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(UNGS 2040)
STANDARD CONTENTS Department of General Studies, 2008
ISLAM: KNOWLEDGE ANDCIVILIZATION
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Definition of Knowledge
2
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3
The arrival (Husul: ) in the soul of the meaning ofa thing or an object of knowledge and the arrival
(wusul: (of the soul at the meaning of a thing or
object of knowledge
(al-Jurjani:160-161)
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.cont.,
4
Realization of the meanings of
things (Al-Ghazzali)
Realization of something in its
true nature through different levels
of understanding and in agreement
with the facts or true to nature.
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cont.,
5
To know, to understand, toperceive, to be familiar andacquainted with things.
A firm belief that accords with thereality of things ( )(47: 19(.
- Theology ( ), Principles ofJurisprudence( ) etc.
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Opposite of
6
: Conjecture
Uncertainty
Not supported with decisive proofsIt might accord with the reality and
it might not
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: doubt
: ignorance
: foolishness
: misguidance
.cont.,
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Degrees of Certainty
8
:knowledge
Certainty, conviction ( / )
Accords with the reality
Certainty by observation
certainty through knowledge
Certainty through experience
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Importance of Knowledge
9
1. Knowledge is a requirement for the fulfillment ofmans obligations as a khalifah on earth. Allah says:
(30) (31) (32)
(33)
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10
2. The first revelation to theMessenger of Allah is about
seeking knowledge and revealingscientific knowledge:**
**(:1-5)
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Cont.,
11
Read! In the name of the Lord andCherisher, who created- createdman, out of a mere clot ofcongealed blood. Proclaim! Andyour Lord is most Bountiful- Hewho taught the use of the pen,taught man that which he knew not
(96:1-5)[read, teach , pen]
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cont.,
12
3. Islam is a religion based upon knowledge.
4. The text of the Quran is full of versesinviting man to use his intellect, to
ponder, to think and to learn.5.The total number of verses in which ilm orits derivatives and associated words areused is 704.
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6. The main miracle and sign of authenticity of
prophethood of Mohammed ( )was a book of knowledge; The Quran.
cont.,
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cont.,
14
7.The Prophet ( ) made
seeking knowledge obligatory on
Muslims (men and women):
Seeking knowledge is obligatory
on every Muslim.
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cont.,
15
8. Knowledge is the way through which people
can recognize Allah, fear him, and discover the
truth.
(:162)
But those among them who are well-grounded
in knowledge, and the believers, believe inwhat has been revealed to you and what was
revealed before you
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9. Knowledge elevates the status andposition of its bearer and makesdifference between him and
ignorant. (:11)
Allah will raise up, to high ranksthose of you who believe and whohave been granted Knowledge
cont.,
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:(15)
We gave knowledge to David and
Solomon: and they both said: "Praise be
to Allah, Who has favoured us above
many of His subjects who believe!"
cont.,
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19
(10)
(11)()
We bestowed grace on David and Wemade the iron soft for him. Make coats of
mail, balance well the rings of chain armour,
and work righteousness; for be sure I see all
that you do."
cont.,
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(:9)
Say: are those equal, those
who know and those who do
not know?
cont.,
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Purpose of knowledge
Divinely Worldly
To recognize God To benefit man
Pleasure of God
21
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Classification of
Knowledge
Week Two
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Limitations
(a) Absolute (perfect) knowledge:this is the knowledge of God who knows the
reality, essence and details of all things.
(b) Limited knowledge:The knowledge given to His creations;
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angels,prophets,
human beings,jinn,and animals.
cont.,
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..cont.,
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Limited knowledge:
(i) Gifted knowledge:a. Instinctive knowledge (natural): it isimparted in the very nature of thecreation.
b. Revealed/Sacred knowledge: theknowledge that Almighty God revealsto human beings.
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(ii) Acquired Knowledge
Gained through effort by way of reflection,
senses and experience.
(a) Recommended (praiseworthy)
i-Fard ayn ii. Fard kifayah
(b) Prohibited (blameworthy)
-Magic (kindly refer to slides 46-48)
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General
Classification ofKnowledge in Islam
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General classification of
Knowledge in Islam
Limited Knowledge
Acquired KnowledgeGifted Knowledge
Absolute Knowledge
Instinct (ilham)SacredPraiseworthy Blame worthy
By external
influence By itself
Fard AinFard Kifayah
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Al-Ghazzalis Criteria forClassification of sciences :
1. Theoretical and practical
2. Presential and acquired3. Religious and intellectual
4. Individual obligatory and
communal obligatory
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Classification of Knowledge
According to al-Ghazali
Theoretical Practical
30
Intellectual
Fard kifayah(Collective
Obligatory Knowledge)
AttainedPresential
Religious
Fard ayn (Personal
Obligatory Knowledge)
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(philosophers)
:
to know the states of beings as they are
(to realize/ comprehend the reality of beings;celestial & terrestrial)
:
deals with mans actions
To find out what is useful to mankind in thislife as well as in the Hereafter
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.Cont.,
32
2. Presential & acquired (tasawwuf) (the mode ofknowing)
Presential : intuitive, contemplative
spiritual experience - revelation
Acquired : empirical, rational, logical
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.Cont.,
33
Which one is better?Al-Ghazzali:
the presential is superior to the
acquired, It is free from errors & doubt,certainty on spiritual truths
This is true with the revelation and
intuition received by the prophets
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34
The intuitive knowledge
claimed by people other than
prophets may not be taken forgranted unless it is judged in
light of the established
principles of Islam
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.Cont.,
35
3. Religious and intellectual (the source)
Religious (transmitted sciences):
Acquired from revelation/ prophets
1. Roots )Quran, sunnah, consensus(
2. Branches (law and ethics)3. Ancillary sciences (grammar andlexicography)
4. Complementary sciences )Qiraat,
commentary, history)
Intellectual: attained by human intellect alone
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.Cont.,
36
4. Fard Ayn and Fard kifayah(the need for learning)Fard ayn:
What should be learned by eachand every Muslim.
Individual responsibilities Things which cant be done on
behalf of others
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Beliefs, worship, halal and
haram, core moral values, how to
discharge ones responsibilitiestowards others )mans
obligations to family and
society), necessary skills fordaily life.
.Cont.,
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.Cont.,
38
Fard kifayah :- the communitys needs that can be
performed by a sufficient group onbehalf of others.
- collective responsibilities Religious sciences: knowledge that is
not needed for daily practice of Islam.
Intellectual knowledge: all types ofknowledge needed for the welfare ofthe society in this life
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.Cont
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Praiseworthy sciences:
Enhances human well being andthe environment within the
boundaries outlined by shariah
All sciences which are useful,beneficial and satisfy therequirements of science.
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Blameworthy sciences:
A science which does not meet
the requirement of science, or
it is purely or usually harmful.Blameworthy by its nature by
an external factor
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.Cont
41
Magic:
It is defined as seeking the help of demons to
perform something harmful against
somebody or showing something to an
audience, which is contrary to reality. Reasons why magic is prohibited in Islam:
1) It is an act of blasphemy (kufr). Allah says
in the Holy Quran:
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And when there came to them a Messengerfrom Allah confirming what was with them,
a party of those who were given thescripture threw away the book of Allahbehind their backs as if they did not know.And they followed what the devils gave out
falsely of magic of the reign of Solomon; forSolomon did not disbelieve but the devilsdisbelieved, teaching men magic and suchthings that came down at Babylon to the two
angels Harut and Marut, but neither of thesetwo (angles) taught anyone (such.
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things) until they had said: we are only for trial,
so don't disbelieve. And from them (magicians)
people learn that through which they wouldcause separation between a person and his
spouse, but they could not thus harm anyone
except by Allah's leave; and they learn thatwhich harms them rather than profits them. And
indeed they knew that its practitioner would
have no share in the Hereafter. And how badindeed was that for which they sold their own
selves if they but knew. )2:101-102).
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2) According to the following authentic
hadith, magic is a deadly act:
The Prophet )s.a.w( said: Avoid the seven
deadly acts which are: ascribing partners to
God, magic, killing the human self which
Allah prohibited except with right, eating
usury )riba(, devouring the orphans
wealth, defecting from the battle-field
(without a justified reason) and slanderingchaste, unwary believing women.
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45
Magic being harmful and evil act, Allah
has told us to seek His protection againstit:
Say I seek refuge in the in the Lord of
daybreak From the evil of that which hecreated; From the evil of the darkness
when it is intense, and from the evil of
malignant witchcraft, And from the evil ofthe envious when he envies. )Surah al-Falaq)
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Differences between magic and miracles (mujizat)
46
Magic is from devils (see the above Quranic verse:2:101-102)while miracles are from Allah.
On the other hand, miracles are real while magic is
deceptive; it is covering the truth with falsehood).
Because miracles are from Allah, they could only be
performed by Prophets while magic, which is from
devils, can be performed by anyone who associates
himself with the devil.
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Horoscope
Not only magic is prohibited in Islam butalso horoscope or reading ones palm to
foretell the future.
The Holy Quran affirms that no oneknows the future or the unseen except
Allah: He knoweth the Unseen as well as
that which is Open. )6:73( With Him are
the keys of the Unseen, the treasures that
none knoweth but He... )6:59(
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The Holy Quran also asserts that not even
Muhammad knows the unseen:
If I had the knowledge of the unseen, I should
have secured abundance for myself, and no evil
would have touched me. )7:188).
The Prophet )s.a.w( said: Whoever goes to afortune teller (a soothe sayer) or a diviner and
believes him, has, in fact, disbelieved in what hasbeen revealed to Muhammad.
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.Cont..
49
Example: HoroscopeCapricorn: (Dec 23 - Jan 20)
Todays stars encourage you to be morediplomatic and inclusive in your relations withothers
Aquarius: (Jan 21Feb 19)
On the Zodiacs Day of Metamorphosis, youneed to transform ideals into reality, and turndreams into concrete plans. If you work patiently
towards your goals, you can achieve the long-term success you are looking for.
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Cont.,
50
Astrology:
It is the study of the positions and aspects ofcelestial bodies.
Muslims scholars agree that astrology is aprohibited field to deal with. For example,
Imam Ibn Taymiyah said: Astrology that isconcerned with studying the positions andaspects of celestial bodies in the belief that theyhave an influence on the course of naturalearthly occurrences and human affairs is
prohibited by Almighty Allahs Book, theSunnah, and the unanimous agreement of theMuslim scholars.
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Ibn `Uthaymeen, said: Astrology is a kind of
sorcery and fortune-telling. It is forbidden because it
is based on illusions, not on concrete facts. There is
no relation between the movements of celestial
bodies and what takes place on the Earth.
During the Prophets lifetime, it happened that the sun
eclipsed on the same day when the Prophets son
Ibrahim died. The people then thought that it had
eclipsed because of the Prophets sons death. On
knowing this, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon
him) led them in the Eclipse Prayer and then delivered
them a speech saying: The sun and moon are but signsof Allah; they do not eclipse because so-and-so died or
was born.
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The above hadith indicates that the Prophet
(s.a.w) denied all relation between the
movements of the heavenly bodies and events on
the Earth.
Ibn Abbas )may Allah be pleased with him and
his father( reported that Allahs Messenger)s.a.w( said: He who has acquired some
knowledge of astrology has acquired some
knowledge of sorcery; the more he acquires of
the former the more he acquires of the latter.(Reported by Ahmad, Abu Dawud, and IbnMajah)
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Commenting on the above hadith, al-Shawkani said that
the Prophet (s.a.w) compared between astrology and
sorcery because sorcery was known to be forbidden; andso, he who would get some knowledge of astrology would
do something forbidden and would be sinful.
To sum up, astrology is based on lies and deceit; it has no
scientific basis. The astrologists usage of computers toconvince people that what they do is technological and
scientific is nothing but deceit. There is no scientific proof
that there is a relationship between the appearance of a
star in a specific time and the character and behavior ofsomeone born at that time.
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Conclusion
54
Sciences are inter-related, and none of themcan exclude the others.
Humanities, natural sciences, and the religioussciences unite to produce true understanding
of this world and the causes behind itsexistence.
Religious scholars are in need of philosophicaland natural sciences as much as scientists are
in need of the religious sciences.
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Natural and philosophical sciences are to
enable the Muslim to explore, exploit and
get a better insight into what Allah has
created in this universe.
Religious sciences are to guide people tounderstand the reality of this life, their
origins and their mission.
And to set the moral and legal guidelines
that should be observed by human beings fora meaningful and better life.
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Week Three
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1. Revelation ( : )
2. Reason ( )
3. Nature/ physical world ) )
4. Five Senses ( )5. Intuition ( )
The Quran as a Source of
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The Quran as a Source of
Knowledge
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An introduction to the the QuranDefinition
Quran is the Book revealed from
Allah to His Messenger Muhammad(saw) as written in masahifandtransmitted to us from him through an
authentic continuous narration
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Definition analysis:
- Quran is the pure speech of Allah(al-Nisa:42(
- Only the Allahs speech revealed to
Muhammad- It is an exposition of all things (tibyan li
kulli shay(
-As guidance and mercy- Nothing is neglected (al-Nahl:89)
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The Quran is the Arabic words as well
as their meanings (translation is not aQuran(
Transmitted to us by way of
[tawatur] (continuous narration by alarge number of people in each part of
the chain of narration)
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Revelation & Recording of the Quran
a) Revelation of the Quran The Quran was transmitted directly from
Allah (swt) to the Messenger of Allah
through Gibril (not a mere inspiration)
The Quran was not revealed to the
Messenger of Allah all at once.
It was revealed to him in stages and
sometimes in accordance with incidents facedby Muslim community.
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The wisdom behind revealing it by stages
1. To allow people to memorize, understand andimplement it gradually.
(:106(
It is a Quran which we have divided into partsfrom time to time in order that you might recite it
to men at intervals
(17: 106)
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2.To strengthen the heart of the
Messenger of Allah (saw), give himcourage and moral support to
overcome the difficulties and
challenges he was facing. Allah said:
(:32)
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Those who reject faith say:
"Why is not the Quran revealed
to him all at once? It is revealed
in stages so that We maystrengthen your heart thereby,
and We have rehearsed it to you
in slow, well-arranged stages,gradually. (25: 32)
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3. Live interaction between the divine text and
the socio-political reality and daily practice ofthe people.
Some verses came to deal with:
some situations faced by the Messenger of
Allah;
solve problems faced by Muslim community;
respond to the challenges put by disbelievers;
correct the mistakes committed by theMuslim community, etc.
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Those incidents, cases, and
questions are called occasions forrevelation () and they help
those who came later in a better
understanding and implementationof those verses.
The period of revelation lasted for
around 23 years.
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The Recording of the Quran
The Messenger of Allah used tomemorize the verses revealed tohim then recite them for his
companions who used to memorizethem
There were scribes who used to
record the verses after theirrevelation
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The original copies of the written
records were preserved in the house
of the Messenger of Allah.
While some other scribes wouldrecord the verses for themselves and
preserve them for their own use.
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The order of the verses within eachsurah as well as the order of the surahswas directed byJibril.
During each month of Ramadan Jibrilused to recite what was revealed in its
order with the Messenger of Allah. During the time of Abu Bakr the Quran
was compiled in a single official copy.
The suggestion came after the battle ofYamamah.
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The Quran and the other Revealed Books
Universality: The previous Books were local for
specific people.
Quran as the last revealed Bookand a universal message for all
mankind needs to be
comprehensive and eternallypreserved.
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(:48)
To you we sent the Scripture in truth,
confirming the scripture that came
before it, and a watcher over it. So,
judge between them by what Allah has
revealed
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2. The way of preservation
The people of each Book were
entrusted with guarding it against
any distortion or manipulation
...(:44)
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It was We who revealed the Torah;therein was guidance and light. By its
standard have been judged the Jews,
by the prophets who bowed to Allah'swill, by the rabbis and the priests; for
to them was entrusted the protection
of Allah's Book, and they were
witnesses thereto )5: 44)
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If they fail to do so, Allah sends another
prophet to take people back to the rightway.
Since Muhammad (saw) was the lastMessenger, Allah (swt) assumed the
responsibility of guarding and preservingHis last Book.
(:9) We have, without doubt, sent down the
Message; and We will assuredly guard itagainst any manipulation or change.
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Preservation of the Quran
The way Quran was preserved:
The Quran was made public from the very
beginning.
The Quran was fully recorded from the time it
was revealed.
The Quran was preserved in the original form
(same language, same words).
The assurance from God that the Quran willbe preserved till the Day of Judgment.
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(:41-42)And indeed it is a Book of exalted
power. Falsehood cannot come at it
from before it or from behind it. (It is) a
revelation from the Wise, the Owner of
Praise.
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No one can alter or change any part of the
Quran even the Messenger of Allah himself. (43) (44) (45) (46)
(:47.)
This is a Message sent down from the Lord ofthe worlds. And if the Messenger were to inventany sayings in our name, we should certainlyseize him by his right hand, and we shouldcertainly then cut off the artery of his heart: Nor
could any of you protect him from that.
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The Characteristics of the Quran
1- Guidance for and mercy to
believers (:2)
This is the book; in it is guidance,
sure, without doubt, to those who
fear Allah.
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(:52)For We had certainly sent unto
them a Book, based on knowledge,which We explained in detail, a
guide and a mercy to all who
believe.
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2. Spiritual/ social healer
(:57)O mankind! there has come to you a
direction from your Lord and a healingfor the (diseases) in your hearts, and for
those who believe, a Guidance and a
Mercy.
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3- Light
(:157)
So it is those who believe in him (theMessenger), honour him, help him, and
follow the Light which is sent down with
him, it is they who will prosper.
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"
(:8)
Believe, therefore, in Allah and
His Messenger, and in the Light
which We have sent down. And
Allah is well acquainted with all
that you do.
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4- Preacher for believers (:138)
Here is a plain statement to men,
a guidance and instruction tothose who fear Allah!
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(:1)
Ta. Sin. These are verses of
the Quran, a Book that
makes things clear and
showing its reality.
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(:15)
O People of the Book! there has come to
you Our Messenger, revealing to you
much that you used to hide in the Book,and passing over much (that is now
unnecessary): There has come to you
from Allah a (new) light and a perspicuous
Book.
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The Quran is the main miracle
of the Messenger of Allah and
the main proof of theauthenticity of his
prophethood.
The miracles contained in itare the proof of its
authenticity as the real Book
of Allah
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Its miracle is in terms of:i. Structure
ii. Meaning (the
knowledge contained init: historical events,
prediction of what will
happen in the future, and
scientific facts.
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Challenging the Unbelievers
The miracle is manifested in a challengeto all mankind to produce:
(33)
(34).Or they say: He has invented it? Nay, butthey do not believe! Then let themproduce a speech like it, if they aretruthful.
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(13)(.)
Or they say: He has invented it! Say:
Then bring ten surahs, the like thereof,invented, and call on everyone you can
beside Allah, if you are truthful!
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(23).And if you are in doubt concerning thatwhich We reveal to our Messenger
(Muhammad), then produce a surahlikeone thereof, and call your gods andsupporters beside Allah if you aretruthful.
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Islam is the last and universal religion;
Human societies are always open for
evolution and development.
The Quran should: Meet the needs of
all human beings in different places and
different times.
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To be able to do so, it should:
Give clear and detailed discourse onwhat is important for human life andcant be known through humanreasoning only (beliefs and ibadat)
Set the core values and principleswhich guide human life to the rightway, and safeguard it against anycorruption or deviation from such away.
Be flexible to accommodate theevolution and development of humanlife and societies.
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Regarding human lifes aspects which
are subject to change and development,the Quran , generally, sets norms,
standards and universal values which
suit all peoples and all times.
These values and norms should not besubject to any alteration or change to
ensure the prevalence of righteousness
and justice (immutable values and
norms).
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94
In light of these norms,
people are given freedomto innovate and adopt
whatever systems,
procedures, etc they may
consider as good for them
as long as they dontbreach those norms and
values.
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95
The Quran deals with those things
which are needed to be known and maynot be realized by man or may not beunderstood accurately (man wouldspeculate about then only)
Such as:- The origin of mankind, the substanceand the way of his first creation, his firstacquisition of the basic knowledge.
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96
- The origin of the earth and the heavens
In other fields such as:- astronomy
- Geology,
- Physics,
- Embryology
The Quran just gives some referencesfor the following purposes:
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97
The aims of scientific references in theQuran
It is not to give people details and teachthem natural and physical sciences.
They are signs to prove:
-The existence of God-The omnipotence and power ofGod
-The weakness of men
compared to the power of theCreator
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98
-Indebtedness of mankind toAllah for all what we have in
life.
-The authenticity of Prophetsand revealed Books i.e. this
Quran comes from Allah and
it is impossible for a human
being, especially at the timeof Muhammad ( ). to
compose it.
Cont.,
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99
For the Muslim who reads
and understands these
references, they serve to
strengthen his or her faith.
(:191.)
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100
Those who remember and praise Allah,
standing, sitting, and lying down on theirsides, and contemplate the wonders of
creation in the heavens and the earth,
(with the thought): "Our Lord! not for
naught has you created all this! Glory toyou! Give us salvation from the Penalty
of the Fire. (3: 191)
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101
For the non-Muslim who
questions the authenticity
or authorship of the Quran ,
these references provide
some interesting answers.
(:
53)
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102
Soon will We show them Our
Signs in the (farthest)
horizons, and within
themselves, until it becomesmanifest to them that it is the
Truth. Is it not enough that
your Lord does witness allthings? [41:53]
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103
They should be used for the aforesaid
things.
They can be used to grasp a better
understanding of those verses dealingwith natural phenomena compared to the
way they were understood by early
Muslims.
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104
We should not over-emphasize the
scientific miracles to the extant that wehurry to relate each new scientific
theory to the verses of the Quran .
Such an act may lead to misinterpreting
the texts of the Quran and changing theinterpretation from time to time. This
may be counterproductive and cause
some confusion especially among non-
Muslims.
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105
The existence of God; the Creator
and Lord of this universe.
The concept of tawhid(Unity of God)
Since the concept of God was not
new to mankind, the Quran focuses
on correcting the prevalent conceptsof God an demonstrating the Unity of
God, his omnipotence and knowledge,
etc.
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106
God used to send a prophet to every
people A brief history of prophets (some
names mentioned)
Some revealed books: Suhuf / Ibrahim,Zabur/ Dawud, Torah /Musa, Injil/Gospel/ Esa
Their nature, character, position andrelation with God (not his sons ordaughters)
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107
Its existence, what will happen on that
day, Jannah, Jahannam
No specific date is given for its
happening
(worship) Revelation the only source.
The Quran sets the basics of ibadat and
the Prophet gives details
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108
Revelation the main source
The Quran sets universal ethicalnorms and values
Obedience and submission to God,justice, benevolence, kindness,generosity, brotherhood, honesty,truthfulness, sincerity, trust (amanah),forbearance, patience, tolerance andforgiveness, inviting/encouraging
people to good, preventing/ changingevil (munkar)
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109
Revelation is the main source The Quran deals with the main
principles of these relations:
Relationship among family members
- between husbands and
wives
- between parents and
children- marriage, divorce,
inheritance
Relations with relatives
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Relations with neighbours
Social relations and interaction Relations between genders
Etiquettes and manners
Relations with non-Muslims
Relations with animals
(Revelation is the only source)
Food, drinks, clothes
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111
:
- Family law
- Criminal law
- Procedural law
- Commercial law- International law
E i t
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112
Economic system
(Revelation providesguidance to attain andmaintain justice)
Islam sets some norms andprinciples along with somerestrictions to ensure theobservance of those norms
and principles (prohibition ofriba, uncertain contracts,etc.)
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113
Zakatis imposed to secure
the minimum economic andsocial justice,
Rich people are exhorted tospend and promised to berewarded for that.
Social welfare (59: 7)
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114
Political system
The Quran sets normsand principles
The establishment of agovernment/ central
authority and the duties of
subjects to obey itscommands
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115
The governance should bebased on consultation ( )and
the right of people to select
their leaders.The format of () and
government are left for the
choice of people and are openfor development.
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116
The Quran states that this universewas created by Allah, and gives shortdescription of that creation
- The Quran states that the first man(Adam) was created by God fromdust/ clay (15: 26), (15: 28-29), (17:61), (23: 12), (32: 7), (32: 9), 38: 71-
72)- Eve was created for Adam (4: 1), (7:
189), (39: 6)
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- Adam was taught the basic
knowledge by God (2: 30-33)- When Adam and his wife,
mistakenly, disobeyed the
commands of God, they weresent down from Jannah
(Paradise) to the earth where
they and their children settled.
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- The Quran gives a briefaccount of the history of the
most significant Messengers.
- The Quran does not focus onthe details of that history,
instead it focuses on the
lessons that should be learnedfrom those events.
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119
- The Quran pays enough attention to
civilizational studies by examining the
patterns of rise and fall of civilizations.
- The Quran wants Muslims to learn from
human experience.
- The aim of this is to guide Muslims howto build their civilization and guard it
against social diseases that may lead to
its fall and collapse.
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Quran is an authoritative text thatshould be followed and implementedby all Muslims.
Those texts which are clear and self-explanatory should be implementedwithout any further examination.
Those texts which are open for
interpretation and may impart morethan on meaning can be examined andconstrued based on the followingprinciples:
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Grouping of similar texts/ statements
which talk on one topic/category Analysis and understanding of each
text/ statement in its components and
context
Identification of the rules which unify
the various categories
Identification of the general rules and
purposes which govern theinteraction/ interrelation of various
categories.
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122
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Sunnah) ) means a clear path, an
established course of conduct, the pattern
of life, a precedent and custom.
The word sunnahand its plural sunan
have been used in the Quran sixteentimes. In all these instances, sunnahhas
been used to imply an established practice
or course of conduct.
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It may be a good example or a bad one,
and it may be set by an individual, a sector a community.
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Whosoever originates in Islam any
good way/ precedent (good sunnah) hasits reward and the reward of whoeveracts upon it till the Day of Judgment.And whosoever originates in Islam a
bad way/ precedent (bad sunnah) bearsits burden and the burden of whoeveracts upon it till the Day of Judgment
The opposite of sunnah is
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The opposite of sunnahis
bid`ah(innovation), whichis characterized by lack of
precedent and continuity
with the past.
a. The acts, sayings and
approvals of the Messengerof Allah.
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1. Sunnah which is intended to be
binding law:
This kind includes the sayings, acts
and approval of the Prophet (saw)through which he intended the laying
down of the law or the explanation of
the ahkam(law) laid down by the
Quran . This comprises the largest
part of the sunnah.
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)This kind includes those acts whichare specific to the Prophet (
). The number of these acts is very
limited. One example is the number ofhis marriages, marriage withoutdowry, not eating out of charity ( ).
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Like eating, drinking, walking.Such acts are not meant to laydown laws. If one imitates the
Prophet (saw) in these acts out oflove for him and with the intentionto get reward, he will be rewardedfor this.
But the etiquettes and mannersprescribed by the Messenger ofAllah for the performance of suchacts are part of the which is meant
to be binding law
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This may include acts that pertainto his experience as a human being,
like the organizing of the army,tactics of war, trading skills.
These acts dont become
precedents of law, because their
basis is skill and experience rather
than revelation. However, if they are still relevant
to ones situation they might be
followed.
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Quran
The Sunnah is the secondsource just next to the Quranwhich is the first source.
There will be no Islam withoutthe adoption of the sunnah.
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The Sunnah is basically anelaboration and commentaryon the Quran .
Some ahkamare found inthe Quran in general,undetermined orunelaborated form.
The Sunnah restricts,qualifies, or elaboratesthese ahkam.
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The Sunnah is a concrete
implementation, a tangible form and theactual embodiment of the Quran
The Sunnah may lay down some rules
that are not mentioned in the Quran
Quran says: And whatsoever the
messenger brought to you, follow it.
And whatsoever he forbids, abstain
from it (al-Hashr:7)
The knowledge we get from The
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Sunnah
134
The rulings and teachings relatedto
In food, drinks, clothes, and
transactions:
- the Sunnah interprets what needs tobe interpreted in the Quran .
- The Sunnah may add some
prohibitions which are not included
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(family, criminal, commercial,procedural, international )
The biography of the Prophet (saw) isthe model of individual moral conduct.
A noble model you have in AllahsApostle, for all whose hope is in Allah,and in the final Day, and who oftenremember Allah (al-Ahzab:21)
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The model in implementing
and embodying theteachings and principles ofthe Quran
The model in therelationship betweenhumans and Allah (ibadah)
The model in establishing afamily and treating wives aswell as children.
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A model in dealing with
people.
A model in hard-working,
patience, and perseveranceetc.
He was a model leader, andfrom him we learn the
requirements of a
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How he started fromnothing and ended with
hundreds of thousands offollowers after two
decades only.
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139
How could he establish anation and changed a quite
primitive society dominated
by tribalism and rivalriesbetween different tribes and
social classes to a civilized
and strong state
characterized by unity,
cooperation, and
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Eliminating idolatry and establishingTawhid
Eliminating bad social values in dealing
with the weak social classes: women,
slaves, poor people, black people, etc.
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141
Reason ( )
as a Sources ofKnowledge
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1. Reason is sometimes used to denote anumber of self-evident principles(such as the principle of non-contradiction) which govern theprocess of thinking of mentally
competent people, regardless of theircultural background.- These fundamental truths areintuitively apprehended
- as opposed to sensation, perception,feeling, desire (the existence of whichis denied by empiricists)
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In this sense, reason is an instrument
used for examining the coherence andrationality of a body of statements. The examination allows us to conclude
that the examined statements are:- Either coherent, and hence inconformity with the principles ofreason;- Or contradictory, and thus inviolation of reason
Reason which gives a priori knowledge(pure reason)
2. The capacity of rational beings to
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acknowledge the truth of certain
assertions and deny the truth of otherswith the power to abstract, analyze,
synthesize
A body of knowledge which has been
examined and systemized by the
principle of logic and considered by
certain people as reasonable.
= Reason as an mental faculty. Reason is to be associated with methods
and mechanisms used in science and
knowledge, generally, rather than a
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Reason is gift from Allah and its the most
valued part of human body Reason is the basis of taklif(legal capacity)
because it is the power of discernment bywhich humans can distinguish betweengood and bad, right and wrong
Reason is the basis of Iman/ faith, thus, it isgiven the authority to examine theauthenticity of prophets and the revelationthey claim to bring from God.
The Quran is full of references which
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The Qur an is full of references which
command and exhort people to think,
contemplate, and to examine the claimedrevelation
This shows that:
- Islam values reason; and
- Islam is confident that there will be
no contradiction between what is
contained in the revelation and what can
reasoned by human reason
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What is claimed by unbelievers to be
irrational or unreasonable is either: = Mere speculation and ignorance,
such as when they deny some beliefsor they misunderstand them
(:36)But most of them follow nothing butconjecture and speculation: truly
conjecture and peculation can neverchallenge or replace truth. Verily Allahis well aware of all that they do.(10:36)
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= Or mere wishes and eluded hopes (hawa)
(:111)And they say: "None shall enter Paradise
unless he be a Jew or a Christian." Those
are their vain desires. Say: "Produce your
proof if you are truthful." (2: 111)
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Interestingly, those who claim to
reject religion/ revelation based onlogic and rationality are characterized
by the Quran as those who fail to use
their mental faculties/ reason
properly.
(:18)
Then We put you on the right way ofreligion; so follow that way, and do
not follow the desires of those who
do not know. (45: 18)
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(:171)The parable of those who reject Faith is
as if one were to shout like a goat-herd,
to things that listen to nothing but callsand cries: deaf, dumb, and blind, they are
void of wisdom. (2: 171)
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Hawwas (senses)as Means to
Knowledge
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Senses as sources of Knowledge The
Quran urges us to use the faculties ofsenses.
It blames the Kuffar for not using their
senses properly.
The faculties of sense will bear witnessfor or against one on the Day of
Judgment.
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Sound Senses (Hawwas al-Salimah)
1. Hearing
2. Sight,3. Smell,
4. taste,
5. touch
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It is a faculty (quwa) placed in thenerves spread out in the cavity of
the ear hole, by which sounds are
perceived.
It is by way of connecting with the
ear hole the air which which has
assumed the quality of the sounds,
meaning that Allah then createsperception in the soul (al-nafs)
[E.Elder, 18]
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It is a faculty placed in the twohollow nerves which meet each other
in the brain, thence they separate and
go to the two eyes; by this faculty
are perceived rays of light, colours,
shapes, measures, motions, the
beautiful and the ugly, and other
things, the perception of which Allahcreates in the soul whenever the
creature uses this faculty.
)
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)
It is a faculty placed in thetwo protruding lumps on thefront of the brain, which arelike the two nipples of thebreast; by this faculty odorsare perceived by way ofconnecting with the cartilage
of the nose the air which hasassumed the quality of theodors.
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It is a faculty spread out in
the nerves situated on the
organ of the tounge; by this
faculty flavors are perceived
through the mixing of the
saliva which is in the mouth
with the thing tasted, and
through its reaching to the
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It is a faculty spread out
into all the body by which
heat and cold, moistureand dryness, and the like
are perceived at the time
of touching and contact.
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:A particular way of doing something, esp.a systematic one; implies an orderlylogical arrangement.
1.The theoretical analysis of the methodsappropriate to a field of study or to thebody of methods and principles particularto a branch of knowledge.
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i. Methodology in revealedknowledge
ii. Methodology in human
knowledge (pure and socialsciences)
iii. Integrative methodology of
revealed knowledge and human
knowledge.
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What is Islamic Methodology?
Methodology means a technique or method.It is the field of inquiry concerned with the examination of methodsused in the study of natural sciences, human and social sciences andreligious sciences in order to understand the subjects.
A comprehensive Islamic methodology is means to Islamize andintegrate knowledge on the basis of the combination between therevelation and reason in order to overhaul the obstacles andchallenges facing a modern man and the society.
Methodologies used by the early Muslim
scholars
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Ijtihad(wahy, `aql and
Hawas)
Istihsan(Juristic
Preference)
Masalih
Mursalah(public interest)
`Urf
(a particular
Custom)
Consultation
&
Consensus
Chain of
Transformation
Reliable
Narrators
Verifications
Collection of
Data
Islamic
Methodologies
Islamic Methodology
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1. Collection of data of the Quran and Sunnah2. Verified techniques used by the narrators in order to
ensure the authenticity of narrations.
3. Compilation of the Quran and Sunnah.
4. Considering the reliable narrators with specific criteria.
5. Chain of transformation, no gap between two generations
and not less than 40 forty narrators.
6. Memorizations of the Quran and Sunnah
Islamic Methodology
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7. Consultation among the scholars and consensus based
on majority opinions.
8. Ijtihad (rational arguments, explanation, interpretation
and adjustment with the local culture and custom)
9. Istihsan (juristic preference), supplementary methods inorder to make up for the growing number of new
situations that were difficult with the textual and the
analogical arguments.
Islamic Methodology
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10. Maslahah or Masalih Mursalah (public interest),supplementary methods, if the texts of the Quran and
Hadith or consensus or analogy were not available.
11. Urf (custom of a particular society or a nation), supporting
for adjustment from avoiding the contradictions and social
division and disunity for the public interest.
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Merits of the Traditional Approach
Merits of the traditional approach were the sincerity, piety,
enthusiasm, commitment, and dedication of the early Muslim
researchers, many of whom looked for their rewards in the
Hereafter.
167
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Islamic research, experimentation and empirical investigation
were considered acts ofibadah. The God-consciousness of the traditional scholars was
reflected in their writings and research, which they wouldcommence with bismillah (in the name of Allah), seek His
blessings and conclude by dedicating their results to Him.
168
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The holistic nature of the traditional Islamic educational
system made no distinction between revealed knowledge and
empirically derived knowledge.
169
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Knowledge was perceived as a comprehensive whole, with
empirically derived knowledge subject to the verification of
revealed knowledge.
170
Tawhidic Criteria for Islamic
Methodology
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Three main tawhidic criteria for Islamic methodology are as follow:1. Anything which does not correspond with the reality must be
rejected.
2. Ultimate contradictions must be denied and rejected.
3. Approaches must be open in order to adjust and accommodate newsituations facing the society and man.
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Merits of IslamicMethodology
Summarized
172
s
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Knowing context,Purpose and
Application of theTexts
As Ibadah
Mastery ofArabic
Language
Combination ofWahy & Aql Identifying the
Short-comingsOf EmpiricalKnowledge.
Self-Initiative(EstablishingInstitutions)
ReflectionOf
AllahAwareness
Commitment toPeople and
society
PureIntention
Forhumanity
Allahs
pleasure
Merit ofIslamicMethodologies
Verificationof
V liditi
Depended onWestern
Depended onTraditional
method
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Validities,shortcoming
IntegratingBetween
Wahy andAql
TraditionalMethods asInspiration
Bilingual
Competency
RegainingSincerity andPure intention
Forhumanity
UnavailabilityFinancial and
Technicalsupport
Mis-Propagation
AndMisconception
Absence ofIslamic
Curriculum
Creativity andInitiative ness
WesternMethod
ObstaclesAnd
Recommendations
forMuslim
Scholars
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176
From Latin word scientiameans systematic
knowledge of the physical
or material world
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177
Is acquired through
experience, observation and
researchDiscursive: preceded by
arguments
Inductive and deductive
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178
The researcher begins with
a theory and then derivesone or more hypothesesfrom it for testing.
Next the researcher defines the
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Next, the researcher defines the
variables in each hypothesis and theoperations to be used to measure them
in specific observable terms.
The researcher implements those
observations to see whether theyconfirm or fail to confirms the
hypotheses.
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A method of discovering general rulesand principles from particular facts and
examples.
In induction one starts from observed
data and develops a generalization whichexplains the relationships between the
objects observed.
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In our quest to understand things, weshould strive to keep an open mind
about everything we thing we know
or we want to understand.
What we call knowledge is
transitional and subject to refutation!!
Is this possible?
Can this characteristic be open? To which extent can we hold this
perception?
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Scientific method seeks
knowledge through observed
evidence not authority,
tradition or ideology.
The evidence should besystematic, comprehensive,
and objective as possible.
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This is a common basisof all sciences; pure,
human, and social.
This is a function of perception and
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cognition.
- The mind goes on collecting
data from all kinds of
observations and experiences.
Simultaneously, the mind, byusing its power of identification
and retention (the ability to
remember things), goes onestablishing relationships
The observation will be on some
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assumed correlation between someaspects according to some tentativehypothesis to prove if there is anyinterrelationships between them.
This observation can be done in a
laboratory (physics, chemistry, biology,etc.) or in a field when the parts understudy spread over vast areas in time andspace (astronomy, geology).
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In Muslim history of science it is a fact
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that Muslim scientists realized at an early
stage the importance of scientificequipment for collection of data,therefore they introduced big astrolabes(scientific instrument used for reckoning
time and for observational purposes toenable astronomers to calculate theposition of the Sun and prominent starswith respect to both the horizon and themeridian)
and quadrants (an
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and quadrants (aninstrument formeasuring angles,especially to check yourposition at sea or to lookat stars) for exactobservations of starsand planets, and evenhad invented a spherical
l b
Measures to guard against distortion:
Th ki b i h ld
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The person taking observations should
be clear in his mind; he should not beobsessed by any preconceived ideas.
He should record only what is really
happening (objective).
He needs patience and perseverance to
ensure the reliability of his observations.
Even the observations taken with all
this care cannot be taken at their face
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this care cannot be taken at their face
value, until preliminary statisticaltests confirm its reliability, or a
number of other scientists confirm it
independently.
The rules of observation laid down by
Jabir ibn Hayyan (chemistry):
1. The time and season must be
carefully chosen;2. It is best for the laboratory to be ina secluded (quiet and private) place ;
3. The chemist must have trusted friends;
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4. He must have sufficient time to conductexperiments;
5. Patience and reticence (not disclosing
results hastily before testing them);
6. Perseverance;
7. He must not be deceived by
appearances into bringing his operations
to too hasty a conclusion.
2
To arrange the data in some regular
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To arrange the data in some regular
order; To find out the characteristics of the
population from where the random sampleof data was taken;
To establish the relations and correlationsbetween different members of thepopulation under study or with membersof other series.
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After studying the characteristics ofthe members of the population under
study, it comes the stage when the
researcher begins to ask the question
How about the working of thosemembers and their correlations.
The answer to this question is the
hypothesis which describes in wordsor in symbols the relationship that
appear to exist between them.
This hypothesis will be depending, to
t t i Thi i
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some extant, on guessing. This guess is
based on the past observation, experienceand knowledge.
There may be many hypotheses
depending on the number of variable
parameters involved.
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The hypotheses will put intotesting through experiments indifferent produced conditions
to show their validity andapplicability.
If the predictions in the
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If the predictions in the
hypothesis come out correct,then the status of the
hypothesis is raised to that of
a theory. If this theory isfound to be universally
applicable, it is called a law
of nature.
Observation
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Logical deduction
Experimentation and empirical observations
(under controlled conditions)
The hypothesis is validated = Theory
M li i i h fi
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Muslim scientists were the first ones tointroduce this method and to emphasizethe role of experimentation.
Jabir ibn Hayyan, for example, statedclearly in his book on chemistry: the first
essential is to perform practical work andexperiments. One who does not do so willnever attain mastery.
Among the rules of
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experimentslaid down by him:
1. The operator should know
the reason for performingthe experiment (hypotheses
and predictions should be set
clearly);
2. The instructions must be
properly understood;
Impossible and profitless
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Impossible and profitless
processes should beavoided (vague
hypotheses which dontlead to definite
predictions, or hasty
experiments which leadto vague results, are of
no value).
:
Until the 10th century
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Until the 10 centurythe Greek andEgyptian theory of
geocentric cosmologywas assumed to betrue, and It was held
by early Muslimscientists.
According to this theory the
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fixed stars are farther thanthe stars of the Milky Way/
the Galaxy (the system of
stars that contains our sunand its planets) which
supposed to be close to the
earth and to be situated inthe atmosphere of the earth.
In Greeks astronomy, this was an axiom
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and all other problems of astronomyhad to satisfy this truth.
The Muslim astronomer Ibn al-
Haytham, based on his inductive
method and with help of the equipmentdeveloped by Muslim scientists, came
to a conclusion that the stars of the
Milky Way were as far off as the other
fixed stars, and that they were notsituated in the atmosphere of the earth.
Ibn al-Haytham was facing
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two contradictinghypotheses: the Greeks
axiom and his
hypothesis.
And the question was: how
to decide about the validityof these two opposing
hypotheses?
Ibn al-Haytham suggested an experiment
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to decide about these hypotheses:
1. to measure the distance
from the same place in
different seasons.2. to measure the distance at
the same time from two
places far apart on theearth.
3. The result was that if the
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stars of the Milky Way arein the atmosphere of the
earth, then, in both the sets
of observations suggested,their relative positions will
be different.
If the stars of the Milky Way
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are as far as the other fixedstars, there will be no changein the relative positions of thetwo sets of stars in eithercases.
Observations were taken andit was found that the stars ofthe Milky Way did not changetheir relative positions amongthe fixed stars.
Here the validity of the hypothesis was
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not tested by the help of deductive logicalone. Only the predictions were deduced
by logic and geometry. But the validity of
the hypothesis was proved by
experiment and observation. And this iswhat is called the inductive method of
modern science.
The characteristics of their (Muslims)
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method are experiment andobservation, geometrical andmathematical sciences they worked upas instruments of reasoning.
In their numerous writings onmechanics, hydrostatics, optics, etc. itis interesting to remark that thesolution to a problem is always byperforming an experimentalobservation.
It was this that made them theoriginators of chemistry;
that led them to the invention of all
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kinds of apparatus for distillation (tomake a liquid pure by heating it until it
becomes a gas, then cooling it and
collecting the drops of liquid that
form), sublimation (conversion of asubstance from the solid to the vapour
state without its becoming liquid),
fusion (the process or result of joining
two or more things together to formone, like the fusion of copper and zinc
to produce brass), filtration (the
process of filtering a liquid or gas),
that caused them in Astronomy toappeal to divided instruments such as
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appeal to divided instruments such as
quadrants and astrolabes, in Chemistryto employ the balance, the theory ofwhich they were perfectly familiarwith, to construct tables of specific
gravity and astronomical tables likethose of Baghdad and Spain, greatimprovements in Geometry, theinvention of Algebra and the adoptionof Indian numeration in Arithmetic.
Such were the results of theperformance of the inductive method their declining the reveries(imaginations/ dreams) of Plato.
, who is considered by theWest as one of the founders of inductive/
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West as one of the founders of inductive/scientific method, in his book NovumOrganum(1st quarter of the 17th century)while pleading for the introduction ofempiricism in Europe says again and
again that:great authorities follow this andconsider this method better than the olddeductive method of Greeks.
But he never once
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mentions the name of thegreat authorities and the
wise people
No one applied this methodbefore except Muslim
scientists. It is suggested
that he did not mentionthem by name for fear of
inquisition.
Freed sciences from the domination of
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Freed sciences from the domination of
rigid deductive method that is more
suitable to theoretical and philosophical
studies.
Limited the sphere of intellectual
speculations and made a big room for
empirical knowledge.
Freed scientific research from the grip
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of Greek axioms. Limited the sphere of metaphysical
studies and made shift to natural andphysical studies.
Successful results achieved by scientists
gave them confidence in this scientific
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gave them confidence in this scientific
method and encouraged them to further
their research.
This, in turn, led to expansion of the
horizon of scientific research;
discovering new laws and opening new
areas.
Experimental endeavour led
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to the transformation ofscience to technology, and
the invention of sophisticated
machines and equipment.
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The overconfidence in and
adoration of the scientific
method led to extremerationality.
Extreme rationality led to the
adoption of scientific methodin the field of human and
social sciences.
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(from the Greek word empeiria =experience.)
Inaugurated by and
developed by John Locke (1632-1704) In
philosophy, the attitude that beliefs are tobe accepted and acted upon only if they
first have been confirmed by actual
experience.
Stressing experience, Empiricism is
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opposed to the claims of authority,intuition, imaginative conjecture, andabstract, theoretical, or systematicreasoning (Rationalism) as sources ofreliable belief.
The essence of empiricism is observation,measurement, and quantification of sensedata available to the observer.
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Although Bacon proclaimsthe universal applicability of
induction, he himself treats
it almost exclusively as ameans to natural knowledge
and ignores its social
application.
Most divine knowledge must come from
revelation and reason has nothing to
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revelation, and reason has nothing to
do with it. There is such a thing as
divine philosophy (what was later
called rational, or natural, theology),
but its sole task and competence is toprove that there is a God.
John Locke one of the fathers of
empiricism did consider revelation, in
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principle, as a source of certain type ofknowledge. But he assigned to it a very
marginal and subordinate role.
He argues that knowledge acquired by
human reasoning is more reliable andcertain than knowledge received through
revelation.
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He gives revelation the upper hand
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over reason in two instances:1. In questions belonging to the realm of
faith, because its inaccessible to
human reasoning.
2. Revelation should supercede reason inthe realm of probable knowledge which
does not rise to certainty.
(But one can always be certain aboutwhat his faculty of understanding
considers true.)
In philosophy, generally, any
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system that confines itself tothe data of experience and
excludes a priori (knowledge
that is independent of allparticular experiences, as
opposed to a posteriori
knowledge, which derives fromexperience alone) or
metaphysical speculations.
As a philosophical ideology
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and movement, Positivism firstassumed its distinctivefeatures in the work ofAuguste Comte (17981857).
It then developed throughseveral stages known byvarious names, such asEmpirio criticism, LogicalPositivism, and LogicalEmpiricism, etc.
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1.That all knowledge regardingmatters of fact is based on
the positive data of
experience;2.That beyond the realm of
fact is that of pure logic and
pure mathematics, whichwere, in a later phase of
Positivism, classified as
3. Strict adherence to the
testimony of observation and
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y
experience is the all-
important imperative of the
Positivists.
4. In its basic ideological
posture, Positivism is worldly,
secular, anti-theological, andanti-metaphysical.
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A theory that relates scientificmethod to philosophy by
affirming that all beings and
events in the universe arenatural.
Consequently, all knowledge of
the universe falls within thepale of scientific investigation.
Usually naturalism denies
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the existence of trulysupernatural realities.
Naturalists assert that
nature is reality. There isnothing beyond, nothingother than, no other
world of being.
Naturalism presumes that
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nature is in principlecompletely knowable.
There is in nature a
regularity, unity, andwholeness that impliesobjective laws, without whichthe pursuit of scientificknowledge would be absurd.
Naturalism has no
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ontological preference:dualism and monism, atheism
and theism, idealism and
materialism are all per secompatible with it.
Two positive results of bahaviourism
1. Development of neurosciences.
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2. Development of behaviour therapy
(behaviour modification), which
focused on modifying observable
behaviour, rather than on the
thoughts and feelings of the patient
(as in psychoanalysis).
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W. M. Smart, The origin of theearth.
Let us not then exalt thescientific method unduly asthe close preserve of thescientist nor, which is much
more important, as the onlymeans by which we attemptto discover the secrets ofnature.
It is easy for a scientist to
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be a materialist if he seesonly in the universe the
apparently relentless
(continuous) unfolding ofnatural law, and forgets that
there are domains where
the laws of physics areirrelevant
But more and more scientists are realizingthat they are exploring only one section
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the great world of nature in all itsmanifold complexity; beauty, moral,conduct, spiritual values, religiousexperience, are all outside their domain,yet all come within mans scrutiny when
he attempts to interpret the universe as awhole and strives to discern purposetherein
Harris, Kelvin (1979),Education and Knowledge
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The limitations of empiricismin human and social sciencescan be manifested in
different areas among them:Derived conclusions could notbe logically valid forgeneralization because there
could be exceptions.
Methodology of data
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collection is theory laden,that is, the investigator has
preconceptions and motives,
which influence his choice ofmethodology of investigation
and this subsequently affects
the outcome
The humanistic studies of Western man
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and the social analysis of Westernsociety by a Western scientist are
necessarily "Western" and cannot serve
as models for the study of Muslims or of
their society.Ismail Raji al-Faruqi (1977), "Islamizing
the Social Sciences"
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The scientific method in itstechnical procedures has auniversal application.
It was initially started byMuslim scientists and, laterdeveloped by Western
scientists, and became as aheritage of humanity.
There is no objection to
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adopting the technicalprocedures developed by
non-Muslims.
It needs to be applied withinthe Islamic ethical and
ideological frame.
Production of Muslimscientists
2
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The main objects to the Westernmethods used in the domain of human &
social sciences are:
1. They are heavily inclined towards
materialism and application ofprocedures of the natural sciences.
Exclusion of spiritual aspect.
1. They embody the Western
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concepts & values(exclusion of revelation,
materialism, atheism, etc.)
2. They set the Westernvalues & concepts as
universal norms and
models by which othersocieties should by judged.
The employment of this Western
methodology in the Muslim world is
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leading toward Westernization of Muslimsocieties.
Refer back to slide 260.
The issues of:
Rejecting revelation and contrasting
scientific with revealed knowledge and;
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Confining reality to the empirical one
under the justification that reason
cannot ascertain transcendental reality;
Are not real problems in Islam.
- These structures are not immediatelyencountered by the senses. Instead, the
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structures of empirical existence are
inferred through the use of categories
abstracted from the sensible, and
mediated by purely rational categories
and statements.
e.g.
O i
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Our understanding of therelationship between the earth
and the sun is mediated by
mental constructs, and henceis completely at variance with
the immediate impression
received from the senses.
2. Revelation, at least in its Islamic form,
seeks its justification in empirical
li
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reality.
Divine revelation sees empirical reality
as the manifestation of a transcendental
reality.
The interconnectedness of the
empirical and transcendental is always
stressed by the Quran
To understand revelation a proper andprofound understanding, sometimes, weneed the empirical knowledge, and to be
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able to understand nature acomprehensive understanding we needrevelation.
The science-revelation conflict is
neither imperative nor universal, butspecific to Western religion andexperience. There is no need at all toreproduce it Muslim culture.
In social and human science norms,
d l d d i l f
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models, standards are crucial forunderstanding, judging, and changing
human behaviour as well as social
phenomena.
The norms/ standards/ models are used todeduce conclusions.
Western scholarship assumes
h h i f h
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that the practices of theWestern society (which is
assumed to stand at the peak
of human evolution) becomethe standard of normality.
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The common point among
Muslim scholars who areconcerned with Islamization
of knowledge/ Islamic
methodology is theincorporation of Revelation
into different fields of
But when it comes to How
h b diff
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the answers may be different.Until now, only little have
been done, and more efforts
are required to establish aviable Islamic methodology
for different social and human
sciences
Islamic Methodology should:
Incorporate revelation as a source of
k l d d i it it d l i
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knowledge and give it its due role inguiding human inquiry of knowledge.
Work under the directions of our
worldview (the origin & nature of man
and universe, the purpose of theircreation, and their destiny).
Reflect the Islamic objectives
d l
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and valuesSet our norms/ standards/
models which are derived
from the Quran, the Sunnah,and the practice of the early
Muslim society
A framework for islamization of knowledge
Islamic legacy Western
knowledge
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Mastery of disciplinary substantive
knowledge
Mastery of analytical and synthetic
techniquesUniversity textbooks
Islamic University
Perfect/universal man
Conclusion Muslims of the past always followed the Islamic methodology in
the research:
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the research: They based their work on the principle of tawhid;
They verified the information to ensure its authenticity;
They were sincere, pious, enthusiastic, committed and dedicatedresearchers;
They perceived knowledge as a comprehensive whole;
They avoided any innovation in the religion for fear of Allahspunishment;
They had greater familiarity with classical Arabic than
contemporary Muslim scholars which facilitated their
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contemporary Muslim scholars, which facilitated theirunderstanding and analysis of the original texts;
They used to commence their work with bismillahi al-Rahman al-Rahim (in the Name of Allah, the Gracious,
the Merciful), seeking Allahs blessings and conclude bydedicating their results to Him; in this way they treatedtheir research as an act of ibadah.
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l H d h/ Al T dd /
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al- Hadarah/ Al-Tamaddun/al-Madaniyyah
Al-Tamaddun/ al-
Madaniyyah:derived fromthe word madinah(city or
town), and din(religion).Al-Umran
An advanced level of development in
society that is marked by complex
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society that is marked by complexsocial and political organization, andmaterial, scientific, and artisticprogress
A society, its culture and its way oflife during a particular period of timeor in a particular part of the world.
The way and level of life of
l i th iti
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people in the cities ascontrasted with the way and
level of life in rural areas.
The relation betweenmadinahand dinindicates
the role of religion in the
establishment of civilizationand refinement of social
culture
Civilization designates a condition of
human society characterized by a high
level of cultural and technological
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level of cultural and technologicalachievements;
and correspondingly complex social
and political development
It is an advanced state of intellectual,
cultural and material development in
human society
Each civilization has a body or matter and
a soul.
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The body of the civilization is its material
achievements such as buildings,
infrastructure, agriculture, industry,
educational institutions, technologicalequipment, and all that is related to
various pleasures of worldly life.
The soul of civilization is the set of;
ideologies
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ideologies, concepts,
moral values,
manners and traditions that are
embodied in the behavior of individuals,groups, and their interrelations.
Muslim civilization was the first