plagioclases (Ca,Na feldspars)- feldspathoids
Essential minerals (dark colours):- micas- amphiboles- pyroxenes- olivine
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Classification of magmatic rocks (simplified)
-------------------Light to dark coloured----------------
According to http://www.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/s2/r.ign.html
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PLUTONIC ROCKS(intrusives)
Some characteristics:
- all the cristals are visible with the unaided eye- the cristals have no particular orientation- the porosity is very little or non-existent- cristals are often well formed (automorphes)
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Plutonic rock: granite (≈95% vol.)
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Plutonic rock: diorite
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Plutonic rock: gabbro
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Plutonic rock: peridotite
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VOLCANIC ROCKS (extrusives)
Effusives and pyroclastics rocks
Some characteristics:
- the matrix is always amorphous, glassy or fine grained- the porosity can be very high (vacuoles in pyroclastic rocks => trapped porosity)- If cristals exist, they can be orientated (=> lava flow)
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Effusive volcanic rocks come from effusive volcanos:
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Effusive volcanic rock: rhyolite
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Effusive volcanic rock: obsidian (rhyolite)
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Effusive volcanic rock: andesite
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Effusive volcanic rock: basalt (≈90% vol.)
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Basalt columns Madagascar
Ireland (Giants Causeway)
Ireland (Giants Causeway)
France (Cessoux)
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Pyroclastic volcanic rocks come from explosive volcanos:
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Pyroclastic volcanic rock: bombs, blocs
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Pyroclastic volcanic rock: pumice (pierre ponce)
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THE THREE CLASSES OF ROCKS
Igneous (magmatic) rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
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Cours de sédimentologie et pétrologie sédimentaire:Prof. Frédéric Boulvain, Uni. Liège BelgiqueCours en ligne:http://www2.ulg.ac.be/geolsed/sedim/sedimentologie.htm - 23.09.2016
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Genesis of the sedimentary rocks
Processes: weathering, transport, sedimentation, diagenesis
Material: terrigenous, allochemical (shells, skeleton,... from the sedimentary basin) orthochemical (chemical precipitation within the sed. basin)
http://www.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/s2/r.sedim.html
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Weathering and erosion
mechanical: mechanical disintegration (freez/thaw, roots of plants)
chemical: the minerals in imbalance with the atmospheric conditions are easily attacked (high temperature minerals or minerals with high solubility)
biochemical: plants take the elements they need from the minerals of the rocks
These 3 mechanisms => erode the preexisting rocks
and produce debris of all dimensions
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Sediment transport
Transporting mediums: rivers, glaciers, wind, ocean currents and tides (marées).
During transportation, edges are smoothed.
Depending on the medium and the energy, transport can last a few hours to several days/weeks/months/years
Deposition occurs when the speed of the transporting medium becomes insufficient to maintain the particles in suspension
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Sedimentation
The transported material accumulates in a sedimentary basin in the form of successive layers whose composition, size of the particles, colour, etc, vary in time => stratifications (cf Gd Canyon, Jura, )
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Sedimentation
Vosgien sandstone (Vosges Mountains, France)
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Diagenesis: transformation of a sediment into a hard rock
Chemical and mechanical processes which modify a sedimentary deposit after its deposition (dehydration, burying, compaction, dissolutions, recrystallizations, neo-formations, cementation)
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Identification criteria of the sedimentary rocks
Stratification:
sedimentary rocks are mostly laminated
(except reef limestone, tuf limestone, glacial moraines)
Fossil content:
presence of substances or objects related to the living world (the hard parts of animals, plants footprints, holes, signs of grazing (pacage) or locomotion)
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- Clastic sedimentary rocks (roches détritiques)
- Biogenic/organic sedimentary rocks (roches biogéniques ou biochimiques)
- Chemical sedimentary rocks (évaporites)
Classification of sedimentary rocks
The classification is based on the formation process.
The subdivisions are based on the chemical composition, the mineralogy or again on the formation process.
(Several classifications exist)
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CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Composed of fragments of materials derived from other rocks (original rock can be easily identified). Largely composed of quartz with other common minerals (feldspars, amphiboles, clay minerals,…)
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Clastic sedim. rocks / roches sédim. détritiques
Coarse grains
(>2mm)
Rounded clasts (of anyrock type)
CO
NG
LO
MÉ
RA
TS
S
.L.
Conglomerate(poudingue)
Angular clasts (of any rock type)
Breccia (brèche)
Fine grains
(63μm to 2mm –can be seen / naked eye)
Quartz +/- feldspars, micas, clay minerals –Sandpapery feel and scratches glass
GR
ÈS Sandstone (grès)
Very fine grains
(<63μm –cannot be seen / naked eye)
Quartz + clay minerals
PÉ
LIT
ES
S.L
.
Siltsone (pélite)
Clay minerals – non laminated
Mudstone (argilite)
Clay minerals –laminated Shale (shale)
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Clastic sedim. rocks / conglomerate (poudingue)
Ex. near Lausanne: the poudingue from the Mont Pelerin
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Clastic sedim. rocks / breccia (brèche)
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Clastic sedim. rocks / sandstone (grès)
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FR, Villarlod, church, May 2009
Clastic sedim. rocks / a kind of sandstone: the molasse sandstone (molasse = grès molassique)
VD, Montheron, church, May 2005
VD, Lausanne, Castel St. Maire, April 2012
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Clastic sedim. rocks / siltstone (pélite)
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Clastic sedim. rocks / mudstone (argilite)
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Clastic sedim. rocks / shale (shale)
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Carbonate rocks: biogenic sedimentary rocks that containcarbonate minerals generated by living organisms (corals, molluscs, foraminifera,…): limestones (calcaires), dolostones (dolomies)
Other organic rocks:
- Siliceous biogenic rocks : diatomite, flint (silex), …
- Carbonaceaous rocks : coal, oil, petroleum…
- Phosphates rocks
Biogenic sedim. rocks= organic or biochemical origin rocks
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / biological
CARBONATE STONES (roches carbonatées)
Mostly calcite (CaCO3)
Fizzes with cold dilute HCl (10%)
Muddy matrix with fossils
CA
LC
AIR
ES
s.l
Fossiliferouslimestone(calcaire fossilifère)
Shells or shell fragments (>2mm) poorly cemented => porous rock
Coquina (calcaire coquiller/ lumachelle)
Shells or shell fragments (<63μm) poorly cemented => porous rock
Chalk (craie)
Shells or shell fragments (<4μm) well cemented => dense rock
Micrite (calcaire micritique)
Mostly dolomite CaMg(CO3)2
Fizzes with hot dilute HCl (10%)
Muddy matrix with or withoutfossils
DO
LO
MIE
Ss.l
Fossiliferous
(or not) dolostone(dolomie fossilifère ou non)
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / limestone (calcaire)
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / dolostone (dolomie)
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / fossiliferous limestone
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / coquina (calcaire coquiller ou lumachelle)
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / chalk(made of coccolithophore)
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / Coccolithophore (plankton)
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / micrite
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / biological
SILICEOUS STONES
Mostly quartz (SiO2)
scratches glass
Made of radiolarians, red or green coloured, dense, alternation of dark and bright layers
Radiolarite
Mostly quartz (SiO2)
scratches glass
Made of diatoms, light coloured, extremely light weight, friable
Diatomite
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / radiolarite(made of radiolarians)
http://www.heilsteinforum.de / 18.09.2014
http://www.praehistorische-lithothek.de /18.09.2014
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / radiolarians (plankton)
Fossilized radiolariansx 150
Today’s radiolariansx 150
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / diatomite (made of diatoms)
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / diatoms (plankton)
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / biological
CARBONACEOUS STONES (roches carbonées)
Dull brown and plant-like
Porous and easy to break apart in plant fragments
Peat (tourbe)
Woody appearance, light weight Lignite
Highly altered plant remains (carbon)
Black, dense and brittle or porousand sooty
Bituminouscoal (charbon bitumineux)
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / peat (tourbe)
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / lignite
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Biogenic sedim. rocks / bituminous coal(charbon bitumineux)
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Chemical rocks are mineral sediments- that result from the evaporation of surficial oversaturatedwater or - that precipitated from mineralized oversaturatedsolutions.
This usually happens in an arid environment with a smallsedimentary basin fed by a limited input of water (evaporites: halite, gypsum,…) or in an environmentwhere water undergoes drastic modifications of pressure/temperature conditions (stalactite, stalagmite, travertine,…).
Chemical sedimentary rocks (évaporites)
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Evaporites
Minerals precipitate out of solution in the reverse order of their solubilities. For ex., the order of precipitation fromsea water is:
1. Calcite (CaCO3) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) 2. Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) and anhydrite (CaSO4). 3. Halite (NaCl) 4. Potassium and magnesium salts
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Chemical sedimentary rocks
Mostly calcite (CaCO3)
Fizzes withcold dilute HCl
Spherical grains like tiny beads with concentric laminations
Oolitic limestone(calcaire oolitique)
Banded Travertine
Highly porous, recognizable plant debris (mosses, twigs, leaves) and / or angular gravel
Tuf limestone
Very fine grained Chalcedony (SiO2)
Light coloured, scratches glass
Chert(chaille)
Dark coloured, scratches glass
Flint (silex)
Fine to coarse cristalline gypsum (CaSO4,2H2O)
Can be scratched with fingernail
Rock Gypsum(pierre à plâtre)
Fine to coarse cristalline halite (NaCl)
Salty tasteRock Salt(roche saline)
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Chemical sedim. rocks / oolitic limestone(calcaire oolitique)
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Chemical sedim. rocks / travertine (travertin)
Travertin Gerdoo'i (Iran) Roman travertine (Italy)
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertin http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertin
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Ho
t S
pri
ng
s at
Pam
ukk
ale,
Tu
rke
y
Chemical sedim rocks / travertine (travertin)
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamukkale
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Tuf from Corpataux, Escaliers du court chemin, Fribourg
Chemical sedim rocks / tuf limestone(tuf calcaire)
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Bea
um
e-le
s-M
ess
ieu
rs,
Fra
nce
, Ju
ra
Chemical sedim. rocks / tuf limestone(tuf calcaire)
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Chemical sedim rocks / chert (chaille)
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Chemical sedim. rocks / flint (silex)
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Chemical sedim. rocks / rock gypsum(pierre à plâtre)
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Chemical sedim. rocks / rock salt
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THE THREE CLASSES OF ROCKS
Igneous (magmatic) rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
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Metamorphic rocks
A metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of a pre-existing rock type (protolith), in a process calledmetamorphism. The protolith is subjected to heat, extremepressure and tectonic movements causing profoundphysical and/or chemical change. Protolith = sedimentaryrock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock.
Metamorphims ("change in form") = solid state recrystallisation of pre-existing rocks due to changes in heatand/or pressure and/or introduction of fluids withoutmelting. There will be mineralogical, chemical and crystallographic changes
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Limits of the metamorphism
~ 2
00
-3
00
o C
~ 6
50
-7
00
o C
diagenesis melting
solid liquid
metamorphism
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Conditions of the metamorphism
Diagenèse
métamorphismerégional
métamorphisme de contact
cond
ition
s no
n ré
alis
ées
dans
la n
atur
e
fusion
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Types of metamorphism
regional m.
contact m.
shock m.
Meteor Crater in Arizona
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Cours métamorphisme en ligne :http://christian.nicollet.free.fr/page/enseignement/licencemetam.html -23.09.2016
Cours métamorphisme en pdf:http://christian.nicollet.free.fr/page/Publications/encycl.pdf - 23.09.2016
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Orientated or not orientated structures?
Deep in the crust=> isotropic strain=> no orientated structures
Near the surface=> anisotropic strain=> orientated structures
but always very low porosity
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In the compression zones:
- at a shallow depth: onlyfold deformation
- at a medium depth: folddeformation + mechanical flow = schistosity (schistosité)
- at a high depth: schistosity+ alternations of distinct mineral beds = gneisocity(foliation)
- at a very high depth: no orientated structure
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/MetaRx/Metatexture.html
DE
PT
H
Orientated or not orientated structures?
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Classification of metamorphic rocks (simplified)
Schistosity(schistosité)
Clay minerals, micasDense, easy to split into thin sheets
Slate (ardoise)
Micas, chlorite, talc, garnet, kyanite, staurolite, feldspars, quartz, tourmaline,…
Schist
(schiste)
Gneisocity (foliation)
Feldspars, quartz, micas, ferromagnesian minerals –Color banded
Gneiss
Non foliated, non orientated grains
Calcite (CaCO3) Fizzes with dilute HCl Marble
Dolomite (Ca,Mg)(CO3)2Fizzes with dilute HCl only when powdered
Dolomitic marble
Quartz (SiO2) Scratches glass Quartzite
AmphibolesGeneraly black prismatic crystals (2 cleavages 60o/120o)
Amphibolite
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Metamorphic sequences
Séquences Roches initialesRoches métamorphiques
(métamorphisme croissant)
pélitique pélites, argilitesschistes -> micaschistes -> gneiss ->
leptynites
arénacée grès, arkoses quartzite -> gneiss -> leptynites
calcaropélitique marnesmicaschistes à mnx -> amphibolites ->
pyroxénites
carbonatéecalcaires et dolomites
calcschistes -> marbres -> cipolins
granitiquegranitoïdes et laves
analogues(protogine) -> gneiss -> leptynites
basiquediorite, gabbros,
basaltesschistes -> prasinites -> amphibolites ->
pyroxénites
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Metamorphic rocks / Slate (ardoise)
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Metamorphic rocks / schists
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Metamorphic rocks / schists: serpentinite
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Metamorphic rocks / Gneiss
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Metamorphic rocks / Marble
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Metamorphic rocks / Quartzite
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Conservation Science Consulting Sàrligneous rocks(volcanicrocks)
igneousrocks
(plutonicrocks) sedimentary rocks
metamorphicrocks
magma
melting
rising
crystallization
uplift & exposure
weathering, transportation
depositionin fresh water
deposition in sea water
diagenesis
pressure, temperature & fluid exchange
diagenesis
eruption
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