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    (UNGS 2040)

    STANDARD CONTENTS Department of General Studies, 2008

    ISLAM: KNOWLEDGE ANDCIVILIZATION

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    Definition of Knowledge

    2

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    3

    The arrival (Husul: ) in the soul of the meaning ofa thing or an object of knowledge and the arrival

    (wusul: (of the soul at the meaning of a thing or

    object of knowledge

    (al-Jurjani:160-161)

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    .cont.,

    4

    Realization of the meanings of

    things (Al-Ghazzali)

    Realization of something in its

    true nature through different levels

    of understanding and in agreement

    with the facts or true to nature.

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    cont.,

    5

    To know, to understand, toperceive, to be familiar andacquainted with things.

    A firm belief that accords with thereality of things ( )(47: 19(.

    - Theology ( ), Principles ofJurisprudence( ) etc.

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    Opposite of

    6

    : Conjecture

    Uncertainty

    Not supported with decisive proofsIt might accord with the reality and

    it might not

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    : doubt

    : ignorance

    : foolishness

    : misguidance

    .cont.,

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    Degrees of Certainty

    8

    :knowledge

    Certainty, conviction ( / )

    Accords with the reality

    Certainty by observation

    certainty through knowledge

    Certainty through experience

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    Importance of Knowledge

    9

    1. Knowledge is a requirement for the fulfillment ofmans obligations as a khalifah on earth. Allah says:

    (30) (31) (32)

    (33)

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    10

    2. The first revelation to theMessenger of Allah is about

    seeking knowledge and revealingscientific knowledge:**

    **(:1-5)

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    Cont.,

    11

    Read! In the name of the Lord andCherisher, who created- createdman, out of a mere clot ofcongealed blood. Proclaim! Andyour Lord is most Bountiful- Hewho taught the use of the pen,taught man that which he knew not

    (96:1-5)[read, teach , pen]

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    cont.,

    12

    3. Islam is a religion based upon knowledge.

    4. The text of the Quran is full of versesinviting man to use his intellect, to

    ponder, to think and to learn.5.The total number of verses in which ilm orits derivatives and associated words areused is 704.

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    13

    6. The main miracle and sign of authenticity of

    prophethood of Mohammed ( )was a book of knowledge; The Quran.

    cont.,

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    cont.,

    14

    7.The Prophet ( ) made

    seeking knowledge obligatory on

    Muslims (men and women):

    Seeking knowledge is obligatory

    on every Muslim.

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    cont.,

    15

    8. Knowledge is the way through which people

    can recognize Allah, fear him, and discover the

    truth.

    (:162)

    But those among them who are well-grounded

    in knowledge, and the believers, believe inwhat has been revealed to you and what was

    revealed before you

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    9. Knowledge elevates the status andposition of its bearer and makesdifference between him and

    ignorant. (:11)

    Allah will raise up, to high ranksthose of you who believe and whohave been granted Knowledge

    cont.,

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    :(15)

    We gave knowledge to David and

    Solomon: and they both said: "Praise be

    to Allah, Who has favoured us above

    many of His subjects who believe!"

    cont.,

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    19

    (10)

    (11)()

    We bestowed grace on David and Wemade the iron soft for him. Make coats of

    mail, balance well the rings of chain armour,

    and work righteousness; for be sure I see all

    that you do."

    cont.,

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    (:9)

    Say: are those equal, those

    who know and those who do

    not know?

    cont.,

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    Purpose of knowledge

    Divinely Worldly

    To recognize God To benefit man

    Pleasure of God

    21

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    Classification of

    Knowledge

    Week Two

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    Limitations

    (a) Absolute (perfect) knowledge:this is the knowledge of God who knows the

    reality, essence and details of all things.

    (b) Limited knowledge:The knowledge given to His creations;

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    angels,prophets,

    human beings,jinn,and animals.

    cont.,

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    ..cont.,

    25

    Limited knowledge:

    (i) Gifted knowledge:a. Instinctive knowledge (natural): it isimparted in the very nature of thecreation.

    b. Revealed/Sacred knowledge: theknowledge that Almighty God revealsto human beings.

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    26

    (ii) Acquired Knowledge

    Gained through effort by way of reflection,

    senses and experience.

    (a) Recommended (praiseworthy)

    i-Fard ayn ii. Fard kifayah

    (b) Prohibited (blameworthy)

    -Magic (kindly refer to slides 46-48)

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    27

    General

    Classification ofKnowledge in Islam

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    General classification of

    Knowledge in Islam

    Limited Knowledge

    Acquired KnowledgeGifted Knowledge

    Absolute Knowledge

    Instinct (ilham)SacredPraiseworthy Blame worthy

    By external

    influence By itself

    Fard AinFard Kifayah

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    29

    Al-Ghazzalis Criteria forClassification of sciences :

    1. Theoretical and practical

    2. Presential and acquired3. Religious and intellectual

    4. Individual obligatory and

    communal obligatory

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    Classification of Knowledge

    According to al-Ghazali

    Theoretical Practical

    30

    Intellectual

    Fard kifayah(Collective

    Obligatory Knowledge)

    AttainedPresential

    Religious

    Fard ayn (Personal

    Obligatory Knowledge)

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    31

    (philosophers)

    :

    to know the states of beings as they are

    (to realize/ comprehend the reality of beings;celestial & terrestrial)

    :

    deals with mans actions

    To find out what is useful to mankind in thislife as well as in the Hereafter

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    .Cont.,

    32

    2. Presential & acquired (tasawwuf) (the mode ofknowing)

    Presential : intuitive, contemplative

    spiritual experience - revelation

    Acquired : empirical, rational, logical

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    .Cont.,

    33

    Which one is better?Al-Ghazzali:

    the presential is superior to the

    acquired, It is free from errors & doubt,certainty on spiritual truths

    This is true with the revelation and

    intuition received by the prophets

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    34

    The intuitive knowledge

    claimed by people other than

    prophets may not be taken forgranted unless it is judged in

    light of the established

    principles of Islam

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    .Cont.,

    35

    3. Religious and intellectual (the source)

    Religious (transmitted sciences):

    Acquired from revelation/ prophets

    1. Roots )Quran, sunnah, consensus(

    2. Branches (law and ethics)3. Ancillary sciences (grammar andlexicography)

    4. Complementary sciences )Qiraat,

    commentary, history)

    Intellectual: attained by human intellect alone

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    .Cont.,

    36

    4. Fard Ayn and Fard kifayah(the need for learning)Fard ayn:

    What should be learned by eachand every Muslim.

    Individual responsibilities Things which cant be done on

    behalf of others

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    37

    Beliefs, worship, halal and

    haram, core moral values, how to

    discharge ones responsibilitiestowards others )mans

    obligations to family and

    society), necessary skills fordaily life.

    .Cont.,

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    .Cont.,

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    Fard kifayah :- the communitys needs that can be

    performed by a sufficient group onbehalf of others.

    - collective responsibilities Religious sciences: knowledge that is

    not needed for daily practice of Islam.

    Intellectual knowledge: all types ofknowledge needed for the welfare ofthe society in this life

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    .Cont

    39

    Praiseworthy sciences:

    Enhances human well being andthe environment within the

    boundaries outlined by shariah

    All sciences which are useful,beneficial and satisfy therequirements of science.

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    40

    Blameworthy sciences:

    A science which does not meet

    the requirement of science, or

    it is purely or usually harmful.Blameworthy by its nature by

    an external factor

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    .Cont

    41

    Magic:

    It is defined as seeking the help of demons to

    perform something harmful against

    somebody or showing something to an

    audience, which is contrary to reality. Reasons why magic is prohibited in Islam:

    1) It is an act of blasphemy (kufr). Allah says

    in the Holy Quran:

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    And when there came to them a Messengerfrom Allah confirming what was with them,

    a party of those who were given thescripture threw away the book of Allahbehind their backs as if they did not know.And they followed what the devils gave out

    falsely of magic of the reign of Solomon; forSolomon did not disbelieve but the devilsdisbelieved, teaching men magic and suchthings that came down at Babylon to the two

    angels Harut and Marut, but neither of thesetwo (angles) taught anyone (such.

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    43

    things) until they had said: we are only for trial,

    so don't disbelieve. And from them (magicians)

    people learn that through which they wouldcause separation between a person and his

    spouse, but they could not thus harm anyone

    except by Allah's leave; and they learn thatwhich harms them rather than profits them. And

    indeed they knew that its practitioner would

    have no share in the Hereafter. And how badindeed was that for which they sold their own

    selves if they but knew. )2:101-102).

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    44

    2) According to the following authentic

    hadith, magic is a deadly act:

    The Prophet )s.a.w( said: Avoid the seven

    deadly acts which are: ascribing partners to

    God, magic, killing the human self which

    Allah prohibited except with right, eating

    usury )riba(, devouring the orphans

    wealth, defecting from the battle-field

    (without a justified reason) and slanderingchaste, unwary believing women.

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    45

    Magic being harmful and evil act, Allah

    has told us to seek His protection againstit:

    Say I seek refuge in the in the Lord of

    daybreak From the evil of that which hecreated; From the evil of the darkness

    when it is intense, and from the evil of

    malignant witchcraft, And from the evil ofthe envious when he envies. )Surah al-Falaq)

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    Differences between magic and miracles (mujizat)

    46

    Magic is from devils (see the above Quranic verse:2:101-102)while miracles are from Allah.

    On the other hand, miracles are real while magic is

    deceptive; it is covering the truth with falsehood).

    Because miracles are from Allah, they could only be

    performed by Prophets while magic, which is from

    devils, can be performed by anyone who associates

    himself with the devil.

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    47

    Horoscope

    Not only magic is prohibited in Islam butalso horoscope or reading ones palm to

    foretell the future.

    The Holy Quran affirms that no oneknows the future or the unseen except

    Allah: He knoweth the Unseen as well as

    that which is Open. )6:73( With Him are

    the keys of the Unseen, the treasures that

    none knoweth but He... )6:59(

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    48

    The Holy Quran also asserts that not even

    Muhammad knows the unseen:

    If I had the knowledge of the unseen, I should

    have secured abundance for myself, and no evil

    would have touched me. )7:188).

    The Prophet )s.a.w( said: Whoever goes to afortune teller (a soothe sayer) or a diviner and

    believes him, has, in fact, disbelieved in what hasbeen revealed to Muhammad.

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    .Cont..

    49

    Example: HoroscopeCapricorn: (Dec 23 - Jan 20)

    Todays stars encourage you to be morediplomatic and inclusive in your relations withothers

    Aquarius: (Jan 21Feb 19)

    On the Zodiacs Day of Metamorphosis, youneed to transform ideals into reality, and turndreams into concrete plans. If you work patiently

    towards your goals, you can achieve the long-term success you are looking for.

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    Cont.,

    50

    Astrology:

    It is the study of the positions and aspects ofcelestial bodies.

    Muslims scholars agree that astrology is aprohibited field to deal with. For example,

    Imam Ibn Taymiyah said: Astrology that isconcerned with studying the positions andaspects of celestial bodies in the belief that theyhave an influence on the course of naturalearthly occurrences and human affairs is

    prohibited by Almighty Allahs Book, theSunnah, and the unanimous agreement of theMuslim scholars.

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    51

    Ibn `Uthaymeen, said: Astrology is a kind of

    sorcery and fortune-telling. It is forbidden because it

    is based on illusions, not on concrete facts. There is

    no relation between the movements of celestial

    bodies and what takes place on the Earth.

    During the Prophets lifetime, it happened that the sun

    eclipsed on the same day when the Prophets son

    Ibrahim died. The people then thought that it had

    eclipsed because of the Prophets sons death. On

    knowing this, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon

    him) led them in the Eclipse Prayer and then delivered

    them a speech saying: The sun and moon are but signsof Allah; they do not eclipse because so-and-so died or

    was born.

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    The above hadith indicates that the Prophet

    (s.a.w) denied all relation between the

    movements of the heavenly bodies and events on

    the Earth.

    Ibn Abbas )may Allah be pleased with him and

    his father( reported that Allahs Messenger)s.a.w( said: He who has acquired some

    knowledge of astrology has acquired some

    knowledge of sorcery; the more he acquires of

    the former the more he acquires of the latter.(Reported by Ahmad, Abu Dawud, and IbnMajah)

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    Commenting on the above hadith, al-Shawkani said that

    the Prophet (s.a.w) compared between astrology and

    sorcery because sorcery was known to be forbidden; andso, he who would get some knowledge of astrology would

    do something forbidden and would be sinful.

    To sum up, astrology is based on lies and deceit; it has no

    scientific basis. The astrologists usage of computers toconvince people that what they do is technological and

    scientific is nothing but deceit. There is no scientific proof

    that there is a relationship between the appearance of a

    star in a specific time and the character and behavior ofsomeone born at that time.

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    Conclusion

    54

    Sciences are inter-related, and none of themcan exclude the others.

    Humanities, natural sciences, and the religioussciences unite to produce true understanding

    of this world and the causes behind itsexistence.

    Religious scholars are in need of philosophicaland natural sciences as much as scientists are

    in need of the religious sciences.

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    Natural and philosophical sciences are to

    enable the Muslim to explore, exploit and

    get a better insight into what Allah has

    created in this universe.

    Religious sciences are to guide people tounderstand the reality of this life, their

    origins and their mission.

    And to set the moral and legal guidelines

    that should be observed by human beings fora meaningful and better life.

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    Week Three

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    1. Revelation ( : )

    2. Reason ( )

    3. Nature/ physical world ) )

    4. Five Senses ( )5. Intuition ( )

    The Quran as a Source of

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    The Quran as a Source of

    Knowledge

    58

    An introduction to the the QuranDefinition

    Quran is the Book revealed from

    Allah to His Messenger Muhammad(saw) as written in masahifandtransmitted to us from him through an

    authentic continuous narration

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    Definition analysis:

    - Quran is the pure speech of Allah(al-Nisa:42(

    - Only the Allahs speech revealed to

    Muhammad- It is an exposition of all things (tibyan li

    kulli shay(

    -As guidance and mercy- Nothing is neglected (al-Nahl:89)

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    The Quran is the Arabic words as well

    as their meanings (translation is not aQuran(

    Transmitted to us by way of

    [tawatur] (continuous narration by alarge number of people in each part of

    the chain of narration)

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    Revelation & Recording of the Quran

    a) Revelation of the Quran The Quran was transmitted directly from

    Allah (swt) to the Messenger of Allah

    through Gibril (not a mere inspiration)

    The Quran was not revealed to the

    Messenger of Allah all at once.

    It was revealed to him in stages and

    sometimes in accordance with incidents facedby Muslim community.

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    The wisdom behind revealing it by stages

    1. To allow people to memorize, understand andimplement it gradually.

    (:106(

    It is a Quran which we have divided into partsfrom time to time in order that you might recite it

    to men at intervals

    (17: 106)

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    2.To strengthen the heart of the

    Messenger of Allah (saw), give himcourage and moral support to

    overcome the difficulties and

    challenges he was facing. Allah said:

    (:32)

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    Those who reject faith say:

    "Why is not the Quran revealed

    to him all at once? It is revealed

    in stages so that We maystrengthen your heart thereby,

    and We have rehearsed it to you

    in slow, well-arranged stages,gradually. (25: 32)

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    3. Live interaction between the divine text and

    the socio-political reality and daily practice ofthe people.

    Some verses came to deal with:

    some situations faced by the Messenger of

    Allah;

    solve problems faced by Muslim community;

    respond to the challenges put by disbelievers;

    correct the mistakes committed by theMuslim community, etc.

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    Those incidents, cases, and

    questions are called occasions forrevelation () and they help

    those who came later in a better

    understanding and implementationof those verses.

    The period of revelation lasted for

    around 23 years.

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    The Recording of the Quran

    The Messenger of Allah used tomemorize the verses revealed tohim then recite them for his

    companions who used to memorizethem

    There were scribes who used to

    record the verses after theirrevelation

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    The original copies of the written

    records were preserved in the house

    of the Messenger of Allah.

    While some other scribes wouldrecord the verses for themselves and

    preserve them for their own use.

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    The order of the verses within eachsurah as well as the order of the surahswas directed byJibril.

    During each month of Ramadan Jibrilused to recite what was revealed in its

    order with the Messenger of Allah. During the time of Abu Bakr the Quran

    was compiled in a single official copy.

    The suggestion came after the battle ofYamamah.

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    The Quran and the other Revealed Books

    Universality: The previous Books were local for

    specific people.

    Quran as the last revealed Bookand a universal message for all

    mankind needs to be

    comprehensive and eternallypreserved.

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    (:48)

    To you we sent the Scripture in truth,

    confirming the scripture that came

    before it, and a watcher over it. So,

    judge between them by what Allah has

    revealed

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    2. The way of preservation

    The people of each Book were

    entrusted with guarding it against

    any distortion or manipulation

    ...(:44)

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    It was We who revealed the Torah;therein was guidance and light. By its

    standard have been judged the Jews,

    by the prophets who bowed to Allah'swill, by the rabbis and the priests; for

    to them was entrusted the protection

    of Allah's Book, and they were

    witnesses thereto )5: 44)

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    If they fail to do so, Allah sends another

    prophet to take people back to the rightway.

    Since Muhammad (saw) was the lastMessenger, Allah (swt) assumed the

    responsibility of guarding and preservingHis last Book.

    (:9) We have, without doubt, sent down the

    Message; and We will assuredly guard itagainst any manipulation or change.

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    Preservation of the Quran

    The way Quran was preserved:

    The Quran was made public from the very

    beginning.

    The Quran was fully recorded from the time it

    was revealed.

    The Quran was preserved in the original form

    (same language, same words).

    The assurance from God that the Quran willbe preserved till the Day of Judgment.

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    (:41-42)And indeed it is a Book of exalted

    power. Falsehood cannot come at it

    from before it or from behind it. (It is) a

    revelation from the Wise, the Owner of

    Praise.

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    No one can alter or change any part of the

    Quran even the Messenger of Allah himself. (43) (44) (45) (46)

    (:47.)

    This is a Message sent down from the Lord ofthe worlds. And if the Messenger were to inventany sayings in our name, we should certainlyseize him by his right hand, and we shouldcertainly then cut off the artery of his heart: Nor

    could any of you protect him from that.

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    The Characteristics of the Quran

    1- Guidance for and mercy to

    believers (:2)

    This is the book; in it is guidance,

    sure, without doubt, to those who

    fear Allah.

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    (:52)For We had certainly sent unto

    them a Book, based on knowledge,which We explained in detail, a

    guide and a mercy to all who

    believe.

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    2. Spiritual/ social healer

    (:57)O mankind! there has come to you a

    direction from your Lord and a healingfor the (diseases) in your hearts, and for

    those who believe, a Guidance and a

    Mercy.

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    3- Light

    (:157)

    So it is those who believe in him (theMessenger), honour him, help him, and

    follow the Light which is sent down with

    him, it is they who will prosper.

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    "

    (:8)

    Believe, therefore, in Allah and

    His Messenger, and in the Light

    which We have sent down. And

    Allah is well acquainted with all

    that you do.

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    4- Preacher for believers (:138)

    Here is a plain statement to men,

    a guidance and instruction tothose who fear Allah!

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    (:1)

    Ta. Sin. These are verses of

    the Quran, a Book that

    makes things clear and

    showing its reality.

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    (:15)

    O People of the Book! there has come to

    you Our Messenger, revealing to you

    much that you used to hide in the Book,and passing over much (that is now

    unnecessary): There has come to you

    from Allah a (new) light and a perspicuous

    Book.

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    The Quran is the main miracle

    of the Messenger of Allah and

    the main proof of theauthenticity of his

    prophethood.

    The miracles contained in itare the proof of its

    authenticity as the real Book

    of Allah

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    Its miracle is in terms of:i. Structure

    ii. Meaning (the

    knowledge contained init: historical events,

    prediction of what will

    happen in the future, and

    scientific facts.

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    Challenging the Unbelievers

    The miracle is manifested in a challengeto all mankind to produce:

    (33)

    (34).Or they say: He has invented it? Nay, butthey do not believe! Then let themproduce a speech like it, if they aretruthful.

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    (13)(.)

    Or they say: He has invented it! Say:

    Then bring ten surahs, the like thereof,invented, and call on everyone you can

    beside Allah, if you are truthful!

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    (23).And if you are in doubt concerning thatwhich We reveal to our Messenger

    (Muhammad), then produce a surahlikeone thereof, and call your gods andsupporters beside Allah if you aretruthful.

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    91

    Islam is the last and universal religion;

    Human societies are always open for

    evolution and development.

    The Quran should: Meet the needs of

    all human beings in different places and

    different times.

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    To be able to do so, it should:

    Give clear and detailed discourse onwhat is important for human life andcant be known through humanreasoning only (beliefs and ibadat)

    Set the core values and principleswhich guide human life to the rightway, and safeguard it against anycorruption or deviation from such away.

    Be flexible to accommodate theevolution and development of humanlife and societies.

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    Regarding human lifes aspects which

    are subject to change and development,the Quran , generally, sets norms,

    standards and universal values which

    suit all peoples and all times.

    These values and norms should not besubject to any alteration or change to

    ensure the prevalence of righteousness

    and justice (immutable values and

    norms).

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    In light of these norms,

    people are given freedomto innovate and adopt

    whatever systems,

    procedures, etc they may

    consider as good for them

    as long as they dontbreach those norms and

    values.

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    95

    The Quran deals with those things

    which are needed to be known and maynot be realized by man or may not beunderstood accurately (man wouldspeculate about then only)

    Such as:- The origin of mankind, the substanceand the way of his first creation, his firstacquisition of the basic knowledge.

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    - The origin of the earth and the heavens

    In other fields such as:- astronomy

    - Geology,

    - Physics,

    - Embryology

    The Quran just gives some referencesfor the following purposes:

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    The aims of scientific references in theQuran

    It is not to give people details and teachthem natural and physical sciences.

    They are signs to prove:

    -The existence of God-The omnipotence and power ofGod

    -The weakness of men

    compared to the power of theCreator

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    98

    -Indebtedness of mankind toAllah for all what we have in

    life.

    -The authenticity of Prophetsand revealed Books i.e. this

    Quran comes from Allah and

    it is impossible for a human

    being, especially at the timeof Muhammad ( ). to

    compose it.

    Cont.,

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    For the Muslim who reads

    and understands these

    references, they serve to

    strengthen his or her faith.

    (:191.)

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    100

    Those who remember and praise Allah,

    standing, sitting, and lying down on theirsides, and contemplate the wonders of

    creation in the heavens and the earth,

    (with the thought): "Our Lord! not for

    naught has you created all this! Glory toyou! Give us salvation from the Penalty

    of the Fire. (3: 191)

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    For the non-Muslim who

    questions the authenticity

    or authorship of the Quran ,

    these references provide

    some interesting answers.

    (:

    53)

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    102

    Soon will We show them Our

    Signs in the (farthest)

    horizons, and within

    themselves, until it becomesmanifest to them that it is the

    Truth. Is it not enough that

    your Lord does witness allthings? [41:53]

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    103

    They should be used for the aforesaid

    things.

    They can be used to grasp a better

    understanding of those verses dealingwith natural phenomena compared to the

    way they were understood by early

    Muslims.

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    104

    We should not over-emphasize the

    scientific miracles to the extant that wehurry to relate each new scientific

    theory to the verses of the Quran .

    Such an act may lead to misinterpreting

    the texts of the Quran and changing theinterpretation from time to time. This

    may be counterproductive and cause

    some confusion especially among non-

    Muslims.

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    105

    The existence of God; the Creator

    and Lord of this universe.

    The concept of tawhid(Unity of God)

    Since the concept of God was not

    new to mankind, the Quran focuses

    on correcting the prevalent conceptsof God an demonstrating the Unity of

    God, his omnipotence and knowledge,

    etc.

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    106

    God used to send a prophet to every

    people A brief history of prophets (some

    names mentioned)

    Some revealed books: Suhuf / Ibrahim,Zabur/ Dawud, Torah /Musa, Injil/Gospel/ Esa

    Their nature, character, position andrelation with God (not his sons ordaughters)

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    107

    Its existence, what will happen on that

    day, Jannah, Jahannam

    No specific date is given for its

    happening

    (worship) Revelation the only source.

    The Quran sets the basics of ibadat and

    the Prophet gives details

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    108

    Revelation the main source

    The Quran sets universal ethicalnorms and values

    Obedience and submission to God,justice, benevolence, kindness,generosity, brotherhood, honesty,truthfulness, sincerity, trust (amanah),forbearance, patience, tolerance andforgiveness, inviting/encouraging

    people to good, preventing/ changingevil (munkar)

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    109

    Revelation is the main source The Quran deals with the main

    principles of these relations:

    Relationship among family members

    - between husbands and

    wives

    - between parents and

    children- marriage, divorce,

    inheritance

    Relations with relatives

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    Relations with neighbours

    Social relations and interaction Relations between genders

    Etiquettes and manners

    Relations with non-Muslims

    Relations with animals

    (Revelation is the only source)

    Food, drinks, clothes

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    111

    :

    - Family law

    - Criminal law

    - Procedural law

    - Commercial law- International law

    E i t

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    112

    Economic system

    (Revelation providesguidance to attain andmaintain justice)

    Islam sets some norms andprinciples along with somerestrictions to ensure theobservance of those norms

    and principles (prohibition ofriba, uncertain contracts,etc.)

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    Zakatis imposed to secure

    the minimum economic andsocial justice,

    Rich people are exhorted tospend and promised to berewarded for that.

    Social welfare (59: 7)

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    Political system

    The Quran sets normsand principles

    The establishment of agovernment/ central

    authority and the duties of

    subjects to obey itscommands

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    The governance should bebased on consultation ( )and

    the right of people to select

    their leaders.The format of () and

    government are left for the

    choice of people and are openfor development.

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    116

    The Quran states that this universewas created by Allah, and gives shortdescription of that creation

    - The Quran states that the first man(Adam) was created by God fromdust/ clay (15: 26), (15: 28-29), (17:61), (23: 12), (32: 7), (32: 9), 38: 71-

    72)- Eve was created for Adam (4: 1), (7:

    189), (39: 6)

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    117

    - Adam was taught the basic

    knowledge by God (2: 30-33)- When Adam and his wife,

    mistakenly, disobeyed the

    commands of God, they weresent down from Jannah

    (Paradise) to the earth where

    they and their children settled.

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    118

    - The Quran gives a briefaccount of the history of the

    most significant Messengers.

    - The Quran does not focus onthe details of that history,

    instead it focuses on the

    lessons that should be learnedfrom those events.

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    119

    - The Quran pays enough attention to

    civilizational studies by examining the

    patterns of rise and fall of civilizations.

    - The Quran wants Muslims to learn from

    human experience.

    - The aim of this is to guide Muslims howto build their civilization and guard it

    against social diseases that may lead to

    its fall and collapse.

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    120

    Quran is an authoritative text thatshould be followed and implementedby all Muslims.

    Those texts which are clear and self-explanatory should be implementedwithout any further examination.

    Those texts which are open for

    interpretation and may impart morethan on meaning can be examined andconstrued based on the followingprinciples:

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    Grouping of similar texts/ statements

    which talk on one topic/category Analysis and understanding of each

    text/ statement in its components and

    context

    Identification of the rules which unify

    the various categories

    Identification of the general rules and

    purposes which govern theinteraction/ interrelation of various

    categories.

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    122

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    123

    Sunnah) ) means a clear path, an

    established course of conduct, the pattern

    of life, a precedent and custom.

    The word sunnahand its plural sunan

    have been used in the Quran sixteentimes. In all these instances, sunnahhas

    been used to imply an established practice

    or course of conduct.

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    124

    It may be a good example or a bad one,

    and it may be set by an individual, a sector a community.

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    125

    Whosoever originates in Islam any

    good way/ precedent (good sunnah) hasits reward and the reward of whoeveracts upon it till the Day of Judgment.And whosoever originates in Islam a

    bad way/ precedent (bad sunnah) bearsits burden and the burden of whoeveracts upon it till the Day of Judgment

    The opposite of sunnah is

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    The opposite of sunnahis

    bid`ah(innovation), whichis characterized by lack of

    precedent and continuity

    with the past.

    a. The acts, sayings and

    approvals of the Messengerof Allah.

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    1. Sunnah which is intended to be

    binding law:

    This kind includes the sayings, acts

    and approval of the Prophet (saw)through which he intended the laying

    down of the law or the explanation of

    the ahkam(law) laid down by the

    Quran . This comprises the largest

    part of the sunnah.

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    )This kind includes those acts whichare specific to the Prophet (

    ). The number of these acts is very

    limited. One example is the number ofhis marriages, marriage withoutdowry, not eating out of charity ( ).

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    Like eating, drinking, walking.Such acts are not meant to laydown laws. If one imitates the

    Prophet (saw) in these acts out oflove for him and with the intentionto get reward, he will be rewardedfor this.

    But the etiquettes and mannersprescribed by the Messenger ofAllah for the performance of suchacts are part of the which is meant

    to be binding law

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    This may include acts that pertainto his experience as a human being,

    like the organizing of the army,tactics of war, trading skills.

    These acts dont become

    precedents of law, because their

    basis is skill and experience rather

    than revelation. However, if they are still relevant

    to ones situation they might be

    followed.

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    131

    Quran

    The Sunnah is the secondsource just next to the Quranwhich is the first source.

    There will be no Islam withoutthe adoption of the sunnah.

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    The Sunnah is basically anelaboration and commentaryon the Quran .

    Some ahkamare found inthe Quran in general,undetermined orunelaborated form.

    The Sunnah restricts,qualifies, or elaboratesthese ahkam.

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    133

    The Sunnah is a concrete

    implementation, a tangible form and theactual embodiment of the Quran

    The Sunnah may lay down some rules

    that are not mentioned in the Quran

    Quran says: And whatsoever the

    messenger brought to you, follow it.

    And whatsoever he forbids, abstain

    from it (al-Hashr:7)

    The knowledge we get from The

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    Sunnah

    134

    The rulings and teachings relatedto

    In food, drinks, clothes, and

    transactions:

    - the Sunnah interprets what needs tobe interpreted in the Quran .

    - The Sunnah may add some

    prohibitions which are not included

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    (family, criminal, commercial,procedural, international )

    The biography of the Prophet (saw) isthe model of individual moral conduct.

    A noble model you have in AllahsApostle, for all whose hope is in Allah,and in the final Day, and who oftenremember Allah (al-Ahzab:21)

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    The model in implementing

    and embodying theteachings and principles ofthe Quran

    The model in therelationship betweenhumans and Allah (ibadah)

    The model in establishing afamily and treating wives aswell as children.

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    A model in dealing with

    people.

    A model in hard-working,

    patience, and perseveranceetc.

    He was a model leader, andfrom him we learn the

    requirements of a

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    138

    How he started fromnothing and ended with

    hundreds of thousands offollowers after two

    decades only.

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    139

    How could he establish anation and changed a quite

    primitive society dominated

    by tribalism and rivalriesbetween different tribes and

    social classes to a civilized

    and strong state

    characterized by unity,

    cooperation, and

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    Eliminating idolatry and establishingTawhid

    Eliminating bad social values in dealing

    with the weak social classes: women,

    slaves, poor people, black people, etc.

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    141

    Reason ( )

    as a Sources ofKnowledge

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    143

    1. Reason is sometimes used to denote anumber of self-evident principles(such as the principle of non-contradiction) which govern theprocess of thinking of mentally

    competent people, regardless of theircultural background.- These fundamental truths areintuitively apprehended

    - as opposed to sensation, perception,feeling, desire (the existence of whichis denied by empiricists)

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    In this sense, reason is an instrument

    used for examining the coherence andrationality of a body of statements. The examination allows us to conclude

    that the examined statements are:- Either coherent, and hence inconformity with the principles ofreason;- Or contradictory, and thus inviolation of reason

    Reason which gives a priori knowledge(pure reason)

    2. The capacity of rational beings to

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    acknowledge the truth of certain

    assertions and deny the truth of otherswith the power to abstract, analyze,

    synthesize

    A body of knowledge which has been

    examined and systemized by the

    principle of logic and considered by

    certain people as reasonable.

    = Reason as an mental faculty. Reason is to be associated with methods

    and mechanisms used in science and

    knowledge, generally, rather than a

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    Reason is gift from Allah and its the most

    valued part of human body Reason is the basis of taklif(legal capacity)

    because it is the power of discernment bywhich humans can distinguish betweengood and bad, right and wrong

    Reason is the basis of Iman/ faith, thus, it isgiven the authority to examine theauthenticity of prophets and the revelationthey claim to bring from God.

    The Quran is full of references which

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    The Qur an is full of references which

    command and exhort people to think,

    contemplate, and to examine the claimedrevelation

    This shows that:

    - Islam values reason; and

    - Islam is confident that there will be

    no contradiction between what is

    contained in the revelation and what can

    reasoned by human reason

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    148

    What is claimed by unbelievers to be

    irrational or unreasonable is either: = Mere speculation and ignorance,

    such as when they deny some beliefsor they misunderstand them

    (:36)But most of them follow nothing butconjecture and speculation: truly

    conjecture and peculation can neverchallenge or replace truth. Verily Allahis well aware of all that they do.(10:36)

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    = Or mere wishes and eluded hopes (hawa)

    (:111)And they say: "None shall enter Paradise

    unless he be a Jew or a Christian." Those

    are their vain desires. Say: "Produce your

    proof if you are truthful." (2: 111)

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    Interestingly, those who claim to

    reject religion/ revelation based onlogic and rationality are characterized

    by the Quran as those who fail to use

    their mental faculties/ reason

    properly.

    (:18)

    Then We put you on the right way ofreligion; so follow that way, and do

    not follow the desires of those who

    do not know. (45: 18)

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    (:171)The parable of those who reject Faith is

    as if one were to shout like a goat-herd,

    to things that listen to nothing but callsand cries: deaf, dumb, and blind, they are

    void of wisdom. (2: 171)

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    152

    Hawwas (senses)as Means to

    Knowledge

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    Senses as sources of Knowledge The

    Quran urges us to use the faculties ofsenses.

    It blames the Kuffar for not using their

    senses properly.

    The faculties of sense will bear witnessfor or against one on the Day of

    Judgment.

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    154

    Sound Senses (Hawwas al-Salimah)

    1. Hearing

    2. Sight,3. Smell,

    4. taste,

    5. touch

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    It is a faculty (quwa) placed in thenerves spread out in the cavity of

    the ear hole, by which sounds are

    perceived.

    It is by way of connecting with the

    ear hole the air which which has

    assumed the quality of the sounds,

    meaning that Allah then createsperception in the soul (al-nafs)

    [E.Elder, 18]

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    It is a faculty placed in the twohollow nerves which meet each other

    in the brain, thence they separate and

    go to the two eyes; by this faculty

    are perceived rays of light, colours,

    shapes, measures, motions, the

    beautiful and the ugly, and other

    things, the perception of which Allahcreates in the soul whenever the

    creature uses this faculty.

    )

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    )

    It is a faculty placed in thetwo protruding lumps on thefront of the brain, which arelike the two nipples of thebreast; by this faculty odorsare perceived by way ofconnecting with the cartilage

    of the nose the air which hasassumed the quality of theodors.

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    158

    It is a faculty spread out in

    the nerves situated on the

    organ of the tounge; by this

    faculty flavors are perceived

    through the mixing of the

    saliva which is in the mouth

    with the thing tasted, and

    through its reaching to the

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    It is a faculty spread out

    into all the body by which

    heat and cold, moistureand dryness, and the like

    are perceived at the time

    of touching and contact.

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    :A particular way of doing something, esp.a systematic one; implies an orderlylogical arrangement.

    1.The theoretical analysis of the methodsappropriate to a field of study or to thebody of methods and principles particularto a branch of knowledge.

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    i. Methodology in revealedknowledge

    ii. Methodology in human

    knowledge (pure and socialsciences)

    iii. Integrative methodology of

    revealed knowledge and human

    knowledge.

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    What is Islamic Methodology?

    Methodology means a technique or method.It is the field of inquiry concerned with the examination of methodsused in the study of natural sciences, human and social sciences andreligious sciences in order to understand the subjects.

    A comprehensive Islamic methodology is means to Islamize andintegrate knowledge on the basis of the combination between therevelation and reason in order to overhaul the obstacles andchallenges facing a modern man and the society.

    Methodologies used by the early Muslim

    scholars

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    Ijtihad(wahy, `aql and

    Hawas)

    Istihsan(Juristic

    Preference)

    Masalih

    Mursalah(public interest)

    `Urf

    (a particular

    Custom)

    Consultation

    &

    Consensus

    Chain of

    Transformation

    Reliable

    Narrators

    Verifications

    Collection of

    Data

    Islamic

    Methodologies

    Islamic Methodology

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    1. Collection of data of the Quran and Sunnah2. Verified techniques used by the narrators in order to

    ensure the authenticity of narrations.

    3. Compilation of the Quran and Sunnah.

    4. Considering the reliable narrators with specific criteria.

    5. Chain of transformation, no gap between two generations

    and not less than 40 forty narrators.

    6. Memorizations of the Quran and Sunnah

    Islamic Methodology

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    7. Consultation among the scholars and consensus based

    on majority opinions.

    8. Ijtihad (rational arguments, explanation, interpretation

    and adjustment with the local culture and custom)

    9. Istihsan (juristic preference), supplementary methods inorder to make up for the growing number of new

    situations that were difficult with the textual and the

    analogical arguments.

    Islamic Methodology

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    10. Maslahah or Masalih Mursalah (public interest),supplementary methods, if the texts of the Quran and

    Hadith or consensus or analogy were not available.

    11. Urf (custom of a particular society or a nation), supporting

    for adjustment from avoiding the contradictions and social

    division and disunity for the public interest.

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    Merits of the Traditional Approach

    Merits of the traditional approach were the sincerity, piety,

    enthusiasm, commitment, and dedication of the early Muslim

    researchers, many of whom looked for their rewards in the

    Hereafter.

    167

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    Islamic research, experimentation and empirical investigation

    were considered acts ofibadah. The God-consciousness of the traditional scholars was

    reflected in their writings and research, which they wouldcommence with bismillah (in the name of Allah), seek His

    blessings and conclude by dedicating their results to Him.

    168

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    The holistic nature of the traditional Islamic educational

    system made no distinction between revealed knowledge and

    empirically derived knowledge.

    169

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    Knowledge was perceived as a comprehensive whole, with

    empirically derived knowledge subject to the verification of

    revealed knowledge.

    170

    Tawhidic Criteria for Islamic

    Methodology

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    Three main tawhidic criteria for Islamic methodology are as follow:1. Anything which does not correspond with the reality must be

    rejected.

    2. Ultimate contradictions must be denied and rejected.

    3. Approaches must be open in order to adjust and accommodate newsituations facing the society and man.

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    Merits of IslamicMethodology

    Summarized

    172

    s

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    Knowing context,Purpose and

    Application of theTexts

    As Ibadah

    Mastery ofArabic

    Language

    Combination ofWahy & Aql Identifying the

    Short-comingsOf EmpiricalKnowledge.

    Self-Initiative(EstablishingInstitutions)

    ReflectionOf

    AllahAwareness

    Commitment toPeople and

    society

    PureIntention

    Forhumanity

    Allahs

    pleasure

    Merit ofIslamicMethodologies

    Verificationof

    V liditi

    Depended onWestern

    Depended onTraditional

    method

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    Validities,shortcoming

    IntegratingBetween

    Wahy andAql

    TraditionalMethods asInspiration

    Bilingual

    Competency

    RegainingSincerity andPure intention

    Forhumanity

    UnavailabilityFinancial and

    Technicalsupport

    Mis-Propagation

    AndMisconception

    Absence ofIslamic

    Curriculum

    Creativity andInitiative ness

    WesternMethod

    ObstaclesAnd

    Recommendations

    forMuslim

    Scholars

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    From Latin word scientiameans systematic

    knowledge of the physical

    or material world

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    Is acquired through

    experience, observation and

    researchDiscursive: preceded by

    arguments

    Inductive and deductive

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    The researcher begins with

    a theory and then derivesone or more hypothesesfrom it for testing.

    Next the researcher defines the

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    Next, the researcher defines the

    variables in each hypothesis and theoperations to be used to measure them

    in specific observable terms.

    The researcher implements those

    observations to see whether theyconfirm or fail to confirms the

    hypotheses.

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    A method of discovering general rulesand principles from particular facts and

    examples.

    In induction one starts from observed

    data and develops a generalization whichexplains the relationships between the

    objects observed.

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    In our quest to understand things, weshould strive to keep an open mind

    about everything we thing we know

    or we want to understand.

    What we call knowledge is

    transitional and subject to refutation!!

    Is this possible?

    Can this characteristic be open? To which extent can we hold this

    perception?

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    Scientific method seeks

    knowledge through observed

    evidence not authority,

    tradition or ideology.

    The evidence should besystematic, comprehensive,

    and objective as possible.

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    This is a common basisof all sciences; pure,

    human, and social.

    This is a function of perception and

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    cognition.

    - The mind goes on collecting

    data from all kinds of

    observations and experiences.

    Simultaneously, the mind, byusing its power of identification

    and retention (the ability to

    remember things), goes onestablishing relationships

    The observation will be on some

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    assumed correlation between someaspects according to some tentativehypothesis to prove if there is anyinterrelationships between them.

    This observation can be done in a

    laboratory (physics, chemistry, biology,etc.) or in a field when the parts understudy spread over vast areas in time andspace (astronomy, geology).

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    In Muslim history of science it is a fact

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    that Muslim scientists realized at an early

    stage the importance of scientificequipment for collection of data,therefore they introduced big astrolabes(scientific instrument used for reckoning

    time and for observational purposes toenable astronomers to calculate theposition of the Sun and prominent starswith respect to both the horizon and themeridian)

    and quadrants (an

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    and quadrants (aninstrument formeasuring angles,especially to check yourposition at sea or to lookat stars) for exactobservations of starsand planets, and evenhad invented a spherical

    l b

    Measures to guard against distortion:

    Th ki b i h ld

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    The person taking observations should

    be clear in his mind; he should not beobsessed by any preconceived ideas.

    He should record only what is really

    happening (objective).

    He needs patience and perseverance to

    ensure the reliability of his observations.

    Even the observations taken with all

    this care cannot be taken at their face

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    this care cannot be taken at their face

    value, until preliminary statisticaltests confirm its reliability, or a

    number of other scientists confirm it

    independently.

    The rules of observation laid down by

    Jabir ibn Hayyan (chemistry):

    1. The time and season must be

    carefully chosen;2. It is best for the laboratory to be ina secluded (quiet and private) place ;

    3. The chemist must have trusted friends;

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    4. He must have sufficient time to conductexperiments;

    5. Patience and reticence (not disclosing

    results hastily before testing them);

    6. Perseverance;

    7. He must not be deceived by

    appearances into bringing his operations

    to too hasty a conclusion.

    2

    To arrange the data in some regular

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    To arrange the data in some regular

    order; To find out the characteristics of the

    population from where the random sampleof data was taken;

    To establish the relations and correlationsbetween different members of thepopulation under study or with membersof other series.

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    After studying the characteristics ofthe members of the population under

    study, it comes the stage when the

    researcher begins to ask the question

    How about the working of thosemembers and their correlations.

    The answer to this question is the

    hypothesis which describes in wordsor in symbols the relationship that

    appear to exist between them.

    This hypothesis will be depending, to

    t t i Thi i

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    some extant, on guessing. This guess is

    based on the past observation, experienceand knowledge.

    There may be many hypotheses

    depending on the number of variable

    parameters involved.

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    The hypotheses will put intotesting through experiments indifferent produced conditions

    to show their validity andapplicability.

    If the predictions in the

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    If the predictions in the

    hypothesis come out correct,then the status of the

    hypothesis is raised to that of

    a theory. If this theory isfound to be universally

    applicable, it is called a law

    of nature.

    Observation

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    Logical deduction

    Experimentation and empirical observations

    (under controlled conditions)

    The hypothesis is validated = Theory

    M li i i h fi

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    Muslim scientists were the first ones tointroduce this method and to emphasizethe role of experimentation.

    Jabir ibn Hayyan, for example, statedclearly in his book on chemistry: the first

    essential is to perform practical work andexperiments. One who does not do so willnever attain mastery.

    Among the rules of

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    experimentslaid down by him:

    1. The operator should know

    the reason for performingthe experiment (hypotheses

    and predictions should be set

    clearly);

    2. The instructions must be

    properly understood;

    Impossible and profitless

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    Impossible and profitless

    processes should beavoided (vague

    hypotheses which dontlead to definite

    predictions, or hasty

    experiments which leadto vague results, are of

    no value).

    :

    Until the 10th century

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    Until the 10 centurythe Greek andEgyptian theory of

    geocentric cosmologywas assumed to betrue, and It was held

    by early Muslimscientists.

    According to this theory the

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    fixed stars are farther thanthe stars of the Milky Way/

    the Galaxy (the system of

    stars that contains our sunand its planets) which

    supposed to be close to the

    earth and to be situated inthe atmosphere of the earth.

    In Greeks astronomy, this was an axiom

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    and all other problems of astronomyhad to satisfy this truth.

    The Muslim astronomer Ibn al-

    Haytham, based on his inductive

    method and with help of the equipmentdeveloped by Muslim scientists, came

    to a conclusion that the stars of the

    Milky Way were as far off as the other

    fixed stars, and that they were notsituated in the atmosphere of the earth.

    Ibn al-Haytham was facing

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    two contradictinghypotheses: the Greeks

    axiom and his

    hypothesis.

    And the question was: how

    to decide about the validityof these two opposing

    hypotheses?

    Ibn al-Haytham suggested an experiment

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    to decide about these hypotheses:

    1. to measure the distance

    from the same place in

    different seasons.2. to measure the distance at

    the same time from two

    places far apart on theearth.

    3. The result was that if the

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    stars of the Milky Way arein the atmosphere of the

    earth, then, in both the sets

    of observations suggested,their relative positions will

    be different.

    If the stars of the Milky Way

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    are as far as the other fixedstars, there will be no changein the relative positions of thetwo sets of stars in eithercases.

    Observations were taken andit was found that the stars ofthe Milky Way did not changetheir relative positions amongthe fixed stars.

    Here the validity of the hypothesis was

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    not tested by the help of deductive logicalone. Only the predictions were deduced

    by logic and geometry. But the validity of

    the hypothesis was proved by

    experiment and observation. And this iswhat is called the inductive method of

    modern science.

    The characteristics of their (Muslims)

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    method are experiment andobservation, geometrical andmathematical sciences they worked upas instruments of reasoning.

    In their numerous writings onmechanics, hydrostatics, optics, etc. itis interesting to remark that thesolution to a problem is always byperforming an experimentalobservation.

    It was this that made them theoriginators of chemistry;

    that led them to the invention of all

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    kinds of apparatus for distillation (tomake a liquid pure by heating it until it

    becomes a gas, then cooling it and

    collecting the drops of liquid that

    form), sublimation (conversion of asubstance from the solid to the vapour

    state without its becoming liquid),

    fusion (the process or result of joining

    two or more things together to formone, like the fusion of copper and zinc

    to produce brass), filtration (the

    process of filtering a liquid or gas),

    that caused them in Astronomy toappeal to divided instruments such as

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    appeal to divided instruments such as

    quadrants and astrolabes, in Chemistryto employ the balance, the theory ofwhich they were perfectly familiarwith, to construct tables of specific

    gravity and astronomical tables likethose of Baghdad and Spain, greatimprovements in Geometry, theinvention of Algebra and the adoptionof Indian numeration in Arithmetic.

    Such were the results of theperformance of the inductive method their declining the reveries(imaginations/ dreams) of Plato.

    , who is considered by theWest as one of the founders of inductive/

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    West as one of the founders of inductive/scientific method, in his book NovumOrganum(1st quarter of the 17th century)while pleading for the introduction ofempiricism in Europe says again and

    again that:great authorities follow this andconsider this method better than the olddeductive method of Greeks.

    But he never once

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    mentions the name of thegreat authorities and the

    wise people

    No one applied this methodbefore except Muslim

    scientists. It is suggested

    that he did not mentionthem by name for fear of

    inquisition.

    Freed sciences from the domination of

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    Freed sciences from the domination of

    rigid deductive method that is more

    suitable to theoretical and philosophical

    studies.

    Limited the sphere of intellectual

    speculations and made a big room for

    empirical knowledge.

    Freed scientific research from the grip

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    of Greek axioms. Limited the sphere of metaphysical

    studies and made shift to natural andphysical studies.

    Successful results achieved by scientists

    gave them confidence in this scientific

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    gave them confidence in this scientific

    method and encouraged them to further

    their research.

    This, in turn, led to expansion of the

    horizon of scientific research;

    discovering new laws and opening new

    areas.

    Experimental endeavour led

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    to the transformation ofscience to technology, and

    the invention of sophisticated

    machines and equipment.

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    The overconfidence in and

    adoration of the scientific

    method led to extremerationality.

    Extreme rationality led to the

    adoption of scientific methodin the field of human and

    social sciences.

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    (from the Greek word empeiria =experience.)

    Inaugurated by and

    developed by John Locke (1632-1704) In

    philosophy, the attitude that beliefs are tobe accepted and acted upon only if they

    first have been confirmed by actual

    experience.

    Stressing experience, Empiricism is

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    opposed to the claims of authority,intuition, imaginative conjecture, andabstract, theoretical, or systematicreasoning (Rationalism) as sources ofreliable belief.

    The essence of empiricism is observation,measurement, and quantification of sensedata available to the observer.

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    Although Bacon proclaimsthe universal applicability of

    induction, he himself treats

    it almost exclusively as ameans to natural knowledge

    and ignores its social

    application.

    Most divine knowledge must come from

    revelation and reason has nothing to

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    revelation, and reason has nothing to

    do with it. There is such a thing as

    divine philosophy (what was later

    called rational, or natural, theology),

    but its sole task and competence is toprove that there is a God.

    John Locke one of the fathers of

    empiricism did consider revelation, in

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    principle, as a source of certain type ofknowledge. But he assigned to it a very

    marginal and subordinate role.

    He argues that knowledge acquired by

    human reasoning is more reliable andcertain than knowledge received through

    revelation.

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    He gives revelation the upper hand

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    over reason in two instances:1. In questions belonging to the realm of

    faith, because its inaccessible to

    human reasoning.

    2. Revelation should supercede reason inthe realm of probable knowledge which

    does not rise to certainty.

    (But one can always be certain aboutwhat his faculty of understanding

    considers true.)

    In philosophy, generally, any

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    system that confines itself tothe data of experience and

    excludes a priori (knowledge

    that is independent of allparticular experiences, as

    opposed to a posteriori

    knowledge, which derives fromexperience alone) or

    metaphysical speculations.

    As a philosophical ideology

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    and movement, Positivism firstassumed its distinctivefeatures in the work ofAuguste Comte (17981857).

    It then developed throughseveral stages known byvarious names, such asEmpirio criticism, LogicalPositivism, and LogicalEmpiricism, etc.

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    1.That all knowledge regardingmatters of fact is based on

    the positive data of

    experience;2.That beyond the realm of

    fact is that of pure logic and

    pure mathematics, whichwere, in a later phase of

    Positivism, classified as

    3. Strict adherence to the

    testimony of observation and

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    y

    experience is the all-

    important imperative of the

    Positivists.

    4. In its basic ideological

    posture, Positivism is worldly,

    secular, anti-theological, andanti-metaphysical.

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    A theory that relates scientificmethod to philosophy by

    affirming that all beings and

    events in the universe arenatural.

    Consequently, all knowledge of

    the universe falls within thepale of scientific investigation.

    Usually naturalism denies

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    the existence of trulysupernatural realities.

    Naturalists assert that

    nature is reality. There isnothing beyond, nothingother than, no other

    world of being.

    Naturalism presumes that

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    nature is in principlecompletely knowable.

    There is in nature a

    regularity, unity, andwholeness that impliesobjective laws, without whichthe pursuit of scientificknowledge would be absurd.

    Naturalism has no

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    ontological preference:dualism and monism, atheism

    and theism, idealism and

    materialism are all per secompatible with it.

    Two positive results of bahaviourism

    1. Development of neurosciences.

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    2. Development of behaviour therapy

    (behaviour modification), which

    focused on modifying observable

    behaviour, rather than on the

    thoughts and feelings of the patient

    (as in psychoanalysis).

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    W. M. Smart, The origin of theearth.

    Let us not then exalt thescientific method unduly asthe close preserve of thescientist nor, which is much

    more important, as the onlymeans by which we attemptto discover the secrets ofnature.

    It is easy for a scientist to

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    be a materialist if he seesonly in the universe the

    apparently relentless

    (continuous) unfolding ofnatural law, and forgets that

    there are domains where

    the laws of physics areirrelevant

    But more and more scientists are realizingthat they are exploring only one section

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    the great world of nature in all itsmanifold complexity; beauty, moral,conduct, spiritual values, religiousexperience, are all outside their domain,yet all come within mans scrutiny when

    he attempts to interpret the universe as awhole and strives to discern purposetherein

    Harris, Kelvin (1979),Education and Knowledge

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    The limitations of empiricismin human and social sciencescan be manifested in

    different areas among them:Derived conclusions could notbe logically valid forgeneralization because there

    could be exceptions.

    Methodology of data

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    collection is theory laden,that is, the investigator has

    preconceptions and motives,

    which influence his choice ofmethodology of investigation

    and this subsequently affects

    the outcome

    The humanistic studies of Western man

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    and the social analysis of Westernsociety by a Western scientist are

    necessarily "Western" and cannot serve

    as models for the study of Muslims or of

    their society.Ismail Raji al-Faruqi (1977), "Islamizing

    the Social Sciences"

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    The scientific method in itstechnical procedures has auniversal application.

    It was initially started byMuslim scientists and, laterdeveloped by Western

    scientists, and became as aheritage of humanity.

    There is no objection to

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    adopting the technicalprocedures developed by

    non-Muslims.

    It needs to be applied withinthe Islamic ethical and

    ideological frame.

    Production of Muslimscientists

    2

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    The main objects to the Westernmethods used in the domain of human &

    social sciences are:

    1. They are heavily inclined towards

    materialism and application ofprocedures of the natural sciences.

    Exclusion of spiritual aspect.

    1. They embody the Western

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    concepts & values(exclusion of revelation,

    materialism, atheism, etc.)

    2. They set the Westernvalues & concepts as

    universal norms and

    models by which othersocieties should by judged.

    The employment of this Western

    methodology in the Muslim world is

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    leading toward Westernization of Muslimsocieties.

    Refer back to slide 260.

    The issues of:

    Rejecting revelation and contrasting

    scientific with revealed knowledge and;

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    Confining reality to the empirical one

    under the justification that reason

    cannot ascertain transcendental reality;

    Are not real problems in Islam.

    - These structures are not immediatelyencountered by the senses. Instead, the

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    structures of empirical existence are

    inferred through the use of categories

    abstracted from the sensible, and

    mediated by purely rational categories

    and statements.

    e.g.

    O i

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    Our understanding of therelationship between the earth

    and the sun is mediated by

    mental constructs, and henceis completely at variance with

    the immediate impression

    received from the senses.

    2. Revelation, at least in its Islamic form,

    seeks its justification in empirical

    li

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    reality.

    Divine revelation sees empirical reality

    as the manifestation of a transcendental

    reality.

    The interconnectedness of the

    empirical and transcendental is always

    stressed by the Quran

    To understand revelation a proper andprofound understanding, sometimes, weneed the empirical knowledge, and to be

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    able to understand nature acomprehensive understanding we needrevelation.

    The science-revelation conflict is

    neither imperative nor universal, butspecific to Western religion andexperience. There is no need at all toreproduce it Muslim culture.

    In social and human science norms,

    d l d d i l f

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    models, standards are crucial forunderstanding, judging, and changing

    human behaviour as well as social

    phenomena.

    The norms/ standards/ models are used todeduce conclusions.

    Western scholarship assumes

    h h i f h

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    that the practices of theWestern society (which is

    assumed to stand at the peak

    of human evolution) becomethe standard of normality.

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    The common point among

    Muslim scholars who areconcerned with Islamization

    of knowledge/ Islamic

    methodology is theincorporation of Revelation

    into different fields of

    But when it comes to How

    h b diff

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    the answers may be different.Until now, only little have

    been done, and more efforts

    are required to establish aviable Islamic methodology

    for different social and human

    sciences

    Islamic Methodology should:

    Incorporate revelation as a source of

    k l d d i it it d l i

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    knowledge and give it its due role inguiding human inquiry of knowledge.

    Work under the directions of our

    worldview (the origin & nature of man

    and universe, the purpose of theircreation, and their destiny).

    Reflect the Islamic objectives

    d l

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    and valuesSet our norms/ standards/

    models which are derived

    from the Quran, the Sunnah,and the practice of the early

    Muslim society

    A framework for islamization of knowledge

    Islamic legacy Western

    knowledge

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    Mastery of disciplinary substantive

    knowledge

    Mastery of analytical and synthetic

    techniquesUniversity textbooks

    Islamic University

    Perfect/universal man

    Conclusion Muslims of the past always followed the Islamic methodology in

    the research:

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    the research: They based their work on the principle of tawhid;

    They verified the information to ensure its authenticity;

    They were sincere, pious, enthusiastic, committed and dedicatedresearchers;

    They perceived knowledge as a comprehensive whole;

    They avoided any innovation in the religion for fear of Allahspunishment;

    They had greater familiarity with classical Arabic than

    contemporary Muslim scholars which facilitated their

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    contemporary Muslim scholars, which facilitated theirunderstanding and analysis of the original texts;

    They used to commence their work with bismillahi al-Rahman al-Rahim (in the Name of Allah, the Gracious,

    the Merciful), seeking Allahs blessings and conclude bydedicating their results to Him; in this way they treatedtheir research as an act of ibadah.

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    l H d h/ Al T dd /

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    al- Hadarah/ Al-Tamaddun/al-Madaniyyah

    Al-Tamaddun/ al-

    Madaniyyah:derived fromthe word madinah(city or

    town), and din(religion).Al-Umran

    An advanced level of development in

    society that is marked by complex

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    society that is marked by complexsocial and political organization, andmaterial, scientific, and artisticprogress

    A society, its culture and its way oflife during a particular period of timeor in a particular part of the world.

    The way and level of life of

    l i th iti

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    people in the cities ascontrasted with the way and

    level of life in rural areas.

    The relation betweenmadinahand dinindicates

    the role of religion in the

    establishment of civilizationand refinement of social

    culture

    Civilization designates a condition of

    human society characterized by a high

    level of cultural and technological

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    level of cultural and technologicalachievements;

    and correspondingly complex social

    and political development

    It is an advanced state of intellectual,

    cultural and material development in

    human society

    Each civilization has a body or matter and

    a soul.

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    The body of the civilization is its material

    achievements such as buildings,

    infrastructure, agriculture, industry,

    educational institutions, technologicalequipment, and all that is related to

    various pleasures of worldly life.

    The soul of civilization is the set of;

    ideologies

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    ideologies, concepts,

    moral values,

    manners and traditions that are

    embodied in the behavior of individuals,groups, and their interrelations.

    Muslim civilization was the first