206ar-week 11&12&13 urban planning: safe cities vocabulary & reading & listening

206AR-WEEK 11&12&13URBAN PLANNING: SAFE CITIES

VOCABULARY & READING & LISTENING

KEY WORDS

PREVIEW

CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

Metropolitan(adj):


Definition : relating or belonging to a very large city

Synonyms: cosmopolitan, cityAntonym: countryEx: A metropolitan area of South Australia is

the heart of commerce.

rural(adj):


Definition : happening in or relating to the countryside, not the city.

Synonyms : outland,farm, provincialAntonym : urbanEx: Many people living in rural areas have

lower incomes and fewer job opportunities than those in cities.

suburban(adj ):


Word Formation: Suburb(n)Definition : related to a suburb, or in a

suburb

Synonyms : country, rural

Antonym : cosmopolitan, metropolitan,urban

Ex: Don’t you get bored living out here in a suburban street?

urban(adj):


Definition : relating to towns and citiesSynonyms : central, metropolitan

Antonyms: country, rural

Ex: Rapid urban growth has had a negative effect on birds and animals.

Ex: The origin of the strawberries in the market is Mexico, since they were grown there.

citizen(n):


Word Formation : citizenry(n)Definition : Someone who lives in a

particular town, country, or stateSynonyms : resident, nativeAntonyms: Foreigner, alienEx: We need our schools to teach our

students to be good citizens.

inhabitant(n):


Definition : one of the people who live in a particular place

Synonyms : citizen, native

Ex: İstanbul is the city of six million inhabitants.

resident(n):


Word Formation : residence(n)

Definition : Someone who lives or stays in a particular place

Synonyms : inhabitant, citizenEx: The breast cancer rate in Costa county

is estimated at 118.8 new cases per 100.000 residents each year.

surround(v):


Word Formation : surrounding(adj), surrounded(adj)

Definition : extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle

Synonyms : circle, border

Antonym : release

Ex:The forest surrounds my property

Ex: I’m surrounded by buildings in a fairyland and I see people wearing masks all over the city.

individual(n):


Word Formation : individualism(n)

Definition : considered separately from other people or things in the same group.

Synonyms : single, particularAntonym : common, general

Ex: Each individual leaf on the tree is different.

environment(n):


Word Formation : environmental(adj)

Definition : The people and things that are around you in your life, for example the buildings you use, the people you live or work with, and the general situation you are in.

Synonyms : surroundings, territory

Ex: Darwin’s theory linked living things to their physical environment in a new way.

PREVIEWING THE ACADEMIC CONTENT

PREVIEW



More than half the world’s people live in large cities, forming a growing urban population.

Almost all future population growth is expected to occur in these urban areas.

With large numbers of people living closely together, personal safety is a concern.

In the cities we know best, there are places where we feel safe and places where we fear for our safety. How can urban planners reduce, modify,or eliminate unsafe areas?


Label the illustrations with the key

words. Two of the adjectives apply to one of the illustrations.

Compare your answers with a classmate’s.

Answers: suburban, urban / metropolitan, rural

1.


Look at the table on the next page. It compares the rates at which victims

experience property and violent crime in urban, suburban, and rural areas of the United States.

This rate is called victimization rate. What can you say about the victimization

rates in urban, suburban, and rural areas?

2.

2. Suggested Answers:

Victimization rates are going down in almost all areas; urban, suburban, and rural.

The exception is violent crime rates in rural and suburban areas of the U.S., which show a slight increase.

Property crimes are highest in suburban areas and lowest in rural areas; violent crime rates are highest in urban areas and lowest in rural areas.


3.

Work in small groups.

Discuss the questions and share your ideas with the class.


3.

Why do you think crime rates are higher in urban areas?

Crime rates are higher in urban areas because there are more people in urban areas; there is more crowding and poverty.


3.

Think of areas in your city where you feel unsafe. What are some specific reasons why you don’t feel safe?

the areas are too crowded, too empty, too open, too enclosed, too narrow, too dark, etc.


3.

What kind of things might urban planners do to help lower crime rates? To help lower crime rates, urban planners

might create spaces that can handle the number of people who will use them so that crowds of people don’t get too tightly packed together (from housing to stadiums to parks); provide enough lighting; provide a mix of uses so that there are “eyes on the street.”


PREVIEWING THE ACADEMIC SKILLS FOCUS

PREVIEW



The main ideas is the writer or speaker’s most important idea or point.

A detail is a single fact or piece of information that supports a larger idea.

A detail might be an example, explanation, elaboration, reason, solution, opinion, or exception.

Main Ideas and Supporting Details


When reading, use these strategies to find the main idea of a text.

Read the title, headings and subheadings if there are any.

Find the topic sentence of a paragraph or the thesis statement of an essay.

Read the first and last sentences of each paragraph.

Look for repeated key words and synonyms of key words.

Main Idea and Supporting Details

KEY WORDS

BUILDING ACADEMIC READING SKILLS


controversial (adj):

Word Formation: Controversy (n): Definition: causing disagreement or

discussion among people with opposing opinions.

Synonyms: : arguable, debatable, disputable (open to argument or debate)

Antonyms: noncontroversial, uncontroversial (not likely to arouse controversy)

Ex: The issue of death penalty is highly controversial.


foster (v):

Definition: to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings

Synonyms: further , nurtureEx-1:I’m trying to foster an interest in

classical music in my children.Ex-2: She fosters creativity among the pre-

school children by providing a variety of activities.


internship (n):

Definition: An internship is a temporary position with an emphasis on on-the-job training rather than merely employment.

2) a period of time spent doing a job as part of becoming qualified to do it

Ex: He served his internship at Garfield Hospital.

Ex: Jane has a summer internship at a local TV station.


pedestrian (n):

Definition: a person who is walking, especially in an area where vehicles go Ex: A few pedestrians carrying their evening shopping sheltered from the rain in doorways.2) The death rate for pedestrians hit by cars is unacceptably high.


insight (n):

Definition: When you have an insight, you have a feeling or emotion or thought that helps you

to know something essential about a person or thing. / the ability to have understanding of a complicated problem or situation.

Collocation: gain insightSynonym: sixth senseEx: It was an interesting book, full of

fascinating insights into human relationships.


prevailing (adj):

Definition: most frequent or common. Something that is most common can be described as prevailing.

Synonym: dominantEx: The prevailing attitude toward children

at this school is one of optimism.Ex: The prevailing themes of Gothic fiction

are horror, terror, supernatural events and romance.


prevention (n):

Definition: the act of preventing / when you stop something from happening or stop someone from doing something

Word Formation: prevent(v)Collocation: crime preventionEx: The organization is committed to AIDS

prevention and education.


property (n):

Definition: What you own or have, like a car or clothes, is your property. 2) . The qualities that a thing has are its properties.

Ex: The club does not accept responsibility for loss of or damage to club members' personal property

Ex: One of the properties of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity very well.


public housing (adj+n):

Definition: houses or apartments owned by the government for which the rent is lower than homes that are privately owned

Ex: Life has become dissatisfactory for most people living in public housing.


slum (n):

Definition: a very poor and crowded area, especially of a city / a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions

Ex: In Victorian age, the middle class or aristocracy lived in urbanized parts of the city whereas the working class had to live in city slums where the living conditions were very poor.


sprinkle(v):

Word Formation: sprinkled(adj)Definition: scatter with liquid; wet lightly;

rain gently; distribute looselyEx: Pizzerias are sprinkled across the

town, as are Korean restaurants.


subtle (adj):

Definitions: 1. small but important / 2. Subtle is used for things that are hard to describe because of their complexity or delicacy: a way of thinking, arguing, or creating a work of art.

Ex: There is a subtle difference between these two plans

Ex: Subtle details are what make all the difference.


tenant (n):

Definition: a person who pays rent for the use of land or a building

Ex: If you play your music loud and let the cat pee in the corner, your landlord will not think that you're a very good tenant, and probably won't renew your lease.


volatile (adj):

Definition: likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly or suddenly become violent or angrySynonyms: changeable, changeful, inconstantEx: Food and fuel prices are very volatile in a war situation.Ex: The situation was made more volatile by the fact that people had been drinking a lot of alcohol.Ex: He had a rather volatile temper and can't have been easy to live with.


BEFORE YOU READ



1.

Work in groups of three and write your names at the top of the columns.

Read the questions in the first column and write your answers in your own column.

Then take brief notes as you listen to your partner’s answers.


3.

Collocations are words that are frequently used together.

Form collocations by matching the words in the blue box with the words in the exercise.

Use the indicated parts of speech to help. Some words in the blue box appear in more

than one collocation. Confirm your answers with the class. Then write one sentence for each collocation

and share your sentences in small groups.


3. Possible Answers:

1. provide 2. project 3. area 4. area 5. busy / thriving 6. urban 7. prevailing 8. internship


GLOBAL READING



Finding the Main Idea When Reading Quickly: Skimming

When you skim a text, you read it strategically to understand its general meaning or main idea.

Here are some strategies you can use to skim a reading.

Notice that some of these strategies were listed on page 4.


Read the title, headings, and subheadings of a text.

Read the first and last sentence of each paragraph.

Look at captions, diagrams, and illustrations.

Keep your eyes moving consistently over the page.

Don’t use a dictionary. Don’t spend time reading the details.


Finding the Main Idea When Reading Quickly: Skimming

1.

Skim paragraphs 1-6 of the text “From Eyes on the Street to Safe Cities” to find the main idea.


2.

Circle the choice that best represents the main idea of paragraphs1-6

a) Jacobs wrote a book called The Death and Life of Great American Cities.

b) Jacobs examined the relationship between safety and urban planning.

c) Jacobs felt that including businesses in public housing projects would improve safety.

Possible Answer: bCANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

4.

Circle the choice that best represents the main idea of paragraphs 7-12.

a. The CPTED movement was built on Jacobs’s views of urban planning to encourage urban safety.

b. The CPTED movement misinterpreted Jacobs’s views of how to achieve urban safety

c. The Dufferin mall is an example of a CPTED project.

Possible Answer: b


FOCUSED READING



SCANNING

Scanning is reading strategically to find the answers to specific questions.

It can be especially valuable when you need to answer a set of questions in a short amount of time

Here are some strategies to scan readings for answer:


SCANNING

A) Find a key word in the question and search for the key word, or a synonym of it, in the text.

B) Look for capitalized letters if you are looking for an answer to a where or who question.

C) Read quotes. Authors usually quote only the most important information from another author.

D) Look for numbers for answering numerical question.

E) Read the first and last sentences of each paragraph to find the paragraph in which you will find the answer.

F) Look for key transition words such as in contrast, however, and therefore. These indicate that a new point of view will be introduced.


1.

Read the questions. Then scan the text on pages 6 to 8 and

write answers to the questions. Write the letter of the strategy you used

to find the answer and a brief description of the strategy.



1. Jane Jacobs wrote The Death and Life of Great American Cities.

Strategy: B Look for capitalized letters to answer a

“who” question.



2. According to Jacobs, the key to a successful city was that people must feel personally safe and secure on the street among strangers. Fear of crime makes people stay off the streets, which makes the streets even more unsafe.

Strategy: C Read quotes.



3. Jacobs recommended that stores, bars, and restaurants be spread along the street so that people would be on the streets at all times. She also recommended bright lighting. She thought that parks should encourage a range of activities and users. In public housing, she recommended bringing stores and workshops into buildings, encouraging people to invest in their communities, and hiring women tenants to be elevator attendants. Strategy: E Look for the first and last sentences in a paragraph to see

if the answer is contained in that paragraph.



4. Jacobs felt that public housing could be very dangerous.

Strategy: A Look for synonyms of key words used in

questions.



5. The CPTED movement was created in the 1970s.

Strategy: B—Look for capitalized letters and

acronyms or D—Look for numbers.



6. The movement used fences, buzzers, gates, and barriers to create territories, reduce vandalism, and keep people out.

Strategy: B—Look for capital letters and acronyms or E—Look at the first and last sentences in a paragraph to see if the answer is likely contained in that paragraph.



7. Dufferin Mall in Toronto is an example of Jacobs’s urban design ideals. It has a youth theater, sports organizations, youth internships, teen services, a teen drop-in center, and a clothing exchange. The diversity of activities has reduced crime rates.

Strategy: F Look for key words shopping mall and

transition words in contrast 8.



8. Jacobs’s views are respected. She is considered an expert. She was a visionary and her viewpoint is still valuable today.

Strategy: E Look at the first and last sentences in a

paragraph to see if the answer is likely contained in that paragraph.


KEY WORDS

BUILDING ACADEMIC LISTENING SKILLS


countryside (n):

Definition: the area outside cities and townsEx: Istanbul is so crowded because of people moving from countryside.


boulevard (n):

Definition: a wide, main streetEx: Champs Èlysèesis a famous boulevard in Paris.


grid (n):

Definition: a pattern of straight lines that cross, used to organize streetsEx: The city's streets form a grid.


impoverished (adj):

Definition: very poorEx: Kkasımpaşa is an impoverished part of Istanbul.


industry (n):

Definition: business that provides goods or servicesEx: The tourism industry in Bulgaria increased by 18 % in 2003, the highest figure in Europe.


radical (adj):

Definition: extreme, very differentEx: Hitler and Mussolini were radical nationalists.


monument (n):

Definition: a building or other large structure that is built to remind people of an important event or famous personEx: The Statue of Liberty is a famous monument in New York.


vehicle (n):

Definition: something such as a car, bus, etc. that is used for carrying people or things from one place to anotherEx: In the future we will not use gasoline for vehicles such as cars.


vertical (adj):

Definition: pointing straight up and down in a line and forming an angle of 90 degrees with the ground or with another straight lineEx: Vertical stripes make you look slimmer.


population (n):

Definition: the number of people living in a particular area, country, etc.Ex: The population of Istanbul is almost 14 million.


BEFORE YOU LISTEN



1.

Read the paragraph about urban criticism.

1. What is the main idea?

Cities were overcrowded, unhealthy places to live from 1820-1940.


1.

Read the paragraph about urban criticism.

2. What were urban critics concerned about?

Overcrowding, short life expectancy, poor health of city residents, lack of sanitation, substandard housing, access to alcohol, high death rates, low birth rates, lack of religious or moral center, ugliness, vice, crime, and revolt


1.

Read the paragraph about urban criticism. 3. What are possible solutions?

Reduce number of people who live so closely together (reduce population density)

Move people into suburbs Improve health conditions by improving

waste systems and water quality Improve housing quality (possibly through

regulation) Make cities more attractive (beautification)


2. Answer the questions in 2 mins.1. Life in modern cities.

2. Early cities (1820–1940) were dirty and dangerous.


GLOBAL LISTENING



1.

Read the questions.

Listen to the introduction.

Answer the questions in Exercise 1.


1.

1. Urban planners developed new visions for “modern” cities because cities were very dirty and the people who lived in cities were very sick and impoverished.

2. Urban planners wanted to change this situation.

3. The professor will probably talk about visions of the modern city in the rest of the lecture.


2.

Before you listen to the entire lecture, review the chart on page 12.

What are you going to listen for? the visions of three urban designers.

Now, listen to the lecture. Do exercise 2.


2.


3.

Review the chart and complete the exercise.


FOCUSED LISTENING



1.

Listen to the introduction to the lecture again.

Did you hear the professor use any of the expressions in the box? The professor uses therefore to link the

twentieth century city planners’ reaction to the conditions that prevailed in cities at the time.

Look at the first powerpoint slide. You can see the main points on the left and details on the right.


2.

Listen to the whole lecture and complete all the slides.

Compare your notes with your partner in 4 minutes.

Listen to the lecture again and complete the missing information.


2.

Details and Problems about Each Ideal CitySlide 2• Details about the Garden City:1. Spread city residents out over the countryside2. Schools, housing, and cultural activities each

have their own separate places3. Garden or public park in the middle of the city4. Population limited to 32,0005. Examples are Stockholm and Vancouver


2.

Details and Problems about Each Ideal CitySlide 2• Problem:1. Once the town is built, it is not easy to

make changes.2. This model wouldn’t account for growth or

any kind of change.3. Large suburban areas are empty during

the day and open to crime.


2.

Details and Problems about Each Ideal CitySlide 3• Details about the Radiant City:1. Composed of skyscrapers set in parks2. High density population: crowded buildings

in wide open parks3. Wide highways for cars and underground

streets for heavyvehicles4. Examples are Toronto, Hong Kong, and São

PauloCANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

2.

Details and Problems about Each Ideal City

Slide 3• Problem:1. Streets are not pedestrian friendly.2. The model gave rise to a “car culture.”3. It separated the functions of the city,

creating unsafe city zones.


2.

Details and Problems about Each Ideal CitySlide 4• Details about the City Beautiful:1. The model cleared away city slums and rebuilt

the city center2. A central boulevard creates a grand impression3. Streets are gently curved, not arranged on a

grid4. Residential areas are in suburbs5. Examples are Brasilia, Paris, and Lisbon


2.

Details and Problems about Each Ideal City

Slide 4• Problem:1. People are not drawn into the

downtown core.2. Central boulevards often do not become

busy city centers.


2.

Details and Problems about Each Ideal CitySlide 5• More Details:1. These models all separated housing from

business, industry, and cultural activities.2. Certain city areas are empty at certain

times of the day, creating opportunities for crime.


206ar-week 11&12&13 urban planning: safe cities vocabulary & reading & listening

Documents

urban ex

country ex

rural ex

citizen ex

native ex

general ex

alien ex

release ex