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Volume 9, Number 2June 2017

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2017

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Genetics and Breeding

Tsanko Yablanski (Bulgaria)Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Svetlana Georgieva (Bulgaria)Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria)Max Rothschild (USA)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Horia Grosu (Romania)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria)

Nutrition and Physiology

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Agriculture and Environment

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2017

ISSN 1313 - 8820 (print)ISSN 1314 - 412X (online)

Volume 9, Number 2June 2017

Study on the process of unloading grain harvesters at the end of the field

G. Tihanov*

Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria

(Manuscript received 4 January 2017; accepted for publication 11 April 2017)

Abstract. The paper analyses the cases of unloading harvester hoppers at the end of the field. A passive experiment was carried out in two agricultural farms while harvesting wheat and rice, and the times that affect the unloading of the grain hopper have been measured when the harvester moves to the end of the field to unload its hopper. In chronometering the operations it has been established that 63% of the time for unloading grain hoppers at the end of the field is used for auxiliary operations and only 37% of the time is related to proper unloading of the grain hopper. It has been found that the time for moving the harvester to the vehicle at the end of the field has longer duration (t = 127.72 s) than the time when the harvester goes back to the strip of land to continue harvesting (t = 1 7

80.36 s).

Keywords: unloading grain harvester, time for unloading the hopper, harvester performance, joint work of harvester and vehicle

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 9, No 2, pp , 201710.15547/ast.2017.02.023

129 - 131

Introduction The objective of this study is to investigate and establish the duration of the process of unloading hoppers in a stopped position with the grain harvester exiting at the end of the field.When unloading the grain hopper with the harvester at the end

of the field, the harvester halts the harvest after filling the hopper, moves to the waiting vehicle or a container in the headland, stops

Material and methodsnext to them and unloads in a standstill. After unloading, the harvester returns to continue the harvest (Bakhtiari et al., 2013; Busato, 2015). A study has been conducted on the duration of the process of

In our country about 90% of agricultural farms unload on the bed unloading grain harvesters on two farms. The first farm was in stopped position. In some of them (about 13%), harvesters leave harvesting wheat with a wheeled harvester, which we refer to as К1, the strip that is being reaped, move to the end of the field and unload and in the second one - rice with a harvester with chains mounted on in the vehicles (tractor or automobile) located outside it (Delchev et the front driving bridge, which we refer to as К2. The two harvesters al., 2016). There are four cases. The first one is the harvest of rice. had the following technical parameters: working width of the headers

3There it is not possible for a vehicle to enter the rice cells (Delchev et 6.10 m; grain hopper volumes of 8.6 and 9.0 m , respectively, and al., 2015). Harvesters, as a rule, have a chain (band) transmission discharge screw flow rates of 100 and 105 l/s. The average area of a system or at least chains on the front drive axle. The second case is rice cell in the rice harvest was 3.4 ha and the area for wheat harvest when vehicles cannot enter the field due to over-moistened soil or was 80 ha.presence of a deep drainage ditch between the road and the field. With over-moistened soil it is also recommended to use harvesters The operating times associated with the hopper grain unloading with chain transmission system (Suhoparov, 2010, Emeljanov et al., process of the grain harvesters were measured by timing and are as 2013). The third case is in sunflower harvest. Sunflower stubble follows:intensely destroys the tyres of the vehicles. The fourth case is t - time for the harvester to move to the vehicle, s;1

observed after the construction of highways in our country and the t - time to position the harvester to the vehicle, s;2

separation of arable land from the farm premises, which t - stopping time of the harvester till opening the unloading 3

predetermines the use of high load carrying and high speed auger, s;transport vehicles and tractors which are unsuitable for entry into the t - time from opening the unloading auger till it is switched on, s;4arable fields (Delchev et al., 2016). t - time from switching on the unloading auger till shutdown, s;5Unloading the full hoppers by moving the grain harvesters to the

t - time from completion of unloading till start of the harvester, s;6vehicles at the end of the field is in most cases imperative and t - time to move the harvester from the vehicle to the harvest 7expedient but it involves additional operations that prolong the total

site, s;unloading time. This in turn leads to a decrease in productivity tp - duration of the process of unloading one bunker, s.(hourly, shift, seasonal) and prolongation of the harvest time. It is

known that the productivity of grain harvesters depends both on the During the unloading time tp, the harvester does not reap, i.e. it technical parameters of the machine and on logistic factors. Such a

does not achieve productivity.factor is the place for unloading the full hoppers (Delchev et al., Determining the duration of the process of unloading a hopper 2016).

into the vehicle is made according to the following dependence:

129

* e-mail: galin.tihanov@abv.bg

130

tp = t + t + t + t + t + t + t , s (1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

The arithmetic mean of the above time intervals has been calculated for each combine following the equation (Mitkov, 2011):

where x is the i-th experimental value for the j-th combine;ij

n – the number of measurements for the j-th combine.j

For each combine the following has been determined:- corrected mean square deviation

(3)

- variation coefficient

(4)

- trust interval of the mean value

(5)

- relative error limit

(6)

The criterion of Student t has been defined in trust probability γ γ;k

= 0,9 and degrees of freedom k=n -1. All calculations have been j

done by the methodology described by Mitkov and Minkov (Mitkov et al., 1989). According to the same authors, when studying agricultural machinery trust probability can be assumed to be 0,9 and the relative Figure 1 shows the relative share of time of the individual permissible error can be within the range 5-10 % (Mitkov et al., operations in the process of unloading the grain harvesters. It is 1989). We have accepted these values when evaluating and evident that emptying the grain hopper t is 37% of the total time of 5

analysing the experimental results. the unloading process. The time for movement of the harvester to the vehicle t = 35% and the time for returning of the harvester from 1

the vehicle to the harvesting site t = 22% comprise a significant part 7

Results and discussion of the total time.Table 2 shows the average duration of the unloading process tp

Table 1 summarizes the results from measurements of the = 368.72 s, for harvester К1 that process has duration of 349.19 s or duration of operations carried out during the process of unloading 11% shorter that in harvester К2 – 388.28 s. The relative error in γ = the grain hopper of harvesters (К1 and К2), unloading into the 0.9 is within acceptable limits.vehicle located at the end of the field. The average time for moving the harvesters from the harvest

(2)

е=

=jn

iij

j

j xn

X1

1

%,100.ˆ

jX

sV =

чч

ш

ц

зз

и

ж+-=

j

kj

j

kjXEk

n

stX

n

stXI ;;

][; ; ggg

jj

ky

kXn

st

.

.;

; =Dg

Table 1. Duration of the various operations when unloading the grain hopper in harvesters unloading into the vehicle located at the end of the field

Times relating to hopper unloading

t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

t6

t7

Tр

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

78

4

0

6

102

3

63

165

7

0

33

186

8

95

127.72

3.51

0

16.87

137.55

2.71

80.36

368.72

.00

Number of measurements, N Хmin Хmax Х

Duration, s

Figure 1. Relative share of the operations duration at grain harvesters unloading

process

t1

t2

t3

35%

1%

1%

0%4%

37%

22%

t4

t5

t6

t7

Table 2. Duration of the grain harvester unloading process into a vehicle at the end of the field

Harvester V , lБ q, l/s tр, sN S , %

K 1

K 2

Average idle time for unloading the hopper, s

8600

9000

100

105

15

7

349.19

388.28

368.72

22.52

21.97

6.44

5.66

4.67

4.18

328.77 ; 360.97

369.90 ; 402.10

, %V [ ]XEkI ;g

k;gD

Table 3. Duration of the operation movement of harvester from the site of hopper filling to the unloading site at the end ofthe field

Harvester V , lБ q, l/s t , s1N S , %

K 1

K 2

Average time for movement to the field end, s

8600

9000

100

105

15

7

120.87

134.57

127.72

10.35

8.75

8.56

6.51

8.56

4.77

116.16 ; 125.68

128.16 ; 141.01

, %V [ ]XEkI ;g

k;gD

131

site to the vehicle t is 127.72 s - Table 3, and the time for moving the auxiliary operations is random by nature and depends on objective 1

and subjective factors. To minimize the total idle time in the process harvesters back to harvest site t is 80.36 s - Table 4. This difference 7

of unloading the grain harvesters and hence to increase the actual is logical and is explained by the different speed of movement of the shift performance, it is necessary to apply strict organizational and harvesters with full and empty hopper.labour discipline, as well as the use of appropriate harvesting and The results also show a difference in the average values of transportation facilities corresponding to the characteristics of the these times between the two harvesters. The average time for fields and the harvested crop.movement of harvester К1 from the harvest site to the vehicle is less

than that of harvester К2, but upon return to the harvest site it is the reverse. This is due to the action of the numerous objective and subjective factors: distance between the location in the field where Referencesthe hopper is filled and the location of the vehicle waiting at the end of the field; area and shape of the field; type of transmission system; Delchev N, Trendafilov K, Tihanov G, Stoyanov Y and Dankova state of stubble; choice of speed of movement by the driver, etc. S, 2016. A study and analysis of the structure of time for unloading

The distance covered by harvesters upon unloading the grain harvester hoppers in standstill. Scientific report No. 1 AI/15, hoppers going to the headland is completely random by nature. At Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, 22 (Bg).the average speed of movement of 5.5 km/h with a full hopper and Mitkov А, 2011. Theory of the experiment, Rousse, „Dunav press“ average time of movement to the end of the field t = 127.72 s, the (Bg).1

distance travelled to the vehicle was 195 m. That is, for the specific Mitkov А and Minkov D, 1989. Statistical methods for studying and conditions (size of the area, position of the vehicle, etc.) for each optimizing agricultural machinery. I part, Zemizdat, Sofia, 224 (Bg). unloading harvesters have travelled an average of 390 m. The Emeljanov АM, Bumbar IV, Kandelya МV, Ryabchenko VN and average time for movement of the harvesters from the unloading site Shpilev ЕМ, 2013. Caterpillar grain fodder harvesters to the harvest site is t = 80.36 s. Or they had travelled at a speed of (fundamentals of theory and structural technological devices). 7

Treatise, Blagoveshtensk: DalyGАУ.8.7 кm/h with an empty hopper.Suhoparov АI, 2010. Selection of the type of transmission system for grain harvesters. Techniques in Agriculture 5, 23-25.Bakhtiari А, Navid H, Mehri J, Berruto R and Bochtis DD, 2013. ConclusionOperations planning for agricultural harvesters using ant colony optimization. Spanish Journal of Agricultural, 11, 652-660.

In the process of investigation, the times are related to the Busato P, 2015. A simulation model for rice-harvesting chain.

unloading of the grain hopper of harvesters when moving to the end Biosystems engineering, 129, 149-159.

of the field for unloading. The average idle time for unloading the Delchev N and Trendafilov K, 2015. Structural Analysis of the grain harvester hoppers when unloading into a vehicle located at theOperations and Time for Tank Unloading of Grain Harvesters. end of the field is 368.72 s. For auxiliary operations 63% of the time International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 4, 1890-for unloading the grain harvesters at the end of the field is used and 1894.only 37% of the time is related to the actual emptying of the grain Delchev N, Trendafilov K, Tihanov G and Stoyanov Y, 2016. hopper. The time for moving the harvester to the vehicle at the end of Grain combines productivity according to various unloading the field is longer (t = 127.72 s), from the time the harvester returns 1 methods – in the field and at the edge of the field. Agricultural

to the bed to continue the harvest (t = 80.36 s). The duration of 7 Science Technology, 8, 221-226.

Table 4. Duration of the operation movement of harvester from the end of the field to the harvest site

Harvester V , lБ q, l/s t , s7N S , %

K 1

K 2

Average time for movement from the field end to the harvest site, s

8600

9000

100

105

15

7

87.86

72.87

80.36

10.87

8.11

12.37

11.12

9.09

8.17

77.98 ; 93.52

66.91 ; 78.79

, %V [ ]XEkI ;g

k;gD

Review

Genetics and Breeding

Nutrition and Physiology

Production Systems

Agriculture and Environment

Alternatives for optimisation of rumen fermentation in ruminants T. Slavov

Characterization of a new winter malting barley cultivar AhilB. Dyulgerova, D. Vulchev, T. Popova

Evaluation of high yielding mutants of Hordeum vulgare cultivar IzgrevB. Dyulgerova, N. Dyulgerov

In vitro gas production of different feeds and feed ingredients at ruminantsE. Videv, J. Krastanov, S. Laleva, Т. Angelova, M. Oblakova, N. Oblakov, D. Yordanova, V. Karabashev

Evaluation of chemical composition of raw and processed tropical sickle pod (Senna obtusifolia) seed mealAugustine C., Kwari I.D., Igwebuike J.U., Adamu S.B.

Effect of urea-fortified all concentrate corncob diets on serum biochemical and hematological indices of West African dwarf goatsU. M. Kolo, A. A. Adeloye, M. B. Yousuf

Analysis of the technological dairy cows traffic "to and from" herringbone milking parlorsK. Peychev, D. Georgiev, V. Dimova, V. Georgieva

Effect of pre-sowing soil tillage for wheat on the crop structure and the yield components under the conditions of slightly leached chernozem soil in Dobrudzha regionP. Yankov, M. Drumeva

Study on the process of unloading grain harvesters at the end of the fieldG. Tihanov

Modeling and simulation of fuzzy logic controller for optimization of the greenhouse microclimate managementDidi Faouzi, N. Bibi-Triki, B. Draoui, A. Abene

CONTENTS 1 / 2

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 9, No 2, 2017

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98

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110

105

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Floristic diversity of 'Chinarite' protected area – Rodopi municipality, BulgariaL. Dospatliev, M. Lacheva

Heavy metal pools in urban soils from city parks of Sofia, Bulgaria V. G. Kachova, I. D. Atanassova

Ecological characteristics of reclaimed areas in Pernik mines region, BulgariaI. Kirilov, M. Banov

Reclamation of soil excavated from construction and mine searching areas in TurkeyF. Apaydin

Concentration of sulfur-containing amino acids at turkey broilers during and after muscle dystrophy, fed with deficient feed supplemented with oxidised fatK. Stoyanchev

Exopolysaccharide influence's on acid gel formationK. Yoanidu, P. Boyanova, P. Panayotov

Carcass characteristics and technological properties of Musculus Longissimus Lumborum at lambs from the Bulgarian dairy synthetic population and its F1 crosses with meat breedsN. Ivanov, T. Angelova, S. Laleva S. Ribarski, D. Miteva, D. Yordanova, V. Karabashev, I. Penchev

Product Quality and Safety

CONTENTS 2 / 2

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 9, No 2, 2017

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thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, September 11–14, Berlin, Germany.Thesis:Hristova D, 2013. Investigation on genetic diversity in local sheep breeds using DNA markers. Thesis for PhD, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, (Bg).

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