2016 undergraduate thesis: east kensington correctional

East Kensington Correctional

A contemporary, liberal prison system

ID 453 / Contract Design Cole Johns

Prison of the AgesA compilation of information and a commentary on the American and Norwegian penal systems.

Kensington Correctional / 1


Table of Contents:1. Concept Statement

2. Research Findings

3. U.S. Prison History

4. United States vs. Norway

5. Site Analysis

6. References


Concept Statement: Within the United States today, there are nearly seven million persons that are under the supervision of adult correctional systems, including, but not limited to; probation, parole, jail or prison (U.S. Department of Justice; Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2014). With such a high number that has climbed steadily since the establishment of our correctional systems here in the United States, many individuals have pondered the reasons why such a trend continues. The answer lies within our dealing with these criminals, both psychologically, and through their built environment. Controversial issues such as solitary confinement, police brutality, and inhumane living conditions are just some of the issues that face the American penal system. In stark contrast, we look at progressive countries such as Norway and Austria as inspiration, with amenities like various extracurricular activities, relaxed inmate-guard relations, and open, interactive communal spaces for inmates to socialize. These ideas are still not well accepted within the United States, but when looking at both Norway and Austria, whose recidivism rates show both twenty and fourteen percent, respectively, it is clear that their view regarding the “fundamental right of all persons deprived of liberty to humane treatment, and to have their dignity, as well as their life, and their physical, mental, and moral integrity respected and ensured” (Organization of American States, 2008) is a model which has consistently worked and should be recognized within the American society.

Utilizing the various techniques described within both the Norwegian and Austrian Prison Systems, a space that full envelops

their ideas on both psychology and the built environment shall be created. This includes but is not limited to the use of natural

elements, open spaces, communal areas, and activity rooms that seek to engage these individuals in a

way that is beneficial to their overall quality of life once released from the justice system.

Research Findings

500+

300-399

200-299

150-199

100-149

50-99

0-49

International Incarceration Rateper 100,000 people


Source : International Centre for Prison Studies


The United States has roughly 25% more incarcerated individuals than the next largest prison system (located in China).

Source : International Centre for Prison Studies


nearly 7 millionpersons were under the supervision of adult

U.S. correctional systems (including probation,

parole, jail, or prison) by the end 2013.- United States Bureau of Justice


RecidivismDefined as the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they had either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or had been trained to extinguish that behavior. The following shows the states with the highest rates of recidivism across the U.S.

- The Sentencing Project (Research and Advocacy for Reform)

1. Hawaii 2. Idaho 3. Utah 4. Illinois

5. Tennessee 6. Washington 7. Pennsylvania

8. Florida 9. Connecticut 10. Virginia

U.S. France U.K. Japan Australia Russia Germany Norway China

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

The following graph shows a comprehensive look at the various countries and their recidivism rates. Based on their relatively low rates of recidivism, Norway will be looked at as the prime example for inspiration.


In addition to it being the 7th highest in

recidivism rates, the state of Pennsylvania

also holds the 5th largest city in the U.S.,

at 1.56 million people, Philadelphia.- United States Census Bureau

Just 5 years after release from the penal system,

the Philadelphia recidivism rate increases to

71.1%

- Pennsylvania Department of Corrections.


After the first year period, the overall recidivism rate is 36.2% for the inmates released in 2006. After three years, the overall recidivism rate is 62.7%. Slightly more than half of those who recidivated (rearrested or re-incarcerated) within three years actually recidivated within the first year.

This shows the slowing rate of recidivism as time since release elapses. Finally, the 5-year overall recidivism rate is 71.1%.


Crimes Committed In Philadelphia (by type)

Though the crime rate within Philadelphia is quite varied, it is clear that a number of the crimes committed are non-violent, and therefore these individuals will re-enter into society. This information calls onto the need for reduced percentage of recidivism within this area, deterring those that enter into the penal system, to stay out of it.

- Federal Bureau of Investigation


In 2013, the total number of prisoners released in

Pennsylvania reached a staggering 20,455 (a

10.6% increase from those released in 2012.)

tics- U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statis-

SENTENCED STATE AND FEDERAL PRISON ADMISSIONS AND RELEASES AND YEAREND SENTENCED PRISON POPULATION, 1978–2012

As indicated above, the graphs show a steady increase in the amount of convicts released per year from 1978 to 2012, with these number just now decreasing slightly. It is clear that, by these numbers, a system should be instated that will deter these individuals from re-entering into the penal system. Through further research and development of various cultures and prison systems, such an establishment will be created.


It is estimated that 93% of all prison inmates will eventually

return home. - Joan Petersilia, When Prisoners Come Home


Average of 34 years old.

92% are Male.

A racial minority (47% black, 16%

Hispanic).

77% committed nonviolent crimes

(drugs).

44% are first time offenders.

59% are functionally

or completely illiterate.

Only 17% are married.

Only 10-18% have weekly visual contact from

family.

41% more likely to have a transferable

disease.

75% of people will return to urban core counties.

Who’s Coming Home?

- Joan Petersilia, “When Prisoners Come Home”

U.S. Prison History

“The purpose of punishment is not to torment a sensible being, nor to

undo a crime already committed, but to prevent the criminal from doing further injury and to prevent others

from committing a like offense.”- Cesare Beccaria, Early Prison Reformer


“Unless he has learned to do right on his own initiative, there is no security

against his return to prison.”- Thomas Mott Osborne, excerpt from his book “Within Prison Walls”


“Prisons should help prisoners rather than just punish them.”

- John Howard, Early Prison Reformer



1750 1800 1850

1764 Cesare Beccaria publishes

On Crimes and Punishments,

a book urging imprisonment

as the main form of

punishment in prisons.

1776Pennsylvania Quakers create

the Philadelphia Society

of Alleviating Distressed

Prisoners, showing their

commitment to prison reform.

1817 Auburn State penitentiary

open is NY. Inmates are

housed in cell blocks but are

marched to workshops for

silent labor during the day.

1829Philadelphia prisons introduce

solitary, silent confinement and

drives prisoners insane. This

system impresses European

visitors, who adopt the ideas.

This same system is still used

in some prisons today.

1841 The practice of probation is

introduced when shoemaker

John Augustus reforms an

offender instead of sending

him to jail.

1870The National Congress on

Penitentiary and Reformatory

Discipline meets in Cincinnati

and endorses a Declaration

of Principles that becomes

the basis of the rehabilitative

approach that dominates the

US prison philosophy for the

next 100 years.

Chronology of the U.S. Prison System(1750 - 2000)


20001900 1950

1876 New York State opens the

Elmira State Reformatory

and introduces rehabilitative

ideas (prisoner classification,

education, vocational training,

etc.). Behind the scenes

however, prisoners are beaten,

starved, and treated inhumanely.

1895Construction begins on the

first federal prison at Fort

Leavenworth, Kansas.

1930The Federal Bureau of Prisons

is established by Congress.

1960’sThe prisoners’ rights movement

emerges out of the civil rights

movement.

1973Rockefeller Drug Laws are

passed, increasing the size and

population of state prisons.

1980In Ruiz vs. Estelle, Judge

Justice finds the totality of

Texas prison conditions to be

unconstitutional, and orders

massive changes to be put into

place.

1998By mid year, federal and state

prisons hold an estimated total

of 1.2 million inmates (a 60%

increase from 1990).

- Nicole Rafter & Debra Stanley, “Prisons In America”


1. Radial Design 2. Campus Design

3. Courtyard Design 4. Telephone Pole Design

Primary Prison Typologies:

1. Proposed that by “keeping prisoners in solitary confinement, separating

prisoners and preventing prisoners from communicating with each other” it

would lead to self-reflection and remorse and, ultimately, to moral elevation.

2. Concluded to be one of the most successful layouts for prison design due to

the interaction and social gatherings to be had by prison and staff throughout

the facility.

3. Allowed for reduced visibility of the outside to prisoners and decreased the

likelihood of prison escapes due to guarded areas around the facility. Did create

issue with interaction of natural elements for prisoners and staff.

4. Introduced a lower rate of violent crime between prisoners and staff through

the introduction of high levels of visibility and decreased social issues between

them.


“More open layouts can improve inmate-guard relations and support a

culture of progress rather than fear.”- Karin Beijersbergen, Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement


Auburn State Prison1816, New York

Auburn State Prison established a disciplinary and administrative system

based on silence, corporal punishment, and “congregate” (group) labour. Based on

the architecture and design of the prison, Auburn became the model for the great

majority of the penal systems establised within the United States.

Auburn originally used congregate cells, but borrowed the concept of solitary

cells from the Pennsylvania system in 1821. A unique five-tiered cell-block of two

rows of single cells, placed back to back in the center of the building. Cells measured

only 3.5 feet wide, 7.5 feet long, and 7 feet high; doors faced outer walls lined with

grated windows that provided indirect light and air. This pattern of small inside

cell blocks was later adopted by most state prisons in the United States. Auburn

prisoners labored in congregate workshops, offsetting imprisonment costs by

fulfilling private-industry contracts. Auburn briefly (1821–25) implemented a three-

level classification system. Under it, minor offenders labored in workshops during

the day and retired to separate cells at night; serious offenders alternated their days

between solitary confinement and congregate work. The most-hardened criminals

were placed in solitary confinement without work. After numerous suicides, instances

of mental illness, and attempted escapes, the governor of New York terminated the

classification system and the experiment in solitary confinement.

Despite the demise of the “ideal” system, Auburn remained the model

for nearly a century, primarily because it had been inexpensive to construct and

maintain.

- Encyclopedia Britannica


Eastern State Penitentiary1829, Pennsylvania

The Penitentiary would not simply punish, but move the criminal toward

spiritual reflection and change. The method was a Quaker-inspired system of

isolation from other prisoners, with labor. The early system was strict. To prevent

distraction, knowledge of the building, and even mild interaction with guards,

inmates were hooded whenever they were outside their cells. But the proponents of

the system believed strongly that the criminals, exposed, in silence, to thoughts of

their behavior and the ugliness of their crimes, would become genuinely penitent.

Thus the new word, penitentiary. Eastern’s seven earliest cell blocks may represent the first modern building in the United States. The concept plan, by the British-born architect John Haviland, reveals the purity of the vision. Seven cell blocks radiate from a central surveillance rotunda. Haviland’s ambitious mechanical innovations placed each prisoner had his or her own private cell, centrally heated, with running water, a flush toilet, and a skylight. Adjacent to the cell was a private outdoor exercise yard contained by a ten-foot wall. This was in an age when the White House, with its new occupant Andrew Jackson, had no running water and was heated with coal-burning stoves. Virtually all prisons designed in the nineteenth century, world wide, were based on one of two systems: New York State’s Auburn System, and the Pennsylvania System embodied in the Eastern State Penitentiary. During the century following Eastern’s construction, more than 300 prisons in South America, Europe, Russia, China, Japan, and across the British Empire were based on its plan. Still, while this prison system may seem to have been a luxurious and innovative stance on rehabilitation of prisoners, the cramped quarters, solitary living conditions, and general inhumane conditions created an environment in which individuals are punished and receive little understanding of their crimes, causing them to recidivise.

- Eastern State Penitentiary Website, General Overview


Elmira State Reformatory1876, New York

Set atop a hill, the institution’s Victorian towers and turrets loomed above

the town “like a college or a hospital.” This system was designed for reformatory

work, with cells almost twice the size of Sing Sing’s and configured for separation

by prisoner classification.

Soon into the creation of the prison, a three-grade system was instituted.

All new inmates were placed in the middle grade; six months of perfect marks in

school, work and deportment earned promotion to first grade with extra privileges.

Another six months of perfect marks earned eligibility for parole. Unsatisfactory

marks meant demotion to the next lower grade: demotion to the third grade meant

a red suit, the lockstep and loss of correspondence and visiting. The next 20 years

saw an explosion of ambitious and resourceful programming activity. Beginning in

1878, several educated inmates taught elementary classes six nights a week, and a

professor from the Elmira Women’s College conducted courses in geography and the

natural sciences for advanced students. The next year, six public school teachers and

three attorneys were engaged to teach elementary classes and advanced classes

were expanded to include geometry, bookkeeping and physiology. A professor

from the Michigan State Normal School was recruited as “moral director” to begin

courses in ethics and psychology. Lectures in history and literature were added in

the early ‘80’s. In 1882, a summer school was started. Throughout the period, Elmira

attracted prominent visitors as “Sunday lecturers.”

With success coming to Elmira very quickly, the Warden and creator of the

system printed 3,000 copies of the annual reports and 1,500 copies of The Summary.

Judges--convinced of Elmira’s merits-- sent inmates faster than they could be

paroled. Additions to the original 504 cells were made in 1886 and again in 1892,

raising the total to 1,296, but by the late 1890’s there were nearly 1,500 occupants,

creating similar issues as we have seen before in such prisons.

- The New York Correction Historical Society

United States vs. Norway


Average U.S. Prison Construction Cost

Halden Prison Construction Cost

121,000,000 USD

138,000,000 USD

1 = 10,000,000 USD


“The estimated cost to build an institution varies between $98 million and $162 million, depending upon the level of security required, capacity, and

other site-specific factors.”Federal Bureau of Prisons Management of Construction Contracts


“ Norway has only a tenth of the American prison population relative to

the country’s population size.” - Rick Noak, Washington Post


United State’s Prison Rate

Norway’s Prison Rate

698 Individuals per Prison, World Prison Brief

71 Individuals per Prison, World Prison Brief

1 = 50 Incarcerated Individuals


A Day in the U.S. Prison System(Maximum Security)

North Carolina Department of Public Safety


Solitary

Work

Social

A Day in the Norway Prison System(Maximum Security)

William Lee Adams, Time Magazine


U.S. Prisoners Engaged in Education(out of 100%)

Norwegian Prisoners Engaged in Education(out of 100%)

Roughly 50% of prisoners engage in educational programs while in prison

Roughly 80% of prisoners engage in educational programs while in prison

Bureau of Justice Statistics

Terje Manger, University of Bergen, Norway


“Only 5.6% of prisoners with an undergraduate degree go back to

prison.” - Emary University, Department of Economics


Halden Prison2010, Norway

To anyone familiar with the American correctional system, Halden seems

alien. Its modern, cheerful and well- appointed facilities, the relative freedom of

movement it offers, its quiet and peaceful atmosphere — these qualities are so out

of sync with the forms of imprisonment found in the United States that you could be

forgiven for doubting whether Halden is a prison at all. It is, of course, but it is also

something more: the physical expression of an entire national philosophy about the

relative merits of punishment and forgiveness.

“Nature is a rehabilitation thing now,” Molden said. Researchers are working

to quantify the benefits of sunlight and fresh air in treating depression. But Molden

viewed nature’s importance for Norwegian inmates as far more personal. “We don’t

think of it as a rehabilitation,” she said. “We think of it as a basic element in our

growing up.” The Correctional Service emphasizes what it calls “dynamic security,”

a philosophy that sees interpersonal relationships between the staff and the inmates

as the primary factor in maintaining safety within the prison. They contrast this with

the approach dominant in high- security prisons elsewhere in the world, which they

call “static security.” Of the 251 inmates, nearly half are imprisoned for violent

crimes like murder, assault or rape; a third are in for smuggling or selling drugs.

Nevertheless, violent incidents and even threats are rare, and nearly all take place

in Unit A. It is the prison’s most restrictive unit, housing inmates who require close

psychiatric or medical supervision or who committed crimes that would make them

unpopular in Units B and C, the prison’s more open “living” cell blocks, where the

larger population of inmates mixes during the day for work, schooling and therapy

programs.

Overall, the prison system here, is one that focuses on the rehabilitation of

its inmates and treats them in a way that is humane, yet restrictive in their ideas of

punishment, creating a space where violence is low, and rehabilitation is high.

- Jessica Benko, New York Times


Bastøy Island Prison1982, Norway

Founded in 1982, Bastøy Prison is located on a lush, 1-square-mile island of pine trees and rocky coasts, with views of the ocean that are postcard-worthy. It feels more like a resort than jail, and prisoners here enjoy freedoms that would be unthinkable elsewhere. Some of the 115 prisoners here -- all men and serving time for murder, rape and trafficking heroin, among other crimes -- stay in wooden cottages, painted cheery red. They come and go as they please. Others live in “The Big House,” a white mansion on a hill that, on the inside, looks like a college dorm. The idea of Bastøy Prison isn’t to offend the people of Norway by pampering criminals instead of punishing them, but to change them, because, as Arne Kvernvik Nilsen, the prison’s governor, says, “what’s the point of punishment, except for leaning toward the primitive side of humanity?” And guess what, Bastøy works! According to statistics, only 20% of criminals who experience Norway’s progressive prison system re-offend within two years of being released, and at Bastøy figures are even better, dropping to an impressive 16%. In comparison, the three-year re-offense rate for US prisons has been 43%, according to a 2011 study, with older ones indicating even grimmer numbers of over 50%. Despite being treated more like tourists than prisoners, all the inmates on Bastøy Island say they will gladly leave this place when their sentence has been executed. “It’s still prison,” one of them says. “In your mind you are locked up.” Overall, while the prison has been compared to the “Holiday version of Alcatraz”, Bastøy Prison has been one that shows remarkable improvement in the recidivism rate, has a low escape rate, and a general uplifting spirit that involves the prisoners in as normal as possible lives.

- John D. Sutter, Cable News Network (CNN)


Leoben Justice Center2004, Austria

Opened in 2004, the Justizzentrum Leoben (Justice Center Leoben) was built

in addition to the district court, houses 205 inmates, and focuses on two quotes:

“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights” and “Each of the

persons deprived of their liberty must be treated humanely and with respect for

the inherent dignity of the human being.” Giving visitors the inspiration for creating

such a liberal correctional facility.

Costing a little more than other prisons, (but not by much), utilizing glass

(though it’s shatterproof), and incorporating open, natural spaces (though secure),

Leoben helps to heal and rehabilitate these prisoners. Noise is also part of the

chaos of prison life, however, architect, Leoben Hohensinn, took great care in the

soundproofing of the space. He points out the social costs of prisons, such as the

fact that convicts tend to come from cities; guards do not. Culture clashes inevitably

arise. Skilled labor — doctors, psychologists and the like — is harder to find in rural

areas, and so are the volunteers who work in the many rehabilitation programs within

Leoben. The families of working-class and poor convicts often can’t afford to travel

a few hundred miles to visit their relatives. As a result, prisoners have a harder time

maintaining ties with the lives they left behind. And it isn’t only inmates and their

loved ones who suffer. As Michael Jacobson, the head of the Vera Institute, put it,

“Officers serve life sentences eight hours at a time.” To a surprising degree, then,

both groups want the same thing: They want prisons to be safer and more humane,

and they believe that can best be achieved by building in more face time between

convicts and their keepers.

Overall, the idea of Leoben Justice Center is still remarkably new, and

therefore not accepted by all, but the dignity and rehabilitation of the prisoners is

key, something that Austria excels at, with a recidivism rate of nearly 14%, making

them a clear example of frontrunner of such “luxurious” penal institutions.

- Jim Lewis, The New York Times Magazine

Site Analysis


“The Kensington area has been listed number one in a 2007 list of

Philadelphia’s top ten recreational drug corners.”

- Steve Volk, Philadelphia Weekly

2%

14%

8%

6%

50%

19%

Crimes Committed In Kensington (by type)


- Philadelphia Police Department

The data above represents the various crimes that have been committed within the Kensington district within the past 30 days. Date measurements range from the 30th of December, 2015, to the 29th of January 2016. Please note that measurements will vary overtime.


Kensington Quick Facts:

Population: 50,055

Average Income: $38,235

Poverty Rate: 46.9%

Unemployment Rate: 19.1%

No High School Education: 36.5%

High School Graduate: 33.6%

College Graduate: 13.3%

- Philadelphia Police Department


“Community service programs alleviate boredom and tension in prisons,

resulting in a safer environments for both staff and inmates.”

- Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction


Ammenities and Community Involvement:

Classroom(s)

Fitness Space(s)

Kitchen

Technology Lab(s)

Library

Auditorium

Outdoor Socialization Spaces

Dining Hall(s)

Laundry

Medical Facility

Commisary

Private Offices

Detaining Facilities

Sleeping Quarters

Internal Ammenities:

Through the integration of various spaces within the prison, a space which aids in the rehabilitation of individuals and reduces the rate of recidivism is achieved, while simultaniously involving the community in such activities.

Classroom(s)

Fitness Space(s)

Cafe

Technology Lab(s)

Library

Auditorium

Outdoor Socialization Spaces

Lounge Areas

Community Involvement:

Resources


Adams, W. L. (2010, May 10). Norway Builds the World’s Most Humane Prison.

Time Magazine. U.S.: Time Magazine.

AIA Academy of Architecture for Justice. (2012, November 17).

Sustainable Justice 2030: Green Guide to Justice. Sustainable Justice

2030. AIA Academy of Architecture for Justice.

Andresen, L. (2015, 11 March). Norway’s Prison Without Bars: “It’s a Trust

Thing”. (L. Mallinder, Interviewer)

Carson, E. A. (2014, September 30). Prisoners in 2013. Bureau of Justice

Statistics Bulletin. Office of Justice Programs.

Cendon, S. F. (2014, October 24). How Architects Can Improve Justice Facilities.

AIArchitect. Kansas City, MO, U.S.: The American Institute of Architects.

Corbett, T., & Wetzel, J. E. (2013, February 8). Recidivism Report 2013.

Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Department of Corrections.

Cornelius, G. F. (2008). The American Jail: Cornerstone of Modern Corrections.

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Eastern State Penitentiary. (2016). General Overview. Retrieved from Eastern

State Penitentiary: https://www.easternstate.org/learn/research-library/

history

Gallagher, B. E. (2013, June). Science and Sustainability Programs in Prisons:

Assessing the Effects of Participation on Inmates. Washington, United

States.

Bibliography


Harlow, C. W. (2003, April 15). Education and Correctional Populations. Bureau

of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC: Office of Justice

Programs.

Jacobs, R. (2014, June 17). How Prison Architecture Can Transform Inmates’

Lives. Pacific Standard. Pacific Standard.

Johnstone, J. (1832). Elements of Thought. The Schoolmaster, 172.

Kriminalomsorgen. (2016). About the Norwegian Correctional Service. Norway:

Kriminalomsorgen.

Lewis, J. (2009, June 10). Behind Bars...Sort Of. The New York Times Magazine.

New York, New York, U.S.: The New York Times.

McKelvey, B. (1977). American Prisons: A History of Good Intentions. Montclair,

NJ: Patterson Smith Publishing Corporation.

Miller, E., & Montilla, R. (1977). Corrections in the Community: Success Models in

Correctional Reform. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Company, Inc.

New York Correction History Society. (2003). Elmira. Retrieved from New York

correction History Society: http://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/

docs2day/elmira.html

Noack, R. (2014, September 10). The ‘World’s Most Humane’ Prison

System is so Overcrowded, it’s Now Sending Criminals Abroad.

Retrieved from The Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/

news/worldviews/wp/2014/09/10/the-worlds-most-humane-prison-system-

is-so-overcrowded-its-now-sending-criminals-abroad/

Bibliography (Cont.)



Organization of American States. (2008, March 14). Principles and Best

Practices on the Protection of Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Americas.

Retrieved from Organization of American States: http://www.oas.org/en/

iachr/mandate/Basics/principlesdeprived.asp

Osborne, T. M. (1914). Within Prison Walls - Being A Narrative During A Week of

Voluntary Confinement in the State Prison at Auburn, New York. New York:

D. Appleton and Co.

Petersilia, J. (2003). When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry.

New York, New York: Oxford University Press.

Rafter, N. H., & Stanley, D. L. (1999). Prisons In America: A Reference Handbook.

Santa Barbara , California: ABC-CLIO, Inc.

Ryder, J. A. (2013, June 18). Auburn State Prison. Encyclopedia Britannica. New

York, New York, United States: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Smith, D. F. (2001, December 7). Executive Summary. Federal Bureau of Prisons

Management of Construction Contracts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department

of Justice.

Sutter, J. D. (2012, May 24). Welcome to the World’s Nicest Prison. Retrieved from

Cable News Network, CNN: http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/24/world/europe/

norway-prison-bastoy-nicest/

The Evergreen State College. (2015). Fiscal Year 2015 Annual Report.

Sustainability in Prisons Project. Washington, U.S.: Department of

Corrections, Washington State.



The Sentencing Project: Research and Advocacy for Reform. (2010, June). State

Recidivism Studies. State Recidivism Studies. The Sentencing Project.

U.S. Department of Justice; Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2014, April). Recidivism

of Prisoners Released in 30 States in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010.

U.S. Department of Justice: Special Report. U.S.: Office of Justice

Programs.

Volk, S. (2011, August). Top 10 Drug Corners. Retrieved from Philadelpia Weekly

:http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/news-and-opinion/cover-story/

top_10_drug_corners-38426414.html

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the numerous people who have

been involved in this, and the many other processes that have come before this thesis.

Thank you to my parents and family for being there to encourage and support me

both emotionally, physically, and financially. You have always been there to listen to

the problems and have continued to encourage my passions.

Thank you to my professors for their willingness to critique and solve issues

that may have come across my projects. This list includes but is not limited to

Professor Dean Martin, Professor Erica Bartels, Professor Sarah Owens, Professor

Liz Mirick, Professor Alisha Coleman, and Professor Cristel Price. Thank you for

pushing me in my education and design process for these last four years.

Finally, I must thank my wonderful classmates. All nine of you have come to be

my closest friends and a second family. Your encouragement, insightful knowledge,

and energetic spirits have helped to push me to the next level, and I couldn’t imagine

a time where you weren’t all there. Thank you for the all nighters, the advice, the

encouragement, and the friendship that will surely last a lifetime.

East Kensington CorrectionalA contemporary, liberal prison system

ID 453 / Contract Design Cole Johns

2016 undergraduate thesis: east kensington correctional

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