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IASBABA'STLP CONNECT/

TLP PLUS2020

W W W . I A S B A B A . C O M

MAINS TEST - 27

TLPconnectTest-28Synopsis 2020

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TableofContents

1. What challenges does India’s federal polity pose to good governance andreforms in the fieldsofagriculture,policingandeaseofdoingbusiness?Analysewiththehelpofsuitableexamples.........................................................................3

2. India’sdiasporahasthepowerandnumberstoalter thepoliticaldiscourseonforeignsoilsalso.Doyouagree?Substantiateyourresponsewithwiththehelpofrecentexamples.....................................................................................................5

3.What is G-20?What is themandate and role of G-20 in global affairs? Has itbeenasuccess?Criticallyanalyse...........................................................................6

4.ForIndia's21stcenturypriorities,thecivilservantscan'taffordtobeobliviousto the power of technology in general and ICT in particular. Discuss. Do youobserveanybehavioraltransformationonthetechnologyfront?Examine............8

5.What ismicro-finance?HowdoestheSHGmodelaid inmicro-financing?Whatarethechallengesofthismodel?Examine.............................................................9

6. Examine the significance of a quick, robust and effective grievance redressalmechanism for good governance. In this light, critically evaluate the status ofvariousgrievanceredressalforumsinIndia..........................................................11

7. Now that India is out of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP),whatshouldbethekeypriorityareastofocusonthetradeandcommercefront?Suggest......................................................................................................12

8. Despite being natural partners, there are critical irritants in Indo-Us relationsthataren’tlettingthefullpotentialofthecooperationbeingrealised.Elucidate. 14

9. The decision to revoke Article 370 and the implementation of the CitizenshipAmendmentAct (CAA) have affected India’s soft power image globally. Criticallycomment.WhatstepshastheGovernmenttakentoaddressit?Examine............15

10.Do you think electoral democracy at the grass-root addresses the challengesposedbyregionalconsciousnessandidentityassertion?Criticallyexamine.........17

11. Do you think the Election Commission of India (ECI) as an independent andimpartialbodyhasbeenexcessivelyandunnecessarilypoliticisedby thepoliticalclass?Whatcanbeitslongtermimplications?Discuss.........................................19

12. There has been a remarkable improvement in terms of lastmile delivery ofcriticalpublicservicesinthelastfewyears.Doyouagree?Withthehelpofsuitableexamples,bringoutthemostvitalfactorsthatcanbeattributedforthischange.20

13. Do you think strategic disinvestment of Public Sector Undertakings isantitheticaltotheconstitutionalideaofawelfarestate?Criticallyexamine........22

14. Government is the biggest litigant in Courts.Why? Can you identify at leastthree prominent factors that lead to high number of litigations involving theGovernment in different courts of law?Whatmeasures canbe taken to addressthat?Suggest.......................................................................................................23



15. There are allegations against some NGOs that they are driven by viciousagenda.What are your views on this?What measures have been taken by theGovernmenttoregulatethefundingandactivitiesofNGOsinIndia?discuss.......25

16.DoyouthinkthemodelofgovernanceadoptedandimplementedbytheDelhiStateGovernment,particularlyinthefieldsofeducationandhealthcareareworthemulatingbyotherstates?Shareyourviews........................................................27

17. How is the Ujjwala Scheme transforming the lives of rural women in India?Whatarepositivespillovereffectsofthisscheme?Analyse................................30

18.HowistechnologypositivelytransforminggovernanceinIndia?Illustratewiththehelpofatleastthreerecentandongoingexamples........................................32

19. The Supreme Court shouldn't blur the line between executive and judiciary.Thepolicymustremaingovt'sdomainonly.Doyouagree?Criticallycomment....33

20. What are the different ways through which citizenship can be acquired inIndia?Howistheprocessdifferentfromotherdemocraticnations?Illustratewiththehelpofsuitableexamples...............................................................................35



1.WhatchallengesdoesIndia’sfederalpolityposetogoodgovernanceandreformsin the fields of agriculture, policing and ease of doing business? Analysewith thehelpofsuitableexamples.Demandofthequestion:ItexpectsstudentstowriteaboutchallengesposedbyfederalpolityinIndiatogoodgovernance and reforms in the field of the agriculture, policing and ease of doingbusinesswiththesuitableexamples.Introduction:Indian federalism is identified as cooperative federalism which is indestructibleunion of destructible states however Indian states don’t draw power from uniongovernmentbutfromconstitution.Seventhscheduleoftheconstitutionprovidelistofsubjectsgovernedbystates.Body:Federal polity in India is delicate balance between centre and states,most of theissuesinfluencingdaytodaylifeareassociatedwithstates.Outofthe49relativelylargenationswithgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)exceeding$200billion,Indiaranksatnearbottomonmostindicatorsofbasicamenities,infrastructure,educationandhealthcare,inthecompanyofPakistan,BangladeshandNigeria.Challengesposedbyfederalpolitytogoodgovernance:

• Arigid,uniformpoliticalmodelimposedonallstatesandlocalgovernmentssometimesdisregardlocalneeds.

• Bureaucracy isoften seenas slowmoving ifnotdysfunctionalprotectedbyArticle311,thegeneralist,all-purposeall-Indiaservicesthat lack inbringingspecializedskillsrequiredtomanagevariousservices.

• PartIXoftheConstitutionthatcreatedover-structured,under-poweredlocalgovernments that not empowered enough to take root as the third tier offederalism.

• Archaic anachronistic role of nominated governors are making states andlocalgovernmentsdysfunctional.

• The Centre collects a bulk of the taxes. However, states do most of theexpenditureincludingoneducation,health,lawandorder,etc.Thus,thereisan imbalance between revenue input and work output. This imbalance issought tobeaddressedby transferringapartof the taxes collectedby theCentretothe28statesand9Unionterritories(UTs).

ChallengestoreformsinAgriculture:

• Agriculturebeing a state subject, the central government formulatespolicyguidelines, advises, and allocates funds. However, the onus of properimplementationoffarmandmarketreformslieswithstategovernments.



• Marketing system is inefficient and leads to the exploitation of farmers byintermediaries. Farmers in many states are also exploited through a non-transparentandmultipoint levyofamarket fee in theabsenceofaunifiedsingletradinglicencevalidacrossthestateorUnionterritory.

• The centre, in an attempt to deregulate and privatize the agriculturalmarketingsystem,hasusheredinaseriesofstructuralmarketreformsinthelastfewyears.Thelaunchofe-NationalAgricultureMarket(e-NAM)isastepin the right direction for enhanced transparency in trading, better pricediscovery and to provide multiple choices to farmers in selling theircommoditiesonlineandinmarketsoftheirchoice.

ChallengestoreformsinPolicing:

• Politicisationofpoliceforce:Nopartywantstogiveupitsholdonthepolice.Thepowertotransferisoftenmisusedinordertokeepatightcontrolovertheforceresultsintolackofindependenceandprofessionalism.

• SupremeCourtdirectedstategovernmentstosetupthreenewinstitutions:StateSecurityCommissiontoinsulatethepolicefromextraneouspressures;PoliceEstablishmentBoardtogiveautonomytopoliceinpersonnelmatters;andComplaintsAuthoritiestoensureahigher levelofaccountabilitybythepolice.

• Thereisnopoliticalwilltogiveuptransferringpowers.RecentriotsinDelhiagain brought back issue of police reforms as police seen to be caughtbetweenvariousgovernmentsandlackedclearguidelines.

Easeofdoingbusiness:

• Imbalanceddevelopment:DevelopmentinIndiaislopsided,withsomestatesbetterofflikeMaharashtra,KarnatakaandTamilNaduthanotherslikeBihar,JharkhandandUttarPradesh.

• Regional and ideological concerns: The hostile business environmentprevailing in the long rule of the Left Front in West Bengal left the Statelanguishing.

• Retracting commitment of predecessors: YSR Congress Party (YSRCP)government have cancelled or put on hold a number of high-profile Statecontractsandprojects,many involving foreignpartnerswhonowfacehugelosses.AnalystscautionthatitwillbeextremelyhardfortheStatetoattractforeigninvestorsinfuture.

Conclusion:CooperationbetweentheCentreandthestatesisasinequanonfortheexpeditiousimplementationofreformsintheagriculturesector,policingandvariousindicatorsofeaseofdoingbusiness.Hence,astructuredmechanismbasedonthephilosophyofcooperativefederalismistheneedofthehour.



2. India’s diaspora has the power and numbers to alter the political discourse onforeign soilsalso.Doyouagree?Substantiateyour responsewithwith thehelpofrecentexamples.DemandofthequestionThequestiondemands

• Understandingofthetermdiaspora• Somestatisticsassociatedwithdiaspora(youcandrawamapaswell)• Show with example how Indian diaspora is having/can have impact on

politicaldiscourse.• Mentiondiverseexamplesfrommanycountries.

IntroductionYoucanstartwiththedefinitionofdiaspora(agroupofpeoplewhospreadfromoneoriginalcountrytoothercountries)oranyfactassociatedwiththe Indiandiaspora(Indiawastheleadingcountryoforiginofinternationalmigrantsin2019witha17.5millionstrongdiaspora,accordingtonewestimatesreleasedbytheUnitedNations)BodyHereyoushouldhighlightwithexamplesonhowthenumberandpowerofdiasporacanchangepoliticaldiscourseonforeignsoil.Youcanexplainregionorcountrywise

• MiddleEasto IndiandiasporainMiddleEastisnearly8.5million.Ithasbeencritical

ingulfnationsdecisionmaking.OpeningoffirstHindutempleinUAEisexampleofit.

• Europeo UK– inUK, TheHomeSecretary (Priti Patel) and finance secretary(

RushiSunak )are important inpolicymaking there.There influencecanbeusedforgoodIndia–UKrelations

o Ireland – the Indian origin person is PM of Ireland (Leo varadkar).Having Indianoriginpersonat such importantpositions canhelp insmootheningIndia–EUrelations

• USAo Many Indian origin people hold important positions in trump

administration. It has shaped India US relationship (eg. SeemaVarma)

o IndiandiasporaisalsooneofmajorreasonforeventslikeMaddisonsquaregathering.ItisalsonumericallyimportantinelectionsinUSA

• CANADAo Indian diaspora especially punjabi plays important role in indo

Canadarelationship• Caribbean



o Many Indian origin people are at important positions in thesecountries. Such countries are helping India in fight against blackmoney.

• Globalcorporateworldo IndianoriginpeopleholdimportantpositionslikegoogleCEOSundar

Pichai and Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella. These people can help ininfluencingworldviewabout Indiaandcanalsobring investment inIndia

Apartfromtheseyoucangiveotherexamplethatyoumightknow.AlsomentionthechallengesinrealisingIndiandiaspora’spotential

• It’sfragmentedinnature• Ingulfitismainlyinlowerclasswithlimitedinfluence• Indialacksaholisticandcomprehensiveapproachtorealisethepotentialetc

Then mention the steps taken by the steps taken by the government to engagediaspora likePravasiBhartiyaYojana, risingappreciationof the roleofdiasporabyIndianleadershipeg.IndianPMengagingthemduringhisforeignvisitetc.ConclusionMention how a goal of $5 trillion needs help from Indian diaspora or any otherimportanceforIndia’sfuture.

3.WhatisG-20?WhatisthemandateandroleofG-20inglobalaffairs?Hasitbeenasuccess?Criticallyanalyse.DemandofthequestionItdemandsfollowing

• BasicunderstandingofG-20,it’srole• Ananalysisofwhetheritissuccessfulornot?• Youshouldmentionboththesides

IntroductionYoucouldintroducewithgivingabackgroundofemergenceofG-20orcanexplainindetailwhatitis.BodyBackgroundgoemergence

• Foundedin1999withtheaimtodiscusspolicypertainingtothepromotionof international financial stability, the G20 has expanded its agenda since2008andheadsofgovernmentorheadsofstate,aswellasfinanceministersandforeignministers



G-20andit’smandate• The Group of Twenty, or the G20, is the premier forum for international

economic cooperation. The G20 brings together the leaders of bothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesfromeverycontinent.

• Collectively, G20members represent around 80% of the world’s economicoutput, two-thirds of global population and three-quarters of internationaltrade. Throughout the year, representatives from G20 countries gather todiscussfinancialandsocioeconomicissues.

• The presidency of the G20 rotates betweenmember countries every year.ThepresidencyplaysaleadingroleinsettingtheagendaandorganizingtheLeaders’ Summit, which is attended by the G20 Heads of State orGovernment.AttheSummit,theleadersissueadeclaration,orcommuniqué,basedonpolicydiscussionsatmeetingsheldthroughouttheyear.

• Intherun-uptotheSummit,thepresidencyhostsseveralmeetingsfeaturingMinisters,seniorgovernmentofficialsaswellascivilsocietyrepresentatives.Atthegovernmentlevel,theG20workisorganizedaroundtheFinanceandSherpaTracks,whilecivilsocietyassemblesthroughEngagementGroups.

• Ithas20membersincludingEuropeanUnion.It’sroleinglobalaffairsandsuccessIthas importantroletoplay inglobalaffairsas it includestop19countriesandEUandeveryyearsummittakesplaceonimportantissuesIssuestheyhavediscussedandactedupon

• The 2008 summit in Washington played important role in arriving at acommonstrategytodealwithglobalslowdownof2008

• Other economic issues like cryptocurrency regulation in Argentina G20summit,e-commerceinJapanG20summit,US-Chinatradewarissues.

• Globalhealthrelateddiscussionandcommonstrategyo This years virtual summit hosted by Saudi Arabia has discussed

commonstrategytofightcovid19.ItwasalsoimportantplatformtofightEbolaoutbreak.

• Terrorismo Every years G 20 discuss issues concerned with terrorism eg. 2015

summitdiscussedterroristissuesafterParisattack.• Environmentandclimatechange

o Ithasalsoturned intoabodytodiscussglobalenvironmental issuesfor example 2016 summit in China had a discussion of pollution inchinaandclimatechangeagreementbetweenUSandChina.

• Refugeecrisiso G20hasalsodiscussedrefugeecrisiswhichhasemergedasaserious

issueacrosstheworldinitsvarioussummits• It has also provided scope for bilateral andmultilateral talks for example,

Indian PMhas anopportunity tomeet the global leaders likeUSpresidentandChinesepresidenttodiscussbilateralissues.



Howeverthereareissueswithitssuccesses

• It’sdecisionsarenotbindinginnature.• There is risingdivergencebetween themembers so consensus isbecoming

difficulteg.US–Chinatradewar.• Thereisnoconsistencyinitsworking.

ConclusionYet it proves to be important platform ofmajor countrieswhichwill be useful tomeet global common challenges like climate change , sustainable development,epidemicslikecoronavirus,terrorismetc.

4.ForIndia's21stcenturypriorities,thecivilservantscan'taffordtobeoblivioustothepoweroftechnologyingeneralandICTinparticular.Discuss.Doyouobserveanybehavioraltransformationonthetechnologyfront?Examine.ApproachThequestioncontainstwoparts,firstistodeliberateonhowthepublicservantsofthecurrentgenerationcannotsidelinethepoweroftechnology,especiallytheICT.Thesecondpartaskstobringoutthechanges inthebehaviorofbothcitizensandcivilservantsregardingtheiradaptationtotechnology.IntroductionIndia’s 96th place in theUnitedNation’s e-government index and 91st place in theWorld Economic forum's network readiness index shows that both the Indiancitizenryandthepublicservantshavemilestogoin-orderespousethetechnologyingovernance.BodyIn the 21st century, Indian public servants have no choice but to be tech-savvy,because;

• ThecurrentgenerationofIndia–withthehighestnumberofsmartphoneandsocialmediausersintheworld-isintertwinedwiththetechnologytosuchanextent that, any alternative to ICT in the administration is simply pooh-poohedasthegenerationgap.

• Given the speed of communication offered by the ICT, usage of any otheroldermeansofcommunicationwouldnotonlysoundobsoletebutmayalsoresult ina slowora sub-standardcommunication.Ex:Useof ICT to spreadawarenessregardingCOVID-19.

• With the advent of ICTmany governmental functions like the recruitment,contracting,datacollectionandstorage,grievanceredressal,etc,havebeencarriedoutwithutmostcostefficiencyasofnow.However,anydelayamong



thepublicservantstoadaptthemselvestothestateofthearttechnologywillharm the efficiency, effectiveness, and economy of all these functions. Ex:Blockchain technology tomaintain account booksof Central Bank canbe agame-changer.

• With the rising aspirations for Simple,Moral, Accountable and Transparentgovernance(SMART)amongtheIndiancitizenry,ICThasbecomeasine-qua-non, to say the least. Ex: e-complaints, e-courts, e-offices, digitalmanagementoflegislatures,etc.

In thiscontext, it ishearteningtonotethatboththepublicservantsandcitizensare showing keen interest to adopt the technological paraphernalia into thegovernancedomain.

• Outof1.75crores,RTIs filedso far,nearlyone thirdare filed in theonlinemode.Andthispercentageisrisingconsistently.

• Online filing of complaints, online hearing and redressal of consumergrievances, digital payment of utility bills, etc are on a rise since 2010.ThankstoBharathNirmanandDigitalIndiaprograms.

• Gauging the benefits of ICT, the government has converted some of itsfunctions completely to the onlinemode. EX: Applications to various jobs,patentregistrations,auctioningofgovernmentprojects,filingITreturns,etc.

• Basic knowledge of ICT is prescribed as a criterion for the recruitment ofvariouspublicservants.Andthecurriculumtotrainvariousprobationershasbeenmodifiedtoincludestateoftheartdigitaltechnology.

• Also,someoftheschemeslikePMGDishawhicheducatethecitizensaboutICT are taken up with great interest and seriousness. With 2.5 crorebeneficiaries,theschemehasreachedupto40%ofruralhouseholdssofar.

ConclusionThus a behavioral transformation from all the stakeholders' Viz, public servants,governmentandfromthecitizenswillgoalongwayinmakingIndiaarolemodelindigitalgovernance.ThisisevidentasrecentlyGooglesuggestedtheUStoadopttheIndianmodelofUPI.

5.Whatismicro-finance?HowdoestheSHGmodelaidinmicro-financing?Whatarethechallengesofthismodel?ExamineDemandofthequestion:The question demands an understanding about the term “micro finance”. Thus,introductionshouldbeginwithexplanationofthetermmicrofinanceaswellasthetermSelfHelpGroups.Thequestionrequiresonetoestablishaproperlinkbetweenhow SHG model of development would bring in last mile connectivity tomicrofinance facility. The body should also analyse the challenges associatedwith



providingmicrofinancetoSHGs.Conclusionshouldbringoutthesolutiontothesechallenges.Introduction:Microfinance refers to finances provided to low-income individuals or institutionswho otherwise would have no other access to financial services. The goal ofmicrofinance is to ultimately give impoverished people an opportunity to becomeself-sufficient.Self Help Groups are informal association of people with a common cause ofeconomic development of the group. It provides collateral free loan with termsdecidedbythegroupatthemarketdrivenrates.Body:The pillars ofmicrofinance can help us understand how SHGmodel could help inmicro-financing:

• Microfinance refers to puttingunbanked population under formal bankingsystem.ThiscouldbeundertakenbySHGthattakesupsmallentrepreneurialactivitytherebybringmorepeopleunderitsambit.

• Italsorequireswomen,oldageandotherweakersection toparticipate ineconomic process. Most of the SHG comprises of women and thus, theireconomicparticipationwouldensure

RuralcredithasbeenoneofthemostpertinentissuesinIndia.Despitetheexistenceof formal credit institutions like Banks, Microfinance Institutions, and CreditCooperatives,sufficientcreditisstillnoteffectivelypenetratingruralareas,starvingtheoneswhoneeditthemost.InwhichSHGmodelcouldbeofgreathelp.Yettherearefewchallengesassociatedwiththismodelsuchas:

• Poor accounting practices and incidents of misappropriation of funds thatleadstodefaultingofloansgiventoSHGs.

• Lack of resources and means to market their goods makes their goodsuncompetitive in market. In such condition, SHG is unable to generatesufficientrevenuetorepaytheirdebts.

• SHGs are heavily dependent on their promoter NGOs and governmentagencies. The withdrawal of support often leads to their collapse turningthemintoNPA.

Conclusion:The SHG ‘bank-linkage’programme is the flagshipmicrofinanceprogrammeof theNationalBank forAgricultureandRuralDevelopment (NABARD)whichhasactivelysupportedthedevelopmentofthisprogramme.Itmighthelptoresolvetheproblemofdirectfinancetothem,yettacklingthecoreissuesofSHGisimportantthatwould



ensure that health of SHGs remain stable and they genuinely become economicsupportsystemofruralIndia.

6. Examine the significance of a quick, robust and effective grievance redressalmechanismforgoodgovernance.Inthislight,criticallyevaluatethestatusofvariousgrievanceredressalforumsinIndia.Demandofthequestion:The question demands an understanding of the concept of grievance redressalmechanism.Thus,introductionshouldbrieflyexplainthemeaningoftheterm.Bodyshouldexplain its significance followedby some issuesassociated to it.Conclusionshouldmention fewbestpracticesmodelandendwithapositivenoteas towhatgovernancemodelsshouldlookupto.Introduction:Grievanceredressalconcernswiththereceipt,processing,andeffectiveresolutionofcomplaintsfromcitizensandconsumers.Itisamanagementandgovernancerelatedprocess which results in removal of discontent by resolution of complaints andissues.Body:Thesignificanceofaquick,robustandeffectivegrievanceredressalmechanismcanbeunderstoodas:

• Aneffectivegrievanceredressalmechanismensures justice to itspeopleasthey ensure not just presence of a feedback from public but also take therequiredaction.

• In long term it also increases the compliance rates towards governmentnormsandadheretoitsrules.

• It reduces the time as well as resources consumed in completion ofgovernanceprocess.Timelinessfactorplaysavitalrole

• A healthy grievance redressalmechanism generates a sense of confidenceamongstpublictowardstheirgovernment.

Yet,most of suchmechanism have not been able to address the complaint in itsentiretywhichisdueto:

• Prevalence of corruption in government offices that makes the entireprocedurenotonlycostlybutalsoinaccessibleforcommonpublic.

• Redtapismatgovernmentofficesisanothercommonproblemthathasnotbeenaddressedbymostoftheoffices.



• Prevalenceofdelayofworkatgovernmentofficesisanothercomplaintthathasshownnoimprovementevenafterthedeploymentofgrievanceredressalmechanism.

Most of which is due to non- compliance to Citizen’s Charter. Yet, there are fewexceptions and are regarded as best practices of governance model. E.g PuneChinchwad Municipal Corporation governance model for Municipal Solid Wastehandling have shown timeliness, robust as well as effective grievance redressalmechanism. Another example is that of Karnataka’s economic governance that isconsideredasoneofthebestpractices.Conclusion:Grievance Redress Mechanism is part and parcel of the machinery of anyadministration.Noadministrationcanclaimtobeaccountable,responsiveanduser-friendly unless it has established an efficient and effective grievance redressmechanism.Infact,thegrievanceredressmechanismofanorganizationisthegaugetomeasureitsefficiencyandeffectivenessasitprovidesimportantfeedbackontheworkingoftheadministration.

7. Now that India is out of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP),whatshouldbethekeypriorityareastofocusonthetradeandcommercefront?Suggest.Approachoftheanswer

• BrieflymentionwhatisRCEPintheintroduction• MentioninbriefthereasonsastowhyIndiadidnotjoinit• ElaboratethepriorityareasthatIndianeedstofocusontradefront

IntroductionRCEPisaproposedagreementbetweenthememberstatesoftheASEANanditssixfreetradeagreement(FTA)partners.ThatincludesIndia,China,Japan,SouthKorea,AustraliaandNewZealandThecountriesinvolvedaccountforalmosthalfoftheworld’spopulation,contributeover aquarter of world exports,and makeup around30% of the global GrossDomesticProduct.BodyIndiaoptedoutofthemegatradedealduetofollowingreasons:

• FearofdumpingofChinesegoodsintoIndianmarket



• ThedealwouldhaveledtoUnfavourableBalanceofTrade for India- IndiahasabilateraltradedeficitwithmostofthemembercountriesofRCEP.

• Domestic manufacturing sector would face adverse competition especiallyfrombettereconomiesofChinaandJapan,thatmightthreatentheirclosureespeciallyinthebackdropofslowingeconomyinIndia

• Threatens the informalMSME sector in India due to intense competitionfromwellorganisedplayersinthetradegroup.

• Farmerswouldbemorevulnerabletoshockscausedbytheexpandedtrademarket–especiallydairyfarmersthreatenedbyNewZealand

• Lossofrevenuefromremovalofexcisedutiesontheimportedgoods• India’sconcernswerenotaddressedinthedeal,someofwhichare

o Auto-triggermechanismo AgreementonServicesandmovementofpersonnelo RelaxationonIPRo RulesofOrigintopreventmisuseofdeal.

SomeofthekeypriorityareasthatIndianeedstofocusonthetradeandcommercefrontare:

• StrengtheningourDomesticindustrythroughfurtherenhancingtheeaseofdoing business – easing land acquisition, labour reforms, easing exportregulationsetc

• Increase the productivity of youth through adequate vocational educationandskillingprogramssothattrainingcostsoffirmsisreduced

• Boosting innovation tomake our productsmore competitive in the worldmarket

• Strengthening our Infrastructure so as to reduce the logistics cost in India(oneofthehighestinworldat~16%)

• MissionmodeimplementationofBharatmala,SagarmalaandFreightcorridorprojects

• Banking reforms to enhance liquidity & credit in the economy (in thebackdropofPMCScandal&IL&FSCrisis)

• CooperativeFederalismtoensurethatresourcesofthecountryareutilizedinoptimummanner

• Bilateral Trade Agreements: In order tomakeup for the lost hugemarketofferedbyRCEP,Indiahastonegotiatewithothercountries(likeUK,EU)toenhanceIndia’sexportpotential

• Countering China: The signing up of the deal by the remaining countriesmeans strengthening of China’s influence in the region. India should adoptaggressive public diplomacy to expose the dangers of Chinese economictradepolicies

• StrengtheningIndia’sActEastPolicywiththehelpofIndia’sfriends&alliesex:Japan,USA

• Explore the possibility of SAARC Free Trade Area thiswould help cementIndia’sdominanceinthesubcontinent&IndianoceanregionandhelpkeepChinaatbay.



ConclusionIndia’sdecisionofnot joiningthemegatradedealwascorrectgiventheeconomicconditionsprevailingathome.However, ithastostrengthenitsowneconomyandpursue its efforts to join the grouping at a later date without compromising onIndia’scoreinterests.

8.Despitebeingnaturalpartners,therearecriticalirritantsinIndo-Usrelationsthataren’tlettingthefullpotentialofthecooperationbeingrealised.Elucidate.Approachoftheanswer

• In Introduction, you can mention recent developments in the bilateralrelationship

• BrieflymentionwhyUS-Indiahasbeencalledthenaturalpartners• Thenmentiontheirritantsintherelationship

IntroductionTheconfermentof“MajorDefencePartner”statusonIndiabyUSlegislaturewithoutsigningofanyspecific treatyand India’s reciprocal signingof foundationaldefenceagreementswithUS,showstheincreasingclosenessoftherelationshipBodyPost the end of Cold war, the relationship between US and India has often beentermedasnaturalpartnersforthefollowingreasons

• BothhaveDemocraticPoliticalSystem• BothareOpenSocietiesandadvocatePluralism• BothhavecommonchallengerinChina

However, there have been major irritants in the relationship which is yet to beresolvedSomeofwhichare:

• Trade imbalance in favour of India: President Trump’s major agenda hasbeen to reduce Trade deficits with developing countries and this includesIndia.

• Tradebarrierscontinuetoexistinbothcountries.InIndiaitisintheformofhighimportdutiesespeciallyinautomobile&agriculturalsectorandinUSitisinformofSanitary&Phytosanitarymeasures(qualitativerestriction)

• TerminationofGeneralisedSystemofPreferencesregimebyUSA:Itwasapreferential trade regime that allowed certain Indian goods duty free (orreduced duties) access to USmarkets. Removal of GSP status to India hasnegativelyimpactedexportsofIndia



• CompetitioninServicesSector:EspeciallyinthenewlyemergingareasofBigDataAnalyticsandAI

• Visa Restrictions by US: This directly affects the movement of Indianstudentsandprofessionals(particularlytheIndianITSector)toUS

• DisputesinWTOrelatedtosolarsubsidiesandagriculturalsubsidies• Concerns of US about India’s IPR regime in particular the Section 3(D) of

Indian Patents Act (prevents evergreening of patents) and the CompulsoryLicensingregime.

• ForcedLocalisationmeasuresbyIndia:ThisincludesforceddatalocalisationrulesbyRBI,forcedprocurementof localcomponentsonFDIfromUSAanddefenceoffsetpolicies.

• StrategicDivergencew.r.to Russia: Threat of imposition of CAATSA by US caused trouble w.r.t

acquisitionofS-400TriumphsystemfromRussiao Iran:TensionsbetweenUS-IranhasledtopressureonIndia(byUS)to

refrainfrombuyingoilfromIrano Afghanistan:USwants Indian soldiers inAfghanistan to takeup the

responsibilityofSecurityofthecountryinthewakeofUSwithdrawalofitsTroops

o Pakistan: US dependence on Pakistan to handle Taliban inAfghanistanandthesubsequentfinancialaidtoPakistan’smilitary isnotsupportedbyIndia

ConclusionNevertheless, both US and India are committed to iron out the differences andstrengthen their ties. The recent visit by President Trump to India shows that thetrajectoryoftherelationshipwillbeupwardsincomingtimes.

9. The decision to revoke Article 370 and the implementation of the CitizenshipAmendment Act (CAA) have affected India’s soft power image globally. Criticallycomment.WhatstepshastheGovernmenttakentoaddressit?ExamineApproachFor the first part of thequestion, onehas to showhowbothArticle 370andCAAhaveaffectedIndia'ssoftpower.Hereitisalsonecessarytoarguethatdespitethesetwo issues stirring the hornet's nest in the global polity the soft power of Indiaremainsintact.However, in the second part it is necessary to mention the steps taken bygovernmenttopatchupthedamagecausedtotheIndiansoftpowerinthewakeofimplementationofCAAandabrogationofArticle370.Introduction



IndianforeignpolicyanalystCRajaMohanobservesthatIndiaholds“strongcardsinthearenaofsoftpower”tofurther itsforeignpolicygoals.ThisverytrumpcardofIndia seemed tobe at stake in the aftermathof the repeal ofArticle 370 and theenactmentofCAA.BodyDespite the revoke of Article 370 and the implementation of the CitizenshipAmendmentAct(CAA)India'ssoftpowerseemstobeintacttoalargeextent.

• EvenamidstthedinandfuryoftherevokeofArticle370governmentofUAEhonoredourprimeministerwith'OrderofZayed’,thehighestcivilianawardofthecountry.

• ItwasafterabrogatingArticle370thatChinaconsentedtoblacklistMasoodAzar under the UN 1267 list of global terrorists. It means the J&K issue isconsideredasaninternalmatterbyChina,thanmisconceivingitasapartofIndia’sstrategicforeignpolicy.

• Even after the enactment of CAA, the government of Afghanistan- despitebeing a nation having the Muslim population in the majority- backed outfromcontestingforUNSCnon-permanentmembership.

• Many nations like Israel, Iran and other Middle East nations played theseissuesdown,referringitastheinternalmatterofIndia.Hencethemovementof students, working professionals, and tourists between India and thesenationswereleastaffected.

However,thereweresomehiccupswhichcannotbeignored;

• TheOIC(OrganisationofIslamicCooperation)tookuptheissueinanegativenote.Thestatementissuedbytheorganizationon25thSeptember2019asksIndiatorescindtheabrogationofArticle370.

• StalwartslikeRecepTayyipErdogandenouncedtheenactmentofCAAasanattempt tomassacreMuslim community. Such statements can cause hugedamagetoIndia'ssecularimageacrosstheworld.

• Parliamentariansof theEuropeanUnionmadeaprivatevisit to JammuandKashmir which can be considered as the loss of trust in the Indiangovernment.

• Islamic nations like Bangladesh, Indonesia, etc expressed concerns on theintentoftheIndiangovernmentbehindtheseinitiatives.

Governmenthastakenthefollowingstepstoreducethosenegativeconsequences;

• The government invited the parliamentarians of the EU for an official visit.Thisresultedinclearingtheairofsuspicionbehindthesemovesintheglobalarena.And,theEUteamraisedagreenflagbydenotingtheactofabrogationasaninternalmatterofIndia.



• India not only defended its moves in international forums like UN, G20,CommonWealth,etc,butitalsopulledallthestringsofdiplomacytoironoutthedoubtsandmisconceptionsregardingthem.

• Indiahas launchedasocialmediacampaigntodemystifyCAA,whichopensupthechannelofcommunicationtoreachouttotheglobalcitizenry.Thisisastep further in thecurrentarenaofdiplomacywhich ismainly restricted tothegovernmenttogovernmentcontacts.

• Many developmental projects have been planned and implemented inJammuandKashmironawarfooting,notonlytoimpressthenativepeoplebutalsotoconvincetheworld.EX:VibrantGujarat likesummitsplanned inJ&K.

ConclusionIndia has one strong criterion to become a permanent member of the UNSC,according to Kofi Annan- former director of the UN. That is nothing but the softpower. And, India is ill afforded to lose it; hence both the government and thepeopleof Indiashould leavenostoneunturned tonullifyanykindofdamage thatoccurstoitssoftpower.

10. Do you think electoral democracy at the grass-root addresses the challengesposedbyregionalconsciousnessandidentityassertion?Criticallyexamine.Demandofthequestion:Itexpectsstudenttowriteaboutroleofelectoraldemocracyatgrassroots leveltoaddress challenges posed by regional consciousness and identity assertion withcriticalapproach.Introduction:It’s been more than two decades since the 73rd and 74th constitutionalamendments were passed by Parliament, which accorded constitutional status tolocal administration bodies across India and established elected democracy atgrassroots yet India continues to face challenges of regionalism and identityassertion.Body:Challengesofregionalconsciousnessandidentityassertion:

• Indiandiversityoflanguages,geography,castesandreligionsbrigsfactorsofregionalconsciousnessand identityassertion to forefront.E.g.DemandsofBodogroupsforseparatestateandautonomy.

• Development divide between east andwest as well as north and south isvisibleenoughtofuelregionalconsciousness.



• Long ignorance, distant geography, proximity to Southeast Asian culturemade Indiannortheastern states alienated. E.g.militancy innortheasternstateslikeManipur,Nagaland.

• Lackofrepresentationinthecentralgovernmentandbureaucracyalsofuelsthingslikeregionalconsciousnessandidentityassertion.

However,decentralisationhasactedascuretofeelingofregionalismandalienation.Ithashelpedpeopletoseedifferentelectoralprocesswithdifferentlenses.

• Political literacy: It helped to garner political literacy at grassroots andprovidedmeans to lead at local level and engage their self in governanceprocess.

• DevolutionofpowerincreasesthesenseofresponsibilityandauthoritywhichincreasesthefaithindemocraticparliamentaryandconstitutionalframeworkwhichIndiaadopted.

• Awareness among people to differentiate local issues, regional issues andnational issue has time and again proved in various Elections. E.g., recentDelhielections.

• Electoral democracy at grassroots empowers people to take decisions fortheirowngoodwiththeinstitutionofGramSabha.

Still,electoraldemocracyatgrassrootshas limitationstoaddress identityassertionissuesandregionalconsciousness.

• Regional political parties continue to indulge in parochial agenda ofregionalism for their survival in regional political competitionwith nationalplayers. E.g. Tamil pride continues to oppose Hindi names of governmentschemes.

• Electoraldemocracyisnotempoweredenoughtobefinanciallyautonomousandremaindependentonstategovernmentforcrucialfunds.

• Electoraldemocracyhasdevelopedsomekindoffeudalaristocraticstructureatgrassrootswhichprovided legitimacytohegemonyofdominantcastes invillage level. As electoral democracy is based on principle of majority.Minorityvoicesatgrassrootsoftengetneglected.

• Regionalism and identity assertion is deep rooted in Indian psyche whichcannotbedealtwithdevolutionofpoweralone.

Identity assertion and regional consciousness is not dangerous every time, it ishealthyuntilitdoesnotgoagainstnationalintegrityandconstitutionalmorality.Conclusion:Diversity is basis of dissent and dissent is feature of vibrant democracy. Regionalconsciousness and identity assertion sometimes helps government to divert itsattention deficit regions with rights steps like DoNER, Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharatschemes. Nationalism and constitutionalism is not about uniformity but unity indiversity.



11. Do you think the Election Commission of India (ECI) as an independent andimpartial body has been excessively and unnecessarily politicised by the politicalclass?Whatcanbeitslongtermimplications?Discuss.Demandofthequestion:It expects students towriteaboutwhetherElectionCommissionof Indiahasbeenexcessively and unnecessarily politicised by political class and implications of suchdevelopments.Introduction:Indiaislargestdemocracyintheworld.GeneralelectionsforLokSabhaonceinfiveyears fascinates world observers as festival of democracy in which ElectionCommission of India plays critical role as independent, fair and unbiasedconstitutionalinstitution.Body:IssueswhichquestionedtheintegrityofElectionCommissionofIndia:

• Constitution does not mention the criteria for appointment as Electioncommissioner.Lackofbipartisanmechanismforappointment.

• TheEChasalsobeenasking foran independentsecretariatsoas toreducethe influence and interference of the Department of Personnel & Training(DoPT) under the Prime Minister’s Office in matters of appointment andpromotion.

• TheEChasbeendemandingfinancial independenceonthelinesoftheCAGandhasbeenaskingthatitsexpensesbechargedtotheConsolidatedFundofIndia. That would have reduced the Commission’s dependence on theGovernmentforfunds.

• Absenceofcurbsonexpenses incurredbyfriends,supporters,relativesandpolitical party of the candidates and included them as part of electionexpenditure.Government and theParliamenthavemadeamockeryof theceiling on election expenditure by confining it to expenses incurred by thecandidatealone.

• DecisionsofElectioncommission to increase thenumberof stages inWestBengalduring2019generalelection.DelayinannouncingthestateassemblyelectionsinMP,Rajasthan,Telangana,MizoramandChhattisgarh.

• EChasbeendemandingtheauthoritytomakerulesrelatedtoelections.Lackoftoothtomoralcodeofconduct.Selectiveactionsonhatespeeches,failuretocurbsocialmediamisuseduringelections,livebroadcastofelectionralliesonpollingdays.

• Failure of ECI to come strong on the allegations of hacking of ElectronicvotingmachinesandgovernmentturneddowntheproposaltouseTotalisersforsimultaneouslycountingvotes.



• Retirement postings for loyal bureaucrats in ECI have increased thepoliticisation.

LongtermimpactsofpoliticisationandbiasedElectionCommissionofIndia:

• Lack of action by Election commission on leaders of party in power willeventuallycreatenewnormalofdefyingguidelinesofElectioncommission.

• Politicisation affects unbiased, fair conduct and level playing fields forcandidateswhichwilleventuallyincreasethelitigationsregardingelectionsincourts.

• People will lose faith in democratic processes and it will reduce people’sparticipationinelectionsfurtherweakeningdemocraticcultureinIndia.

• It will reduce the bar raised by constitutional independent institutions inIndiaovertheindependenthistoryofIndia.

However, Election Commission of India remains one of the strong and renownedinstitutions among democratic world. Strengthening of ECI with constitutionalamendments will increase its independence and decrease the role of parties inpowertoinfluencethedecisionmakingofECI.Conclusion:There is need to set appointment criteria for election commissioner and need toincreasetheautonomyofECIbychargedexpenditureonconsolidatedfundofIndia.There is need to strengthen ECI to take actions on malpractices regardingelectioneeringinIndia.

12. There has been a remarkable improvement in terms of last mile delivery ofcriticalpublicservicesinthelastfewyears.Doyouagree?Withthehelpofsuitableexamples,bringoutthemostvitalfactorsthatcanbeattributedforthischange.Demandofthequestion:It expects students to write about views regarding improved lastmile delivery ofpublicservicesalongwithfactorswhichplayedcriticalroleinsuchdevelopment.Introduction:Governance and the quality of public services can impact a country’s economicgrowth.Theobjectiveofpublicservicesistodeliversocialprotectiontothepoorandvulnerableandtoalleviatepoverty.Publicservicesreduceinequitabledistributionofresources and correct historical inequities, such as caste based discrimination andgenderinequities.Body:ImprovementinthelastmiledeliveryofPublicservices:



• Technological Revolution: It started the connectivity with thousands ofpeoplelivingindistantareaswiththehelpofmobiletechnology.Biometric,retina scan technology provided basis for Adhar ID. Digital India missionhelpedtoconsolidatethe listofbeneficiariesaspervariousdata likesocio-economiccensus.

• Financial Innovation: Creation of Unified Payments Interface by NationalPaymentCorporationalongwithJAMtrinityprovidedplatformtostartDirectBenefitTransfertotheaccountsofbeneficiary.

• Welfarestateorienteddevelopmentpoliticsofvariousstatemodels:Variousgovernments in the states realised the efficiency of public delivery as themajorelectoralagendainelectionhelpedtogarnervotes.DelhiGovernmentdecision to provide doorstep delivery of PDS and other services undergovernmentofDelhi.ChhattisgarhmodelofPDSisanotherexample.

• Rationalisation of public services and subsidies provided by government isanotherfactorwhichplayedimportantroleinthelastmiledeliveryofpublicservicesinlastfewyears.E.g.removalofgassubsidybeyond10LPAincomehouseholds, voluntary surrender of old ages concessions in railways andothertransportation.

Alongwithabovementionedvitalfactorsthatplayedimportantroleinimprovementofdeliveryofpublicservices,governmentpoliciesalsoplayedimportantroleinsuchdirection:

• Decentralisation: Increaseddevolutionoftaxsharetothestatesasperthe14th finance commission recommendations has increased capacity of statestoimprovepublicservicedeliveryintheareasofhealth,educationandPDS.

• Communitymobilisationandactivismhasplayedroleinputtingpressureonpublic officials to deliver along with participation of women from poor,lower-caste, vulnerable households in Self-Help Groups (SHGs) to improvepublic service delivery. Awareness among people about their rights due toincreaseduseofadvertisementhashelpedtoincreaselastmiledelivery.

• Cohesion and consensus among states: All of these public services areessentially implemented at the state level. Hence, cohesion and consensusamong states has been promoted and laggard states incentivised toundertakereforms.

• InteractiveplatformssuchasTwitterSeva,mobileapplications likeUMANGalsohelped toputpressureon localgovernmentservant todeliver.Serviceguaranty acts by various state governments, Right to information actincreasedvigilancetoimprovelastmiledeliveryofpublicservices.

Conclusion:Improvementinthelast-mileaccessandtheeffortsoffrontlineprovidersofhealthandeducationserviceshasrisenbarofpublicservicedeliveryinIndia.Socialmediaand media has played important role in awareness of public service issues withinformeddebates. There isneedofpublicprivatepartnershipto fill in thegaps inservicedeliveryforoptimalutilizationofresources.



13.DoyouthinkstrategicdisinvestmentofPublicSectorUndertakingsisantitheticaltotheconstitutionalideaofawelfarestate?Criticallyexamine.Demandofthequestion:Itexpects students towriteabout thecorrelationbetweenstrategicdisinvestmentandideaofwelfarestatewithcriticalanalysis.Introduction:TheGovernmentofIndiahassetanambitiousRs.2.1trilliontargetofdisinvestmentforFY21which includesRs.90,000croretoberaisedfroman initialpublicoffer inLifeInsuranceCorporationofIndia(LIC)andastakesaleinIDBIBank.Theaggressivestakesaleplancomesagainstthebackdropofdecliningtaxcollectionsandasharpdecelerationintheeconomythatthegovernmentisattemptingtorevive.Body:StrategicdisinvestmentandWelfarestate:

• When the government decides to transfer the ownership and control of apublicsectorentitytosomeotherentity,eitherprivateorpublic,theprocessiscalledstrategicdisinvestment.

• Strategic disinvestment would imply the sale of substantial portion of theGovernmentshareholdingofacentralpublicsectorenterprise(CPSE)ofupto 50%, or such higher percentage as the competent authority maydetermine, along with transfer of management control. Government hasdecidedtogostrategicdisinvestmentofAirIndia,BPCLandContainerCorp.ofIndia.

• Thewelfare state is a formof government inwhich the state protects andpromotestheeconomicandsocialwell-beingofthecitizens,basedupontheprinciplesofequalopportunity,equitabledistributionofwealth, andpublicresponsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of the minimalprovisionsforagoodlife.

StrategicdisinvestmentasantitheticaltoWelfarestate:

• Public Sector Undertakings over period of independent economic historyplayed role to provide goods and services to the masses in reasonableminimumrates.

• Theyworkedwithservicemottoratherthanprofitorientedness.Eventhougheffectivegovernancecoupledwith longtimeinvestmentsandmonopolyforinitialyearsmadethemprofitable.

• StrategicdisinvestmentwillremovegovernmentasserviceprovidertomostneedypeopleofthesocietyhamperingthegoalofWelfareState.

• Presence of PSUs made private players rational as PSUs provided stiffcompetition,whichhelpedtomaintainrationalisationofpricingofgoodsandservices.



However,withchanging times led toadoptionof liberalisedeconomicpoliciesandPSUsbecamemoreandmorestagnantwithlackofinnovation,assetuseinefficiency,high tooth to nail ratio due to employment responsibilities eventuallymade themwhiteelephants.

• TheIndianeconomyispassingthroughabadpatch.Thisfiscalyear’ssecondquarter growth in gross domestic product (GDP) slipped to 4.5% and theportentsofaslowdownhavebeenquiteapparent.Privatesectorinvestmentis sagging. Gross capital formation has dipped. Aggregate demand hascontracted. Public sector expenditure is the single engine that’s drivingeconomicgrowth.

• Directtaxcollectionsregisteredagrowthofonlya littlemorethan6%.TheReserve Bank of India has taken a rate cut pause. Government seemsdetermined to honor its commitment to low inflation andmacroeconomicstability. India is thus faced with a Hobson’s choice either to significantlyreviseitsfiscaldeficittargetormonetizestateassets.

• Thereisneedoffreshassetcreationbywayofroads,portsandairportsthatwouldresultinacascadeeffectfortheeconomy’sgrowthhencethereisdireneedofstrategicdisinvestment.

• Wastage of publicmoney to capitalise debt ridden PSUs is not serving theobjective ofWelfare state. Asset rationalisationwill help in increased GDPwillultimatelyhelpinWelfarestateobjective.

• Revenue generation through divestment will allow focusing on morefundamentalaspectsofHealthandEducationratherrunningairlineservicesortelephoneservices.

• Withtheglobalexperience it isclearenoughthat runningbusinesses isnotthejobofgovernments.

However,privatesectorisnotpanaceaforeveryissueofPSUsbutcertainlystrategicdisinvestmentcannotbecalledasantitheticaltowelfarestateobjectives.Conclusion:As per Indian experience with strategic disinvestment in India, efficiency ofemployed resources, competition enhanced performance, value grown manifold.There is need of government withdrawal from businesses and limit itself tofacilitationandregulationatbest.

14.GovernmentisthebiggestlitigantinCourts.Why?CanyouidentifyatleastthreeprominentfactorsthatleadtohighnumberoflitigationsinvolvingtheGovernmentindifferentcourtsoflaw?Whatmeasurescanbetakentoaddressthat?Suggest.Demandofthequestion:



Itexpectsstudentstowriteaboutthereasonsbehindgovernmentbeingthebiggestlitigant in the courts along with prominent factors and measure to addressunderlyingissue.Introduction:AccordingtotheMinistryofLawandJustice,governmentdepartmentsareapartytoaround46percentofcourtcases.Whiletheexpenditureincurredonlitigationinthetopcourtfortheyear2014-15wasRs15.99Crore,itrosetoRs47.99Crorein2017-18.Thespurtisalmostthreetimes.Body:Reasonsbehindgovernmentbeingthelargestlitigant:

• Obsoleteand redundant lawsandpoorgovernance: Largenumberof casescomingagainstthegovernmentcannotbeagoodsignofgoodgovernance.

• Hugetaxlitigation:Thereareasmanyas4,83,000directtaxcasespendinginvarious appellate forums i.e. Commissioner (Appeals), ITAT,HighCourt andSupremeCourt.

• Writ Petitions: violation of the fundamental rights by state machineriesremainsoneof themajor reasons. StudyofVidhi regardingKarnatakahighCourt showedwritpetitionsconstitutenearly60%ofall freshcases filed in2016.Mostofthecasesareregardingthedisputesofservice,landrevenue,landacquisitionandeducation.

• Issuesliketurfwarsbetweenvariousgovernmentagenciesatdifferentlevels,poorlydrafted lawsespecially regarding taxation, Environmental Issues andIncreaseduseof judicial innovationofPublic InterestLitigationaresomeofthereasonbehindincreasedgovernmentlitigation.

Prominentfactorswhichworsenedthesituation:

• Judicial Inefficiency: Judiciary is facing huge shortage of capacity andmanagementtechniquetodealwitharound3crorecasespendinginIndia.

• Lack of mechanism for out of the court settlement: Despite of variousattempts government yet to establish nucleus cell within law ministry todecidemeritofthecases.

• Opaque, unpredictable and sometimes retrospective decision making ingovernance affects multinational corporations and reduces authenticity ofgovernment,manytimesitfailstofulfilitsownpromisesoncontracts.

However,anyattemptatresolvingtheissueofgovernmentlitigationmustbebasedonthepremisethatthegovernmentinIndiafunctionsinsomanymyriadformsthataone-size-fits-allapproachtodealwiththeissueisimpossible.Measuretoreducelitigations:



• Law Ministry moved proposal to the Cabinet seeking the creation ofintegratedlegaldivisions(ILDs)inallgovernmentministriesanddepartmentstoimpartlegaladviceandpre-emptlitigationatthepointoforigin.

• Government sharply increased themonetary threshold for filing appeals intaxdisputesinvariouscourtsanddecidedtowithdrawmanypendingappealstocutdownlitigationandimproveeaseofdoingbusiness.

• Governmenthastakenseveralmeasurestoreducetaxlitigations.Inthelastbudget,SabkaVishwasSchemewasbroughtintoreducelitigationinindirecttaxes. It resulted in settling over 1, 89,000 cases. The Direct Tax Vivad seVishwasBill,2020proposedtodealwithdirecttaxlitigations.

Governmentcanconsiderfollowingmeasureslike,

• Toreducetheincidenceofsuchwritpetitions,thestatemusteitherensurethatquasi-judicialauthoritiesarejudiciallytrainedorcreateaseparateclassofjudicialofficerstodischargequasi-judicialfunctions.

• Detaileddraftingof ruleswithminimalcomplexityand increasedclaritycanreducelitigation.

• Rights based governance system to avoid the Public Interest Litigations,robustOutofthecourtsettlementmechanism,useoftechnologicalsolutionslikebigdatatocorrectmostcontestedissuesinacts,rulesandpoliciescanbegreatleapforward.

National Litigation Policy (2010) only provides a distant goalpost of transforminggovernment into a model litigant. However, what is needed is an implementableaction plan to ensure that citizens are not forced to file cases against thegovernment and its agencies in the first place. This will require a relook at thefunctioning of litigation-prone departments and formulating solutions unique toeachdepartment.Conclusion:Governmentwastesitsscarceresourcesintheunproductivetasksoflitigationduetofaulty drafting of laws, misreading of constitutional framework or administrativeincompetency to protect rights of people. More and more transparency,predictability, participative governance will help to reduce litigation burden ofgovernment.

15.ThereareallegationsagainstsomeNGOsthattheyaredrivenbyviciousagenda.Whatareyourviewsonthis?WhatmeasureshavebeentakenbytheGovernmenttoregulatethefundingandactivitiesofNGOsinIndia?discuss.Demandofthequestion:



ItexpectsstudentstowriteabouttheallegationsontheNGOsasdrivenbyviciousagendaandmeasuretakenbygovernmenttoregulatethefundingandactivitiesofNGOsinIndia. Introduction:NGOasanexpressionofvoluntarismisaJanus-facedentity.Atonelevel, itactsasanextensioncounterofthestate,engaginginactsofhumanitarianandsocialwork.At another level, it is a political and cognitive entity challenging developmentparadigms and arguing issues of governance and democracy. This double-edgednatureoftheNGOputsitinaperpetualstateofsuspicion.Body:FormerPrimeministerofIndiain2012said,‘ThereareNGOs,oftenfundedfromtheUS and the Scandinavian countries, which are not fully appreciative of thedevelopmentchallengesthatourcountryfaces.’NGOswithviciousagenda:

• The IB report emphasises that these NGOs are a threat to the national,economicsecurityofIndia.NGOsareusingvariousmovementslikeanti-coal,anti-bauxite;anti-nucleartodiscreditIndiaontheinternationalplatforms.

• DelayindevelopmentprojectsbecomesthesoleobjectiveofsomeNGOsasper the reportof IB fewyearsbackwhich specificallynamed roleofGreenPeaceindelayingtheKudankulamnuclearpowerplant.CoppersterlitePlantin Toothikudi also saw violent protests, company CEO saw it as viciouspropagandaspreadbyvariousNGOswithoutfactsandscientificproofs.

• There have been allegations on as NGOs are being work as frontierorganisations for leftwingextremism.SomeChristianNGOsallegedlybeinginvolvedinproselytizingactivities.

• NGOsareoftenseenasencroachingoncenturies-oldtraditionandcultureofthepeople,andleadtomassprotestattimes.BanofJallikattu,afterthePILbyPETAisonesuchexample.

Steps taken by government to regulate the funding and activities of the NGOs inIndia:

• In 2010, amendments to the Foreign Contribution Regulatory Act (FCRA)1976 by the government to prohibit the use of foreign funding in politicalactivitiesinanefforttorestrainforeigninterferenceindomesticpolitics.Butthe 2010 amendments meant “any organisation of a political nature” wasforbiddenfromtakingforeignfunding.

• Intelligence Bureau accused NGOs such as Greenpeace, Cordaid, Amnesty,and Action Aid for reducing India’s GDP by 2-3% per year. It helped tolegitimisethegovernment’sactionsagainstNGOs.

• In late 2018, itwas revealed the government had cancelled the licenses ofnearly20,000NGOsreceiving foreign fundsundertheFCRA.Accordingtoareport on India’s philanthropic landscape by the consultancy firm Bain &



Company,therewasarounda40%declineinforeignfundingbetween2015and2018.

• In2015,Greenpeace staffmemberPriyaPillaiwas takenoffa flightonherway to ameeting in the UK about issues relating to the allocation of coalexplorationlicencesanditsimpactontribalpeople.

• In2018,anumberofrightsNGOactivistswerearrestedandaccusedofbeingMaoists working against the state. This included Sudha Bhardwaj, generalsecretary of the Chhattisgarh People’s Union for Civil Liberties, who hadworkedfordecadestoempowerdisadvantaged,voicelessgroupsinthetribalareasofChhattisgarh.

However,NGOsoccupyinevitablespaceincivilsocietytoraisepeoplecentricissues.Theycannotbeclubbedintosinglecategory.NGOshavetotakesomestepstocomecleanandestablishreputation:

• Theyhavetocreatesystemsofauditwhicharebothrulebound,timeboundand transparent.NGOshave to spring clean their bureaucracies, show thatforeigngrantsdonotcolourlocalissues.

• They have to account for grants and any sub-grants theymightmake. Thetrajectory must be transparent to prevent suspicions clouding a crucialdebate.

• Theyhavetodemonstratetotherestofthesocietythatbeyondprotest,theyare seeking to create new epistemologies of knowledgewhich adds to thequalityoflivelihoodandthusrevealthatobsolescenceanddisplacementarenotinevitableforthemargins.

Conclusion:India has nearly 3.4million non-governmental organisations (NGOs), working in avariety of fields ranging from disaster relief to advocacy for marginalised anddisadvantagedcommunities.Theyareamajorpartofcivilsocietywhichbringsrapidchange and social transformation. There is need of fact based and people centricanalysisissuesraisedbyNGOs.

16.Doyouthink themodelofgovernanceadoptedand implementedby theDelhiStateGovernment,particularly in the fieldsofeducationandhealthcareareworthemulatingbyotherstates?Shareyourviews.Demandofthequestion:ItexpectsstudentstowriteaboutthemodelofDelhigovernmentoneducationandhealthalongwithneedtoemulatebyotherstatesstudentsshouldalsowriteaboutshortcomingsinvolvedandfurtherreformsrequiredifany.Introduction:



Ban Ki-moon, former Secretary General of United Nations commended Delhigovernment’shealthinitiativesandMaharashtragovernmenthasshowninterestinemulatingDelhimodelofeducation.ResoundingofAAPhighlightsmasspopularityofDelhimodel.Body:ModelofDelhigovernmentregardingHealthandEducation:Education HealthEducation budget has also increasedalmost every year. It now constitutes atleast 26 per cent of Delhi’s overallbudget, hitting the figure of Rs 13,997croreinthe2018-19fiscal.In 2016, the government allocated overRs 25 crore for the construction of newclassroomsandfortherepairofexistingschoolbuildings.To overcome the shortfall, thegovernment built 8,000 new classroomsintheexisting30schools.

Health budget: Delhi governmentincreasedthefundsforhealthcare.FromameaslysumofRs.3,300crorein2015-16 to Rs. 7,484 crore in 2019-20, thehealthsectorbudgethasseenaquantumjump.10,959 beds were available in 2014-2015;ithasgoneupto11,353.Further,according to government statement,threehospitalsunderconstructionwouldlikely to add another 2800 beds in nextsixmonths.

At the heart of Delhi’s educationmodelis the school management committees(SMCs). The SMCs are mandated underthe Right to Education Act 2009. Thiscommittee comprises parents andteachersaffiliatedtoaparticularschool.The members of the SMCs live in thevicinityoftheschoolsotheywouldfeela‘sense of ownership’ towards thisprocess. SMCs are responsible formonitoring and assisting in matters oftheschool.

Mohalla clinic model: The governmentthrough its three-tiered network ofMohalla clinics, Polyclinics andHospitalslaunchedmany schemes toprovide freemedicines,testsandsurgeriesforcriticalillnesses.These clinics were designed to providequalityprimaryhealthcareservicesatanextremely low cost to people in theneighbourhoods.The mohalla clinics provides servicessuch as basic medical care for commonillnesses like fever, diarrhea, respiratoryproblems, firstaidfor injuriesandburnsandreferralservicesamongothers.

The Delhi government made educationfree up to Class 12. It also increasedscholarships for students who scoredabove80percent.

Access: According to some reliablestudies, mohalla clinics are makingsignificant dent in people especially theurban poor having increased access tobasichealthcare.

Some principals and teachers were alsosent on a 12-day training session to

Reach: Out 490 Mohalla clinics in Delhiandofficial report suggestsmore than2



Cambridge University. Moreover,subjects such as retail, travel andtourism, information and technology,beauty and wellness, financial market,management, and security wereintroducedascoursesintheschools.

croreOPDpatientshavebenefittedfromtheseclinics.

Introduced a happiness curriculum andanentrepreneurshipmindsetcurriculum.CCTV cameras were also installed inschoolsandparentswereprovidedalivefeed. The management quota was alsoscrappedduringadmissions.

Multi-specialty polyclinics (largelyconvertedmanyexistingdispensaries)tostrengthenthesecondtierof thehealthsystem. Polyclinics intended to focus onsecondaryhealthcareintheformofOPDconsultation by specialist doctors,includingdiagnostics.

To check the dropout rate, thegovernment introduced the ‘Chunauti’scheme in 2016. Under the initiative,students are divided into groups on thebasis ofwhether they can readorwriteHindi and English, and solvemathematics.Depending on their learning abilities,they are offered ‘special classes’ in thegovernment schools. This scheme hasbeenreformedandhasbeeninspiredbyNobel Prize winner Abhijit Banerjee’smodel.As part of the scheme, students aredivided into three groups in Class 6 —Pratibha(for thebeststudents),Nishtha(for the average ones) andNeoNishtha(forthosewhobarelypass).Eventhoughthey sit in the same classroom, theteachingmethodsvary

Atthethirdtier,considerablyinvestedtostrengthen the hospitals system. So far,thegovernmenthastiedwith41privatehospitals in Delhi to facilitate 30surgeries free of charge for patientsreferredby government hospitals in thecapital.

Needtobeadoptedbyotherstatesas:

• Ability to touchalmosteverybody’ life:Healthandeducationare importantsubjects under state listwhich has potential to transform lives of commonpeople.

• Fundamentalright:Article21Aproviderighttoeducationbetweenagesof6to 14. However quality education hasmade difference in Delhi. It helps tocreateequalopportunitywhich isbasisof rightofequalityand right to lifewithdignityonlypossiblewithproperhealthcare.

• Totalexpenditureoneducation is27.8%oftotalexpenditureversustheall-states average of 15.9%, and on health 13.8% of total state expenditureversusall-statesaverageof5.2%.



• Delhi government’s schools had outperformed private schools. The passpercentage in government schools was 90.68 per cent, whereas the passpercentage for private schools was 88.35 per cent in 2017-18 educationalyear.

• ConsecutiveASERreportshaveprojectedpoorleaningoutcomesofchildrenineducationandpoorperformanceatinternationallevel.

• 70%outofpocketexpenditureonhealthisthemajorreasonbehindpovertyin India. Delhi model on Health can improve economic resilience of poorpopulation.

• Potential as electoral discourse: Recent Delhi election proved efficacy ofissueslikehealthandeducationinelectoraldiscourse.

However, there is need to bring changes while emulating the model in differentstates as per the local needs, geographical diversity, availability of resources andadministrativefeasibility.

• EvenDelhimodel isnotwithout flaws, there is lacktertiaryhealthprogresssmallnumberof ICUbeds,poorly functioningventilatorand lackofenoughbedsproportionatetothepopulationofDelhi.

• Delhi is limitedgeographicalvariation,noterrainchallengeorhugeruralormigrating population. Within small union territory of Delhi model ofeducation and health proved effective and different states may needdifferentinnovationbasedontheirchallenges.

Conclusion:Adoption of best practices of one government by other governmentswithin Indiaindicatesthepatternofshiftingfromcompetitivetocollaborativefederalism.Fromthe issue of boundary settlement quarrels to emulation of best practices ingovernanceIndianfederalismhascomeverylongpath.

17.HowistheUjjwalaSchemetransformingthelivesofruralwomeninIndia?Whatarepositivespillovereffectsofthisscheme?Analyse.Demandofthequestion:It expects students towrite about the role ofUjjwala Scheme in transforming thelivesofruralwomeninIndiaandstudentsshouldalsowriteaboutpositivespillovereffectsofthescheme.Introduction:Ujjwalaschemehasrecentlycompleteditstargetof8croreBPLhouseholdcoverageunder the scheme. It is identified as the most successful scheme of the centralgovernmentinrecenttimeswithrecordtimecompletion.



Body:According to theWorldBank, lackof access to energy is a fundamental barrier toprogressinmanypartsofAfricaandSouthAsiaandhasanimpactonawiderangeofdevelopment indicators such as health, education, food security, gender equality,livelihoodsandpovertyeradication.RoleintransforminglivesofruralwomeninIndia:

• Clean cooking fuel: Traditional unprocessed biomass cooking fuels such aswood and cow dung, have serious health implications for women andchildrenwhoaremostaffectedbyindoorairpollution.Inthepast,attemptsweremadeto improvestovesthatcanuseunprocessedbiomass.However,thiswasnoteffective.LPGbecamethesolutionofcleancookingfuelwhichwasnotavailablein45%ofhouseholdsbefore2014.

• Reducedexposuretoharmfulindoorpollution:Womenandchildrenusedtoface huge issues of respiratory diseases due to inhalation of harmful gaseslikecarbonmonoxide,sulphurdioxide,blackcarbonetc.

• Time saved in search of fuel: It helped to save the time of women insearchingfuelwood.TheEconomicSurveysays“theamountoftimespentoncollecting firewood in India suggests that on an average, women spendaround374hourseveryyear for collectionof firewood”. Increasedsecurityfrom the threatofwildlife attacks: It reduces thepossibilityofmananimalconflictduetolesserdependenceofhumansonforestproduce.

• Solutiononwoesoftherainyseason:LPGprovedblisstowomenasitusedto be difficult to maintain dry fuel wood for rainy season. Burning of wetwood used to bemuchmore harmful. State of forest report, 2019 noticesreductionindemandoffuelofwood.

Spillovereffects:• Fight against climate change and globalwarming: CO2, CO, SO2, black and

browncarbonareoneof themajordriversofglobalwarming.Useofcleanfuelaidingeffortstoavertclimatechange.

• Reduceddiseaseburdenonbelowpovertypopulation as reduction in childandwomenrespiratorydiseases:ReduceddiseaseburdenandreducedIMR,MMRhashelpedtoimprovesustainabledevelopmentgoalaims.

• More time for householdwomen to engage in economic activities: Studiesshow that by shifting to LPG,womenand girlsmay saveup to 1.5 hours aday,allowingthemtimeforeducation,self-employmentandparticipationinthecommunityactivities.

• Increasedattentiontothestudiesofchildrenandoldagecare.The ‘blue flamerevolution’hasplayed important role inaccess toenergyhoweverthere is need to sustain gains by maintaining LPG prices affordable otherwisebenefitscanbeshortlived.Conclusion:



Synergyofhealth,energyaccessandsustainabledevelopmentachievedbyUjjwalaSchemewill enhancewith universal access to electricity. Emulation of such targetbasedapproachtosocial schemeswilleffectivelyaddress thechallengesofgendergap, rural-urban divide, equal opportunity for inclusive and sustainabledevelopment.

18. How is technology positively transforming governance in India? Illustratewiththehelpofatleastthreerecentandongoingexamples.Demandofthequestion:It expects students to write about the role of technology in transforming thegovernanceinIndiaalongwithatleastthreerecentandongoingexamples.Introduction:Technologyhasbeenagamechangerandwasprogressivelyhelping ineliminatingcorruption,ensuringtransparencyand improvingthedeliveryofservices inseveralareaslikehealthcare,landregistrations,transport,taxcollectionandurbanplanning.Body:Recent report ofMcKinsey Global Institute said that Indiawas the second fastestdigitizingeconomyafter Indonesia.Digitizationhas thepotentialnotonly toboostcore sectors like IT, digital communication, and online retail but also transformfinancialservices,agriculture,logisticsandeducation.RoleofTechnologyintransforminggovernanceinIndia:

• Informationdatabaseforinclusivedevelopment:Useofbiometrictechnologyforunique identification IDbyUIDAI indicate roleof technology in creatingidentity database to use targeted delivery of benefits for Welfare. It hashelped to furtherdirectbenefit transfer inaccountofbeneficiarywith JAMtrinity.

• Efficiency ingovernance:Technologyhasexponentially increased the speedof government processes, reduced paperwork and brought singlewindowsystemwhich inway increasedefficiencyofgovernmentbyputtingcontrol,track and feedback system in function. E.g. PARIVESH – an environmentalsingle window hub for Environment, Forest, Wildlife and CRZ clearances,SPICe+forEaseofdoingbusiness,ENSUREPortalistomakesubsidytransferprocessquickerandfaster.BythehelpofthisOnlinePortalGovernmentwilldirectlyTransferthesubsidyamountinthebeneficiary'saccount.

• Ease of governance procedure: Simple technologies like CCTV eased hugepressureonsecurityagenciestopreventcrimeor identifycriminals.Mobiletechnology and location tracker technology like triangulation became greathelpinsolvingcrimemysteries.



• QualityenhancementandAccountability:Simplebiometricattendancemodelincreasedthepresenceofgovernmentofficialsintheiroffices.Ratingsystemfor services offered by government and feedback option increasedaccountabilityinwholegovernance.

However,itisneededtomakethisdigitaldeliveryandonlinepublicinterfacemoreuniversalandmoreeffective.Ongoingexamplesof technology ingovernancebringmoreclarity.

• PRAGATI platform: It is a multi-purpose and multi-modal platform that isaimed at addressing common man’s grievances, and simultaneouslymonitoring and reviewing important programmes and projects of theGovernment of India as well as projects flagged by State Governments. Ituniquelybundlesthreelatesttechnologies:Digitaldatamanagement,video-conferencingandgeo-spatialtechnology.Italsooffersauniquecombinationin the direction of cooperative federalism since it brings on one stage theSecretariesofGovernmentof India and theChief Secretariesof the States.Withthis,thePrimeMinisterisabletodiscusstheissueswiththeconcernedCentral and State officials with full information and latest visuals of thegroundlevelsituation.

• National Agriculture Market (NAM) is a pan-India electronic trading portalwhich networks the existing APMC (Agriculture Produce MarketingCommittee) mandis to create a unified national market for agriculturalcommodities.TheNAMPortalprovidesasinglewindowserviceforallAPMCrelatedinformationandservices.Thisincludescommodityarrivalsandprices,buy and sell trade offers and provision to respond to trade offers, amongotherservices.Whilematerialflow(agricultureproduce)continuestohappenthroughmandis,anonlinemarketreducestransactioncostsandinformationasymmetry.

• Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS): It aims atcreatingacomprehensiveandintegratedsystemforenhancingtheefficiencyandeffectivenessofpolicing throughadoptingofprincipleofe-Governanceand creation of a nationwide networking infrastructure for evolution of IT-enabled-state-of-the-art tracking systemaround 'Investigation of crime anddetectionofcriminals'.

Conclusion:Foryears,Indiahasbeenacomplexnation,makingitdifficultforthecommonmanto access government services. The rapid adoption of digital technology acrosssectors ismakingthingseasyandeliminatingall formsofhuman intervention.Thishasamajorimpactontheefficiencyandeffectivenessofgovernance.

19.TheSupremeCourtshouldn'tblurthelinebetweenexecutiveandjudiciary.Thepolicymustremaingovt'sdomainonly.Doyouagree?Criticallycomment.



ApproachHerethequestionaskstowhatextentthereshouldbealineofseparationbetweenexecutiveand judiciary.As thequestion instructs toexamine critically,wehave toprovidebothsidesoftheargument.I.e.whythedoctrineofseparationofpowersisgoodandwhysometimestheencroachmentintoeachother’sdomainisinevitable.IntroductionAsstatedbyRoyMoore‘thedoctrineofseparationofpowersisessentialasmanisperceivedtoyearnformorepower’.Inthislight,aclearlineofseparationofpowersaugurswellfordemocracy,as itkeepsvariousorgansofthegovernmentrestrictedto their domain and avoids one organ encroaching into, or dominating over theother.BodySomeoftheverdictsoftheSupremeCourtprimafacieindicatethattheapexcourtisarrogating the policymaking power within itself, rather than leaving it to thelegislature.

• FormulationofVisakaGuidelines fordealingwith the sexualharassmentofwomenattheworkplace.

• PrakashSinghcaseverdictandthepolicereformswhichcamealongwiththeverdict.

• The latest case of banning all the liquor shops within the vicinity of 500meterstonationalandstatehighways.

• Also, the verdict mandated for the national anthem to be played at thebeginningofeveryfilminthefilmtheatres.

All these show the violation of the doctrine of separation of powers between thegovernmentandthejudiciary.Suchatendencycangiverisetovariousproblemsandcontroversieslike,

• The spirit of democracy is upheld when the laws are formulated by therepresentativesof thepeopleandare implementedby theexecutivewhichhasaclearpublicmandate.Andthejudgemadepoliciessimplystandagainstthespiritofdemocracy.

• Such acts of judicial activism and overreach can backfire as the judiciarytakeslegitimacyandnotpracticalityandgroundrealityintoconsideration.

• Further judges are not trained for policy formulation and implementation.Andareignorantofattendantsocial,politicalandfinancialrisks.Ex:ThecostincurredbytheKeralagovernmenttonavigatetheShabarimalaverdict.

• Frequent interference in policymaking can create logjams for the smoothfunctioningofgovernment.EX:AftertheSupremeCourtjudgmentonSC/ST



atrocitiesact,thegovernmenthadtoputallitsfunctionstothebackburnerandtakeuptheissueimmediately.

• Lastly, if the executive fails to implement the judicial laws, it not onlyreducesthestatureofthejudiciarybutalsoleadstodiminishedtrustwithinthepublicovertheeffectivenessofthejudicialverdicts.

However,thisbeingsaid,itisalsoessentialtoensurethatthegovernmentdoesnotbecomecallouswithinitsdomain.Ifsuchasituationariseswhereinthegovernmentislaxinitsfunctioning,itisgoodfortheSupremeCourttointerveneandmakethelaws.Thisisbecause:

• AssaidbyJustice||Bhagawathi"natureshouldabhorvacuum",i.e.ifnotthegovernment,thejudiciaryshouldbereadytomakepolicies.

• ItisnotblasphemousonthepartoftheSupremeCourttoframeablueprintofpolicyandleaveittothegovernmentforminutedetails.Ex:themid-daymealscheme.

• Alsowheneverthereisanurgencyforthelawandwhenthetimeistooshortfor the legislatureand theexecutive todiscussdeliberateandenact suchapolicy, the judiciary can rise to the occasion and make the laws. Ex:Rameshwar Prasad Judgement (guidelines for governor in case of hungassembly).

Henceawatertightseparationwithaclearcutdemarcationalsodoesnotabodewellforthefunctioningofthegovernment.ConclusionIntheconclusion,wecansaythat,whenthelineofseparationbetweenthejudiciaryand executive is important, the cooperation, coordination and collaborationcomponents cannot be sidelined; because no system is mechanical which runs insilosandallthesystemsareorganicwhichrunthroughmutualtradeoffs.Thatiswhyabalancebetweenthedoctrineofseparationofpowersandthedoctrineofchecksandbalanceshastobemaintained.

20.WhatarethedifferentwaysthroughwhichcitizenshipcanbeacquiredinIndia?Howistheprocessdifferentfromotherdemocraticnations?Illustratewiththehelpofsuitableexamples.ApproachThequestioncontainstwoparts;thefirstpartisafactualone,whichaskstolistoutthewaysofacquiringcitizenshipinIndia;whereasthesecondpartisanalyticalwhichdemandstocompareIndianwaysofacquiringcitizenship,withthatofsomeofthedemocraticnations.



IntroductionIndiandemocracywasatitspinnaclepointwhenapersonwhowasborninanationwhichisconsideredbyNewDelhiasanenemysovereignwentontoholdthechairofprimeministerintheyear2004.BodyHence, it isunderstood thatan individual canbecome thecitizenof Indiaandcanevenholdthehighestpositioninthegovernment,notonlybybirthbutalsothroughothermeansaswell.Variouswaysthroughwhichanindividualcanacquirethecitizenshipare;(Donotwritethewholestory,writethisway)

• ByBirth:1950-1987,anybodywhoisborninIndiabecomesacitizen.1987-2004anyoneparentshouldbethecitizen.2004-Todate,bothparentsshouldbecitizens.

• ByDescent:1950-1992bornoutsideIndiabutfatherwasacitizenduringbirth.1992-2004bornoutsideIndiabuteitheroftheparentswerecitizensduringtheperson’sbirth.2004-Todate,nocitizenshipunlesshe/shegetsregisteredafterbirth.

• ByRegistration:AnypersonofIndianoriginandnotanillegalimmigrantcanregisterhimselftobecomeacitizenofIndiaafterfulfillingtheprescribedcriteria.Itismainlyrelatedtocaseslikecrossbordermarriage,minorchildrenandthechildrenofformerIndiancitizens.

• ByNaturalisation:AnypersonresidinginIndiaforaminimumof12yearscanbecomeacitizenofIndiavianaturalization.

• ByAcquisitionofterritory:This comes into the picturewhenever India acquires a foreign territory bywarorevenbysigningthetreaties.

Indiancitizenshipdifferswithsomeofthedemocraciesoftheglobelike;

• India-US:It is similar to that of India but, the US has one more way of acquiringcitizenship i.e. through derivation. In this, theminor child of a naturalizedcitizengetscitizenshipthroughderivation.Andhe/sheneednotundergothenaturalizationprocesstoobtaincitizenship.

• India-UK:The right of Abode is one kind of citizenship allowed in the UK which isdifferent from those of the Indian counterparts. It is a way to acquire



citizenship for those who are a citizen of a British Overseas Territory or acitizenofaCommonwealthcountrybornbefore1983withaparentbornintheUK.AlongwiththisUKalsoprovidespermanentresidenceandindefinitevisasforstudentsandworkingprofessionalsresidinginherterritory.

• India-France:Citizenship by naturalization is easierw.r.t France than India, as it requiresjust 5 years of stay as a criterion. And in case of marital relations, thedurationofstayfurtherreducesto3years.However, one needs to be proficient in the French language to become acitizenofFrance.

• India-Japan:Two stark differences between India and Japanese ways of acquiringcitizenship are; one, multiple citizenship i.e. Citizenship of two or morecountries is allowed in Japan in some specific cases. Two, citizenship bynaturalizationinJapanspecifiesfinancialstabilityandmoralcharacterasthecriteria.

ConclusionHowever, apart from theseminute differences, the broader procedure to acquirecitizenship inalmostalldemocracies is thesametoa largeextent.That iswhytheconceptof“VishwaManav”isreveredthroughouttheworldandthis iswherethedoctrineofVasudaivaKutumbakamtakesitsoriginfrom.

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