2020 tlp plus tlp connect/ iasbaba's

IASBABA'S TLP CONNECT/

TLP PLUS 2020

W W W . I A S B A B A . C O M

MAINS TEST - 1

TLPConnect/Plus–Test-1Synopsis 2020

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TableofContents 1.TheMathuraschoolofsculptureshowsastrikinguseofsymbolismintheimages.Doyouagree?Illustratewiththehelpofsuitableexamples.......................3

2.ThepresenceofseveralprominenttemplesoutsideIndiareaffirmsthefactthatIndia’sculturalspreadfarexceedshergeographicalboundaries.Elucidate............................................................................................................................................................4

3.WhatareNavrasas?HowdotheyfeatureinIndia’sperformingarts?Illustrate........................................................................................................................................5

4.ExaminethefactorsthatledtotheannexationofPunjabintotheEastIndiaCompany’sempireinIndia......................................................................................................6

5.Theslogan“Liberty,Equality,Fraternity”summedupthegoalsoftheFrenchRévolution.Elucidate.................................................................................................................7

6.Inthecontextofinterwarperiodwhatdoyouunderstandby‘isolationism’and‘appeasement’?Whateffectdidtheyhaveeventually?Analyse........................8

7.ConsiderthefollowingstatementpublishedinamajorjournalintheUS-“PerhapsitwasinevitablethatthebombwouldultimatelybeemployedtobringJapantothepointofsurrender.ButtherewasnomilitaryadvantageinhurlingthebombuponJapanwithoutwarning.Theleastwemighthavedonewastoannouncetoourfoethatwepossessedtheatomicbomb;thatitsdestructivepowerwasbeyondanythingknowninwarfare.”Howfardoyouagreewiththisassessment?Comment...........................................................................................................10

8.IsitfairtoconcludethatthelackofentrepreneurialskillsamongstIndiansledtoIndia’sunderdevelopmentundertheBritish?Criticallyanalyze...............11

9.Indiannationalistmovementwasapopularmovementofvariousclasses,notexclusivelycontrolledbythebourgeoisie.Doyouagree?Criticallycomment..13

10.MahatmaGandhiofferedacivilizationalconceptofIndiannation.Whatweretheessentialfeaturesofthisideology?HowdiditdifferfromthefoundationalprinciplesofWesternliberalpoliticalsystem?Examine................14

11.TherehasalwaysbeenadebatewhetherfreedomwasseizedbytheIndiansorpowerwastransferredvoluntarilybytheBritishasanactofpositivestatesmanship.Whatareyourviewsonthisdebate?Substantiate.......................16

12.Whatruraldevelopmentreallyneededpost-independencewaslandreform.Comment.Whatmeasuresweretakenbythegovernmentonthisfront?Weretheysuccessful?Criticallyexamine...................................................................................17

13.TheexcessivecentralisationofpowerbyIndiraGandhiwasresponsiblefortheriseoftheregionalpoliticalpartiesbetween1977and1984.Doyouagree?Criticallyanalyse......................................................................................................................19



14.ExaminethefactorsbehindtherisingtrendofnationalisminSouthwestAsiaafterWorldWarI.Howdidrisingnationalismaffectthisregion?Explain.20



1. The Mathura school of sculpture shows a striking use of symbolism in theimages.Doyouagree?Illustratewiththehelpofsuitableexamples.TheMathura schoolof art flourishedon thebanksof the riverYamunaduring1stand3rdcenturyB.C.Thesculpturesareinfluencedbyallthe3majorcontemporaryreligions i.e., Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism and showed the striking use ofsymbolismintheimagesinfollowingways:

• Theimagesofsaints,JinasandBuddhainhumanformwereremodelledinlinesofearlieryakshaimages.Theinitial imagemakersdidnotcareforananatomically correct Buddha image. Their imageswere a composite of 32majorand80minorlaksana,ormarks.

• Symbols andgestureswereused in all the image sculptures signifying theevolution,philosophyandteachingsofreligions.

• TheHindugodswererepresentedusingtheirAvayudhasEg.Shivaisshownthroughlingaandmukhalinga.

• BuddhistsculpturesinMathura,SonkhandKankalitilahasshownBuddhainaspiritualstatewith

a) Muscular body with shaven head and face shows the delightedmood of buddha with a smiling face - symbolising the innercontentmentandpeacefulnessofbuddha’snature.

b) Protuberance on the head signifies the wisdom, holiness and theenlightenmentofBuddha.

c) TherightarmraisedinAbhayamudraisagestureofreassurance.• BuddhaissurroundedbyPadmapaniholdingalotusandvajrapaniholdinga

thunderboltsymbolisingtheprotectionofgoodanddestructionofevil.eg.thestandingbuddhaofShravasthi,BodhisattvaMaitreyasculpture.

• TheJainasculpturesofthetimearealsocarvedinsimilarwayswithimagesofthevariousTirtankaras.eg.SarvatobhadrikaimageinMathura

• TheKushankingdressedincentralAsianfashionwithhighbootsandconicalcaptrytorepresenthimassungodorsurya

Mathura school was developed indigenously and produced beautiful images ofBuddhaand variousother saints. InfluencedbyGandhara school, various symbolicfeatures like the halo over the head, asanas etc., were depicted in the latersculptures.



2.ThepresenceofseveralprominenttemplesoutsideIndiareaffirmsthefactthatIndia’sculturalspreadfarexceedshergeographicalboundaries.Elucidate.ThetemplesofHindus,BuddhistsandJainsdevelopeddistinctivelyindifferentpartsofIndia.Further,theinteractionofMauryas,Cholas,Guptasandotherdynastiesledto thespreadof Indiancultureandtemplearchitecturalstyles indifferentpartsofSouthAsia,South-EastAsia,CentralAsiaetc.TempleswithinIndia:

● Sun Temple at Konark, Jagannath temple at Puri, Lingaraj temple atBhubaneswar,KandariyaMahadevatemple,LakshmantempleatKhajuraho,BrihadeshwaratempleatTanjore,MeenakshitempleatMadurai,TemplesofAiholeandBadamietc.

● BuddhistmonasteriesatNalanda,Lalitgirietc.● JaintemplesatMountAbu,Shravanabelagolaetc.

(onlyforreference,thereisnoneedtomentionthisinyouranswer.)TemplesoutsideIndia:

● Indonesia:○ PrambananTempleisoneofthelargestShivatemplessituatedonthe

islandofJava.○ BorobudurtemplebuiltduringthereignofSailendradynasty.

● Cambodia:Khmerrulersbuiltseveraltemplesincluding○ Angkor Wat temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu, which is the largest

templeintheworld.○ Preah Vihear Temple dedicated tomountain gods Sikharesvara and

Bhadresvara.● Thailand:TemplesarefoundinAyutthiya(Ayodhya)andBangkokwhichhas

morethan400templesinIndianstyle.● Korea:twotemplesarebuiltinPyongyangcity.● Pakistan:

○ Katas Raj Temple, dedicated to Shiva is built in the Kashmiriarchitecturalstyle.

○ AdityaSunTempleofMultanevenmentioned in chroniclesofHuanTsang.

● SriLanka:Muneshwaramtemple.● Vietnam:phominhpagodaisbuiltsimilartoBuddhistmonasteries.● Afghanistan:BamiyanandBegramBuddhistViharas.



As illustrated above, not only temple architecture flourished in different parts ofIndia,butalsotheinfluenceofIndiantemplearchitecturestylecanbeseeninalmostevery country inAsia and several partsofother continents aswell.All thesehaveresulted in everlasting spreadof Indian culture inside andoutside its geographicalboundaries.3.WhatareNavrasas?HowdotheyfeatureinIndia’sperformingarts?Illustrate.ARasasarebasicformsandmanifestationsofBhava(stateofmind)thatisusedtoinvokeemotionsintheaudience.e.g.asadsceneinamoviemakesonecry-thatisrasa.Navrasasarenineimportantfacialexpressionsormoodswhichareintendedtoconvey and invoke different emotions defined clearly in Bharat Muni’s NatyaShastra.ThenineemotionsincludedinNavarasaare

• Shringara-love• Hasya-laughter• Karuna-kind-heartednessorcompassion• Raudra-anger• Veera-courage• Bhayanaka-terror• Bibhatsya-disgust• Adbutha-surpriseand• Shantha-peaceortranquility.

NavrasasfeaturinginIndianperformingarts:

• Dance (remember,when you arewriting about dances think of classical aswell as folkdance):Moodsandexpressionsareemoted through theuseofmudras–acombinationofhandgesturesandbodypostures.Thereare108fundamentalmudras, a combinationofwhich is used todepict aparticularemotion.

• InBharatanatyam,KatakaHastamudrasymobolise‘om’whichtrytoinvokeShantarasa-calmnessanddevotion.

• Kathakali is remarkable in the representation of the rasas throughmovements of eyes and eyebrows, through which the story isconveyed.

• Shringara rasa is invoked through tribhanga posture of Odissi andLasyaemphasisofMohiniattam.

• Similarly, the folk-dance forms like Yakshagana,Garba, Kalbelia etc.,usenavrasastoinvokeemotionsamongaudience.

• Theatre: The different rasas are presented on stage through stories andemotionsareexpressedintheeyes,thefaceandacts.



o Ritual theatre forms like Ankia Nat, Kala, Ramlila etc., depicts thegrace, greatnessof godsandgoddesses and invoke theemotionsofLove,compassion,peacethroughShringararasa,Karunarasaandsoon.

e.g.KrishnaRadhalovestory-shringararasa.o Folk theatre like Powada, Garodas etc., depict valour of rulers and

leadersthroughraudrarasa,veerarasaandsoon. e.g.:shivaji’sescapefromDelhi–valour.

o TheatreformslikeTamasha,Nautanki,Yakshaganaetc.,haselementsof Humourwhich is invoked throughHasya, Bibhatsya and adbutharasas. e.g.: Narration of Akbar-Birbal stories or tenali ramakrishnastories.

• Martial arts: like Kalaripayattu, Gatka, Silambam show the dedication,concentration, valor, anger through navrasa expressions in the acts of theperformer.

Further, the tempo, pitch and rhythmof themusic in thebackground is varied tomatchthesituationandinvokecorrespondingemotions.Note:Youcanincludeexamplesfrompuppetryalso.TheNavrasasgivealltheperformingartsacompletenessthatallowstheperformerandtherasikas (audience)toexperiencethefullbeautyandmeaningoftheentireact.Ithelpsinconveyingthemessageoftheentireactthoughself-realizationamongtheaudiencebyfeelingtheemotionsofthecharacter.4. Examine the factors that led to the annexation of Punjab into the East IndiaCompany’sempireinIndia.The state of Punjab was consolidated under Maharaja Ranjit singh in late 18thcentury. Through Treaty of Amritsar and Tripartite treaty, he avoided the directconfrontationwithBritish.However,hisdeathin1839openedupopportunitiesforBritishtomeddleintointernalpoliticsofPunjabwhichlaterledtoitsannexationin1849.FollowingfactorswereresponsibleforannexationofPunjabbytheBritish:

• Policy of Ring Fencing:British viewedPunjab alongwithAfghan states asbuffer statesagainst aggressionofRussia/Franceandwerealways lookingforopportunitytotakecontrolofthestate.

• SuccessorofRanjithSingh:Kharakhsingh,theonlylegitimatesonofRanjithSinghwasinefficientwhichledtoformationoffactionsincourt.

• Deathofsuccessivekingswithinashortperiodoftimeledtoanarchyandchaos - with plans and counter plans of various groups to capture thethrone.ThisprovidedtheBritishanopportunitytoalignwiththegroupoftheirinterest.

• Weakeningofarmy:Army,whichwasthepillarofRanjithSingh’srulewas



farweaker.● RanjitSingh’sablegenerals—MohkamChand,DewanChand,Hari

SinghNalwa,andRamDayal—werealreadydead.● Discontentwasgrowingamongthetroopsasaresultofirregularity

ofpayment● Appointmentofunworthyofficersledtoindisciplineandcorruption

• Policy of friendship: permitted the British troops to pass through theterritory of Punjab. These marches resulted in commotion (state ofconfusion)andeconomicdislocation(Economicshocks)inPunjab.

• First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46): It was started due to action of the SikharmycrossingtheRiverSutlej.Itwasseenasanaggressivemanoeuvrethatprovided the English with the excuse to declare war. This made PunjabsubmissivetotheBritish

• TheTreatiesofLahoreandBhairowalsignedafterthefirstanglo-sikhwarhadhumiliatingprovisions.Alongwiththis,theinhumantreatmentofRaniJindanwhowassenttoBenaresasapensioner,addedtotheresentmentoftheSikhs.

• Nationalism:TherebellionofMulrajandlaterSherSinghwhojoinedhimtofightforanindependentSikhstate

• Policy of annexation: followed especially by Dalhousie who looking for areasontoannexmoreterritory.

All these finally led to Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) which finally led tocompleteannexationofPunjabin1849.5. The slogan “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” summed up the goals of the FrenchRevolution.Elucidate.Thethree idealsof freedom,equalityandbrotherhoodwerethefoundationofthe'newFrance'thattherevolutionariessought,originallyintendedtouniteandinspirerevolutionaries.Liberty:

• TheDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenof 1789 definedliberty. Itconsistsofbeingabletodoanythingthatdoesnotharmothers.Thus, the exercise of the natural rights of every man or woman has nobounds other than those that guarantee other members of society theenjoymentofthesesamerights.

• There was no liberty to start new profession or entrepreneurship in pre-revolution France without the permission of state. Even one could notincreasetheproductiononitsown.

• Astherewasnoscopeforinnovation,therewasnoindustrialrevolutionandstagnationofagriculturalwhichleadtostagnationineconomy.



Equality:

• Equalitywas defined by the 1789Declaration in terms of judicial equalityandmerit-based entry to government. The lawmust be the same for all,whetheritprotectsorpunishes.Allcitizens,beingequalinitseyes,shallbeequally eligible to all high offices, public positions and employments,according to their ability, andwithout other distinction than that of theirvirtuesandtalents

• In pre-revolution France, there was system lettre de cachet by which asubject was imprisoned withouttrialand without an opportunity ofdefense.Itwasprominentsymboloftheabuses.Religiousclergywashighlycorruptandordinarypeoplecouldnotbecomepartofhigherclergy.Burdenoftaxwascarriedonlybycommoners.Littleover1%populationofnoblesandclergyowned35%ofresourcesandpaidnotaxes.

Fraternity:

• Fraternitywasaboutmoralobligationsratherthanrights, linksratherthanstatutes, harmony rather thancontract, and community rather thanindividuality.

• DuringthetimesofLouisesixteen,economicconditionofFranceworsened,afterthestartofrevolutionkingtriedtofleeandjoincoalitionofEuropeannationagainstrevolutionwhichhelpedFrenchmantoresorttofraternity.

• ReignofterrorofRobespierrecametoanendduetoviolationoffraternityvalueinhisruleandestablishedpeace.

Thesloganof ‘Liberty,Equality,Fraternity’destroyedthe ‘ancienregime’ inFranceand French revolution marked as beginning of the end for despotic regimes. IthelpedtospreadideologyofliberalisminEuropeandacrosscontinents.6.Inthecontextofinterwarperiodwhatdoyouunderstandby‘isolationism’and‘appeasement’?Whateffectdidtheyhaveeventually?Analyse.Interwarperiod referred as periodbetweenendof 1stworldwar inNov, 1918 toSep,1939,startof2ndworldwar.IsolationismandAppeasementareforeignpolicymeasures adopted by western democratic nations to revive their own economy,integrateresources,respectpublicopinionandavoidconflictafterWorldWar1.1.Isolationism:



Isolationism isacategoryof foreignpolicies institutionalizedby leaderswhoassertthatnation’sbestinterestsarebestservedbykeepingtheaffairsofothercountriesat a distance. One possiblemotivation for limiting international involvement is toavoidbeingdrawnintodangerousandotherwiseundesirableconflicts.United States towards the end of 1st world war seemed quite interested ininternational affairs so, President Woodrow Wilson came up with liberal moralprincipleof14pointsandhewasleadingarchitectofLeagueofNations.WoodrowWilson participated in Paris peace conference but French Prime ministerClemenceau and Britain side lined 14 points to follow revengeful and hawkishpolicies.Eventually,USneverjoinedLeagueofNationsasUSsenatevotedagainstLeagueofNations.ItindicatedthepolicyofisolationismbyUnitedStates.IthelpedtoincreasetheeconomicgrowthofUnitedStatesasdirectionof cargo traffic shifted towardsEuropeasopposedtoearlier.ManyEuropeannationsalsofollowedtheprotectionistpoliciestoavoidcurrencycrisiswaskindofisolationismforbriefperiod.

2.Appeasement:

Appeasementreferstoanapproachinwhichtheillegitimatedemandsofagroupornationareacceptedandillegitimateactionsareneglectedjusttomaintainpeacebysatisfyingtheirpower.

ThepolicyofAppeasementwasadoptedbywesterndemocraticnations,likeBritaininparticularandFranceingeneralbetween1922to1938towardsGermanyandotherfascistforces.BritainfollowedappeasementpolicyasitconsideredtheinitialactionsofHitlerarequitegenuinetoreviveprideafterhumiliationinParispeaceconference.GermanywasbigmarketforBritishgoodsandfearofcommunism’sspreadinWesternEuropemaintainedappeasement.ItwasreflectedinYoungPlantoreducethetotalwarindemnitypaidbyGermany,ManchuriainvasionofJapanandattackofMussolinionEthiopia.(Youcanmentionotherexamplesalso)EffectofpoliciesofIsolationismandAppeasement:

1. IsolationismcouldnotsaveUSfromthecomingGreatdepressionduetospillovereffectoffailedofEuropeaneconomies.

2. Despiteofnon-participationinLeagueofNationsUnitedStatesplayedcriticalroleunderDawesplanandlaterYoungplaninEuropeandiplomacy.

3. Policy of Appeasement allowed Hitler to destroy system created bypeacemakersofParisconferenceandLeagueofNations.

4. It convinced Hitler thatwestern democratic nations neither have intentionnorcapacitytostandinfrontofGermanyandHebecamemoreemboldened.



It was very clear at the time of Paris Peace conference that peace talk is justarmisticefortwentyyears.Policyof IsolationismandAppeasementwastemporarymeasurestodelaythehavocof2ndWorldWar.7. Consider the following statement published in a major journal in the US-“Perhaps itwas inevitablethatthebombwouldultimatelybeemployedtobringJapantothepointofsurrender.Buttherewasnomilitaryadvantageinhurlingthebomb upon Japan without warning. The least we might have done was toannounce to our foe that we possessed the atomic bomb; that its destructivepowerwasbeyondanythingknown inwarfare.”How fardoyouagreewith thisassessment?Comment.A Utility of atomic bomb could be unquestionable in application to force Japan tosurrender.Itwasthebestdeterrentdevelopedtoavoidorstopwarwithoutactuallyusingit.Argumentofnomilitaryadvantage inhurlingbombuponJapanwithoutwarning isbasedonthefactsthat

• Whenatomicbombwasused,Japanesenavywasalreadysunkandmerchantnavy was handicapped by allied submarine attacks as well as Japanese airforcewasalreadydestroyed.

• ItwasbelievedthatJapanesesurrenderwasonlyamatteroftimeduetothesurrenderordefeatofitsalliesandJapanonlywantedanhonorablepacttoendthewar.

However,• TogetherwiththeBritishEmpireandChina,theUnitedStatescalledforthe

unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the PotsdamDeclarationonJuly26,1945coupleofdaysbeforenuclearattackandwarnedthealternativebeing "promptandutterdestruction".This couldhavebeenindirect signal to Japanese government. But the Japanese Supreme councilforDirectionoftheWardidnotpayheedtothewarning.

• Even after 1st attack onHiroshimaon 6th august, President Truman calledagain for Japan’s surrender. But it did not happen until the 2nd attack onNagasakion9thaugust,1945.

• Along with above reasons, US wanted to avoid role of Soviet Union inoccupationofJapan,hencesecondattackcamewithoutmuchtimetothinkaboutsurrenderforJapaneseasSovietUnionattackedJapaneseterritoryinManchuria immediately after Hiroshima attack. It gave diplomatic edge forUS.

Theargumentabout informingJapanaboutpossessionoftheatomicbomband itsdestructive power was based on the belief that it could have nudged Japaneseleadershiptosurrender.



• AsJapanwasscientificallyprogressivestateandindustrializedonecouldhaveimagined the impact of nuclear destruction or it could have forcedgovernmentofJapanthroughpressureofpublicopinion.

• Japan could have resorted to pragmatism as its allies were alreadysurrendered.

This argument seemed somehow impossible before actual attack due to vow ofJapaneseleadershipandpeopleforfightuntildeath.Prior information couldhave led to surrenderof Japanbasedon impactof atomicbombandhumanitariancrisisdevelopedaftermath.Even after considering all the arguments, US action remain morally indefensiblebecause Japan became ground for testing of newly developed mass destructionweapon. It is evident that in choice of cities which are less affected by earlierbombingandgavechancetoUSformeasurementofdestructionbyatomicbomb.8.IsitfairtoconcludethatthelackofentrepreneurialskillsamongstIndiansledtoIndia’sunderdevelopmentundertheBritish?Criticallyanalyze.It is often argued that underdevelopment of India is attributed to the inadequateentrepreneurialskillsamongIndiansespeciallyseenattheendofMughalrule.LackofentrepreneurialskillsamongIndians:

● Unimaginative private enterprise: Indians were reluctant to enter theindustrial fieldbecauseofthecomparativeeaseandsecurescopeforprofitwhichexistedintradingandmoneylending.

● Theywere also influenced by their trading background viz., high price andhighprofitmarginratherthanlowpricesandlargersales.

● Risk taking appetite: was less and they settled for risk free sales than onproduction.

● Indian Entrepreneurs lacked proper training and education to establishgloballycompetitiveindustries.

● Scaleofproductionwassmall.Theproductionofgoodsandserviceswereforself-sustenancewithoutmuchemphasisforexports.

● Divisionoflabourwasbasedoncasteratherthanonmerit-underminingtheskilldevelopment. i.e.,theywereinfluencedbynepotismratherthanabilityintheirchoiceofpersonnel.

● Marketbasewas limitedandentrepreneurs includingartisans, Industrialistsdid little to expand their area of operation. E.g. Fall of Mughals led tounemploymentofartisans.

● Technology adoption was small and slow led to incompetence of Indianproducts vis a vis western Industrial product. E.g. Hand-woven clothes vsclotheswovenbyspinningwheel.



However,thepoliciesofBritishweremoreinfluentialinunderdevelopmentofIndiathanthe lackofentrepreneurialskillsamong Indians. IndianswereentrepreneurialfromtheearlycenturieswhichcouldbeseeninBritishtimeaswell:

● Competitiveness: Themuslin of Dacca, the calicos of Bengal, the sarees ofBanarasandothercottonfabricswerefamousinEuropeandothercountries.If not for predative tariff rates of British, theymaintained competitivenessagainstindustriallyproducedproductsofthewest.

● Skills:Artistically,Indianspossessedhighskills.AsT.N.Mukherjeeremarked:"Apieceofmuslin20yards longandoneyardwidecouldbemadetopassthrougha finger ringand required sixmonths tomanufacture”whichwereverypopularinEurope.

● Indiawasalsoquitewell-known forherartistic industries likemarble-work,stone-carving,jewelry,brass,copperandbell-metalwares,woodcarving,etc

● EntrepreneurialIndustries:○ Indiawasalsoquitewell-knownforherartisticindustrieslikemarble-

work, stone-carving, jewelry, brass, copper and bell-metal wares,woodcarving,etc.

○ The cast-iron pillar near Delhi is a testament to the high level ofmetallurgythatexistedinIndia.

● Late19thandearly20thcenturiessawinvestmentfromIndianindustrialists○ JamshetjiTata:Tatasteellimited○ VOChidambaramPillai:Steamnavigationcompany○ Dr.NilratnaSarkar:BengalChemicalandpharmaceuticalworks○ Lala Harikrishnan Lal: Bharat insurance, Lahore electric supply

companylimitedBritishpoliciesthatledtounderdevelopment:

● Annexation policies: leading to disappearance of Princely Courts and thepatronagetherebyenjoyed.

● Tariff policy: Duty free import of British products and high tariff fordomesticallyproducedproducts.

● Statesupport toBritishenterpriseand investors -Systematicdestructionofindustries.e.g.alawwaspassedunderwhichIndianbuiltshipswererefusedtobeconsidered‘British-registeredvessels’whichcouldtradewithAmericaandtheEuropeancontinent.So, thedeclineof the Indianshipping industrywasensured.

● Capital:IndianentrepreneursfaceddisincentiveagainstBritishinvestorswhoweregivenfavourabletaxincentives.

● Skills:Intheabsenceofcarefulnurturingoftechnicaleducation,theindustrylackedsufficienttechnicalmanpower.

Inthebook‘privateinvestmentinIndia’,KumarBagchiobservedthattherewasnoshortage of entrepreneurship among Indians. There was a willingness to commitcapitalaswellastoventureintoriskyindustrialenterprise.However,thepoliciesof



BritishweresystematicallydesignedtoundermineIndianentrepreneurship.ThisledtounderdevelopmentofIndia.9. Indiannationalistmovementwas a popularmovement of various classes, notexclusivelycontrolledbythebourgeoisie.Doyouagree?Criticallycomment.The IndianNationalMovementwasanorganizedmassmovement concernedwiththe interests of the people of India and affected by both internal and externalfactors.ItwasaresultofseriesofPolitical,Socio-culturalandEconomicfactorsthatledtotheriseofnationalism.Thoughitseems-atthebeginning,themovementwasconfined to bourgeoisie - it was more a popular movement which saw theparticipationfromvariousclasses.

Initialmovementcontrolledbybourgeoisie:

• Theearlypoliticalassociations likeBangabashaprakashikasabha,Zamindariassociation, East India association, India league etc.were formed by upperclassesorzamindarswithlimitedvoiceofmasses.

• Moderatephasehadnarrowsocialbaseandmassesplayedlimitedrole.• TheformationofcongressitselfinvolvedrichandeducatedIndiansaswellas

EnglishleaderslikeAOHume.• Even the congress gave less emphasis on issues related to religion and

traditionswhichunderminedtheclassofDalits,womenetc.whoplayedlittleroleinearlyphasesofnationalmovement.

• TheleaderslikeDadabhaiNaoroji,PherozshahMehta,BipinChandrapaletc.werefromRichclasswhowereapartofstruggleapartfromtheregularlifeofbourgeoisie.

• Mostofthe issuesthatweretakenupespecially intheearlyphaseshelpedmostly the educated and middle-class Indians. e.g. the protest againstloweringtheageforICSexamination,educationpoliciesetc.,

However, it would be wrong to say Indian national movement was exclusivelycontrolledbythebourgeoisie.Popularmovementofvariousclasses:

• Inclusion of Rural masses: especially after the entry of Gandhiji - wereinstrumental invariousstruggles likeKhedasatyagraha, salt satyagrahaandsoon.



• Youth: They boycotted schools and colleges. Their participation increasedduring the extremist phase and reached its peak during the quit Indiamovement.

• EducatedWorkingclass:likethelawyers,teachers,governmentclerksandsoonquittheirjobsinsupportofIndiannationalstruggle.

• Capitalist class: including leaders likeVOChidambaramPillai, JRDTataetc.helpedinSwadeshimovementandIndianindustrialdevelopment.

• Women’s participation was seen in late extremist phase and they wereinstrumental in successes of Civil disobedience movement. This includesGandhian protesters like Sarojini Naidu as well as revolutionaries like BinaDas,PritilataWaddedarandothers.

• Revolutionary class: Individuals likeChandrashekharAzad, SachinSanyal aswellasrevolutionarygroupslikeAnushilansamiti,AnubhavBharatusedtheroute of violence to instill fear amongst British officials and tried tooverthrowtheregimebyforce.

• Lower classes struggled for equal socio – political status e.g. Vaikomsatyagraha,avarippurammovementetc.

• Tribals:stoodagainsttheexploitativepoliciesofBritish.• Socialist class: Including Bhagat Singh, J.Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose and

othersraisedtheirvoiceagainsttheexploitativepoliciesofBritish.Itcanbeconcludedthateventhoughthenationalistmovementwasstartedbytheestablishedbourgeoisie class, it becamesuccessfulwhen itbecamemore inclusiveandapanIndiamovement. 10.MahatmaGandhiofferedacivilizationalconceptof Indiannation.Whatwerethe essential features of this ideology? How did it differ from the foundationalprinciplesofWesternliberalpoliticalsystem?Examine. Civilizationisasubjectofcontinuousdevelopmentandthisdevelopmentisastateofmind.Sabhyathaasitiscalledhastobedevelopedandevolvedthroughassimilationofidealandyetbasicwayofliving.GandhijihasofferedaconceptofcivilisedIndiabeyondjustafreeIndiannationinhisbookHindswaraj.EssentialFeatures:

● Ahimsa (NonViolence):He regarded it as eternal and natural, but also thefirstandessentialfundamentalofacivilization.Hemadestatementslike

○ “Forprogress,humanitymustpaceforwardtowardsnon-violence”○ “Manhasmadeconstantdevelopmenttowardsahimsa”

Even the struggle and protest against the establishment should be a non-violentsatyagraha.



● Morality in every action - public or private – It is the very essence ofcivilization which separates us from barbarism. The concept of Ram Rajyawhereeveryhumanbeingisrespectedandeveryhumanactionismoral.

● Freedomasanimportantconditiontoliveameaningfullife.● Swarajya: It is a statewhereaman is self-controlled than State controlled.

Everyhumanbeingismovedbyreasonandconscience.● Cleanliness: in heart as well as the physical surroundings. For Instance,

Gandhiji asked Hindus to do penance for the atrocities committed againstDalits.

● Social Service: Concepts of Sarvodaya and Antyodaya. It refers to theempowermentofweakersectionsandmaintainingequitabledistributionofresources.Itisthedutyofacivilizedman,societytoendinequalityandworkfortheupliftmentofthedowntrodden.

DifferingfromthefoundationalprinciplesofWesternliberalpoliticalsystem

● Regulation inwest is doneby laws, rules and regulationswhereasGandhijiemphasizedonself-regulation.

● Process-based liberty and equality in the west as against Gandhiji whoadvocatedthosetobebasedonmoralityandconscience.

● Idea of Secularism: Separation of religion from state affairs in the west -whichwasseenasimpossiblebyGandhiwhosaidReligionisinherentinthepoliticalsystem.

● Distribution of Power: While the west believed in division of power,Gandhian philosophy advocated complete decentralization- concept ofswaraj.

● Gandhiji criticizedwest for itsmaterialistic interest and advocated spirituallifebasedonself-sustenanceasacivilizationalconcept.

● WestwasbasedoncapitalistprinciplewhichcreatesinequalityaccordingtoGandhijiwhoemphasizedproactivestateroleinSarvodaya.

● West -which supportedmechanization, adoption of latest technology etc.,was opposed by Gandhiji as it would result in unemployment,impoverishment of poor. (It is to be noted thatMahatma Gandhi was notopposedtoallkindoftechnology.Hewasonlyagainstthattechnologythatresultedinunemployment.)

● Means vs ends: While western ideology even supported utilitarianism(sacrificing individual liberty for the greater good), Gandhiji always viewedmeans as important as ends. e.g. Gandhiji opposed sedition law, officialsecretsacteveninthenameofNationalsecurity.

● Violencewhich canbeusedasameans toestablishpeace (Worldwars) asper thewestern ideology is out rightly rejectedbyGandhijiwho advocatesAhimsaasuniversalteleologicalprinciple.

MahatmaGandhiinhisideaofcivilisationgaveanidealUtopianstate.Eventhoughitisarguedthatalltheseideasarenotpracticalenoughincurrentsociety,thisbeliefisbasedontheinabilityofmantobehavehonestlyandmorally.HenceifindividualsdecidetofollowtheGandhianpath,anidealcivilisationcanbeachieved.



11.TherehasalwaysbeenadebatewhetherfreedomwasseizedbytheIndiansorpower was transferred voluntarily by the British as an act of positivestatesmanship.Whatareyourviewsonthisdebate?Substantiate.Britishdecision toquitwaspartly basedon thenon - governability of India in the1940s is beyond doubt. It is difficult to argue that there was consistent policy ofdevolutionofpower,whichcameto its logicalculmination inAugust1947throughthegrantingofindependencetoIndia.Body:Colonial historiography always believed that Britain will devolve power to Indiansubjects but Indians are not politically mature enough for self-government until1947.To substantiate their view, they give evidence of 1917Montague declaration thatgradual development of self-governing Institutions with a view to the progressiverealizationofresponsiblegovernmentsinIndiaremainedobjectiveofBritishruleinIndia.Constitutionalreformsaftercertainintervaloftimewereagainpartofultimateaimofself-governmenttoIndia.However,itisunlikelythatBritishleftIndiavoluntarilyin1947inpursuanceofwell-designedpolicyofdecolonizationorthatfreedomwasgifttotheIndians.

• Constitutionalarrangementsof1919and1935weremeanttosecureBritishhegemonyovertheIndianempirethroughconsolidationofcontroloverthecentral government rather than to make Indians masters of their ownaffairs.

• Even in1950sBritish foreignofficeandcolonialofficewerecontemplatingwaysandmeansofprotectingeconomicandstrategicinterestsinAsiaandAfricaagainst therecentupsurgeofnationalism.Theyevenacknowledgedthat it is impossible to reverse the constitutional advancement in view oftherisingtideofthepoliticalresistance.

• DuringWorldWar two, India was considered as most strategic point fordefenseofempireand touse Indian resources, stronggripover Indiawasnecessary.PMChurchillwasagainst thegrantofself-governmentto India.HeevenwentouttosaythathedidnotbecomehisMajesty’sChiefMinistertopresideoverliquidationofBritishEmpire.

• Signing of Atlantic charter was symbolic under the pressure of Americanpopulation which acknowledged the right to self-determination for allpeopleoftheworld.ChurchillneverwantedCrippsmissiontosucceedasheresortedtonarrowinterpretation.

• Patternofpost-wardecolonizationwasprofoundlyinfluencedbythecourse



and impact of the war. Quit India movement and its brutal repressionrupturedtherelationshipbetweentheRajandtheCongressanddestroyedwhatevergoodwilltheformermighthavehadamongthemajorityofIndianpopulation.

• TheBengal famine and thewartime food scarcity in other regions furtherdamagedthemoralfoundationsoftheRaj.

• Anti-imperialist sentiments, generated by the very struggle against NaziGermany and enshrined in the United Nations Charter and its stricttrusteeshiprules,madeempiremorallyindefensible.

• After the war, Britain's debt to India started piling up, so that by 1946Britainowed Indiamore than£1,300million, almostone-fifthofBritain'sGNP. India had now certainly become less manageable as a colonyhenceforth it could only be kept under control at a heavy cost, bothfinancial and military. Financial situation arose because of the increasingnationalist pressure for more resources and budgetary allocation for thedevelopmentofIndia.

• OpentrialsofINAprisonerledtopoliticallyunitedmarchagainsttheBritishrule.RoyalIndiannavymutinyraisedthethreatofimperialdefense.BritainrealizedwidespreadmutinyinarmedforcescouldleadtoanarchyinIndia.

• Increasedcommunalviolenceafter1946speeduptheprocessoftransferofpower asBritainwanted tomaintain its diplomatic prestigewithpeacefultransferofpower.

Britain's interest in India could now best be safeguarded by treating it as anindependent nation, through informal rather than formal control. Britain realizedthatcontinuationofpower isnotpossiblewithout repressionandwhich isagainstthe British public opinion. To save political power in home and to save face inInternationalplatformbycompulsionBritaingrantfreedomtoIndia.12.What rural development really needed post-independencewas land reform.Comment.Whatmeasuresweretakenbythegovernmentonthisfront?Weretheysuccessful?Criticallyexamine.Landreformswerenecessarytoensurethatthefruitsofindependencecouldreachthecommonsectionofpopulation,as landwasbasicmeanfor livingthen.Politicalindependencewasmeaninglessintheabsenceofsocio-economicindependence.NeedofLandreform:

• TheywerecountermeasureagainstthecoloniallegacybywhichmillionsofIndian peasantswere impoverished resulted into concentration of land infewhands.Forequitabledistributionofland,reformswerenecessary.

• Levelof industrializationwasquite low,Agriculturewas themain stakeof



Indianeconomyand tomakeagriculturalactivityprofitable, changeswererequiredintheagriculturalsystemofIndia.

• Socialistideologyofindependentleadersfavouredequitabledistributionofmeansofproduction.Empowermentofpeasantrywastheimportantsloganof national movement; to fulfill the promise made to peasantry landreformswerecrucial.

• More than 85% population used to live in rural India in 1950s andagriculturewas the centre for direct and indirect economic activity henceforruraldevelopmentlandreformsbecamenecessary.

The process of land reform after independence basically occurred in two broadphases.Thefirstphasestartedsoonafterindependenceandarguablycontinuedtilltheearly1960s.Thisphasehasalsobeencalledthephaseofinstitutionalreforms.Itfocusedonthefollowingfeatures:

• Abolitionofintermediaries—zamindars,jagirdars,etc.• Tenancy reforms involving providing security of tenure to the tenants,

decreaseinrentsandconfermentofownershiprightstotenants.• Ceilingsonsizeoflandholdings.• Consolidationofland.• Cooperativizationandcommunitydevelopmentprogrammes.

Thesecondphasebeginningaroundthemidorlate1960ssawthegradualusheringinoftheso-calledGreenRevolutionandhasbeenseenasthephaseoftechnologicalreforms.SuccessofLandreforms:

• As result of the abolition of intermediaries, about 2 crore tenants areestimated to have come into direct contact with the State making themownersof land.More landshavebeenbrought togovernmentpossessionfordistributiontolandlessfarmers.

• Aspertenancyreforms,tenantscannotbeevictedwithoutanyreason.Theycanbeevictedonly inaccordancewith the laws. Landcanbe resumedbythe landlordonly on the groundof personal cultivation. But the land-lordcanresumethelandonlyuptoamaximumlimit.Thelandlordshouldleavesome area to the tenant for his own cultivation. The tenant in no caseshouldbemadelandless.

• About40lakhtenantshavealreadyacquiredownershiprightsover37lakhhectaresofland.Theyhavebecomebetter-offeconomicallyandsocially.

However, the success of land reform measures taken by the government atvariouslevelswasquiteskewed.• Largeholders,articulateandcapable,organizedpressureindefenseoftheir

interests and the small cultivators and the landless were not only



unorganizedbutinmostcases,ignorantoflegalandconstitutionalprocess;theformerwereveryoftensuccessfulingettingthelandreformsmodifiedorevennullifiedbothatthestageoflegislationaswellasimplementation

• TheLandreformlawsenactedbyvariousstategovernmentsdifferedquitesignificantly. In statesofAndhraPradesh, limitof Landceilingwassohighthat most of the land owners remained unaffected. The concept of landceilingwasappliedtoonlylandundercultivation.Thelandunderthetreeswasnottakenintoconsideration.

• Thebigpeasantsresortedtobenamitransactions;thelandwastransferredinto the names of various family members, relatives or even servants toescapetheimpositionoflandceiling.

• Landbeingthestatesubjecttiedthehandsofthecentralgovernmentandstate government could not show the necessary political commitment toimplementlandreforminitiativesinletterandspirit.

India witnessed the unique phenomenon of wide-ranging land reforms beingimplementedwithinamoderndemocraticstructurewithoutanyviolenceoruseofauthoritarianforce.Butthelackofthoroughimplementationbecamereasonbehindsocialcrisisofeventodayinmarginalizationoffarmersandlandlesscommunities.13.TheexcessivecentralisationofpowerbyIndiraGandhiwasresponsiblefortherise of the regional political parties between 1977 and 1984. Do you agree?Criticallyanalyse. ThephenomenonofregionalpoliticalpartieswasnotnewtoIndiabefore1977,butthe authoritarian policies of Indira Gandhi as PrimeMinister and within Congressparty as leader fuelled growth. There is large number of reasons behind rise ofregionalpoliticalpartiesincountrylikeIndiawherehugediversityprevails.

• Regionalpartiesarethosewhichgenerallyandexclusivelyoperatewithinalimited geographical area or which represent the interests of particularlinguistic, religious, ethnic of cultural groups whose population may beconcentrated in an area as small as a single assembly constituency or aslargeasanentirestateoraregion.

• Removal of state governments of opposition parties, abuse of president’srule,centralagenciesandtheexcessesofemergencyperiod,constitutionalamendmentsto increasethepowerofparliamentaresomeofthepolicieswithtiltofcentralization.

• Indian political system has a federal structure with a unitary spirit. TheUnion enjoys a predominant role in the Indian federalism. As a reactionagainst the spirit of centralism or Unitarianism evident in the policies ofIndiraGandhiseveralregionalpartieshavecomeintoexistenceinIndia.Eg.



TeluguDesam,AIADMK,AsomGanaParishadandsomeothers.• In 1977, the Akali Dal andDMKwere partners in the Janata government.

Thiswas the first time that regional parties shared power at the nationallevel.

• FormerPMIndiraGandhiwasalsosaidtohaveunabletokeepcontactwithan organizationwhich gradually decayed, especially at the local and statelevels became reason for formation of regional political parties. Eg.CongressforDemocracy,INC(Ur),INC(socialist).

However,Policiesof IndiraGandhiwerenot theonly reasonbehindemergenceofregionalpoliticalparties.Someotherfactorswere–

• Cultural Pluralism: Emergence of several regional political parties in Indiahas been a natural development because of the presence of socio-economic,religiousandculturalpluralism.

• Religiousfactors:TheexistenceofseveralreligionswithinIndiahashelpedthe emergence of several regional parties like the Akali Dal of Punjab ismainlyareligiouspartywhichstandsforthepreservationandpromotionofSikhreligionandPunjablanguage.

• Theemergenceof regional economic imbalances in Indiahasalsobeenafactor intheemergenceofregionalparties.Several regionsof thecountryhaveregisteredarelativelyhighlevelofeconomicdevelopmentwhilemanyotherscontinuetolagbehind.

• Splits resulting from the emergence of sizeable dissident local groups inseveral national political parties have also been responsible for theemergence of some regional political parties. Eg. Janata Dal, Janata DalSecular, JanataDal (United),AIADMKetc. as regionalparties in the IndianPoliticalSystemcanbeexplainedintermsofthisfactor.

Personality cult politics, caste factors, developing nature of Indian political partysystem are some of the reasons behind rise of regional parties in India. Anti-Centralism isgettingreplacedbyCentre-Statecooperative-bargainingfederation. ItappearstobeahealthydevelopmentinIndianpolitics.14.Examine the factorsbehind the rising trendofnationalism inSouthwestAsiaafterWorldWarI.Howdidrisingnationalismaffectthisregion?Explain.In theopeningdecadeof20thcenturyspiritofnationalismbecamevisible inArabworld,basedonlinguistic,culturalandethnicidentity.Arabnationalismwasuniqueinnatureasitsimultaneouslybelievedintheideaofpan-ArabunityandautonomytoeveryArabstatewithinit.



RisingtrendofnationalismafterWorldWarI:

1. SuspicionandBetrayal:AllArabgenerals,theSheiksandSheriffs joinedhands with the British on the promise in return to support theirindependence but Britain backtracked on its promise created sense ofdisillusionduetoSykes-PicotagreementbetweenBritainandFranceandBalfourdeclarationforcreationofJewishhomeland.

2. After fragmentation of Ottoman Empire by peace makers after WorldWar I, rise of protectorate stateswith real power residing in protectorstrengthenednationalisminthesouthwestregionofAsia.

3. World war created awareness amongst the masses of southwest Asiaabouttheirrightofselfgovernment.PeoplestartedseeingBritishplansintheregionwithsuspicion.

4. The European contact and the spread of education: Christianmissionaries, who introduced the western education to spread theirreligionandexploittheArabs,ledtoArabNationalism.

5. Revivalof thepastglory:ThespreadofArabicclassic literatureandtheknowledge about their past contribution to science and MathematicsarousedthesenseofprideamongallArabsandgeneratedthefeelingofnationalismamongthem.

6. Emergence of Religious Reform movements: Wahhabi movementreceivedthesupportofMuhammadIbnSa’udandgotspreadingspeedilythroughout the Arabian Peninsula. Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud unified all theterritorieswhichheconqueredandcalleditSaudiArabia.Thus,thisledallArabs to be into one nation means these developments helped todevelopArabnationalism.

Rising nationalism after World War one resulted into the rise of feeling of anti-Zionism, pan-Arabismanddecolonization as response to thepolicies of Europeanpowers.A number of Arab revolts against the European powers took place following theestablishment of the British and French mandates. Resentment of British ruleculminatedintheIraqirevoltof1920.In 1925, the Druze of southern Syria revolted against French rule. The revoltsubsequently spread throughoutSyria.The revoltwasputdownby theendof theyear,but it iscreditedwithforcingtheFrenchtotakemorestepstoensureSyrianindependence.In 1931, convention of a pan-Islamic conference in Jerusalem organized whichhighlighteddemandoftotal independencewithinonesingleunit,pan-Arabismandoppositiontocolonization.TheArabIndependencePartywasformedbyPalestinianandIraqiactivists.MostoftheAIP'sactivitieswerecentred inthePalestinianpolitical field,butthepartyalsoworkedtowardsachievingArabunityandsolidarityasameanstostrengthenArabresistanceagainsttheBritishMandateinPalestine.InAugust1933,theLeagueofNationalistAction(LNA)wasfounded inLebanonbyWestern-educated professional civil service groups with the aims of creating a



common Arab market and industrial base as well as the abolishment of customsbarriersbetweentheArabcountries.Britain had economic interest the resources of southwest Asia due to new foundgoldofoilalongwiththestrategicimportanceoftheregionforthedefenseofIndia.RiseofprotectoratestateintheregiongaveimpetustonationalismduetorevivalofpastgloryofArabcivilizationandrealizationofEuropeanmotivesintheregion.

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