2019 Sustainable Energy in America FactbookApril 1, 2019

4/1/2019

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About the BCSE

The Business Council for Sustainable Energy (BCSE) is a coalition of companies and trade associations from the energy efficiency, natural gas and renewable energy sectors.

The Council advocates for policies at state, national and international levels that:

• Increase the use of commercially-available clean energy technologies, products and services;

• Support an affordable, reliable power system; and

• Reduce air pollution & greenhouse gas emissions.

3 April 1, 2019

About the Factbook: terminology

OT

HE

R C

LE

AN

EN

ER

GY

(no

t c

ove

red

in t

his

rep

ort

)

SU

ST

AIN

AB

LE

EN

ER

GY

(as d

efi

ned

in

th

is r

ep

ort

)

RENEWABLE

ENERGY

FOSSIL-

FIRED /

NUCLEAR

POWER

DISTRIBUTED POWER,

STORAGE, EFFICIENCYTRANSPORT

• Solar

• Wind

• Geothermal

• Hydro

• Biomass

• Biogas

• Waste-to-

energy

• Natural gas

• CCS

• Small-scale renewables

• CHP and WHP

• Fuel cells

• Storage

• Demand response / digital energy

• Building efficiency

• Industrial efficiency (aluminum)

• Direct use applications for natural gas

• Electric vehicles

(including hybrids)

• Natural gas vehicles

• Biofuels

• Fuel cell vehicles

• Wave / tidal• Nuclear • Industrial efficiency (other industries)

4 April 1, 2019

About the Factbook: sector sub-sections

For each sector, the report

shows data pertaining to

three types of metrics

(sometimes multiple charts

for each type of metric)

Deployment: captures how much activity

is happening in the sector, typically in

terms of new build or supply and demand

Financing: captures the amount of

investment entering the sector

Economics: captures the costs of

implementing projects or adopting

technologies in the sector

5 April 1, 2019

In 2018…

● U.S. power continued de-carbonizing thanks to natural gas, energy efficiency and renewables growth,

coal retirements.

● Employment grew.

● Energy remained inexpensive by historical standards to consumers.

● Corporate procurement hit record highs.

● Energy efficiency improvements continued.

But…

● Energy productivity stalled.

● Energy consumption overall went up.

● CO2 emissions rose.

Factbook key findings

6 April 1, 2019

In 2018…

● U.S. power continued de-carbonizing thanks to natural gas, energy efficiency and renewables

growth, coal retirements.

● Employment grew.

● Energy remained inexpensive by historical standards to consumers.

● Corporate procurement hit record highs.

● Energy efficiency improvements continued.

But…

● Energy productivity stalled.

● Energy consumption overall went up.

● CO2 emissions rose.

Factbook key findings

7 April 1, 2019

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, BloombergNEF

U.S. electricity generation by fuel type (%) U.S. electricity generation by fuel type (TWh)

U.S. energy overview: Electricity generation mix

44% 45% 42% 37% 39% 39% 33% 30% 30% 27%

20% 20% 19%19% 19% 19%

19% 20% 20% 19%

24% 24% 25% 31% 28% 28% 33% 34% 32% 35%

11% 10% 13% 12% 13% 13% 14% 15% 18% 18%

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2

201

3

201

4

201

5

201

6

201

7

201

8

Renewables(including hydro)

Natural gas

Nuclear

Oil

Coal0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

200

9

201

0

201

1

2012

201

3

201

4

2015

201

6

201

7

201

8

8 April 1, 2019

U.S. energy overview: Renewable energy capacity build by technology

Source: BloombergNEF, EIA Notes: All values are shown in AC except solar, which is included as DC capacity. Numbers include utility-scale (>1MW) projects of all

types, rooftop solar, and small- and medium-sized wind. Includes installations or planned installations reported to the EIA through October 2018, as well as BNEF

projections.

10.0

4.87.0

14.1

1.15.2

8.5 8.3 7.5 7.5

0.4

0.9

2.2

3.5

6.5

7.1

7.5

14.1

11.0 11.711.1

6.0

9.7

18.4

8.9

12.7

16.4

22.9

19.0 19.5

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

GW

Hydro

Geothermal

Biomass. biogas,waste-to-energy

Solar

Wind

9 April 1, 2019

U.S. energy overview: Electric generating capacity build by fuel type

Source: EIA, BloombergNEF Note: All values are shown in AC except solar, which is included as DC capacity. “Renewables” here does not include hydro, which is

shown separately. All capacity figures represent summer generating capacity. Includes installations or planned installations reported to the EIA through October 2018,

as well as BNEF projections.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

199

0

199

1

199

2

199

3

199

4

199

5

199

6

199

7

199

8

199

9

200

0

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

5

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2

201

3

201

4

201

5

201

6

201

7

201

8

GW

Other

Renewables

Hydro

Nuclear

Oil

Gas

Coal

10 April 1, 2019

1 1 1 1 1 12

3

11

64

15

86

11

2

10

7

5

2

5

1

5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

20

20

21

20

22

20

23

20

24

20

25

GW

Announced

Completed

U.S. energy overview: Completed and announced coal-fired plant retirements

Source: EIA, company announcements, BloombergNEF Notes: “Retirements” does not include conversions from coal to natural gas or biomass; includes retirements

or announced retirements reported to the EIA through October 2018. All capacity figures represent summer generating capacity.

11 April 1, 2019

Economics: U.S. levelized costs of electricity (unsubsidized for new build, 2H 2018)

Source: BloombergNEF. Note: LCOE range represents a range of costs and capacity factors. Battery storage systems (co-located and stand-alone) presented here have four-

hour storage. In the case of solar- and wind-plus-battery systems, the range is a combination of capacity factors and size of the battery relative to the power generating asset

(25-100% of total installed capacity). All LCOE calculations are unsubsidized. Categorization of technologies is based on their primary use case. Nuclear not included due to

insufficient data and lack of project development. Large hydro projects are those greater than 50MW of capacity.

2742 46 38 39

56 6336

5796 99

169

61 65 70 75 66

108

156

118

169

258

406

181

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Onshorewind

Tracking PV Non-trackingPV

Large hydro CCGT CHP Coal Onshorewind +storage

Non-trackingPV +

storage

OCGT Pumpedhydro

Utility-scalebattery (4h)

$/MWh (nominal)

12 April 1, 2019

In 2018…

● U.S. power continued de-carbonizing thanks to natural gas, energy efficiency and renewables growth,

coal retirements.

● Employment grew.

● Energy remained inexpensive by historical standards to consumers.

● Corporate procurement hit record highs.

● Energy efficiency improvements continued.

But…

● Energy productivity stalled.

● Energy consumption overall went up.

● CO2 emissions rose.

Factbook key findings

13 ©BloombergNEF L.P. 2019. Developed in partnership with the Business Council for Sustainable Energy.

Jobs in select energy segments, 2017

Sustainable energy jobs, 2017

U.S. energy overview: Jobs in select segments of the energy sector

Source: The U.S. Energy Employment Report, NASEO and EFI. Notes: The data provided relies on thousands of data points provided via survey. Transmission, distribution, and oil/petroleum jobs not included as available data does not break out the portion of those jobs relevant to the

electricity sector. See footnote on next slide for details on the definition for “Advanced Gas.”

Energy efficiency Solar Natural Gas

0.0m 0.5m 1.0m 1.5m 2.0m 2.5m 3.0m 3.5m● The renewable, energy efficiency, and natural gas sectors employed an estimated 3.4 million Americans in 2017, according to the U.S. Energy and Employment Report. This

number increased from approximately 3.3 million in 2016. Energy efficiency alone supported 2.2 million jobs, while natural gas supported roughly 379,000 jobs and solar 350,000

jobs.

● While renewable sectors like solar, wind, hydropower and geothermal do not require upstream processing or extraction of a fuel, fossil-fired generation does. Adding in fuel-related

jobs notably boosts the total employment by fossil-fired generation and bioenergy. As of 4Q 2017, 74% of the jobs associated with the natural gas sector came from fuel supply.

Coal employed 167,000, with 44% in coal production and supply.

● Energy efficiency jobs related to construction often hire people who also work on other types of construction tasks (20% of the 1.3 million employees in this category spend only the

minority of their time on efficiency).

3.4 million

Fuels

Generation

81820415367

65

107

354093

350

66965

10474

312

Geo

the

rmal

Oth

er

sto

rag

e

Pum

pe

dh

yd

ro

Advanced

Gas

Battery

sto

rag

e

Hydro

po

wer

Nucle

ar

Win

d

Oth

er

Gen

era

tion

Bio

en

erg

y/

CH

PCoal

Sola

r

Natu

ral G

as

Ene

rgy

eff

icie

ncy

Thousands of jobs

379

144167

74115

2,207

14 April 1, 2019

U.S. energy overview: Jobs in electricity generation

Source: The U.S. Energy Employment Report, NASEO and EFI. Notes: 2016 data is from Q1 2016, 2017 data is from 2Q 2017. “Advanced gas” uses a variety of

technologies including high efficiency compressor systems, advanced low NOx combustion technology, first application of closed loop steam cooling in an industrial

gas turbine, advanced turbine blade and vane materials, high temperature tbc and abradable coatings, advanced row 4 turbine blades, 3-d aero technology, or

advanced brush seal.

2017

2016

6

26

33

36

66

68

102

374

86

52

13

8

40

35

41

67

65

107

350

93

66

12

Geothermal

Bioenergy/CHP

Other Generation

Advanced Gas

Hydro

Nuclear

Wind

Solar

Coal

Natural Gas

Oil/petroleum

Thousands of jobs

15 April 1, 2019

In 2018…

● U.S. power continued de-carbonizing thanks to natural gas, energy efficiency and renewables growth,

coal retirements.

● Employment grew.

● Energy remained inexpensive by historical standards to consumers.

● Corporate procurement hit record highs.

● Energy efficiency improvements continued.

But…

● Energy productivity stalled.

● Energy consumption overall went up.

● CO2 emissions rose.

Factbook key findings

16 April 1, 2019

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, BNEF

Total energy goods and services as share of

total consumption expenditure

U.S. energy overview: Energy as a share of personal consumption expenditures

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

1960 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15

Total energy expenditures

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

1960 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15

Electricity

Natural gas

Electricity and natural gas as share of total

consumption expenditure

17 April 1, 2019

In 2018…

● U.S. power continued de-carbonizing thanks to natural gas, energy efficiency and renewables growth,

coal retirements.

● Employment grew.

● Energy remained inexpensive by historical standards to consumers.

● Corporate procurement hit record highs.

● Energy efficiency improvements continued.

But…

● Energy productivity stalled.

● Energy consumption overall went up.

● CO2 emissions rose.

Factbook key findings

18 April 1, 2019

Source: BloombergNEF Note: Charts show offsite PPAs only

Renewable capacity contracted by

corporations, by technologyLargest corporate offtakers, 2018

Finance: Corporate procurement of clean energy in the U.S.

1.42.4 1.6 2.3

4.31.0

0.70.5

4.3

0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.61.5

3.42.3 2.8

8.6

0

6

12

18

24

30

0

2

4

6

8

10Annual (GW)

Wind Solar

Cumulative

2,045

138

325

500

184

240

170

423

820

533

250

111

50

200

160

Facebook

AT&T

Wal-Mart

ExxonMobil

Microsoft

Apple

EVRAZ

Kaiser Permanente

Royal Caribbean…

T-Mobile

MW

Solar

Wind

19 April 1, 2019

Source: BloombergNEF, The Climate Group, company announcements, DOE

Finance: Corporate procurement of clean energy and energy efficiencyKey players: corporate

clean energy procurement

Key players: corporate

energy efficiency

Key players: corporate

vehicle electrification

Retail

Financial &

Insurance

Tech

Manufacturing

20 April 1, 2019

In 2018…

● U.S. power continued de-carbonizing thanks to natural gas, energy efficiency and renewables growth,

coal retirements.

● Employment grew.

● Energy remained inexpensive by historical standards to consumers.

● Corporate procurement hit record highs.

● Energy efficiency improvements continued.

But…

● Energy productivity stalled.

● Energy consumption overall went up.

● CO2 emissions rose.

Factbook key findings

21 ©BloombergNEF L.P. 2019. Developed in partnership with the Business Council for Sustainable Energy.

Source: ACEEE, NAESCO, LBNL, CEE, IAEE, PACENation, BloombergNEF Notes: The values for the 2015-17 ESPC market size shown here are estimates. The most recent data from LBNL reports revenues of $5.3bn in 2014. The 2015-17

estimates are based on a continuation of 2011-14 growth rates.

Financing: U.S. estimated investment in energy efficiency through formal frameworks

● Total U.S. spending on energy efficiency through formal frameworks climbed to an estimated record level of $15bn in 2017.

● Utility spending and ESPCs remain the most important frameworks. While the PACE financing framework was the fastest source of growth in 2016, particularly in the residential

sector, 2017 was more muted. Instead, a boost in utility spending on energy efficiency accounts for over 90% of the estimated increase in energy efficiency investment. As

discussed on the previous slide, most of this money was channeled through electricity energy efficiency programs.

● While our estimate for ESPC investment has leveled off in recent years, there is a certain amount of extrapolation involved due to the lack of detailed data on the market. The

picture may change when new data becomes available.

By framework By sector

0

5

10

15

20

90 93 96 99 02 05 08 11 14 17

$bn

PACE ESPC Utility ESPC Utility spending

0

5

10

15

20

90 93 96 99 02 05 08 11 14 17

$bn

Other

22 April 1, 2019

In 2018…

● U.S. power continued de-carbonizing thanks to natural gas, energy efficiency and renewables growth,

coal retirements.

● Employment grew.

● Energy remained inexpensive by historical standards to consumers.

● Corporate procurement hit record highs.

● Energy efficiency improvements continued.

But…

● Energy productivity stalled.

● Energy consumption overall went up.

● CO2 emissions rose.

Factbook key findings

23 April 1, 2019

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, EIA, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, BNEF Notes: Values for 2018 are projected, accounting for seasonality, based

on latest monthly values from EIA (data available through October 2018). 2018 GDP estimate is a projection from economists compiled at ECFC <GO> on the

Bloomberg Terminal.

U.S. GDP and primary energy consumption U.S. energy productivity

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

1990 '95 2000 '05 '10 '18

Indexed to 1990 levels

GDP (indexed)

Primary energy consumption (indexed)

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

1990 '95 2000 '05 '10 '18

$ trillion of GDP / quadrillion BTU of energy

Energy

productivity

U.S. energy overview: Economy’s energy productivity

24 April 1, 2019

In 2018…

● U.S. power continued de-carbonizing thanks to natural gas, energy efficiency and renewables growth,

coal retirements.

● Employment grew.

● Energy remained inexpensive by historical standards to consumers.

● Corporate procurement hit record highs.

● Energy efficiency improvements continued.

But…

● Energy productivity stalled.

● Energy consumption overall went up.

● CO2 emissions rose.

Factbook key findings

25 April 1, 2019

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1990 '95 2000 '05 '10 '18

Quadrillion BTU

Power

Transportation

Industrial

Residential

Commercial

U.S. energy overview: Primary energy consumption by sector

Source: EIA, BNEF Notes: Values for 2018 are projected, accounting for seasonality, based on latest monthly values from EIA (data available through September

2018)

26 April 1, 2019

In 2018…

● U.S. power continued de-carbonizing thanks to natural gas, energy efficiency and renewables growth,

coal retirements.

● Employment grew.

● Energy remained inexpensive by historical standards to consumers.

● Corporate procurement hit record highs.

● Energy efficiency improvements continued.

But…

● Energy productivity stalled.

● Energy consumption overall went up.

● CO2 emissions rose.

Factbook key findings

27 April 1, 2019

Source: BloombergNEF, EIA, EPA Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2016 Notes: “Sinks” refer to forests and green areas which absorb

carbon dioxide. Values for 2018 are projected, accounting for seasonality, based on monthly values from EIA available through September 2018.

Economy-wide and energy sector emissions Emissions by sector

U.S. energy overview: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

4,000

4,800

5,600

6,400

7,200

8,000

1990 '95 2000 '05 '10 '15 '18

MtCO2e

Total (gross)

GHG emissions

GHG emissions

from energy sector

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1990 '95 2000 '05 '10 '15 '18

Power

Transport

Industry

Buildings

Other (incl.agriculture)

MtCO2e

28 April 1, 2019

Source: BCSE Factbook, EIA

4,179 4,348

4,585 4,837

4,610 4,639 4,800

4,632

4,049 4,232

4,494 4,255 4,357

4,545 4,347 4,348

4,040 4,269

4,495 4,479 4,462 4,312

3,771

4,465 4,551

4,086 3,880 3,830

4,233

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Heating degree-days (HDD)

U.S. Heating-degree days

29 April 1, 2019

Source: BCSE Factbook, EIA

U.S. cooling-degree days

1,199 1,281

1,001

1,168 1,184 1,262

1,162 1,132

1,391

1,281 1,232 1,255

1,362 1,270

1,216

1,388 1,358 1,394

1,281 1,240

1,457 1,470 1,494

1,307 1,298

1,486 1,558

1,427

1592

-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

Cooling degree-days (HDD)

30 April 1, 2019

Source: BloombergNEF, EIA, EPA Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2016 Notes: “Sinks” refer to forests and green areas which absorb

carbon dioxide. Values for 2018 are projected, accounting for seasonality, based on monthly values from EIA available through September 2018.

Economy-wide and energy sector emissions Emissions by sector

U.S. energy overview: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

4,000

4,800

5,600

6,400

7,200

8,000

1990 '95 2000 '05 '10 '15 '18

MtCO2e

Total (gross)

GHG emissions

GHG emissions

from energy sector

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1990 '95 2000 '05 '10 '15 '18

Power

Transport

Industry

Buildings

Other (incl.agriculture)

MtCO2e

31 April 1, 2019

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2019

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36 February 13, 2019

Source: BloombergNEF, EIA, EPA Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2016 Notes: “Sinks” refer to forests and green areas which absorb

carbon dioxide. Values for 2018 are projected, accounting for seasonality, based on monthly values from EIA available through September 2018.

Economy-wide and energy sector emissions Emissions by sector

U.S. energy overview: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

4,000

4,800

5,600

6,400

7,200

8,000

1990 '95 2000 '05 '10 '15 '18

MtCO2e

Total (gross)

GHG emissions

GHG emissions

from energy sector

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

1990 '95 2000 '05 '10 '15 '18

Power

Transport

Industry

Buildings

Other (incl.agriculture)

MtCO2e

37 February 13, 2019

U.S. energy overview: Renewable energy capacity build by technology

Source: BloombergNEF, EIA Notes: All values are shown in AC except solar, which is included as DC capacity. Numbers include utility-scale (>1MW) projects of all

types, rooftop solar, and small- and medium-sized wind. Includes installations or planned installations reported to the EIA through October 2018, as well as BNEF

projections.

10.0

4.87.0

14.1

1.15.2

8.5 8.3 7.5 7.5

0.4

0.9

2.2

3.5

6.5

7.1

7.5

14.1

11.0 11.711.1

6.0

9.7

18.4

8.9

12.7

16.4

22.9

19.0 19.5

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

GW

Hydro

Geothermal

Biomass. biogas,waste-to-energy

Solar

Wind

38 April 1, 2019

Source: BloombergNEF, The Climate Group, company announcements, DOE

Finance: Corporate procurement of clean energy and energy efficiencyKey players: corporate

clean energy procurement

Key players: corporate

energy efficiency

Key players: corporate

vehicle electrification

Retail

Financial &

Insurance

Tech

Manufacturing

39 ©BloombergNEF L.P. 2019. Developed in partnership with the Business Council for Sustainable Energy.

-

50

100

150

200

250

300

Ind

ia

Austr

alia

Ch

ina

Ja

pa

n

Onshore wind

$/MWh

Source: BloombergNEF. Note: The LCOE range represents a range of costs and capacity factors. In countries where a carbon pricing scheme exists, our coal and gas LCOEs include a carbon price. Battery storage systems (co-located and

stand-alone) presented here have four-hour storage. In the case of solar- and wind-plus-battery systems, the range is a combination of capacity factors and size of the battery relative to the power generating asset (25% to 100% of total installed

capacity). All LCOE calculations are unsubsidized.

Economics: Select country levelized costs of electricity (unsubsidized, 2H 2018)

● Onshore wind is the cheapest source of new generation across geographies, with India and the U.S. boasting the lowest all-in costs at $27/MWh.

● India also features the world’s lowest-cost solar, at an estimated $28/MWh for non-tracking photovoltaic (PV).

● The U.S. sees the least expensive combined-cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) due to cheap, abundant gas resources and no nation-wide carbon price. Carbon pricing and relatively poor

resources in the U.K. and Germany push up the costs for both gas and coal build.

Ind

iaA

ustr

alia

Chin

aU

.S.

Germ

any

Ja

pa

nU

.K.

Non-tracking PV

U.S

.A

ustr

alia

Ind

iaJa

pa

nC

hin

aG

erm

any

U.K

.

CCGT

Ind

iaC

hin

aJa

pa

nU

.S.

Germ

any

Austr

alia

U.K

.

Coal

U.S

.In

dia

Austr

alia

Germ

any

Chin

aU

.K.

Ja

pa

n

Onshore wind +

Ind

iaA

ustr

alia

Chin

aU

.S.

Ja

pa

nG

erm

any

U.K

.

Non-tracking PV

RangeMid

Clean Energy Trends and the Findings of the Sustainable Energy in America Factbook

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