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TRANSCRIPT
Irrational
7NS1 Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational num-bers represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram
a Describe situations in which opposite quantities combine to make 0 For example a hydrogen atom has 0 charge because its two constituents are oppositely charged
b Understand p + q as the number located a distance |q| from p in the positive or negative direction depending on whether q is positive or negative Show that a number and its opposite have a sum of 0 (are additive inverses) Inter-pret sums of rational numbers by describing real-world contexts
c Understand subtraction of rational numbers as adding the additive inverse p ndash q = p + (ndashq) Show that the dis-tance between two rational numbers on the number line is the absolute value of their difference and apply this prin-ciple in real-world contexts
d Apply properties of operations as strategies to add and subtract rational numbers
7NS2 Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers
a Understand that multiplication is extended from fractions to rational numbers by requiring that operations con-tinue to satisfy the properties of operations particularly the distributive property leading to products such as (ndash1)(ndash1) = 1 and the rules for multiplying signed numbers Interpret products of rational numbers by describing real-world contexts
b Understand that integers can be divided provided that the divisor is not zero and every quotient of integers (with non-zero divisor) is a rational number If p and q are integers then ndash(pq) = (ndashp)q = p(ndashq) Interpret quotients of rational numbers by describing real-world contexts
c Apply properties of operations as strategies to multiply and divide rational numbers
d Convert a rational number to a decimal using long division know that the decimal form of a rational number ter-minates in 0s or eventually repeats
7NS3 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers (Computations with rational numbers extend the rules for manipulating fractions to complex fractions)
Divide Rational Numbers Rational Number Any number that can be written as
a fraction and that the denom-inator does not equal to zero
1
Unit 1 Vocabulary
Additive Inverse Two numbers whose sum is 0 are additive inverses of one another
Example and ndash are additive inverses of one another because + (ndash ) =
( ndash ) + = 0
Multiplicative Inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 are multiplicative inverses of
one another
Example and are multiplicative inverses of one another because x =
x = 1
bull Absolute Value The distance between a number and zero on the number line The
symbol for absolute value is shown in this equation
bull Integers A number expressible in the form a or ndasha for some whole number a The set
of whole numbers and their opposites hellip-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3hellip
bull Natural Numbers The set of numbers 1 2 3 4hellip Natural numbers can also be called
counting numbers
bull Negative Numbers The set of numbers less than zero
bull Opposite Numbers Two different numbers that have the same absolute value Exam-
ple 4 and -4 are opposite numbers because both have an absolute value of 4
bull Positive Numbers The set of numbers greater than zero
bull Rational Numbers The set of numbers that can be written in the form ab where a and
b are integers and b 0
bull Repeating Decimal A decimal number in which a digit or group of digits repeats with-
out end
bull Terminating Decimal A decimal that contains a finite number of digits
bull Zero Pair Pair of numbers whose sum is zero
|7| = 7
2
5 - 085
3
C1mdashC6
YOU MUST HAVE A COMMON DENOMINATOR FOR ADDING AND SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
USING A RATIO TABLE
Write both fractions in a table
Continue listing the multiples of
the denominators until you find a
common denominator
FOR EXAMPLE
1
4 8 12 16 20
3
5 10 15 20
Fill in the numerators on the
table to find your fractions with
a common denominator
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
1 2 3 4 5
4 8 12 16 20
3 6 9 12
5 10 15 20
Addsubtract
fractions
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
5
20
12
+ 20
17
So 20 is the
common
denominator for
4
G1mdashG4
divide =
KEEP the first fraction
CHANGE FLIP the second
fraction
X =
Write mixed numbers as
improper fractions
Put whole numbers over
one
KEEP the first fraction
CHANGE divide to multi-
ply FLIP the second
fraction (reciprocal)
Multiply the numerators
Multiply the denomina-
1 2 divide = 4 1
5 9 divide
5 2 10 x =
5
1 3
5 8
1 8 8
5 3 15
5
G7mdashG13
6
Integer Whole numbers and their opposites
Example hellip -2 -1 0 1 2 hellip
Positive Number A number greater than zero
Example 1 2 3 hellip
Negative Number A number less than zero
Example hellip -3 -2 -1
Zero is neither negative nor positive
ldquoSame signs add and keep different signs subtract
Take the sign of the larger number then yoursquoll be exactrdquo
4+(-3)=1
=
= 19
Different
Signs
Same Signs Subtraction
You try
A 2+-3= B 10mdash -4 = C ndash1+-8 =
AddSubtract Fruit Splat
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
E1 E2 E3 E4 H1
Adding integers Video Subtracting integers video
+ +
+ + +
7
You can make ANY subtraction
problem an addition problem by
using the rule ldquokeep change
change Then follow the rules from
the song
FOUND AT httpwwwsw-georgiaresak12gausinteger20rulespdf
Keep Change Change
Same Sign Add and keep the sign
2 + 2 = 4
Positive + Positive = Positive
(-2) + (-2) = (-4)
Negative + Negative = Negative
Different Signs Subtract and keep the sign
of the larger value (from zero)
Subtracting a negative is like ADDING A POSITIVE
-8 - 4 =
-8 + (-4) = - 12
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
2 - ( -2) =
2 + +2 = 4
Subtracting a positive IS subtracting
or like ADDING A NEGATIVE
Positive x Positive = Positive Negative x Negative = Positive Negative x Positive = Negative Positive x Negative = Negative Division (same pattern)
8
E6mdashE8
Plug it in and use order of operations to solve
(12 - 4) + 3(4)2
(12 - 4) + 3(16) Exponents (42 = 4bull4)
8 + 3(16) Parenthesis (12 - 4 )
8 + 48 Multiply (3bull16)
56 Add (8 + 48)
P arenthesis
E xponents
M ultilication
D ivision
A ddition
S ubtraction
From left
to right
From left
to right
Definition A numberrsquos distance from zero
on a number line Hint Always make the number positive
| -3 | = 3 | -8 | = 8 - | 4 | = -4
| 5 | = | 8 - 5 | = - | -2 | =
Same Sign = Positive
7 bull 8 = 56 -56 divide (-8) = 7
5 x 2 = 10 -10 (-2) = 5
3(9) = 27 -27 = 9
-3
Different Signs = Negative
-2 bull 8 = -16 16 divide (-8) = -2
7 x (-9) = -63 -639 = -7
-6(4) = -24 -24 = -4
6
What must you do to the number to
make it equal to zero
Creating Neutral Fields
-14 +14=0
-4 -4
X = 2 Additive Inverse
Rags to Riches Rational Numbers
H2 H7 E9
You Try
X +4 =6
9
7EE1 Apply properties of operations as strategies to add subtract factor and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients
7EE2 Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem and how the quantities in it are related For example a + 005a = 105a means that ldquoincrease by 5rdquo is the same as ldquomultiply by 105rdquo
7EE3 Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form (whole numbers fractions and decimals) using tools strategically Apply properties of operations to calculate with numbers in any form convert between forms as appropriate and assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies For example If a woman making $25 an hour gets a 10 raise she will make an additional 110 of her salary an hour or $250 for a new salary of $2750 If you want to place a towel bar 9 34 inches long in the center of a door that is 27 12 inches wide you will need to place the bar about 9 inches from each edge this estimate can be used as a check on the exact computation
7EE4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem and construct sim-ple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities
a Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r where p q and r are specific rational numbers Solve equations of these forms fluently Compare an algebraic solution to an arithmetic solution identifying the sequence of the operations used in each approach For example the perimeter of a rectangle is 54 cm Its length is 6 cm What is its width
b Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q gt r or px + q lt r where p q and r are spe-cific rational numbers Graph the solution set of the inequality and interpret it in the context of the prob-lem For example As a salesperson you are paid $50 per week plus $3 per sale This week you want your pay to be at least $100 Write an inequality for the number of sales you need to make and describe the solutions
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
You evaluate an expression by replacing the variable
with the given number and performing the indicated
Examples Evaluate 10a if a = 15
1990 Glade Commercial
10
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Algebraic expression An expression consisting of at least one varia-
ble and also consist of numbers and operations
Coefficient The number part of a term that includes a variable For
example 3 is the coefficient of the term 3x
Constant A quantity having a fixed value that does not change or
vary such as a number For example 5 is the constant of x + 5
Equation A mathematical sentence formed by setting two expres-
sions equal
Inequality A mathematical sentence formed by placing inequality
symbol between two expressions
Term A number a variable or a product and a number and variable
Numerical expression An expression consisting of numbers and op-
erations
Variable A symbol usually a letter which is used to represent one or
more numbers
11
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
7NS1 Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational num-bers represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram
a Describe situations in which opposite quantities combine to make 0 For example a hydrogen atom has 0 charge because its two constituents are oppositely charged
b Understand p + q as the number located a distance |q| from p in the positive or negative direction depending on whether q is positive or negative Show that a number and its opposite have a sum of 0 (are additive inverses) Inter-pret sums of rational numbers by describing real-world contexts
c Understand subtraction of rational numbers as adding the additive inverse p ndash q = p + (ndashq) Show that the dis-tance between two rational numbers on the number line is the absolute value of their difference and apply this prin-ciple in real-world contexts
d Apply properties of operations as strategies to add and subtract rational numbers
7NS2 Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers
a Understand that multiplication is extended from fractions to rational numbers by requiring that operations con-tinue to satisfy the properties of operations particularly the distributive property leading to products such as (ndash1)(ndash1) = 1 and the rules for multiplying signed numbers Interpret products of rational numbers by describing real-world contexts
b Understand that integers can be divided provided that the divisor is not zero and every quotient of integers (with non-zero divisor) is a rational number If p and q are integers then ndash(pq) = (ndashp)q = p(ndashq) Interpret quotients of rational numbers by describing real-world contexts
c Apply properties of operations as strategies to multiply and divide rational numbers
d Convert a rational number to a decimal using long division know that the decimal form of a rational number ter-minates in 0s or eventually repeats
7NS3 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers (Computations with rational numbers extend the rules for manipulating fractions to complex fractions)
Divide Rational Numbers Rational Number Any number that can be written as
a fraction and that the denom-inator does not equal to zero
1
Unit 1 Vocabulary
Additive Inverse Two numbers whose sum is 0 are additive inverses of one another
Example and ndash are additive inverses of one another because + (ndash ) =
( ndash ) + = 0
Multiplicative Inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 are multiplicative inverses of
one another
Example and are multiplicative inverses of one another because x =
x = 1
bull Absolute Value The distance between a number and zero on the number line The
symbol for absolute value is shown in this equation
bull Integers A number expressible in the form a or ndasha for some whole number a The set
of whole numbers and their opposites hellip-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3hellip
bull Natural Numbers The set of numbers 1 2 3 4hellip Natural numbers can also be called
counting numbers
bull Negative Numbers The set of numbers less than zero
bull Opposite Numbers Two different numbers that have the same absolute value Exam-
ple 4 and -4 are opposite numbers because both have an absolute value of 4
bull Positive Numbers The set of numbers greater than zero
bull Rational Numbers The set of numbers that can be written in the form ab where a and
b are integers and b 0
bull Repeating Decimal A decimal number in which a digit or group of digits repeats with-
out end
bull Terminating Decimal A decimal that contains a finite number of digits
bull Zero Pair Pair of numbers whose sum is zero
|7| = 7
2
5 - 085
3
C1mdashC6
YOU MUST HAVE A COMMON DENOMINATOR FOR ADDING AND SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
USING A RATIO TABLE
Write both fractions in a table
Continue listing the multiples of
the denominators until you find a
common denominator
FOR EXAMPLE
1
4 8 12 16 20
3
5 10 15 20
Fill in the numerators on the
table to find your fractions with
a common denominator
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
1 2 3 4 5
4 8 12 16 20
3 6 9 12
5 10 15 20
Addsubtract
fractions
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
5
20
12
+ 20
17
So 20 is the
common
denominator for
4
G1mdashG4
divide =
KEEP the first fraction
CHANGE FLIP the second
fraction
X =
Write mixed numbers as
improper fractions
Put whole numbers over
one
KEEP the first fraction
CHANGE divide to multi-
ply FLIP the second
fraction (reciprocal)
Multiply the numerators
Multiply the denomina-
1 2 divide = 4 1
5 9 divide
5 2 10 x =
5
1 3
5 8
1 8 8
5 3 15
5
G7mdashG13
6
Integer Whole numbers and their opposites
Example hellip -2 -1 0 1 2 hellip
Positive Number A number greater than zero
Example 1 2 3 hellip
Negative Number A number less than zero
Example hellip -3 -2 -1
Zero is neither negative nor positive
ldquoSame signs add and keep different signs subtract
Take the sign of the larger number then yoursquoll be exactrdquo
4+(-3)=1
=
= 19
Different
Signs
Same Signs Subtraction
You try
A 2+-3= B 10mdash -4 = C ndash1+-8 =
AddSubtract Fruit Splat
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
E1 E2 E3 E4 H1
Adding integers Video Subtracting integers video
+ +
+ + +
7
You can make ANY subtraction
problem an addition problem by
using the rule ldquokeep change
change Then follow the rules from
the song
FOUND AT httpwwwsw-georgiaresak12gausinteger20rulespdf
Keep Change Change
Same Sign Add and keep the sign
2 + 2 = 4
Positive + Positive = Positive
(-2) + (-2) = (-4)
Negative + Negative = Negative
Different Signs Subtract and keep the sign
of the larger value (from zero)
Subtracting a negative is like ADDING A POSITIVE
-8 - 4 =
-8 + (-4) = - 12
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
2 - ( -2) =
2 + +2 = 4
Subtracting a positive IS subtracting
or like ADDING A NEGATIVE
Positive x Positive = Positive Negative x Negative = Positive Negative x Positive = Negative Positive x Negative = Negative Division (same pattern)
8
E6mdashE8
Plug it in and use order of operations to solve
(12 - 4) + 3(4)2
(12 - 4) + 3(16) Exponents (42 = 4bull4)
8 + 3(16) Parenthesis (12 - 4 )
8 + 48 Multiply (3bull16)
56 Add (8 + 48)
P arenthesis
E xponents
M ultilication
D ivision
A ddition
S ubtraction
From left
to right
From left
to right
Definition A numberrsquos distance from zero
on a number line Hint Always make the number positive
| -3 | = 3 | -8 | = 8 - | 4 | = -4
| 5 | = | 8 - 5 | = - | -2 | =
Same Sign = Positive
7 bull 8 = 56 -56 divide (-8) = 7
5 x 2 = 10 -10 (-2) = 5
3(9) = 27 -27 = 9
-3
Different Signs = Negative
-2 bull 8 = -16 16 divide (-8) = -2
7 x (-9) = -63 -639 = -7
-6(4) = -24 -24 = -4
6
What must you do to the number to
make it equal to zero
Creating Neutral Fields
-14 +14=0
-4 -4
X = 2 Additive Inverse
Rags to Riches Rational Numbers
H2 H7 E9
You Try
X +4 =6
9
7EE1 Apply properties of operations as strategies to add subtract factor and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients
7EE2 Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem and how the quantities in it are related For example a + 005a = 105a means that ldquoincrease by 5rdquo is the same as ldquomultiply by 105rdquo
7EE3 Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form (whole numbers fractions and decimals) using tools strategically Apply properties of operations to calculate with numbers in any form convert between forms as appropriate and assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies For example If a woman making $25 an hour gets a 10 raise she will make an additional 110 of her salary an hour or $250 for a new salary of $2750 If you want to place a towel bar 9 34 inches long in the center of a door that is 27 12 inches wide you will need to place the bar about 9 inches from each edge this estimate can be used as a check on the exact computation
7EE4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem and construct sim-ple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities
a Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r where p q and r are specific rational numbers Solve equations of these forms fluently Compare an algebraic solution to an arithmetic solution identifying the sequence of the operations used in each approach For example the perimeter of a rectangle is 54 cm Its length is 6 cm What is its width
b Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q gt r or px + q lt r where p q and r are spe-cific rational numbers Graph the solution set of the inequality and interpret it in the context of the prob-lem For example As a salesperson you are paid $50 per week plus $3 per sale This week you want your pay to be at least $100 Write an inequality for the number of sales you need to make and describe the solutions
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
You evaluate an expression by replacing the variable
with the given number and performing the indicated
Examples Evaluate 10a if a = 15
1990 Glade Commercial
10
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Algebraic expression An expression consisting of at least one varia-
ble and also consist of numbers and operations
Coefficient The number part of a term that includes a variable For
example 3 is the coefficient of the term 3x
Constant A quantity having a fixed value that does not change or
vary such as a number For example 5 is the constant of x + 5
Equation A mathematical sentence formed by setting two expres-
sions equal
Inequality A mathematical sentence formed by placing inequality
symbol between two expressions
Term A number a variable or a product and a number and variable
Numerical expression An expression consisting of numbers and op-
erations
Variable A symbol usually a letter which is used to represent one or
more numbers
11
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Unit 1 Vocabulary
Additive Inverse Two numbers whose sum is 0 are additive inverses of one another
Example and ndash are additive inverses of one another because + (ndash ) =
( ndash ) + = 0
Multiplicative Inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 are multiplicative inverses of
one another
Example and are multiplicative inverses of one another because x =
x = 1
bull Absolute Value The distance between a number and zero on the number line The
symbol for absolute value is shown in this equation
bull Integers A number expressible in the form a or ndasha for some whole number a The set
of whole numbers and their opposites hellip-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3hellip
bull Natural Numbers The set of numbers 1 2 3 4hellip Natural numbers can also be called
counting numbers
bull Negative Numbers The set of numbers less than zero
bull Opposite Numbers Two different numbers that have the same absolute value Exam-
ple 4 and -4 are opposite numbers because both have an absolute value of 4
bull Positive Numbers The set of numbers greater than zero
bull Rational Numbers The set of numbers that can be written in the form ab where a and
b are integers and b 0
bull Repeating Decimal A decimal number in which a digit or group of digits repeats with-
out end
bull Terminating Decimal A decimal that contains a finite number of digits
bull Zero Pair Pair of numbers whose sum is zero
|7| = 7
2
5 - 085
3
C1mdashC6
YOU MUST HAVE A COMMON DENOMINATOR FOR ADDING AND SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
USING A RATIO TABLE
Write both fractions in a table
Continue listing the multiples of
the denominators until you find a
common denominator
FOR EXAMPLE
1
4 8 12 16 20
3
5 10 15 20
Fill in the numerators on the
table to find your fractions with
a common denominator
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
1 2 3 4 5
4 8 12 16 20
3 6 9 12
5 10 15 20
Addsubtract
fractions
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
5
20
12
+ 20
17
So 20 is the
common
denominator for
4
G1mdashG4
divide =
KEEP the first fraction
CHANGE FLIP the second
fraction
X =
Write mixed numbers as
improper fractions
Put whole numbers over
one
KEEP the first fraction
CHANGE divide to multi-
ply FLIP the second
fraction (reciprocal)
Multiply the numerators
Multiply the denomina-
1 2 divide = 4 1
5 9 divide
5 2 10 x =
5
1 3
5 8
1 8 8
5 3 15
5
G7mdashG13
6
Integer Whole numbers and their opposites
Example hellip -2 -1 0 1 2 hellip
Positive Number A number greater than zero
Example 1 2 3 hellip
Negative Number A number less than zero
Example hellip -3 -2 -1
Zero is neither negative nor positive
ldquoSame signs add and keep different signs subtract
Take the sign of the larger number then yoursquoll be exactrdquo
4+(-3)=1
=
= 19
Different
Signs
Same Signs Subtraction
You try
A 2+-3= B 10mdash -4 = C ndash1+-8 =
AddSubtract Fruit Splat
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
E1 E2 E3 E4 H1
Adding integers Video Subtracting integers video
+ +
+ + +
7
You can make ANY subtraction
problem an addition problem by
using the rule ldquokeep change
change Then follow the rules from
the song
FOUND AT httpwwwsw-georgiaresak12gausinteger20rulespdf
Keep Change Change
Same Sign Add and keep the sign
2 + 2 = 4
Positive + Positive = Positive
(-2) + (-2) = (-4)
Negative + Negative = Negative
Different Signs Subtract and keep the sign
of the larger value (from zero)
Subtracting a negative is like ADDING A POSITIVE
-8 - 4 =
-8 + (-4) = - 12
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
2 - ( -2) =
2 + +2 = 4
Subtracting a positive IS subtracting
or like ADDING A NEGATIVE
Positive x Positive = Positive Negative x Negative = Positive Negative x Positive = Negative Positive x Negative = Negative Division (same pattern)
8
E6mdashE8
Plug it in and use order of operations to solve
(12 - 4) + 3(4)2
(12 - 4) + 3(16) Exponents (42 = 4bull4)
8 + 3(16) Parenthesis (12 - 4 )
8 + 48 Multiply (3bull16)
56 Add (8 + 48)
P arenthesis
E xponents
M ultilication
D ivision
A ddition
S ubtraction
From left
to right
From left
to right
Definition A numberrsquos distance from zero
on a number line Hint Always make the number positive
| -3 | = 3 | -8 | = 8 - | 4 | = -4
| 5 | = | 8 - 5 | = - | -2 | =
Same Sign = Positive
7 bull 8 = 56 -56 divide (-8) = 7
5 x 2 = 10 -10 (-2) = 5
3(9) = 27 -27 = 9
-3
Different Signs = Negative
-2 bull 8 = -16 16 divide (-8) = -2
7 x (-9) = -63 -639 = -7
-6(4) = -24 -24 = -4
6
What must you do to the number to
make it equal to zero
Creating Neutral Fields
-14 +14=0
-4 -4
X = 2 Additive Inverse
Rags to Riches Rational Numbers
H2 H7 E9
You Try
X +4 =6
9
7EE1 Apply properties of operations as strategies to add subtract factor and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients
7EE2 Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem and how the quantities in it are related For example a + 005a = 105a means that ldquoincrease by 5rdquo is the same as ldquomultiply by 105rdquo
7EE3 Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form (whole numbers fractions and decimals) using tools strategically Apply properties of operations to calculate with numbers in any form convert between forms as appropriate and assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies For example If a woman making $25 an hour gets a 10 raise she will make an additional 110 of her salary an hour or $250 for a new salary of $2750 If you want to place a towel bar 9 34 inches long in the center of a door that is 27 12 inches wide you will need to place the bar about 9 inches from each edge this estimate can be used as a check on the exact computation
7EE4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem and construct sim-ple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities
a Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r where p q and r are specific rational numbers Solve equations of these forms fluently Compare an algebraic solution to an arithmetic solution identifying the sequence of the operations used in each approach For example the perimeter of a rectangle is 54 cm Its length is 6 cm What is its width
b Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q gt r or px + q lt r where p q and r are spe-cific rational numbers Graph the solution set of the inequality and interpret it in the context of the prob-lem For example As a salesperson you are paid $50 per week plus $3 per sale This week you want your pay to be at least $100 Write an inequality for the number of sales you need to make and describe the solutions
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
You evaluate an expression by replacing the variable
with the given number and performing the indicated
Examples Evaluate 10a if a = 15
1990 Glade Commercial
10
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Algebraic expression An expression consisting of at least one varia-
ble and also consist of numbers and operations
Coefficient The number part of a term that includes a variable For
example 3 is the coefficient of the term 3x
Constant A quantity having a fixed value that does not change or
vary such as a number For example 5 is the constant of x + 5
Equation A mathematical sentence formed by setting two expres-
sions equal
Inequality A mathematical sentence formed by placing inequality
symbol between two expressions
Term A number a variable or a product and a number and variable
Numerical expression An expression consisting of numbers and op-
erations
Variable A symbol usually a letter which is used to represent one or
more numbers
11
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
5 - 085
3
C1mdashC6
YOU MUST HAVE A COMMON DENOMINATOR FOR ADDING AND SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
USING A RATIO TABLE
Write both fractions in a table
Continue listing the multiples of
the denominators until you find a
common denominator
FOR EXAMPLE
1
4 8 12 16 20
3
5 10 15 20
Fill in the numerators on the
table to find your fractions with
a common denominator
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
1 2 3 4 5
4 8 12 16 20
3 6 9 12
5 10 15 20
Addsubtract
fractions
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
5
20
12
+ 20
17
So 20 is the
common
denominator for
4
G1mdashG4
divide =
KEEP the first fraction
CHANGE FLIP the second
fraction
X =
Write mixed numbers as
improper fractions
Put whole numbers over
one
KEEP the first fraction
CHANGE divide to multi-
ply FLIP the second
fraction (reciprocal)
Multiply the numerators
Multiply the denomina-
1 2 divide = 4 1
5 9 divide
5 2 10 x =
5
1 3
5 8
1 8 8
5 3 15
5
G7mdashG13
6
Integer Whole numbers and their opposites
Example hellip -2 -1 0 1 2 hellip
Positive Number A number greater than zero
Example 1 2 3 hellip
Negative Number A number less than zero
Example hellip -3 -2 -1
Zero is neither negative nor positive
ldquoSame signs add and keep different signs subtract
Take the sign of the larger number then yoursquoll be exactrdquo
4+(-3)=1
=
= 19
Different
Signs
Same Signs Subtraction
You try
A 2+-3= B 10mdash -4 = C ndash1+-8 =
AddSubtract Fruit Splat
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
E1 E2 E3 E4 H1
Adding integers Video Subtracting integers video
+ +
+ + +
7
You can make ANY subtraction
problem an addition problem by
using the rule ldquokeep change
change Then follow the rules from
the song
FOUND AT httpwwwsw-georgiaresak12gausinteger20rulespdf
Keep Change Change
Same Sign Add and keep the sign
2 + 2 = 4
Positive + Positive = Positive
(-2) + (-2) = (-4)
Negative + Negative = Negative
Different Signs Subtract and keep the sign
of the larger value (from zero)
Subtracting a negative is like ADDING A POSITIVE
-8 - 4 =
-8 + (-4) = - 12
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
2 - ( -2) =
2 + +2 = 4
Subtracting a positive IS subtracting
or like ADDING A NEGATIVE
Positive x Positive = Positive Negative x Negative = Positive Negative x Positive = Negative Positive x Negative = Negative Division (same pattern)
8
E6mdashE8
Plug it in and use order of operations to solve
(12 - 4) + 3(4)2
(12 - 4) + 3(16) Exponents (42 = 4bull4)
8 + 3(16) Parenthesis (12 - 4 )
8 + 48 Multiply (3bull16)
56 Add (8 + 48)
P arenthesis
E xponents
M ultilication
D ivision
A ddition
S ubtraction
From left
to right
From left
to right
Definition A numberrsquos distance from zero
on a number line Hint Always make the number positive
| -3 | = 3 | -8 | = 8 - | 4 | = -4
| 5 | = | 8 - 5 | = - | -2 | =
Same Sign = Positive
7 bull 8 = 56 -56 divide (-8) = 7
5 x 2 = 10 -10 (-2) = 5
3(9) = 27 -27 = 9
-3
Different Signs = Negative
-2 bull 8 = -16 16 divide (-8) = -2
7 x (-9) = -63 -639 = -7
-6(4) = -24 -24 = -4
6
What must you do to the number to
make it equal to zero
Creating Neutral Fields
-14 +14=0
-4 -4
X = 2 Additive Inverse
Rags to Riches Rational Numbers
H2 H7 E9
You Try
X +4 =6
9
7EE1 Apply properties of operations as strategies to add subtract factor and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients
7EE2 Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem and how the quantities in it are related For example a + 005a = 105a means that ldquoincrease by 5rdquo is the same as ldquomultiply by 105rdquo
7EE3 Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form (whole numbers fractions and decimals) using tools strategically Apply properties of operations to calculate with numbers in any form convert between forms as appropriate and assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies For example If a woman making $25 an hour gets a 10 raise she will make an additional 110 of her salary an hour or $250 for a new salary of $2750 If you want to place a towel bar 9 34 inches long in the center of a door that is 27 12 inches wide you will need to place the bar about 9 inches from each edge this estimate can be used as a check on the exact computation
7EE4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem and construct sim-ple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities
a Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r where p q and r are specific rational numbers Solve equations of these forms fluently Compare an algebraic solution to an arithmetic solution identifying the sequence of the operations used in each approach For example the perimeter of a rectangle is 54 cm Its length is 6 cm What is its width
b Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q gt r or px + q lt r where p q and r are spe-cific rational numbers Graph the solution set of the inequality and interpret it in the context of the prob-lem For example As a salesperson you are paid $50 per week plus $3 per sale This week you want your pay to be at least $100 Write an inequality for the number of sales you need to make and describe the solutions
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
You evaluate an expression by replacing the variable
with the given number and performing the indicated
Examples Evaluate 10a if a = 15
1990 Glade Commercial
10
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Algebraic expression An expression consisting of at least one varia-
ble and also consist of numbers and operations
Coefficient The number part of a term that includes a variable For
example 3 is the coefficient of the term 3x
Constant A quantity having a fixed value that does not change or
vary such as a number For example 5 is the constant of x + 5
Equation A mathematical sentence formed by setting two expres-
sions equal
Inequality A mathematical sentence formed by placing inequality
symbol between two expressions
Term A number a variable or a product and a number and variable
Numerical expression An expression consisting of numbers and op-
erations
Variable A symbol usually a letter which is used to represent one or
more numbers
11
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
YOU MUST HAVE A COMMON DENOMINATOR FOR ADDING AND SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
USING A RATIO TABLE
Write both fractions in a table
Continue listing the multiples of
the denominators until you find a
common denominator
FOR EXAMPLE
1
4 8 12 16 20
3
5 10 15 20
Fill in the numerators on the
table to find your fractions with
a common denominator
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
1 2 3 4 5
4 8 12 16 20
3 6 9 12
5 10 15 20
Addsubtract
fractions
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
5
20
12
+ 20
17
So 20 is the
common
denominator for
4
G1mdashG4
divide =
KEEP the first fraction
CHANGE FLIP the second
fraction
X =
Write mixed numbers as
improper fractions
Put whole numbers over
one
KEEP the first fraction
CHANGE divide to multi-
ply FLIP the second
fraction (reciprocal)
Multiply the numerators
Multiply the denomina-
1 2 divide = 4 1
5 9 divide
5 2 10 x =
5
1 3
5 8
1 8 8
5 3 15
5
G7mdashG13
6
Integer Whole numbers and their opposites
Example hellip -2 -1 0 1 2 hellip
Positive Number A number greater than zero
Example 1 2 3 hellip
Negative Number A number less than zero
Example hellip -3 -2 -1
Zero is neither negative nor positive
ldquoSame signs add and keep different signs subtract
Take the sign of the larger number then yoursquoll be exactrdquo
4+(-3)=1
=
= 19
Different
Signs
Same Signs Subtraction
You try
A 2+-3= B 10mdash -4 = C ndash1+-8 =
AddSubtract Fruit Splat
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
E1 E2 E3 E4 H1
Adding integers Video Subtracting integers video
+ +
+ + +
7
You can make ANY subtraction
problem an addition problem by
using the rule ldquokeep change
change Then follow the rules from
the song
FOUND AT httpwwwsw-georgiaresak12gausinteger20rulespdf
Keep Change Change
Same Sign Add and keep the sign
2 + 2 = 4
Positive + Positive = Positive
(-2) + (-2) = (-4)
Negative + Negative = Negative
Different Signs Subtract and keep the sign
of the larger value (from zero)
Subtracting a negative is like ADDING A POSITIVE
-8 - 4 =
-8 + (-4) = - 12
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
2 - ( -2) =
2 + +2 = 4
Subtracting a positive IS subtracting
or like ADDING A NEGATIVE
Positive x Positive = Positive Negative x Negative = Positive Negative x Positive = Negative Positive x Negative = Negative Division (same pattern)
8
E6mdashE8
Plug it in and use order of operations to solve
(12 - 4) + 3(4)2
(12 - 4) + 3(16) Exponents (42 = 4bull4)
8 + 3(16) Parenthesis (12 - 4 )
8 + 48 Multiply (3bull16)
56 Add (8 + 48)
P arenthesis
E xponents
M ultilication
D ivision
A ddition
S ubtraction
From left
to right
From left
to right
Definition A numberrsquos distance from zero
on a number line Hint Always make the number positive
| -3 | = 3 | -8 | = 8 - | 4 | = -4
| 5 | = | 8 - 5 | = - | -2 | =
Same Sign = Positive
7 bull 8 = 56 -56 divide (-8) = 7
5 x 2 = 10 -10 (-2) = 5
3(9) = 27 -27 = 9
-3
Different Signs = Negative
-2 bull 8 = -16 16 divide (-8) = -2
7 x (-9) = -63 -639 = -7
-6(4) = -24 -24 = -4
6
What must you do to the number to
make it equal to zero
Creating Neutral Fields
-14 +14=0
-4 -4
X = 2 Additive Inverse
Rags to Riches Rational Numbers
H2 H7 E9
You Try
X +4 =6
9
7EE1 Apply properties of operations as strategies to add subtract factor and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients
7EE2 Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem and how the quantities in it are related For example a + 005a = 105a means that ldquoincrease by 5rdquo is the same as ldquomultiply by 105rdquo
7EE3 Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form (whole numbers fractions and decimals) using tools strategically Apply properties of operations to calculate with numbers in any form convert between forms as appropriate and assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies For example If a woman making $25 an hour gets a 10 raise she will make an additional 110 of her salary an hour or $250 for a new salary of $2750 If you want to place a towel bar 9 34 inches long in the center of a door that is 27 12 inches wide you will need to place the bar about 9 inches from each edge this estimate can be used as a check on the exact computation
7EE4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem and construct sim-ple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities
a Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r where p q and r are specific rational numbers Solve equations of these forms fluently Compare an algebraic solution to an arithmetic solution identifying the sequence of the operations used in each approach For example the perimeter of a rectangle is 54 cm Its length is 6 cm What is its width
b Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q gt r or px + q lt r where p q and r are spe-cific rational numbers Graph the solution set of the inequality and interpret it in the context of the prob-lem For example As a salesperson you are paid $50 per week plus $3 per sale This week you want your pay to be at least $100 Write an inequality for the number of sales you need to make and describe the solutions
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
You evaluate an expression by replacing the variable
with the given number and performing the indicated
Examples Evaluate 10a if a = 15
1990 Glade Commercial
10
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Algebraic expression An expression consisting of at least one varia-
ble and also consist of numbers and operations
Coefficient The number part of a term that includes a variable For
example 3 is the coefficient of the term 3x
Constant A quantity having a fixed value that does not change or
vary such as a number For example 5 is the constant of x + 5
Equation A mathematical sentence formed by setting two expres-
sions equal
Inequality A mathematical sentence formed by placing inequality
symbol between two expressions
Term A number a variable or a product and a number and variable
Numerical expression An expression consisting of numbers and op-
erations
Variable A symbol usually a letter which is used to represent one or
more numbers
11
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
divide =
KEEP the first fraction
CHANGE FLIP the second
fraction
X =
Write mixed numbers as
improper fractions
Put whole numbers over
one
KEEP the first fraction
CHANGE divide to multi-
ply FLIP the second
fraction (reciprocal)
Multiply the numerators
Multiply the denomina-
1 2 divide = 4 1
5 9 divide
5 2 10 x =
5
1 3
5 8
1 8 8
5 3 15
5
G7mdashG13
6
Integer Whole numbers and their opposites
Example hellip -2 -1 0 1 2 hellip
Positive Number A number greater than zero
Example 1 2 3 hellip
Negative Number A number less than zero
Example hellip -3 -2 -1
Zero is neither negative nor positive
ldquoSame signs add and keep different signs subtract
Take the sign of the larger number then yoursquoll be exactrdquo
4+(-3)=1
=
= 19
Different
Signs
Same Signs Subtraction
You try
A 2+-3= B 10mdash -4 = C ndash1+-8 =
AddSubtract Fruit Splat
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
E1 E2 E3 E4 H1
Adding integers Video Subtracting integers video
+ +
+ + +
7
You can make ANY subtraction
problem an addition problem by
using the rule ldquokeep change
change Then follow the rules from
the song
FOUND AT httpwwwsw-georgiaresak12gausinteger20rulespdf
Keep Change Change
Same Sign Add and keep the sign
2 + 2 = 4
Positive + Positive = Positive
(-2) + (-2) = (-4)
Negative + Negative = Negative
Different Signs Subtract and keep the sign
of the larger value (from zero)
Subtracting a negative is like ADDING A POSITIVE
-8 - 4 =
-8 + (-4) = - 12
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
2 - ( -2) =
2 + +2 = 4
Subtracting a positive IS subtracting
or like ADDING A NEGATIVE
Positive x Positive = Positive Negative x Negative = Positive Negative x Positive = Negative Positive x Negative = Negative Division (same pattern)
8
E6mdashE8
Plug it in and use order of operations to solve
(12 - 4) + 3(4)2
(12 - 4) + 3(16) Exponents (42 = 4bull4)
8 + 3(16) Parenthesis (12 - 4 )
8 + 48 Multiply (3bull16)
56 Add (8 + 48)
P arenthesis
E xponents
M ultilication
D ivision
A ddition
S ubtraction
From left
to right
From left
to right
Definition A numberrsquos distance from zero
on a number line Hint Always make the number positive
| -3 | = 3 | -8 | = 8 - | 4 | = -4
| 5 | = | 8 - 5 | = - | -2 | =
Same Sign = Positive
7 bull 8 = 56 -56 divide (-8) = 7
5 x 2 = 10 -10 (-2) = 5
3(9) = 27 -27 = 9
-3
Different Signs = Negative
-2 bull 8 = -16 16 divide (-8) = -2
7 x (-9) = -63 -639 = -7
-6(4) = -24 -24 = -4
6
What must you do to the number to
make it equal to zero
Creating Neutral Fields
-14 +14=0
-4 -4
X = 2 Additive Inverse
Rags to Riches Rational Numbers
H2 H7 E9
You Try
X +4 =6
9
7EE1 Apply properties of operations as strategies to add subtract factor and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients
7EE2 Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem and how the quantities in it are related For example a + 005a = 105a means that ldquoincrease by 5rdquo is the same as ldquomultiply by 105rdquo
7EE3 Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form (whole numbers fractions and decimals) using tools strategically Apply properties of operations to calculate with numbers in any form convert between forms as appropriate and assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies For example If a woman making $25 an hour gets a 10 raise she will make an additional 110 of her salary an hour or $250 for a new salary of $2750 If you want to place a towel bar 9 34 inches long in the center of a door that is 27 12 inches wide you will need to place the bar about 9 inches from each edge this estimate can be used as a check on the exact computation
7EE4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem and construct sim-ple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities
a Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r where p q and r are specific rational numbers Solve equations of these forms fluently Compare an algebraic solution to an arithmetic solution identifying the sequence of the operations used in each approach For example the perimeter of a rectangle is 54 cm Its length is 6 cm What is its width
b Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q gt r or px + q lt r where p q and r are spe-cific rational numbers Graph the solution set of the inequality and interpret it in the context of the prob-lem For example As a salesperson you are paid $50 per week plus $3 per sale This week you want your pay to be at least $100 Write an inequality for the number of sales you need to make and describe the solutions
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
You evaluate an expression by replacing the variable
with the given number and performing the indicated
Examples Evaluate 10a if a = 15
1990 Glade Commercial
10
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Algebraic expression An expression consisting of at least one varia-
ble and also consist of numbers and operations
Coefficient The number part of a term that includes a variable For
example 3 is the coefficient of the term 3x
Constant A quantity having a fixed value that does not change or
vary such as a number For example 5 is the constant of x + 5
Equation A mathematical sentence formed by setting two expres-
sions equal
Inequality A mathematical sentence formed by placing inequality
symbol between two expressions
Term A number a variable or a product and a number and variable
Numerical expression An expression consisting of numbers and op-
erations
Variable A symbol usually a letter which is used to represent one or
more numbers
11
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
6
Integer Whole numbers and their opposites
Example hellip -2 -1 0 1 2 hellip
Positive Number A number greater than zero
Example 1 2 3 hellip
Negative Number A number less than zero
Example hellip -3 -2 -1
Zero is neither negative nor positive
ldquoSame signs add and keep different signs subtract
Take the sign of the larger number then yoursquoll be exactrdquo
4+(-3)=1
=
= 19
Different
Signs
Same Signs Subtraction
You try
A 2+-3= B 10mdash -4 = C ndash1+-8 =
AddSubtract Fruit Splat
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
E1 E2 E3 E4 H1
Adding integers Video Subtracting integers video
+ +
+ + +
7
You can make ANY subtraction
problem an addition problem by
using the rule ldquokeep change
change Then follow the rules from
the song
FOUND AT httpwwwsw-georgiaresak12gausinteger20rulespdf
Keep Change Change
Same Sign Add and keep the sign
2 + 2 = 4
Positive + Positive = Positive
(-2) + (-2) = (-4)
Negative + Negative = Negative
Different Signs Subtract and keep the sign
of the larger value (from zero)
Subtracting a negative is like ADDING A POSITIVE
-8 - 4 =
-8 + (-4) = - 12
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
2 - ( -2) =
2 + +2 = 4
Subtracting a positive IS subtracting
or like ADDING A NEGATIVE
Positive x Positive = Positive Negative x Negative = Positive Negative x Positive = Negative Positive x Negative = Negative Division (same pattern)
8
E6mdashE8
Plug it in and use order of operations to solve
(12 - 4) + 3(4)2
(12 - 4) + 3(16) Exponents (42 = 4bull4)
8 + 3(16) Parenthesis (12 - 4 )
8 + 48 Multiply (3bull16)
56 Add (8 + 48)
P arenthesis
E xponents
M ultilication
D ivision
A ddition
S ubtraction
From left
to right
From left
to right
Definition A numberrsquos distance from zero
on a number line Hint Always make the number positive
| -3 | = 3 | -8 | = 8 - | 4 | = -4
| 5 | = | 8 - 5 | = - | -2 | =
Same Sign = Positive
7 bull 8 = 56 -56 divide (-8) = 7
5 x 2 = 10 -10 (-2) = 5
3(9) = 27 -27 = 9
-3
Different Signs = Negative
-2 bull 8 = -16 16 divide (-8) = -2
7 x (-9) = -63 -639 = -7
-6(4) = -24 -24 = -4
6
What must you do to the number to
make it equal to zero
Creating Neutral Fields
-14 +14=0
-4 -4
X = 2 Additive Inverse
Rags to Riches Rational Numbers
H2 H7 E9
You Try
X +4 =6
9
7EE1 Apply properties of operations as strategies to add subtract factor and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients
7EE2 Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem and how the quantities in it are related For example a + 005a = 105a means that ldquoincrease by 5rdquo is the same as ldquomultiply by 105rdquo
7EE3 Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form (whole numbers fractions and decimals) using tools strategically Apply properties of operations to calculate with numbers in any form convert between forms as appropriate and assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies For example If a woman making $25 an hour gets a 10 raise she will make an additional 110 of her salary an hour or $250 for a new salary of $2750 If you want to place a towel bar 9 34 inches long in the center of a door that is 27 12 inches wide you will need to place the bar about 9 inches from each edge this estimate can be used as a check on the exact computation
7EE4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem and construct sim-ple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities
a Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r where p q and r are specific rational numbers Solve equations of these forms fluently Compare an algebraic solution to an arithmetic solution identifying the sequence of the operations used in each approach For example the perimeter of a rectangle is 54 cm Its length is 6 cm What is its width
b Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q gt r or px + q lt r where p q and r are spe-cific rational numbers Graph the solution set of the inequality and interpret it in the context of the prob-lem For example As a salesperson you are paid $50 per week plus $3 per sale This week you want your pay to be at least $100 Write an inequality for the number of sales you need to make and describe the solutions
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
You evaluate an expression by replacing the variable
with the given number and performing the indicated
Examples Evaluate 10a if a = 15
1990 Glade Commercial
10
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Algebraic expression An expression consisting of at least one varia-
ble and also consist of numbers and operations
Coefficient The number part of a term that includes a variable For
example 3 is the coefficient of the term 3x
Constant A quantity having a fixed value that does not change or
vary such as a number For example 5 is the constant of x + 5
Equation A mathematical sentence formed by setting two expres-
sions equal
Inequality A mathematical sentence formed by placing inequality
symbol between two expressions
Term A number a variable or a product and a number and variable
Numerical expression An expression consisting of numbers and op-
erations
Variable A symbol usually a letter which is used to represent one or
more numbers
11
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Integer Whole numbers and their opposites
Example hellip -2 -1 0 1 2 hellip
Positive Number A number greater than zero
Example 1 2 3 hellip
Negative Number A number less than zero
Example hellip -3 -2 -1
Zero is neither negative nor positive
ldquoSame signs add and keep different signs subtract
Take the sign of the larger number then yoursquoll be exactrdquo
4+(-3)=1
=
= 19
Different
Signs
Same Signs Subtraction
You try
A 2+-3= B 10mdash -4 = C ndash1+-8 =
AddSubtract Fruit Splat
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
E1 E2 E3 E4 H1
Adding integers Video Subtracting integers video
+ +
+ + +
7
You can make ANY subtraction
problem an addition problem by
using the rule ldquokeep change
change Then follow the rules from
the song
FOUND AT httpwwwsw-georgiaresak12gausinteger20rulespdf
Keep Change Change
Same Sign Add and keep the sign
2 + 2 = 4
Positive + Positive = Positive
(-2) + (-2) = (-4)
Negative + Negative = Negative
Different Signs Subtract and keep the sign
of the larger value (from zero)
Subtracting a negative is like ADDING A POSITIVE
-8 - 4 =
-8 + (-4) = - 12
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
2 - ( -2) =
2 + +2 = 4
Subtracting a positive IS subtracting
or like ADDING A NEGATIVE
Positive x Positive = Positive Negative x Negative = Positive Negative x Positive = Negative Positive x Negative = Negative Division (same pattern)
8
E6mdashE8
Plug it in and use order of operations to solve
(12 - 4) + 3(4)2
(12 - 4) + 3(16) Exponents (42 = 4bull4)
8 + 3(16) Parenthesis (12 - 4 )
8 + 48 Multiply (3bull16)
56 Add (8 + 48)
P arenthesis
E xponents
M ultilication
D ivision
A ddition
S ubtraction
From left
to right
From left
to right
Definition A numberrsquos distance from zero
on a number line Hint Always make the number positive
| -3 | = 3 | -8 | = 8 - | 4 | = -4
| 5 | = | 8 - 5 | = - | -2 | =
Same Sign = Positive
7 bull 8 = 56 -56 divide (-8) = 7
5 x 2 = 10 -10 (-2) = 5
3(9) = 27 -27 = 9
-3
Different Signs = Negative
-2 bull 8 = -16 16 divide (-8) = -2
7 x (-9) = -63 -639 = -7
-6(4) = -24 -24 = -4
6
What must you do to the number to
make it equal to zero
Creating Neutral Fields
-14 +14=0
-4 -4
X = 2 Additive Inverse
Rags to Riches Rational Numbers
H2 H7 E9
You Try
X +4 =6
9
7EE1 Apply properties of operations as strategies to add subtract factor and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients
7EE2 Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem and how the quantities in it are related For example a + 005a = 105a means that ldquoincrease by 5rdquo is the same as ldquomultiply by 105rdquo
7EE3 Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form (whole numbers fractions and decimals) using tools strategically Apply properties of operations to calculate with numbers in any form convert between forms as appropriate and assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies For example If a woman making $25 an hour gets a 10 raise she will make an additional 110 of her salary an hour or $250 for a new salary of $2750 If you want to place a towel bar 9 34 inches long in the center of a door that is 27 12 inches wide you will need to place the bar about 9 inches from each edge this estimate can be used as a check on the exact computation
7EE4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem and construct sim-ple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities
a Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r where p q and r are specific rational numbers Solve equations of these forms fluently Compare an algebraic solution to an arithmetic solution identifying the sequence of the operations used in each approach For example the perimeter of a rectangle is 54 cm Its length is 6 cm What is its width
b Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q gt r or px + q lt r where p q and r are spe-cific rational numbers Graph the solution set of the inequality and interpret it in the context of the prob-lem For example As a salesperson you are paid $50 per week plus $3 per sale This week you want your pay to be at least $100 Write an inequality for the number of sales you need to make and describe the solutions
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
You evaluate an expression by replacing the variable
with the given number and performing the indicated
Examples Evaluate 10a if a = 15
1990 Glade Commercial
10
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Algebraic expression An expression consisting of at least one varia-
ble and also consist of numbers and operations
Coefficient The number part of a term that includes a variable For
example 3 is the coefficient of the term 3x
Constant A quantity having a fixed value that does not change or
vary such as a number For example 5 is the constant of x + 5
Equation A mathematical sentence formed by setting two expres-
sions equal
Inequality A mathematical sentence formed by placing inequality
symbol between two expressions
Term A number a variable or a product and a number and variable
Numerical expression An expression consisting of numbers and op-
erations
Variable A symbol usually a letter which is used to represent one or
more numbers
11
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
FOUND AT httpwwwsw-georgiaresak12gausinteger20rulespdf
Keep Change Change
Same Sign Add and keep the sign
2 + 2 = 4
Positive + Positive = Positive
(-2) + (-2) = (-4)
Negative + Negative = Negative
Different Signs Subtract and keep the sign
of the larger value (from zero)
Subtracting a negative is like ADDING A POSITIVE
-8 - 4 =
-8 + (-4) = - 12
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
Keep the Change
minus
Chang
2 - ( -2) =
2 + +2 = 4
Subtracting a positive IS subtracting
or like ADDING A NEGATIVE
Positive x Positive = Positive Negative x Negative = Positive Negative x Positive = Negative Positive x Negative = Negative Division (same pattern)
8
E6mdashE8
Plug it in and use order of operations to solve
(12 - 4) + 3(4)2
(12 - 4) + 3(16) Exponents (42 = 4bull4)
8 + 3(16) Parenthesis (12 - 4 )
8 + 48 Multiply (3bull16)
56 Add (8 + 48)
P arenthesis
E xponents
M ultilication
D ivision
A ddition
S ubtraction
From left
to right
From left
to right
Definition A numberrsquos distance from zero
on a number line Hint Always make the number positive
| -3 | = 3 | -8 | = 8 - | 4 | = -4
| 5 | = | 8 - 5 | = - | -2 | =
Same Sign = Positive
7 bull 8 = 56 -56 divide (-8) = 7
5 x 2 = 10 -10 (-2) = 5
3(9) = 27 -27 = 9
-3
Different Signs = Negative
-2 bull 8 = -16 16 divide (-8) = -2
7 x (-9) = -63 -639 = -7
-6(4) = -24 -24 = -4
6
What must you do to the number to
make it equal to zero
Creating Neutral Fields
-14 +14=0
-4 -4
X = 2 Additive Inverse
Rags to Riches Rational Numbers
H2 H7 E9
You Try
X +4 =6
9
7EE1 Apply properties of operations as strategies to add subtract factor and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients
7EE2 Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem and how the quantities in it are related For example a + 005a = 105a means that ldquoincrease by 5rdquo is the same as ldquomultiply by 105rdquo
7EE3 Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form (whole numbers fractions and decimals) using tools strategically Apply properties of operations to calculate with numbers in any form convert between forms as appropriate and assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies For example If a woman making $25 an hour gets a 10 raise she will make an additional 110 of her salary an hour or $250 for a new salary of $2750 If you want to place a towel bar 9 34 inches long in the center of a door that is 27 12 inches wide you will need to place the bar about 9 inches from each edge this estimate can be used as a check on the exact computation
7EE4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem and construct sim-ple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities
a Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r where p q and r are specific rational numbers Solve equations of these forms fluently Compare an algebraic solution to an arithmetic solution identifying the sequence of the operations used in each approach For example the perimeter of a rectangle is 54 cm Its length is 6 cm What is its width
b Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q gt r or px + q lt r where p q and r are spe-cific rational numbers Graph the solution set of the inequality and interpret it in the context of the prob-lem For example As a salesperson you are paid $50 per week plus $3 per sale This week you want your pay to be at least $100 Write an inequality for the number of sales you need to make and describe the solutions
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
You evaluate an expression by replacing the variable
with the given number and performing the indicated
Examples Evaluate 10a if a = 15
1990 Glade Commercial
10
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Algebraic expression An expression consisting of at least one varia-
ble and also consist of numbers and operations
Coefficient The number part of a term that includes a variable For
example 3 is the coefficient of the term 3x
Constant A quantity having a fixed value that does not change or
vary such as a number For example 5 is the constant of x + 5
Equation A mathematical sentence formed by setting two expres-
sions equal
Inequality A mathematical sentence formed by placing inequality
symbol between two expressions
Term A number a variable or a product and a number and variable
Numerical expression An expression consisting of numbers and op-
erations
Variable A symbol usually a letter which is used to represent one or
more numbers
11
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Plug it in and use order of operations to solve
(12 - 4) + 3(4)2
(12 - 4) + 3(16) Exponents (42 = 4bull4)
8 + 3(16) Parenthesis (12 - 4 )
8 + 48 Multiply (3bull16)
56 Add (8 + 48)
P arenthesis
E xponents
M ultilication
D ivision
A ddition
S ubtraction
From left
to right
From left
to right
Definition A numberrsquos distance from zero
on a number line Hint Always make the number positive
| -3 | = 3 | -8 | = 8 - | 4 | = -4
| 5 | = | 8 - 5 | = - | -2 | =
Same Sign = Positive
7 bull 8 = 56 -56 divide (-8) = 7
5 x 2 = 10 -10 (-2) = 5
3(9) = 27 -27 = 9
-3
Different Signs = Negative
-2 bull 8 = -16 16 divide (-8) = -2
7 x (-9) = -63 -639 = -7
-6(4) = -24 -24 = -4
6
What must you do to the number to
make it equal to zero
Creating Neutral Fields
-14 +14=0
-4 -4
X = 2 Additive Inverse
Rags to Riches Rational Numbers
H2 H7 E9
You Try
X +4 =6
9
7EE1 Apply properties of operations as strategies to add subtract factor and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients
7EE2 Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem and how the quantities in it are related For example a + 005a = 105a means that ldquoincrease by 5rdquo is the same as ldquomultiply by 105rdquo
7EE3 Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form (whole numbers fractions and decimals) using tools strategically Apply properties of operations to calculate with numbers in any form convert between forms as appropriate and assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies For example If a woman making $25 an hour gets a 10 raise she will make an additional 110 of her salary an hour or $250 for a new salary of $2750 If you want to place a towel bar 9 34 inches long in the center of a door that is 27 12 inches wide you will need to place the bar about 9 inches from each edge this estimate can be used as a check on the exact computation
7EE4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem and construct sim-ple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities
a Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r where p q and r are specific rational numbers Solve equations of these forms fluently Compare an algebraic solution to an arithmetic solution identifying the sequence of the operations used in each approach For example the perimeter of a rectangle is 54 cm Its length is 6 cm What is its width
b Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q gt r or px + q lt r where p q and r are spe-cific rational numbers Graph the solution set of the inequality and interpret it in the context of the prob-lem For example As a salesperson you are paid $50 per week plus $3 per sale This week you want your pay to be at least $100 Write an inequality for the number of sales you need to make and describe the solutions
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
You evaluate an expression by replacing the variable
with the given number and performing the indicated
Examples Evaluate 10a if a = 15
1990 Glade Commercial
10
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Algebraic expression An expression consisting of at least one varia-
ble and also consist of numbers and operations
Coefficient The number part of a term that includes a variable For
example 3 is the coefficient of the term 3x
Constant A quantity having a fixed value that does not change or
vary such as a number For example 5 is the constant of x + 5
Equation A mathematical sentence formed by setting two expres-
sions equal
Inequality A mathematical sentence formed by placing inequality
symbol between two expressions
Term A number a variable or a product and a number and variable
Numerical expression An expression consisting of numbers and op-
erations
Variable A symbol usually a letter which is used to represent one or
more numbers
11
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
7EE1 Apply properties of operations as strategies to add subtract factor and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients
7EE2 Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem and how the quantities in it are related For example a + 005a = 105a means that ldquoincrease by 5rdquo is the same as ldquomultiply by 105rdquo
7EE3 Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form (whole numbers fractions and decimals) using tools strategically Apply properties of operations to calculate with numbers in any form convert between forms as appropriate and assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies For example If a woman making $25 an hour gets a 10 raise she will make an additional 110 of her salary an hour or $250 for a new salary of $2750 If you want to place a towel bar 9 34 inches long in the center of a door that is 27 12 inches wide you will need to place the bar about 9 inches from each edge this estimate can be used as a check on the exact computation
7EE4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem and construct sim-ple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities
a Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r where p q and r are specific rational numbers Solve equations of these forms fluently Compare an algebraic solution to an arithmetic solution identifying the sequence of the operations used in each approach For example the perimeter of a rectangle is 54 cm Its length is 6 cm What is its width
b Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q gt r or px + q lt r where p q and r are spe-cific rational numbers Graph the solution set of the inequality and interpret it in the context of the prob-lem For example As a salesperson you are paid $50 per week plus $3 per sale This week you want your pay to be at least $100 Write an inequality for the number of sales you need to make and describe the solutions
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
You evaluate an expression by replacing the variable
with the given number and performing the indicated
Examples Evaluate 10a if a = 15
1990 Glade Commercial
10
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Algebraic expression An expression consisting of at least one varia-
ble and also consist of numbers and operations
Coefficient The number part of a term that includes a variable For
example 3 is the coefficient of the term 3x
Constant A quantity having a fixed value that does not change or
vary such as a number For example 5 is the constant of x + 5
Equation A mathematical sentence formed by setting two expres-
sions equal
Inequality A mathematical sentence formed by placing inequality
symbol between two expressions
Term A number a variable or a product and a number and variable
Numerical expression An expression consisting of numbers and op-
erations
Variable A symbol usually a letter which is used to represent one or
more numbers
11
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Algebraic expression An expression consisting of at least one varia-
ble and also consist of numbers and operations
Coefficient The number part of a term that includes a variable For
example 3 is the coefficient of the term 3x
Constant A quantity having a fixed value that does not change or
vary such as a number For example 5 is the constant of x + 5
Equation A mathematical sentence formed by setting two expres-
sions equal
Inequality A mathematical sentence formed by placing inequality
symbol between two expressions
Term A number a variable or a product and a number and variable
Numerical expression An expression consisting of numbers and op-
erations
Variable A symbol usually a letter which is used to represent one or
more numbers
11
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Multiply the number touching the
outside of the parenthesis with
each term inside
3(2x + 6) 2(3x - 4x2 + 3)
3(2x) + 3(6) 2(3x) - 2(4x2) + 2(3)
6x + 18 6x - 8x2 + 6
AddSubtract each like term (numbers with
the same variable raised to the same exponent)
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3x3 + 9x + 2 - 4x2 - 7x - x3 + 8
3 - 1 -4 9 - 7 2 + 8
2x3 - 4x2 + 2x + 10
Associative Property
The sum or product of a set of numbers is the same no matter
how the numbers are grouped
(4+3)+2 = 4+(3+2) (5X7)X3=5X(7X3)
Commutative Property
The sum or product of a group of numbers is the same regardless
of the order in which the numbers are arranged
5 + 3 = 3 + 5 4 X 7 = 7 X 4
Perimeter Add up all of the sides
Area of a rectangle A=lw
Area 4(3x) = 12x
Perimeter 3x + 3x + 4+ 4
6x + 8
3x
4
A B A(B) (A)(B) A X B
Combining Like Terms
Practi
ce
12
Y1-4 U1-4 U6
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
WRITING EXPRESSIONS
ORDER OF OPERATIONS EXAMPLES
(PE)(MD)(AS)
1 (PE)
Do parentheses and exponents FIRST
2 (MD)
Solve all multiplying and dividing from
left to right (It may be divide first)
EXPRESSION EVALUATION OPERATION
50 - 12 divide 3 6= 50 - 12 divide 3 6= Division
50 - 4 6= Multiplication
50 - 24= Subtraction
26
22 - (8 + 6) + 20= 22 - (8 + 6) + 20= Parentheses
(Add)
22 - 14 + 20= Subtraction
8 + 20= Addition
28
EXPONENTS
Exponents tell how many
times to multiply a number
by itself
(-3)2=(- 3) (-3) = 9
-43= -4 4 4 = -64
PHRASE EXPRESSION
8 more than a number 8 + n
7 less than a number n - 7
The product of a number and 11 11n
The quotient of 6 and a number 6
A number decreased by 12 n - 12
13
n
U1
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Two-step equations are exactly like what they sound like equations that take TWO STEPS to solve
You have to use INVERSE OPERATIONS to solve each equation
The goal is to get the variable by itself on one side of the equal sign You need to do the inverse
operation of what is furthest from the variable without crossing an equal sign
Below are examples of 2-step equations and how to solve using algebraic notation
2x - 5 = 9
+ 5 +5
2x = 14
2 2
x = 7
add 5 to undo
subtraction
Divide by 2 to
undo multiplica-
tion
18 = - 8
+8 +8
26 =
bull2 bull2
52 = x
Add 8 to undo
subtraction
Multiply by 2 to
undo division
X
2
X
2
3(x - 2) = 18
3 3
x - 2 = 6
+ 2 +2
x = 8
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
Add 2 to undo
subtraction
x + 8
4
bull4 bull4
x + 8 = 36
- 8 - 8
x = 28
Subtract 8 to
undo addition
= 9
Multiply by 4 to
-8 + 3x = -26
+8 +8
3x = -18
3 3
x = -6
Add 8 to undo
adding (-8)
Divide by 3 to
undo multiplica-
tion
-18 = -2x - (-9)
-9 -9
-27 = -2x
-2 -2
135 = x
Divide by ndash2 to
undo multiplying
by ndash2
Subtract 9 to
14
V1mdashV4
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
W1 W3 W4 W5 W6
ge le gt lt
If there is a line under the greater
than or less than sign it means the
variable can be equal to the value
In this case donrsquot forget to fill in your
circle on the number line to represent
the equal to sign
Each month Chucks phone company charges a flat
fee of $12 plus $005 per minute His bill for last
month was $18 How many minutes did Chuck talk
on the phone last month
05x + 12 = $1800
-12 -12
05x = 6
05 05
X= $12000
15
Susan sold 5 times as many raffle tickets as Jill If Susan sold 40 raffle tickets in all what equation can be
used to find x if x is the number of tickets Jill sold
5x = 40
A Large bag of sand weighs 70 pounds The bag weighs 4 pounds less than the weight of 5 small boxes
of sand Which equation can be used to find the weight w in pounds of each small box of sand
5w-4 = 70
2(x + 4) + 3 4(x ndash 3) ndash 2x
(2x + 8) +3 4x-12-2x
2x +11 2x-12
1) Distribute
2) Combine
3) Solve (when there is an
equal sign)
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
7RP1 Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions including ratios of lengths areas and other quanti-ties measured in like or different units For example if a person walks 12 mile in each 14 hour compute the unit rate as the complex fraction 1214 miles per hour equivalently 2 miles per hour
7RP2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities
a Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship eg by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane and observing whether the graph is a straight line through the origin
b Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables graphs equations diagrams and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships
c Represent proportional relationships by equations For example if total cost t is proportional to the number n of items purchased at a constant price p the relationship between the total cost and the number of items can be ex-pressed as t = pn
d Explain what a point (x y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation with spe-cial attention to the points (0 0) and (1 r) where r is the unit rate
7RP3 Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems Examples simple interest tax markups and markdowns gratuities and commissions fees percent increase and decrease percent error
7G1 Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale
J1mdash5 L 2mdash4
16
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Constant of Proportionality Constant value of the ratio of proportional quantities
x and y Written as y = kx k is the constant of proportionality when the graph passes
through the origin Constant of proportionality can never be zero
Equivalent Fractions Two fractions that have the same value but have different numer-
ators and denominators Equivalent fractions simplify to the same fraction
Fraction A number expressed in the form ab where a is a whole number and b is a pos-
itive whole number
Multiplicative inverse Two numbers whose product is 1 Example (34) and (43)
are multiplicative inverses of one another because 34 times (43) = (43) times 34 = 1
Percent rate of change A rate of change expressed as a percent Example if a popula-
tion grows from 50 to 55 in a year it grows by 550 = 10 per year
Proportion An equation stating that two ratios are equivalent
Ratio A comparison of two numbers using division The ratio of a to b (where b ne 0) can
be written as a to b as or as a b
Similar Figures Figures that have the same shape but the sizes are proportional
Unit Rate Ratio in which the second term or denominator is 1
Scale factor A ratio between two sets of measurements
17
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
18
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
In Georgia we have a 6 sales tax
You want to buy a shirt that costs
$1200 How much does the shirt
cost after taxes
STEP 1 Find TAX
6 = 006 1200
x
006
Turn the percent
There are
four decimal
places in
your problem
so the tax is
COMMISSION
Cinthia earns 20 commission on her
sales In February she sold $380 in
merchandise How much did Cinthia make
in commission in February
$380 x 020 = $7600
She earned $76 in commission
INTEREST
Albertorsquos savings account earns 3 inter-
est ever month If Alberto puts $4500
in his bank account at the beginning of
L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12
19
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
L6mdash12
20
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
J13
21
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Change
Original
Change
Actual
The weather person predict-
ed it would snow 4 inches It
actually snowed 7 12 inches
What is his percent error
Find the percent change and state
whether increase or decrease
from 12 to 16 from 60 to 45
From 12 to 16 From 60 to 45
333 Increase 333 Decrease
Simple Interest The amount paid or earned for the use of
money
Principal The amount of money deposited or
borrowed
Rate The percent you earn or owe on the
principal
Dustin paid for a new skateboard
with his credit card The skate-
board cost $290 and has 125
interest If it takes him 6 months
to pay of the credit card how
much interest did he pay
290 X 125 X 6 = $21750
L6mdashL8
Use the formula to
find the interest by
multiplying
22
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
7SP1 Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population generalizations about a population from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of that population Understand that random sampling tends to produce representative samples and support valid infer-ences
7SP2 Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions For example estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book pre-dict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data Gauge how far off the estimate or pre-diction might be
7SP3 Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability For exam-ple the mean height of players on the basketball team is 10 cm greater than the mean height of players on the soc-cer team about twice the variability (mean absolute deviation) on either team on a dot plot the separation be-tween the two distributions of heights is noticeable
7SP4 Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw infor-mal comparative inferences about two populations For example decide whether the words in a chapter of a sev-enth-grade science book are generally longer than the words in a chapter of a fourth-grade science book
A way to organize data to Shows the distribution of data
Shows each value and how
they are distributed
Skewed Right
Mean is greater than the median
Median is the best measure of center
because the median is not affected
by very large data values
Symmetric
Mean and median are
equal
Mean is the best
measure of center
Skewed Left
Mean is less than the median
Median is the best measure of
center because the median is
not affected by very small data
values
AA1 AA2 AA4 AA5 O14O15
23
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Box and Whisker Plot A diagram that summarizes data using the median the upper and lowers quartiles and
the extreme values (minimum and maximum) Box and whisker plots are also known as box plots It is construct-
ed from the five-number summary of the data Minimum Q1 (lower quartile) Q2 (median) Q3 (upper quartile)
Maximum
Frequency The number of times an item number or event occurs in a set of data
Grouped Frequency Table The organization of raw data in table form with classes and frequencies
Histogram A way of displaying numeric data using horizontal or vertical bars so that the height or length of the
bars indicates frequency
Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) The distance between the first and third quartiles of the data set (sometimes called
upper and lower quartiles)
Maximum value The largest value in a set of data
Mean Absolute Deviation The average distance of each data value from the mean ( ) The MAD is a gauge of
ldquoon averagerdquo how different the data values are form the mean value
= ℎ
Mean A measure of center in a set of numerical data computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing
by the number of values in the list Example For the data set 1 3 6 7 10 12 14 15 22 120 the mean is 21
Measures of Center The mean and the median are both ways to measure the center for a set of data
Measures of Spread The range and the mean absolute deviation are both common ways to measure the spread
for a set of data
Median The middle number
Minimum value The smallest value in a set of data
Mode The number that occurs the most often in a list There can more than one mode or no mode
Mutually Exclusive two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time (ie they have not
outcomes in common)
Outlier A value that is very far away from most of the values in a data set
Range A measure of spread for a set of data To find the range subtract the smallest value from the largest value
in a set of data
Sample A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
Simple Random Sampling Consists of individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of
individuals has an equal chance to be a part of the sample actually selected Poor sampling methods that are not
random and do not represent the population well can lead to misleading conclusions
Stem and Leaf Plot A graphical method used to represent ordered numerical data Once the data are ordered the
stem and leaves are determined Typically the stem is all but the last digit of each data point and the leaf is that
last digit
24
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
25
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
WORD DEFINITION IN YOUR WORDS EXAMPLE
Measures of
Center
A measurement that
summarizes a data set
with a single number
Johnrsquos quiz scores
75 80 85 90 85
Median of scores_____
Mean of scores ______
Mode of scores ______
Mean The sum of the values
in a data set divided by
the number of values in
the set
MEAN of Johnrsquos scores
Median The middle value in a
data set when it is in
numerical order
MEDIAN of Johnrsquos scores
Mode The value that appears
most often in a data
set There can be one
or none
MODE of Johnrsquos scores
Remember
Shows how values are distributed
9 8 2 4 8 5 6 7
Put rsquos in order from least to greatest
2 4 5 6 7 8 8 9
Minimum 2 Upper Quartile 8
Maximum 9 Lower Quartile 45
Median 65
Range Difference between biggest and
smallest number
Median Middle number
Upper Quartile Median of upper half of data
Lower Quartile Median of lower half of data
Inner Quartile Range Subtract the lower
quartile from the upper quartile
Absolute Deviation The __distance__ of each data value from the __mean_____
Mean Absolute Deviation The __mean_ of the absolute deviations
MAD is another way to describe the __spread__ of a data set
AA1
26
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
1 Find the IQR of Class A ______
2 Find the IQR of Class B_____
3 Which class has a greater median attendance How much greater is it ________
4 Which class has an attendance of less than 14 people 75 of the time ______
5 Which class appears to have a more predictable attendance ________
6 What percent of the time does Class B have an attendance greater than 16 ______
7 Which class has an attendance of more than 14 people 50 of the time ______
___ of the data falls above the median
___ of the data falls below the median
___ of the data falls above Q1
___ of the data falls above Q3
Each quartile of a set of data represents 25 of the data You can use the shape of the box plot to
tell if the data is consistent or spread out
O14 27 Answers
50 1 14-4=10 50 2 16-12=4 75 3 Class B by 8 25 4 Class A 5 Class B 6 25 7 Class B
You Try
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
1) Find the mean of the data set 11+11+6+26+6+12=72 726=12
2) Find the distance between each data value and the mean
(Subtract the mean from each data value)
3) Find the average of those differences
(Add up all the absolute deviations and divide by how many)
Determine the mean absolute deviation for Indyah by finding the mean abso-
lute deviation and mean absolute deviation Points
Scored
Absolute
Deviation
11 12-11=1
11 12-11=1
6 12-6=6
26 26-12=14
6 12-6=6
12 12-12=0 __1__ + __1__ + __6__ + __14__ + __6__ + _0___ = _28___
__28__ divide __6__ = _467_
Overall are the data values close to the mean or far away from the mean
Population and Samples
Population The entire group
EX East Hall Middle School
Sample Part of a whole
EX Ms Slaymakerrsquos class
Bias Unfair preference
Biased Sample
The first 5 people leaving a movie theater at a
sneak preview were asked how they liked the
movie
Biased Survey Question
Do you think Jones is a good mayor in spite of
his questionable character
28
Learnzillion
Mean Absolute Deviation
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Mean the average
You add and divide
Median line lsquoem up
find whatrsquos inside
Measures of center -
They help you to know
If the middle is high or the middle is low
If you need to check out the variation
You use mean absolute deviation
You get mean you subtract and then you get MAD
Itrsquos a whole lot of math
But it isnrsquot that bad
You could maybe use the IQR--
To see if theyrsquore close or If they are far
You have to subtract Q3 and Q1
Yoursquoll get IQR and then you are DONE
I Unbiased Sample is selected so that it accurately represents the entire
population
Simple Random Sample Each item or person in the population is as likely to be chosen as any other
Example Each students name is written on a piece of paper The names are placed in a bowl and
names are picked without looking
Systematic Random Sample The items or people are selected according to a specific time or item intraval
Example Every 20th person is chosen from an alphabetical list of all students attending a school
II Biased Sample one or more parts of the population are favored over others
1 Convenience Sample consists of members of a population that are easily
accessed
Example To represent all the students attending a school the principal surveys the students in one math class
2 Voluntary Response Sample involves only those who want to participate in
the sampling
Example Students at a school who wish to express their opinions complete an online survey
AA5
29
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
7G2 Draw (freehand with ruler and protractor and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides noticing when the conditions determine a unique triangle more than one triangle or no triangle
7G3 Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids
7G4 Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle
7G5 Use facts about supplementary complementary vertical and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure
7G6 Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles quadrilaterals polygons cubes and right prisms
Triangle Inequality Tool
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of
a triangle is greater than the length of the
third side
The sum of measures of the interior
angles of a triangle is 180 degrees
X+Y+Z= 180
Triangle Sum Tool
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two
lines cross
Supplementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
180 degrees
Complementary Angles Two or more angles that add up to
90 degrees (A right angle)
Rem
emb
er straw in
qu
iry lab
Vertical
Complementary
Supplementary
P4 P5
30
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Adjacent Angle Angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side but no common interior points
Circumference The distance around a circle
Complementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Congruent Having the same size shape and measure lt A cong lt B denotes that lt A is
congruent to lt B
Cross- section A plane figure obtained by slicing a solid with a plane
Irregular Polygon A polygon with sides not equal andor angles not equal
Parallel Lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the same plane and they do not inter-
sect
Pi The relationship of the circlersquos circumference to its diameter when used in calcula-
tions pi is typically approximated as 314 the relationship between the circumference
(C) and diameter (d) or cd
Regular Polygon A polygon with all sides equal (equilateral) and all angles equal
(equiangular)
Supplementary Angle Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Vertical Angles Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines or segments Also
called opposite angles
31
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
PRISMS PYRAMIDS
Rectangular
Prism
Triangular
Prism
Triangular
Rectangular
Prisms have 2 bases
Prisms have mostly
rectangular faces
Pyramids have one base
Pyramids have mostly
triangular faces
NAMING SOLID FIGURES
The base of a pyramid or prism gives the shape its ldquofirst namerdquo
The ldquolast namerdquo is either prism or pyramid and is based on triangular or rectangular
faces
EXAMPLE At right is a Hexago-
Face
Base
Edge
Vertex
Parallel lines two lines that are in the same plane and do not intersect
Perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form right angles
Plane a flat surface that goes on forever in all directions
Cross Section The intersection of a solid and a plane
Creates a
Triangle
Creates a Rectangle
Creates a
Rectangle
32
P26
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Below are formulas you may find useful as you work the problems However some of the formulas
may not be used You may refer to this page as you take the test
The formula above for finding the area of a rec-
tangle is A = bh An alternate formula for area
of a rectangle is
when A repre- sents area l represents
length and w
repre- sents
width
EXAMPLE
Perimeter distance
around a plane figure
EXAMPLE
15 ft
6 ft
A = l x w
6 x 15
90
15 ft
6 ft
What do
these
variables stand
for
B = area
of the
base
h = height
r = radius
P = 15 + 15 + 6 + 6 P = 15 feet
33
P17mdash18
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
P28 P29 P33 P34
34
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Circle All points same distance from center point
Radius line segment from the center to the side of the circle
Diameter line segment from side to side of the circle passing
through the center
Circumference distance around the circle
Pi (П) ratio of the circumference to the diameter
3141592hellip
The radius is 12 of the diameter
35
Chorus
Area of the base
Area of the base
Area of the base
Times the height
Big B
Big B
Big B
Times the height
Verse one
Irsquom going to find the volume
Find out how much goes inside it
Multiply length times the width times the height
And Irsquove found the prismrsquos volume thatrsquos right
Verse two
Now Irsquove got a cylinder
What goes in for Big B I wonder
Pi times the radius squared Donrsquot blunder
Multiply by the height Now wersquore done here
Verse three
What about pyramids in Egypt
Find out how much sand goes in it
Area of the base times the height and then what
Divide by 3 and then yoursquove got it
Verse four
How much in a volcano
Pi times the radius squared and then go
Times the height take one third and then know
Thatrsquos how much of the lava can flow
P21mdashP23 P31 P32
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
7SP5 Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the like-lihood of the event occurring Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood A probability near 0 indicates an un-likely event a probability around 12 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event
7SP6 Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency and predict the approximate relative frequency given the prob-ability For example when rolling a number cube 600 times predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times but probably not exactly 200 times
7SP7 Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies if the agreement is not good explain possible sources of the discrepancy
a Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes and use the model to determine probabilities of events For example if a student is selected at random from a class find the proba-bility that Jane will be selected and the probability that a girl will be selected
b Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process For example find the approximate probability that a spinning penny will land heads up or that a tossed paper cup will land open-end down Do the outcomes for the spinning penny appear to be equally like-ly based on the observed frequencies
7SP8 Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists tables tree diagrams and simulation
a Understand that just as with simple events the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs
b Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists tables and tree dia-grams For an event described in everyday language (eg ldquorolling double sixesrdquo) identify the outcomes in the sample space which compose the event
c Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events For example use random digits as a simulation tool to approximate the answer to the question If 40 of donors have type A blood what is the probability that it will take at least 4 donors to find one with type A blood
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K
36
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Unit 6 Vocabulary
Chance Process The repeated observations of random outcomes of a given event
Compound Event Any event which consists of more than one outcome
Empirical A probability model based upon observed data generated by the process Also referred to as
the experimental probability
Event Any possible outcome of an experiment in probability Any collection of outcomes of an experi-
ment Formally an event is any subset of the sample space
Experimental Probability The ratio of the number of times an outcome occurs to the total amount of
trials performed
=The number of times an event occurs
The total number of trials
Independent events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events gives us no infor-
mation about whether or not the other event will occur that is the events have no influence on each other
Probability It can be listed as a number between 0 and 1
Probability Model It provides a probability for each possible non-overlapping outcome for a change pro-
cess so that the total probability over all such outcomes is unity This can be either theoretical or experi-
mental
Relative Frequency of Outcomes Also Experimental Probability
Sample space All possible outcomes of a given experiment
Simple Event Any event which consists of a single outcome in the sample space A simple event can be
represented by a single branch of a tree diagram
Simulation A technique used for answering real-world questions or making decisions in complex situa-
tions where an element of chance is involved
Theoretical Probability The mathematical calculation that an event will happen in theory It is based on
the structure of the processes and its outcomes
Tree diagram A tree-shaped diagram that illustrates sequentially the possible outcomes of a given event
37
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Probability- is the measure of how likely an event is to occur
Probabilities are written as fractions or decimals from 0 to 1 or as a percent from 0 to 100
The higher an events probability the more likely an event will happen
Experimental probability- probability found
as a result of an experiment
A bag contains 10 red marbles 8 blue marbles and 2 yellow
marbles Find the experimental probability of receiving a blue
marble
Solution
Step 1 Take a marble from the bag
Step 2 Record the color and return the marble
Step 3 Repeat a few times (maybe 10 times)
Step 4 Count the number of times a blue marble was
pick (Suppose it is 6)
Step 5 The experimental probability of receiving a
blue marble from the bag is 610 =35
EXAMPLES
Sam rolled a number cube 50 times A 3 ap-
peared 10 times Then the experimental prob-
ability of rolling a 3 is 10 out of 50 or 20
A coin is tossed 60 times Amanda lands on
heads 27 times The experimental probability
of landing on heads is 27 out of 60 or 920
COLOR FREQUENCY
Red IIII
Blue IIII I
White II
Grey IIII II
GREY
RED
GREEN
WHITE Gregory spun the spinner at left 20 times and rec-
orded his result in a frequency table
1) What is the theoretical probability of spinning
white 18 or 125 because on the SPINNER
one out of eight sections are white
2) What is the experimental probability of spinning
GREY
RED
GREEN
GREY
38
Z1mdashZ4
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Z3mdashZ6
Using the spinner above Write your answer
in a fraction decimal and percent Decide if
it impossible unlikely even likely certain
What is the probability of spinning grey
____________________________
What is the probability of spinning red and
white_____________________________
Using the probability model what is the probability of an outcome that is an even number
Probability model a list of each possible outcome along with its probability
Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are equally likely to occur
Non-Uniform Probability Model occurs when all the probabilities are NOT equally likely to occur
Construct a probability model for a spin on a spinner with 8 numbered sections of equal size
39
Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange Red Black White
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
Simple Event an event consisting of one outcome exWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
Compound Event consists of two or more simple events ExhellipWhat is the probability of tossing heads on a coin
and then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
Systematic Method organizing information in some way so that no outcomes are missed
Fundamental Counting Principal
MULTIPLY TO FIND OUT HOW MANY OUTCOMES
So if you roll a six-sided die and spin an 8 sided spinner Use the fundamental counting to find the number of possi-
ble outcomes 8 x 2 = 16
Independent Events The first event does not affect the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
Dependent Events The outcome of the first event affects the outcome of the second event P(A and B) = P(A) P
(B following A)
1) Caroline wants to wear
either green blue or pink
pants with a white or black
top Show the combinations
using a list
List-
Gw Gb
Bw Bb
Pw Pb
2) Jackrsquos Snackrsquos makes flavored
sodarsquos Cola sprout or rain drop
with a splash of cherry orange
grape lime or blue raspberry
Make a tale showing the possible
outcomes
Table
Casey wants to see all the different pos-
sibilities for her outfit for hat day If she
wears black white or red sneakers and
a red blue black or tan cap
Tree Diagram
Ch Or Gr LI Br
Co CoCh CoOr CoGr CoLi CoBr
Sp SpCh SpOr SpGr SpLi SpBr
RD RdCh RdOr RdGr RdLi RdBr
What is the probability of tossing heads on a coin AND
then rolling a 4 on a six-sided dice
P(Heads)= 12 P(4)=16 12 X 16 = 112
Cards labeled 5 6 7 8 and 9 are in a stack A card is
drawn and not replaced Then a second card is drawn at
random Find the probability of drawing two even num-
bers
P(Even) = 25 NOT REPLACED
P(Even)= 14
25 X 14 =
220=110
WHEN FIRST EVENT IS NOT REPLACED
There are 4 oranges and 7 bananas in a fruit basket
Bobby selects a piece of fruit and then Susan selects a
piece of fruit What is the probability that two bananas
were chosen
YOU TRY
First Outcome Second Outcome Probability
40
Z 5mdash7
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41
You can flip a coin to
represent the same
probability that a boy
will be born versus a
girl
What are different types of simulations
Random number generator
Spinner Flip A Coin Roll A Dice Pick A Marble From A Bag
Use A Random Number Generator Draw A Card
41