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AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO THE GENERA OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF NEW ZEALAND.

by W. F. Ponder and T. P. Warren.

INTRODUCTION

Where Land Mollusca Live. The majority of N. Z, land s n a i l s are r e s t r i c t e d to the i s o l a t e d remnants of n a t i v e bush. The bush i s c a l l e d a macrohabitat but the places where the i n d i v i d u a l animals l i v e are r e f e r r e d to as microhabitats. These can be made i n t o a very lengthy l i s t , but f o r our purposes the more important microhabitats only w i l l be mentioned. The bush consis t s e s s e n t i a l l y of three l a y e r s : - t r e e s , bushes and shrubs, and the ground cover. The former provides a home f o r r e l a t i v e l y few s n a i l s , though by beating the f o l i a g e some species may be found, while others hide beneath loose bark and i n the dead leaves n e s t l i n g between branches. Shrubs and bushes provide a s i m i l a r h abitat to trees. Palms (the nikau) harbour s n a i l s i n the large l e a f bases. The ground cover i s , however, the r i c h e s t h a b i t a t , both i n the v a r i e t y of species encountered and i n the d i v e r s i t y of microhabitats a v a i l a b l e . Small f e r n s , mosses and creeping plants provide s h e l t e r f o r some species while others p r e f e r the dampness and p r o t e c t i o n found beneath r o t t i n g logs on the f o r e s t f l o o r . Leaf l i t t e r i s a r i c h h abitat providing a subaquatic environment fo r many t i n y s n a i l s and other animals.

Not only the native bush provides a habitat f o r s n a i l s . Coastal scrub and f l a x i s often r i c h i n species and a few are found i n tussock grassland and others beneath sand dune p l a n t s .

S u b f o s s i l land s n a i l s are o c c a s i o n a l l y encountered i n limestone caves or on sand dunes. Several subspecies of the large land s n a i l Placostylus ('Maoristylus) ambagiosus Suter are known only as s u b f o s s i l s .

How to Collect and Store Land Mollusca. Only simple equipment i s needed to become a student of land molluscs, though to study small forms adequately a microscope i s needed. A p a i r of forceps, a small paint brush, stoppered tubes and l a b e l s are a l l that i s required. A torch may come i n handy as l i g h t i s often very poor i n the bush. To c o l l e c t f o l i a g e - l i v i n g species, a piece of white c l o t h spread out on a wire frame i s a l l that i s needed. This i s held beneath a tree while the branches and f o l i a g e are shaken or beaten with a s t i c k .

A bag of l e a f mould sorted under magnification y i e l d s many of the small species that one would not normally see i n the f i e l d . Other debris i n v o l v i n g a l o t of f i n e m a t e r i a l should be treated i n a s i m i l a r manner.

Slugs should be drowned i n fresh water to extend them and then preserved i n 75% e t h y l a l c o h o l or i n 5% n e u t r a l i s e d formalin. Snails can be preserved by the same method, or a f t e r r e l a x i n g , the animal

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can be removed from the s h e l l . The large Paryphanta and Placostylus should not be l e f t too long as a i r bubbles may form under the perlostracum of the s h e l l . Paryphanta s h e l l s should be plugged with cotton wool to prevent t h e i r c o l l a p s e when d r i e d out. The smaller species can be preserved as above, or, i f only the s h e l l i s required, soaked f o r a day or two i n 75% a l c o h o l and then d r i e d . Some ribbed or b r i s t l e d species may be covered i n d i r t . This can be e a s i l y removed by s t i r r i n g them i n a dish containing 1-1 mixture of a l c o h o l and water, and then drying on clean b l o t t i n g paper.

Large s n a i l s should be kept i n trays with a l a b e l g i v i n g the species name, l o c a l i t y , date, data about the h a b i t a t , e t c . Small s h e l l s are best kept i n glass v i a l s or short lengths of glass tubing plugged at both ends with cotton wool, not corks. Lables (as above) should be placed i n s i d e the tube.

D i s s e c t i o n of the animal i s an important part of the study of land s n a i l s , but i t i s too large a t o p i c to be discussed here. The morphology of the jaw; and radula can, however, be studied without much d i f f i c u l t y , and observations of the e x t e r n a l features of the l i v i n g animal present few problems. The radula and jaw can be e i t h e r dissected out of the head, or the buccal mass can be heated i n a 10% s o l u t i o n of c a u s t i c potash to d i s s o l v e away a l l non-chitinous m a t e r i a l . The radula should then be mounted i n a s u i t a b l e medium (e. g., g l y c e r i n e j e l l y or p o l y v i n y l lactophenol) a f t e r s t a i n i n g ( i f necessary) with a s u i t a b l e dye or chemical (e. g., p i c r i c a c i d ) . The jaw can u s u a l l y be examined without mounting and s t a i n i n g , but i f t h i s i s necessary a s i m i l a r method can be used as f o r the radula.

History. The New Zealand t e r r e s t r i a l molluscs have a t t r a c t e d the a t t e n t i o n of malacologists f o r over a hundred years. The e a r l y workers i n the f i e l d , such as Gray, P f e i f f e r , and Reeve, were men who l i v e d i n Europe and studied m a t e r i a l c o l l e c t e d by several pioneer explorers to New Zealand. Much valuable work was done l o c a l l y i n the l a t t e r h a l f of l a s t century by Hutton, Suter, Cheeseman, Webster and Murdoch. In more recent years the t r a d i t i o n has been c a r r i e d on c h i e f l y by I r e d a l e , Powell, D e l l , Cumber and Burton.

Part of the studies of Hutton, Suter, Webster and Murdoch concerned the radula, g e n i t a l i a and other anatomical d e t a i l s , which has proved a valuable basis f o r l a t e r workers to continue from Much, however, remains to be done on the anatomy of the smaller species p a r t i c u l a r l y and a r i c h f i e l d of research i s a v a i l a b l e here.

At the present time there are 56 genera and subgenera recognised i n New Zealand and these contain some 373 species and subspecies. Further r e v i s i o n and research w i l l undoubtedly lead to increases i n both of these f i g u r e s .

HOW TO USE THE GUIDE

In the i l l u s t r a t e d guide to the n a t i v e New Zealand t e r r e s t r i a l molluscan genera, each genus i s b r i e f l y described under i t s appropriate f a m i l y . Rather than use the more common types of key f o r t h i s rather d i f f i c u l t group, a p i c t o r i a l guide i s considered by us to be more generally u s e f u l . A specimen should be r e a d i l y placed i n a genus by comparing i t with the f i g u r e s and checking with the appropriate d e s c r i p t i o n of the genus. S p e c i f i c i d e n t i f i c a t i o n can then be attempt­ed by r e f e r r i n g to the c h e c k l i s t i n " S h e l l s of New Zealand" by A. W. B. Powell. This reference w i l l give sources f o r f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n s of each species. The most u s e f u l reference i n t h i s respect i s Suter's "Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca".

The s h e l l s are described and f i g u r e d , the approximate maximum s i z e given, The d i s t r i b u t i o n , and number of species noted f o r each genus. The animal, radula, and jaw are described only when s h e l l characters are considered inadequate f o r p o s i t i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . In most cases the species i l l u s t r a t e d i s the type species f o r the genus, though other members are also figured i n those instances where there i s a wide range of v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n the genus. Few of the f i g u r e s are o r i g i n a l , the majority being taken from Suter (1915).

The f o l l o w i n g guide concerns the native s n a i l s and slugs but there are also a number of introduced s n a i l s and slugs that may be encountered, most of which have o r i g i n a t e d from Europe. A l i s t of these species can be found i n Suter's Manual (p. 1071).

Class GASTROPODA Order PROSOBRANCHIA Suborder ARCHAEOGASTROPODA Superfamily NERITACEAE Family HYDROCENIDAE

Animal with no g i l l , but a pulmonary chamber. Tentacles short, l a r g e , eyes prominent and at the outer bases of the t e n t a c l e s . Foot o v a l , short. Radula rhipidoglossan - formula » + 1 + (1 + 1 + 1) + 1 + «. S h e l l imperforate, conic and g l o b u l a r . Whorls convex, s p i r e short. Columella c a l l o u s . Operculum calcareous, ornamented with concentric s t r i a e . Inner side with a prominent apophysis.

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Genus OMPHALORISSA I r e d a l e , 1913 (Georissa multilirata B r a z i e r ) . S h e l l minute, imperforate, translucent. In very moist and dark parts of the bush. North and South Islands. 2 x 1 mm. F i g . l , Omphalorissa purchasi ( P f e i f f e r ) ; A, operculum.

Suborder MESOGASTROPODA Superfamily LITTORINACEA Family CYCLOPHORIDAE Animal with long, c y l i n d r i c a l t e n t a c l e s , the eyes at t h e i r outer bases on short peduncles. Foot long, attentuate behind. No g i l l , but a pulmonary chamber. Jaw r e t i c u l a t e , radula taenioglossan ( 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 ) . S h e l l c o n i c a l or depressed, usually covered with a horny periostracum, aperture c i r c u l a r , peristome simple or r e f l e x e d . Operculum s p i r a l , testaceous or horny with many to few whorls.

Genus CYTORA Kobelt and Moellendorff, 1897 (Cyclophora cytora Cray) (= Murdochia Ancey). S h e l l s m a l l , umbilicated, with 5-6 whorls. Protoconch 2 whorls, f i r s t smooth, second s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e . Moist parts of the bush among f a l l e n leaves and fronds. 3. 25 x 5 mm. Three Kings, North and South Islands, Stewart Is l a n d . 18 species and subspecies. F i g . 2, Cytora cytora Gray, 2A, Cytora pannosa (Hutton), operculum

Family LIAREIDAE Animal with long c y l i n d r i c a l t e n t a c l e s , eyes at t h e i r outer bases. Foot elongate, tapering behind. No jaws, radula taenioglossan with multicuspate teeth. S h e l l of moderate s i z e , t a l l s p i r e d , smooth or v e r t i c a l l y ribbed, body whorl often angled or keeled. Aperture o v a l , peristome continuous, often flanged. Operculum horny, s p i r a l .

Genus LIAREA P f e i f f e r , 1853 (Realia egea Gray). S h e l l s m a l l , subperforate, operculate, often with zig-zag markings. Protoconch of 2 smooth whorls. peristome continuous, with a l a b i a l flange. Mostly under decaying leaves of Bielschmedia taraire. Adult s h e l l (7-9 whorls) approx. 3x9 mm. 12 species and subspecies. North I s l a n d , mainly North Auckland. F i g . 3, Liarea egea tesselata Powell, 3 A , Liarea turriculata ( P f e i f f e r ) , operculum.

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Subclass PULMONATA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Suborder HOLOGNATHA Superfamily ENDODONTACEA Family OTOCONCHIDAE

Animal elongate, much too large to withdraw i n t o the s h e l l . Mantle extended over s h e l l . No po s t e r i o r mucous gland. Jaw d i s t i n c t l y furrow­ed. S h e l l very f l a t , transparent, p a r t l y e x t e r n a l , of few r a p i d l y i ncreasing whorls. Genus OTOCONCHA Hutton, 1884 (Vitrina dimidiata P f e i f f e r ) . S h e l l very t h i n , pale yellow, with minutely s t r i a t e d growth l i n e s , whorls 2£r. Protoconch of 1_- smooth whorls. Base of s h e l l completely cut away. Animal s l u g l i k e , y e l l o w i s h mottled brown with large a n t e r i o r v i s c e r a l hump containing the s h e l l . T a i l long. Animal 25 mm., s h e l l 5 mm. Under decaying timber i n the bush. North and South Islands. 1 species. Fig. 4, Otoconcha dimidiata

( P f e i f f e r ) ; B, s h e l l .

Genus MAORICONCHA D e l l , 1952 Helicarion oconnori Powell). S h e l l t h i n , y e l l o w i s h , with numerous s p i r a l l i r a e crossed by r a d i a l growth l i n e s . Whorls 2^ protoconch l£ smooth whorls, f l a t t e n ­ed. Base of s h e l l only p a r t l y cut away. Animal much l a r g e r than s h e l l , t a i l long and narrow, s i m i l a r to Otoconcha* Colour l i g h t brown with darker l a t e r a l s t r i p e s . 2 species. Animal 27 mm., s h e l l 8mm. South Island only. F i g . 5, MAORICONCHA o'connori (Powell), A, B, s h e l l .

Genus FLAMMOCONCHA D e l l , 1952. (Helicarion (Peloparion) cumberi Powell). S h e l l h y a l i n e , pale yellow, r a d i a l growth s t r i a e crossed by l i n e a r grooves. Whorls 2_\ Protoconch of l£ s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e d whorls. Base of s h e l l only p a r t l y cut away. Animal somewhat l a r g e r than the s h e l l , a much l a r g e r p o r t i o n i s capable of being r e t r a c t e d than i n MAORICONCHA* T a i l quite short, r a p i d l y tapering. S h e l l 4. 1 mm. 2 species. South and Stewart Islands. F i g . 6, Flammoconcha cumberi (Powell); A, B, s h e l l .

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Genus RANFURLYA, Suter, 1903 (R. constanceae Suter). S h e l l ear-shaped, y e l l o w i s h , very t h i n and transparent, a l l base of s h e l l completely cut away. One whorl only, w i t h sparse micro­scopic growth l i n e s . Animal s l u g - l i k e , b l ack, mantle covering the s h e l l . T a i l , s h o r t , rounded. Animal 6 x 3 mm., s h e l l 2. 75 x 1. 5 mm. 1 species. Auckland Islands only. F i g . 7, Ranfurlya constanceae Suter; A, s h e l l .

Families FLAMMULINIDAE, CHAROPIDAE, LAOMIDAE and ZONITIDAE. These four f a m i l i e s , together with the Otoconch-idae, are a l l c l o s e l y a l l i e d and not sharply d i f f e r e n t i a t e d on s h e l l characters. The l i t t l e that i s known about t h e i r anatomy also suggests s i m i l a r i t y , t h e i r reproductive organs a l l being simple. The f a m i l i e s are separated on jaw and radula characters. The s h e l l s can, with some experience, be placed with a high degree of accuracy i n a given family. However, the conchological features that are important such as texture, translucency, l u s t r e , e t c . are d i f f i c u l t to describe. A b r i e f diagnosis i s set out below, but i t i s suggested that the genera i n a l l four f a m i l i e s be checked i n cases where there i s any uncertainty.

Super family ZONITACEA Family ZONITIDAE S h e l l depressed, aperture sharp, no a p e r t u r a l teeth. Animal usua l l y with a p o s t e r i o r pedal gland, sole often t r i p a r t i t e . Radula with marginal teeth narrow, basal plates elongated, unicuspid ( i n Suterella) and jaw (smooth i n Suterella ) membranous.

Genus SUTERELLA I r e d a l e , 1915 (Helix novarae P f e i f f e r ) . S h e l l f l a t t i s h , narrowly umbilicated, t h i n and s h i n i n g . Pale y e l l o w i s h , sculptured with f i n e growth s t r i a e more pronounced at the suture. 6. 5 x 2. 2 mm. North Auckland. 1 species. F i g . 8, Suterella novarae ( P f e i f f e r ) , A, B, s h e l l , C, jaw.

This s h e l l has been included i n Powell's Check l i s t f o r many years but i s unknown to l o c a l c o l l e c t o r s . I t i s possible that an introduced mollusc was m i s i d e n t i f i e d as a constituent of the N. Z. fauna, or else there has been confusion w i t h one of the several s i m i l a r species of small flammulinids or laomids.

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Superfamily ENDODONTACEA Family FLAMMULINIDAE S h e l l v a r i a b l e , smooth or ribbed, aperture without teeth. Jaw u s u a l l y f l a t l y p l a i t e d . Radula v a r i a b l e , c u t t i n g points long. Mostly l i v i n g i n l e s s dense parts of the bush, and often on the trunks and leaves of t r e e s .

This group as a whole i s not easy to define on s h e l l characters alone as the main d i s t i n c t i o n s of genera are i n t h e i r radulae. However, the flammulinid s h e l l s are on the whole l a r g e r than those of the Charopidae and Laomidae and are mostly of smooth and p e l l u c i d appearance with the animal showing c l e a r l y through the s h e l l . Exceptions are Phenaochelixt Therasiella, Allodiscus and Suteria, which have pronounced a x i a l r i b b i n g sometimes produced i n t o s u t u r a l b r i s t l e s or p l a t e s .

Genus PHELUSSA I r e d a l e , 1915 (Helix hypopolia P f e i f f e r ) . S h e l l depressed, umbilicated, a x i a l l y costate with microscopic s p i r a l s t r i a e . Periphery rounded; mostly with zigzag or tess e l a t e d colour markings. Protoconch 1-J-smooth whorls. D e n t i t i o n : c e n t r a l and l a t e r a l teeth t r i c u s p i d , marginals with a mesocone only. 6 species. 12 x 7 mm. North, South and Stewart Islands. F i g . 9, A, B, Phelussa hypopolia ( P f e i f f e r ) .

Genus ALLODISCUS P i l s b u r y , 1892 (Helix dimorpha P f e i f f e r ) . S h e l l t h i n , depressed w i t h low or f l a t s p i r e . Periphery rounded, and having narrow, sub-imperforate or closed umbilicus. C l o s e l y a x i a l l y ribbed, with microscopic s p i r a l s t r i a e . Colour l i g h t brown, often with dark brown splashes or t e s s e l a t i o n s . Protoconch of l_f s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e d whorls. D e n t i t i o n : c e n t r a l tooth t r i c u s p u d , l a t e r a l s b i - or t r i ­cuspid, marginals w i t h 3-5 c u t t i n g p o i n t s . 23 species and subspecies. 14. 5 x 10 mm. Throughout New Zealand and. the Subantarctic Islands. F i g . 10, A l l o d i s c u s spiritus Powell.

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Genus PHENACOHELIX Suter, 1892 (Flammulina (P. ) ponsonbyi Suter). S h e l l depressed, narrowly umbilicated, the s p i r e somewhat convex. Periphery broadly rounded, whorls f i n e l y a x i a l l y ribbed and with f i n e s p i r a l s t r i a e . Colour yellowish-brown with darker spots or s t r e a k s . Protoconch of 1* d i s t i n c t l y s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e d whorls. D e n t i t i o n : c e n t r a l tooth narrow, with or without side cusps. L a t e r a l s b i c u s p i d , no entocone. Marginals m u l t i c u s p i d , inner cusp l a r g e . 3 species. 6 x 3. 25 mm. North, South, Stewart and Campbell Islands. F i g . 11, A, B, Phenaochelix ponsonbyi Suter.

Subgenus (Neophenacohelix) Cumber, 1961 (Phenaochelix giveni Cumber). This subgenus d i f f e r s from Phenaochelix i n that the protoconch of Ijr whorls i s smooth or at most o c c a s i o n a l l y very i n d i s t i n c t l y s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e d . Other s h e l l and radula features are e s s e n t i a l l y the same as i n Phenaochelix, 5 species. 7. 5 x 4 mm. North, South and Auckland Islands.

Genus Flammulina von Martens, 1873 (Helix phlogophora P f e i f f e r ) . S h e l l narrowly umbilicated or imperforate, globose or depressed, t h i n and p e l l u c i d w i t h few r a p i d l y widening whorls which can be ( i ) smooth, glossy and greenish o l i v e ; or ( i i ) ribbed and l i g h t or dark brown. Aperture l a r g e and rounded; protoconch 1 to 1_- whorls, i n group ( i ) smooth, and i n ( i i ) s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e . D e n t i t i o n : c e n t r a l and l a t e r a l teeth u s u a l l y t r i c u s p i d ; marginals w i t h 3 or 4 c u t t i n g p o i n t s , often coalescing on the outer teeth. 16 species and subspecies. 10 x 4 mm. North, South, Stewart and Subantarctic I s l a n d s . F i g . 12, A, Flammulina olivacea Suter; B ( a ) , F, olivacea Suter, s c u l p t u r e ; B ( b ) , P. chiron Gray, sc u l p t u r e .

Genus SERPHO Hutton, 1904 (Nanina kivi Gray). S h e l l c o n i c a l , greyish with purple colour markings. Subperforate or imperforate; a x i a l l y and s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e d , periphery angled. Protoconch 1_- convex whorls; s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e d . D e n t i t i o n : c e n t r a l and l a t e r a l teeth with a broad blunt mesodont. Marginals w i t h s e v e r a l c u t t i n g p o i n t s , the inner bidentate. 2 species. 10 x 8 mm. North I s l a n d , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the North Auckland regi o n . F i g . 13, Serpho kivi Gray.

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Genus THERMIA Hutton, 1904 (Pfeifferia cressida Hutton). S h e l l subglobose, t h i n , t ranslucent. A x i a l l y s t r i a t e d and oft e n with s p i r a l s t r i a e ; subperforate. Colour o l i v e green, sometimes with darker base. Protoconch 12' whorls, smooth or s t r i a t e . D e n t i t i o n : c e n t r a l tooth w i t h mesocone only; l a t e r a l s b i c u s p i d , no entocone; marginals w i t h s e v e r a l cusps. 3 species. 13 x 9 mm. Southern h a l f of North I s l a n d ; South and Stewart Islands. F i g . 14, A, B, Themia virescens (Suter).

Genus GERONTIA Hutton, 1883 (G, pantherina Hutton). S h e l l depressed, openly umbilicated; t h i n and p e l l u c i d . S t r i a t e d with close a x i a l r i b l e t s and microscopic s p i r a l s . Colour o l i v e -green to brown on s p i r e whorls. Protoconch of 1J£ whorls, f i n e l y r a d i a l l y and m i c r o s c o p i c a l l y s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e . D e n t i t i o n : c e n t r a l tooth t r i c u s p i d , l a t e r a l s s i m i l a r but the ectocone l a r g e r ; marginals w i t h a broad b i f i d cusp. 1 species. 10 x 4. 5 mm. North Westland are« only. F i g . 15, A, B, G, pantherina Hutton.

Genus THALASS0EEL1X P i l s b r y , 1892 (Helix zelandiae Gray). S h e l l depressed c o n i c a l , r a r e l y f l a t t i s h . S t r i a t e or smooth, sometimes h a i r y . One species imperforate, remainder u m b i l i c a t e . Protoconch lg- whorls, smooth or s t r i a t e . D e n t i t i o n : c e n t r a l tooth with obsolete ectocones; l a t e r a l s with a short ectocone; marginals with a mesocone only. 9 species and subspecies. 15 x 9 mm. North, South, Stewart, Chatham and Auckland Islands. F i g . 16, A, Thalassohelix zelandiae (Gray); B, T, zigzac (Gould); C ( a ) , T. zigzac (Gould) s c u l p t u r e ; C ( b ) , T, zelandiae (Gray) sculpture.

Genus 1HERASIA Hutton, 1883 (T, thaisa Hutton). S h e l l moderately large ( 8 x 4 mm), depressed -c o n i c a l , t h i n , u m b i l i c a t e . Periphery angular or subangular. Surface a x i a l l y or s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e . Pale brown w i t h darker spots or splashes. Protoconch l_r s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e whorls. D e n t i t i o n : c e n t r a l tooth narrow, t r i c u s p i d ; inner l a t e r a l without side cusps, outer ones t r i c u s p i d . Marginals m u l t i c u s p i d . 5 species. North, South and Stewart I s l a n d s . F i g , 17, Therasia thaisa Hutton.

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Genus THERASIELLA Powell, 1948 (Nanina (?) celinde Gray). S h e l l smaller (4 x 2. 5 mm. ) than Therasia, sharp - s p i r e d , periphery acutely angled. Whorls with f i n e a x i a l threads produced i n t o membranous t r i a n g u l a r p l a t e s at the periphery, and minute s p i r a l threads. Colour uniformly o l i v e brown. Protoconch 1-g- s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e whorls. 3 species. Three Kings, North and South Islands. D e n t i t i o n as i n Therasia, except that the marginals are bi c u s p i d i n Therasiella. F i g . 18, A, B, Therasiella celinde (Gray).

Genus OBANELLA D e l l , 1952 (Egestula spectabilis Powell). S h e l l s m a l l , s u b d i s c o i d a l , angled or subangled on the periphery. Whorls f l a t t e n e d above the periphery. Protoconch of l^r s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e whorls. Post nuclear sculpture of rather r e g u l a r l y spaced r a d i a l r i b s produced i n t o broad p l a t e s at the periphery, with f i n e a x i a l r i b l e t s i n between, the i n t e r s t i c e s sculptured with f i n e s p i r a l s t r i a e . Umbilicus rather wide. Colour l i g h t or y e l l o w i s h brown. 3 species. 2 x 1 mm. Southern part of North I s l a n d , South and Stewart Islands. F i g . 19, A, Obanella spectabilis (Powell).

Genus SUTERIA P i l s b r y , 1892 ( H e l i x i d e Cray). S h e l l d i s c o i d , openly umbilicated. Periphery rounded with low s p i r a l s and r a d i a l p l a t e s ; points of i n t e r s e c t i o n produced i n t o b r i s t l e s . Colour l i g h t brown with darker a x i a l s t r i p e s . Protoconch 1_- r a d i a l l y s t r i a t e , convex whorls. D e n t i t i o n : c e n t r a l teeth and l a t e r a l s t r i c u s p i d , the ectocone of the l a t t e r l a r g e r than the ectocone; inner marginals w i t h one b i f i d cusp, outer ones with several subequal cusps. 1 species. 8 x 4 mm. North and South Islands mostly under f a l l e n tree f e r n fronds. F i g . 20, A, Suteriaide (Gray).

Note: - Many of the Flammulinidae bear a s u p e r f i c i a l resemblance to the small paryphantids Delos and Delouagapia (q. v. ). However, species of the two l a t t e r groups are of more robust appearance, have a f l a t t e r s p i r e and are more widely and deeply umbilicated. In a d d i t i o n , the o u t l i n e of the aperture i s nearly c i r c u l a r . The flammulinid aperture i s , t y p i c a l l y , s e m i - c i r c u l a r or crescent-shaped.

20

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Family CHAROPIDAE S h e l l ribbed, v a r i a b l e i n shape but u s u a l l y umbilicated and depressed. Periphery u s u a l l y rounded. Aperture w i t h or without teeth. Foot without p o s t e r i o r pedal pore. Jaw t h i n , membranous, v e r t i c a l l y s t r i a t e d . Radula with the ce n t r a l and l a t e r a l teeth t r i c u s p i d , marginals with 3 to 4 cusps.

Genus PTYCHODON Ancey, 1888 (Strobilia leiodus Hutton). S h e l l d i s c o i d a l w i t h numerous a x i a l r i b l e t s , s p i r a l s t r i a e present i n most species. Umbilicated. Protoconch l - j whorls. Apertural p l a t e s present on outer l i p and/or columella. 4. 25 x 2 mm. 23 species and subspecies. Throughout New Zealand i n l e a f mould. F i g . 21, Ptychodon leioda (Hutton); F i g . 22, P. monoplax Suter, F i g . 23, P. tau ( P f e i f f e r ) .

Genus PHENACHAROPA P i l s b r y , 1893 (Pupa novoseelandica P f e i f f e r ) . S h e l l w i t h c y l i n d r i c a l s p i r e , height about double width. C l o s e l y a x i a l l y c o state, r e t i c u l a t e d with dense s p i r a l s t r i a e . Protoconch 1^ smooth whorls, umbilicus narrow. 5 x 2 mm. 1 species. Southern h a l f of North I s l a n d . F i g . 24. P. novo8eelandiaa ( P f e i f f e r ) ,

Genus AESCHRODOMUS P i l s b r y , 1892 (Helix stipulata Reeve). S h e l l c o n i c a l , perforated, the height equal to the width. A x i a l l y c o s t a t e , the r i b l e t s produced i n t o b r i s t l e s at the sutures. Protoconch l ^ r whorls, smooth or s p i r a l l y ribbed. Mostly South I s l a n d , but one species i n southern h a l f of North I s l a n d . 3 species. 4 x 4 mm. F i g . 25, Aeschrodcmu8 s t i p u l a t a (Reeve).

Genus CHAROPA A l b e r s , 1860 (Helix coma Gray). S h e l l with s p i r e nearly f l a t , widely u m b ilicated, c l o s e l y a x i a l l y costate. Some species with microscopic s p i r a l s c u l p t u r e . Protoconch l_r whorls, mostly smooth. Colour l i g h t or dark brown often with darker blotched or zigzag colour pattern. Aperture s l a n t i n g backwards owing to the r i b s being p o s t e r i o r l y oblique. 12 species and subspecies. 7 x 3 mm. Throughout New Zealand, Auckland and Antipodes Islands. F i g . 26, A, B, C. coma (Gray).

32 -

Subgenus (PSEUDEGESTULA) D e l l , 1954 (Endodonta (Charopa) transenna Suter). S h e l l minute, depressed. A x i a l r i b s s l i g h t l y a n t e r i o r l y oblique producing a s l i g h t sinus on the outer l i p . Protoconch l"s smooth whorls. S p i r a l sculpture on base d i s t i n c t . 2 species and 1 subspecies. 3 x 1 mm. North, South and Stewart Islands. F i g . 27, Charopa (Pseudegestula) transenna (Suter).

Genus EGESTULA I r e d a l e , 1915 (Helix egesta Gray). S h e l l depressed, with r a d i a l r i b l e t s produced i n t o membranous p l a t e s ; d i s t i n c t l y s p i r a l l y sculptured. Umbilicus wide, perspective. Protoconch I 5 s p i r a l l y costate whorls. 2 species. 4. 5 x 2. 5 mm. North Island and Three Kings Islands. F i g , 28, Egestula Egesta (Gray).

Genus FECTOLA I r e d a l e , 1915 (Helix infecta Reeve). S h e l l dark or l i g h t brown with a n t e r i o r l y oblique r a d i a l costae and u s u a l l y with microscopic s p i r a l s c u l p t u r e . Aperture with d i s t i n c t s u t u r a l sinus. Spire f l a t to s l i g h t l y r a i s e d , widely umbilicated, Protoconch l _ r r a d i a l l y s t r i a t e whorls, 17 species, 4. 5 x 2. 5 mm. F i g . 29, A, B, Fectola infecta (Reeve); C, protoconch. North, South and Stewart Islands.

Genus SUBFECTOLA Powell, 1939 (Helix caputspinulae Reeve). S h e l l minute, white, moderately umbilicated. Protoconch 1-g-radially s t r i a t e whorls. The s t r a i g h t r a d i a l r i b b i n g gives the aperture a s t r a i g h t edge. North South and Stewart Islands. 2 species. 2. 8 x 1. 3 mm. F i g , 30, A, B, Subfectola caputspinulae (Reeve).

Genus MOCELLA I r e d a l e , 1915 (Helix cornioulvm Reeve). S h e l l sub discoidal, q f s i l k y appearance, with c l o s e , s t r a i g h t , a x i a l costae. Peristome s t r a i g h t . Protoconch 1^ whorls f i n e l y s p i r a l l y sculptured. Umbilicus moderately wide. A x i a l r i b s s t r a i g h t and therefore aperture with s t r a i g h t edge. 6 species. 3 x 1. 5 mm. Three Kings, North and South Islands. F i g . 31, A, B, Mocella cogitata I r e d a l e ; C, protoconch.

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Genus CAVELLIA I r e d a l e , 1915 (Helix biconcava P f e i f f e r ) . S h e l l small d i s c o i d a l , with concave s p i r e . A x i a l r i b b i n g c l o s e l y a n t e r i o r l y oblique forming a weak sinus; no s p i r a l s , Protoconch l£ r a d i a l l y s t r i a t e whorls. Umbilicus broad, perspective. 1 species. 5 x 2 mm. Southern part of North Island, F i g . 32, A, E, Cavellia biconcava ( P f e i f f e r ) .

Genus GEMINOROPA I r e d a l e , 1933 (Helix antialba Beddome), S h e l l minute, d i s c o i d a l , deeply concave above and below. F i n e l y r a d i a l l y ribbed, r i b s s t r a i g h t , no s p i r a l s . Protoconch 1? whorls, s p i r a l l y s t r i a t e . Umbilicus very large and deep. 1 species. 1. 6 x 0. 75 mm. Southern parts of North Island. F i g . 33, A, B, Geminoropa vortex (Murdoch).

Subgenus (CAVELLIOROPA) D e l l , 1952 (Diplomphalus subantialba Suter). S h e l l small, d i s c o i d a l , c l o s e l y r a d i a l l y costate, r i b s s t r a i g h t , with microscopic s p i r a l s t r i a e . Sunken s p i r e . Protoconch of 1~ smooth whorls. Umbilicus rather broad and deep. 7 species, 2, 7 x 1. 5 mm. Southern North Island and South Island i n l e a f mould. F i g . 34, A, B, Geminoropa (Cavellioropa) huttoni (Suter).

Family LAOMIDAE

Foot without p o s t e r i o r mucous pore. Jaw t h i n , composed of separate rhomboidal p l a t e s , more or less i m b r i c a t i n g . Radula with t r i c u s p i d or unicuspid c e n t r a l teeth; l a t e r a l and marginal teeth b i c u s p i d .

Genus LAOMA Gray, 1849 Bulimus (?) (L. ) leimonias Gray). S h e l l very s m a l l , somewhat glossy, narrowly perforated, with plates w i t h i n the aperture. Protoconch lijr smooth whorls. 7 species and subspecies. 4 x 3. 25 m.. North Island i n bush debris and on ferns and tree trunks. F i g . 35, Laoma leimonias (Gray),

Genus PHRIXGNATHUS Hutton, 1883 (Helix fatua Hutton » P. c e l i a Hutton). S h e l l s very s m a l l , of f r a g i l e and glossy appearance; l i g h t or reddish brown with colour markings of white blotches or streaks. Protoconch of lg- whorls smooth or s p i r a l l y sculptured. Three main groups can be recognised: -

( i ) Sharply angled at periphery, base f l a t or concave, some species imperforate, others umbilicated. Spire t a l l or depressed. F i g . 36, Phrixgnathus murdoohi (Suter).

( i i ) Periphery rounded, base concave, some species imperforate, others umbilicated. F i g . 37, Phrixgnathus oriel Hutton.

( i i i ) S h e l l sub discoidal, periphery rounded, with microscopic s c u l p t u r e . Mostly umbilicated but a few species imperforate. F i g . 38, Phrixgnathus clabriusculus ( P f e i f f e r ) •

47 named species and subspecies which range i n diameter from 1, 5 mm. to 8 mm. North, South, Stewart, Three Kings, Antipodes, Campbell and Macquarie Islands.

Subgenus (TAGUAHELIX) Powell, 1955 (Thermia expeditionis Suter). Animal with Phrixgnathus d e n t i t i o n but s h e l l features more resembling miniature Phenaoohelix or Allodiscus (q. v. ) Spire moderately high periphery rounded. A x i a l r i b l e t s numerous and c r i s p , sometimes produced i n t o h a i r l i k e processes. Densely s p i r a l l y l i r a t e . Umbilicus open and deep. Protoconch of 1̂ - whorls w i t h crowded s p i r a l s t r i a t i o n s . 2. 5 x 1. 5 mm. 4 species. Subantarctic Islands only. F i g . 39 Phrixgnathus (Taguahelix) campbellicus ( F i l h o l ) .

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Genus LAOMAREX Powell, 1948 (L. sericea Powell). No ap e r t u r a l p l a t e s , small depressed s h e l l , periphery angled, umbilicus deep and narrow. Protoconch 3_r whorls of dense beaded s p i r a l s followed by h a l f whorl of c l o s e l y spaced r a d i a l s . Sculptured with close a x i a l r i b l e t s and microscopic s p i r a l threads. D u l l brown with darker markings and lacks the t y p i c a l translucent texture of Phrixgnathus. Three Kings Islands only, 1 species. 3. 25 x 2 mm. F i g . 40, Laomarex sericea Powell.

Genus PARALAOMA I r e d a l e , 1913 (P. raoulensis I r e d a l e ) . Very small s h e l l s , s h i n i n g , f l a t t i s h . Having widely separated a x i a l r i b l e t s with r e t i c u l a t e d sculpture i n the i n t e r s t i c e s . Broadly umbilicated. Protoconch of l | - whorls. 8 species. 2 x 1 mm. Three Kings, North, South and Stewart Islands. F i g . 41, Paralaoma lateumbilicata (Suter).

Superfamily BULIMULACEA Family BULIMULIDAE S h e l l l a r g e , s p i r e t a l l .

Genus PLACOSTYLUS Beck, 1837 (P. fibratus Martyn).

Subgenus (MAORISTYLUS) Haas, 1935 Bulimus hongii Lesson). S h e l l l a r g e , 3 to 4 inches t a l l , dark brown. Aperture reddish-brown or white with one or more tubercles. Protoconch 2 whorls. Whangarei to the Far North. 17 species and subspecies. F i g . 42 Placostylus (Maoristylus) hongii (Lesson).

Subgenus (BASILEOSTYLUS) Haas, 1935 (F. bollonsi Suter), S h e l l long, aperture white or reddish, no tuberc l e s , Protoconch 3 whorls. Three Kings Islands only, 3 species and subspecies F i g . 43, Placostylus (Basileostylus) bollonsi Suter.

Superfamily ACHATINELLACEA Family ELASMATINIDAE S h e l l very s m a l l , t h i n , t a l l - s p i r e d .

Genus TORNATELLINOPS P i l s b r y , 1915 (Tornatellina novoseelandica P f e i f f e r ) , S h e l l very small, many whorled, smooth and s h i n i n g , l i g h t brown,

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imperforate. Columella twisted w i t h prominent f o l d . P a r i e t a l w a l l with d i s t i n c t tooth. Three Kings Islands, North Island and northern South I s l a n d . 1. 5 x 3. 5 mm. 1 species. F i g . 44, Tornatellinops novoseelandica ( P f e i f f e r ) .

Genus ELASMIAS P i l s b r y , 1910 (Tornatellina aperta Pease). S h e l l very s m a l l , dark brown, subperforate. Columella v e r t i c a l , not twisted. P a r i e t a l w a l l with small teeth. North Auckland, mostly sand dune a s s o c i a t i o n s . 2. 2 x 3. 5 mm. 1 species. F i g . 45, Elasmias subperforata (Suter).

Suborder AGNATHA Superfamily STREPTAXACEA Family PARYPHANTIDAE S h e l l large or s m a l l , depressed, u m b i l i c a t e , Radula with long teeth with one cusp. No jaw.

Genus RHYTIDA Albers, 1860 (Helix greenwoods Gray). S h e l l up to 1^ inches i n diameter, l i g h t brown or o l i v e green, sometimes s h i n i n g , mostly with wrinkled appearance. Protoconch of r a d i a l l y sculptured whorls. Periphery of body whorl mainly rounded but i s keeled i n most North Auckland species. Widely umbilicated. D e n t i t i o n 12 + 0 + 12 to 18 + 1 + 18, 19 species and subspecies. F i g . 46, Rhytida greerw)oodi (Gray); F i g . 47, Rhytida dunniae (Gray). North and South Is l a n d s , Stewart I s l a n d .

Subgenus (RHYTIDAREX) Powell, 1948 (Rhytida (R. ) johnsoni Powell. ). S h e l l l a r g e r , periphery of body whorl rounded. Protoconch with less d i s t i n c t r a d i a l s c u l p t u r e . D e n t i t i o n 33 + 1 + 33. 2 species. Three Kings Islands only. F i g . 48, Rhytida (Rhytidarex) johnsoni Powell.

48

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Genus DELOS Hutton, 1904 (Zonites coresia Gray). S h e l l s m a l l , f l a t t i s h , glossy. Light yellowish-brown with darker colour pattern. Widely umbilicated. Smooth to naked eye, but f i n e l y sculptured with microscopic s t r i a e , Protoconch of Ig- convex whorls, with f i n e s p i r a l s and/or a x i a l s , 3 x 7 mm, 2 species. North I s l a n d . F i g . 49, Deles coresia (Gray).

Subgenus (DELOUAGAPIA) Powell, 1952 (Gerontia Cordelia Hutton). S h e l l l i k e Delos but l a r g e r , up to 8 mm, i n diameter, not glossy, dark brown with pale blotches or streaks. Sculptured with very coarse a x i a l growth l i n e s , umbilicus wide and deep, Protoconch l?r whorls with a shallow p e r f o r a t i o n at the centre, and microscopic s p i r a l l i n e s . North Auckland only. 1 species. F i g . 50, Delos (Delouagapia) cordelia (Hutton).

Genus PARYPHANTA Albers, 1850 (Nanina busbyi Gray). S h e l l 2g inches i n diameter, uniformly dark o l i v e green, widely umbilicate, Protoconch 2 whorls e North Auckland only, 1 species and 1 subspecies. F i g . 51, Paryphanta busbyi (Gray).

Subgenus (POWELLIPHANTA) 1945 (Helix hochstetteri P f e i f f e r ) . S h e l l l a r g e r ( i n most s p e c i e s ) , with a x i a l or s p i r a l colour patterns, Protoconch 2 whorls, Manawatu, Nelson, Marlborough and Westland. 42 species and subspecies. F i g . 52 Paryphanta (Powelliphanta) hochstetteri obscura Beutler.

Genus WAINUIA Powell, 1930 (Helix urnula P f e i f f e r ) S h e l l c h i t i n o u s , s h i n i n g , dark brown or o l i v e green. Protoconch lif whorls. Southern h a l f of North Island and northern h a l f of South Island. 30 x 20 mm. 5 species and subspecies. F i g . 53, Wainuia urnula ( P f e i f f e r ) .

53

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Genus SCHIZOGLOSSA Hedley, 1902 (Daudebardia novoseelandica P f e i f f e r ) S h e l l up to h a l f an inch long, glossy brown to dark o l i v e , ear-shaped and incapable of containing the large animal which i s dark brown with a yellow foot. North I s l a n d , Great B a r r i e r and Cuvier I s l a n d s . 5 species and subspecies. F i g . 54 Schizoglossa novoseelandica ( P f e i f f e r ) animal; A, s h e l l ( dorsal and v e n t r a l aspects).

Suborder ELASMOGNATHA Superfamily SUCCINEACEA Family SUCCINEIDAE An t e r i o r tentacles absent or sm a l l . S h e l l i n t e r n a l or e x t e r n a l , t h i n , s p i r a l , l a s t whorl l a r g e . Jaw elasmognathic.

Genus PAPUSUCCINEA I r e d a l e , 1941 (Succinea strubelli S t r u b e l l ) (-Austro succinea Powell). S h e l l s m a l l , e x t e r n a l , f r a g i l e , semi-transparent. Whorls 5, aperture l a r g e , e n t i r e , imperforate. Protoconch 1^ smooth whorls. An annual s n a i l l i v i n g among sand dunes, North Auckland East Coast and Bay of Plenty. 12 x 8 mm. 1 species. F i g . 55, Papusuccinea archeyi (Powell).

Superfamily TRACHEOPULMONATA Family ATHORACOPHORIDAE Slugs with i n t e r n a l , rudimentary s h e l l u s u a l l y composed of many calcareous deposits; a small d o r s a l mantle area defined by grooves and bearing a pulmonary c a v i t y with numerous r a d i a t i n g d i v e r t i c u l a ; jaw elasmognathic. A n t e r i o r tentacles absent. Anus on r i g h t s i d e , l a t e r a l t o , or included w i t h i n the mantle area.

Genus ATH0RAC0PH0RUS Gould, 1852 ( Limax bitentaculatus Quoy and Gaimard). Mantle area extends to perinotum, with a s t r a i g h t p o s t e r i o r l a t e r a l margin. Head s h i e l d t r i a n g u l a r , not extending to mantle area. Skin t h i n , l a c k i n g prominent p a p i l l a e , w i t h not more than 15 shallow grooves on e i t h e r s i d e . 3 species. 38 mm. North, South and Stewart Islands. F i g . 56, Athoracophorus bitentaculatus (Quoy and Gaimard).

Genus REFLECTOPALLIUM Burton, 1963 (i?. pseudophyllum Burton). Mantle area extends to perinotum, p o s t e r i o r l a t e r a l margin runs diagonally forward before recurving to run back to the perinotum. Head s h i e l d extending to mantle area. Skin t h i c k , often with prominent papillae... not l e s s than 1A l a t e r a l grooves on e i t h e r s i d e . A species. AO mm. South I s l a n d , Stewart Island. F i g . 57, Refleotopallium pseudophyllum Burton.

Genus PSEUDANEITEA C o c k e r e l l , 1891 (Janella papillata Hutton). Mantle area s m a l l , t r i a n g u l a r , or r a r e l y quadrangular, not extending to perinotum. Skin t h i c k , f i n e l y granulate, u s u a l l y with p a p i l l a e . L a t e r a l grooves 1A - 22 on e i t h e r s i d e . Anus not included i n mantle area. 1A species. 100 mm. North, South, Subantarctic Islands. F i g , 58, Pseudaneitea papillata (Hutton).

Genus PALLI0P0DEX Burton, 1963 (Athoracophoru verrucosus Simroth). Mantle area broader than long, t r i a n g u l a r , not extending to perinotum. 20 l a t e r a l grooves on e i t h e r s i d e , a l l unbranched. Anus included i n mantle area. 1 species. 30 mm. Auckland Islands. F i g . 59, Palliopodex verrucosus (Simroth).

F i g . 60. A generalised s n a i l s h e l l -a p e r t u r a l view.

Aperture. Outer l i p . Columella. Inner l i p . P a r i e t a l w a l l Protoconch Umbilicus. A x i a l r i b s . S p i r a l r i b s . Lamella. R e t i c u l a t e s c u l p t u r e . P a r i e t a l tooth. Columella tooth. L a b i a l tooth.

3 %

3 —

61

-s

F i g . 61. A generalised s n a i l s h e l l - dorsal view. 1. Protoconch. 2. L i m i t of body whorl. 3. Body whorl. A. Sinus, 5. A n t e r i o r l y oblique a x i a l r i b s , 6. S t r a i g h t a x i a l r i b s , 7. P o s t e r i o r l y oblique a x i a l

r i b s .

F i g . 62. A generalised slug (Athoracophorid) - a d o r s a l view. 1. G e n i t a l opening. 2. Anus, 3. Renal opening. 4. Pulmonary aperture. 5. Mantle area. 6. Median groove, 7. L a t e r a l groove. 8. Perinotum. 9. Head s h i e l d .

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A n t e r i o r . . . . . .

Anus A p e r t u r e . . . . . . A x i a l

B a s e . . . . . . . . Body whorl

Buccal m a s s . . . . .

Central tooth (of r a d u l a ) . . . .

C o l u m e l l a . . . . . . Costate C u s p . . . . . . . . G r a n u l a t e d . • . . . Growth l i n e s • • . .

Elasmognathic • . . .

E c t o c o n e . . . . . .

E n t o c o n e . . . . . .

H o l o g n a t h i c . . , . .

I m p e r f o r a t e . . . . . Inner l i p . . • « . . I n t e r s t i c e s . . . . . J a w . . • » • • < <

L a b i a l . . . . . 0 . L a m e l l a e . . . . . . L a t e r a l g r o o v e . . .

L a t e r a l t e e t h . . • .

L i r a t e . . . . . . . Mantle area • . . . •

GLOSSARY

The f r o n t end. The a n t e r i o r end of a s n a i l i s the lower part of the aperture. The e x t e r n a l opening of the i n t e s t i n e . The opening i n a s p i r a l s h e l l . Markings or sculpture extending from the upper to the lower part of a whorl. Lower part of s h e l l . The l a s t whorl of a s p i r a l s h e l l - from the outer l i p back to a point immediately above the upper l i p . A muscular mass behind the mouth containing the radula and jaws.

The middle tooth of a radula tooth row. Lower po r t i o n of a x i s of s h e l l . Ribbed. Cutting point on radula tooth. Covered with minute grains or beads. Lines on surface of s h e l l not i n d i c a t i n g true sculpture. A type of jaw - a process emerges from the upper edge, the lower edge concave. A sharp c u t t i n g point on the» outer side of a radula tooth. A sharp c u t t i n g point on the inner side of a radula tooth. A type of jaw - upper edge simple, lower edge concave. Having no umbilicus. Inner part of aperture. Spaces between r i b s . A c h itinous s t r u c t u r e at the a n t e r i o r end of the buccal c a v i t y . Usually f l a t t e n e d , convex above and concave below. Often made up of a s e r i e s of p l a t e s or rods. P e r t a i n i n g to the l i p s of the aperture. Thin p l a t e s . Groove running from median groove to perinotum i n s l u g s. (of r a d u l a ) . Teeth bordering the c e n t r a l tooth and u s u a l l y l a r g e r and more complex than the outer (marginal) teeth. Fine sculpture. ( i n s l u g s ) i The area containing the pulmonary aperture.

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Marginal t e e t h . . . (of radula) Teeth outside the l a t e r a l s , u s u a l l y simple.

Median g r o o v e . . . Central l o n g i t u d i n a l groove along the back of s l u g .

M e s o c o n e . . . . . . Sharp c u t t i n g point i n middle of radula tooth M e s o d o n t . . . . . . Blunt c u t t i n g point i n middle of radula tooth O p e r c u l u m . . . . . . A horny p l a t e secreted by the foot and s e a l i n g

o f f the aperture. Outer l i p . . . 0 . 4 Outer edge of aperture. P a r i e t a l w a l l . . . . Broader upper portion of inner l i p . P e r i s t o m e . . . . . . Edge of aperture. Perinotum • Groove between edge of d o r s a l surface and foot

i n slugs. P e r i o s t r a c u m . . . . The e x t e r n a l horny covering or "epidermis" of a

s h e l l . P e r f o r a t e . . . . . . With an umbilicus P e r i p h e r y . . . . . . The edge of the body whorl. Protoconch The embryonic s h e l l or apex which forms the f i r s t

p o r t i o n of the s p i r e . Radula The teeth of molluscs - u s u a l l y very numerous

and on a long ribbon. R e t i c u l a t e d . . . . . Fine sculpture crossing at r i g h t angles. Rhipidoglossan r a d u l a . . . . . . Many s i m i l a r teeth i n each tooth row, though a

c e n t r a l , l a t e r a l s and marginals can u s u a l l y be d i s t i n g u i s h e d .

Sinus Embayment i n upper part of outer l i p near suture. Spire A l l c o i l s of the s h e l l above the aperture. S t r i a t e . Fine s c u l p t u r e . S u b p e r f o r a t e . . . . Umbilicus very small. S u t u r e . . . . . . . . Junction between whorls. Taenioglossan radula „ . . . . . . With 7 teeth i n each tooth row. The teeth c l e a r l y

d i f f e r e n t i a t e d i n t o 1 c e n t r a l , 2 l a t e r a l s and 4 marginals.

Umbilicus Hollow axis i n middle of base. W h o r l . . . . . . . . One complete s p i r a l turn of the s h e l l .

REFERENCES

Further references may be found i n Suter's Manual heading the genera and species concerned. Most of the references given are a v a i l a b l e i n l o c a l reference l i b r a r i e s .

Several a r t i c l e s w r i t t e n by l o c a l amateur conchologists regarding the d i s t r i b u t i o n c ecology, e t c 9 of New Zealand mollusca have appeared i n the b u l l e t i n s of the Auckland Museum Conchology Section and i n the Section's o f f i c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n " P o i r i e r i a , but are not included i n t h i s list

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ADAMS, H. & A*, 1858. The genera of recent Mollusca. 3 v o l s . J . van Voort, London.

ADAMS, J«, 1886. The land and freshwater Molluscs of the Thames gold fields. Trans. N. Z. I n s t . , 19. pp. 177-181.

BAKER, H. P., 1938. The endodont genus Otoconcha, Proc. Mal. Soc., London, 23. pp. 89-91.

BURTON, D. W., 1963. A r e v i s i o n of the New Zealand and Subantarctic Athoracophoridae. Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z., 3 (6). pp. 48-75.

____________ 1962. New Zealand Land Slugs. P t . l. Tuatara 9 (3). pp. 87-97.

1963. New Zealand Land Slugs. P t . 2. I b i d . 11 (2). pp. 90-96.

COOKE, A. H., 1927. Molluscs. The Cambridge Natural H i s t o r y . 3. MacMillan & Co. L t d . London.

CUMBER, R. A,, 1962. Palaeogegraphic h i s t o r y r e f l e c t e d i n spe c i a t i o n trends of Charopa coma (Gray). Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z., 88. (4). pp. 365-371.

____________ 1960. R i b l e t frequency as a taxonomic character i n New Zealand t e r r e s t r i a l Mollusca. I b i d . 88. (1) pp. 99-103.

____________ 1961. A r e v i s i o n of the genus Phenaoohelix Suter, 1892. I b i d . 88 (1). pp. 163-196.

DELL, R. K., 1950. Two new species of land s n a i l s from the Snares Islands. Dominion Mus. R e c , 1 (3) pp. 55-58.

__________ 1952. OTOCONCHA and i t s a l l i e s i n New Zealand. I b i d . 1 (7). pp. 59-69.

1952. New Species and genera of New Zealand land s n a i l s with a r e v i s i o n of the genus Cavellia* I b i d . 1 (9) pp. 87-97.

___________ 1954. The land Mollusca of Stewart Island and Solander I s l a n d . Trans. Roy, Soc. N. Z., 82 (5) pp. 137-156.

___________ 1955, The land Mollusca of Fiordland, South-west Otago. I b i d . 82 (5) pp. 1135-1148.

__________ 1955. Some New Zealand sub-fossil land Mollusca. Rec. Dominion Mus., 2 (3) pp. 135-144.

__________ 1957. Natural areas i n New Zealand land s n a i l s . Proc. N. Z. E c o l . Soc., 4 pp. 13-14.

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FLEMING, C. A., 1949. The g e o l o g i c a l h i s t o r y of New Zealand (with reference to the o r i g i n and h i s t o r y of the fauna and f l o r a ) . Tuatara, 2 pp. 72-90.

HUTTON, F. W., 1873. Catalogue of the land s h e l l s of New Zealand. C o l o n i a l Museum and Geological Survey Dept., Govt. P r i n t e r , Wellington.

1880. Manual of New Zealand Mollusca. Govt. P r i n t e r , Wellington.

1882. Descriptions of some new land s h e l l s . Trans. N. Z. I n s t . , 15, pp. 134-141.

1883. Notes on some New Zealand land s h e l l s . I b i d . 16, pp. 161-186,

1883. Revision of the land Mollusca of New Zealand. I b i d . 16 pp. 186-212.

IREDALE, T., 1915. A commentary on Suter*s Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. I b i d . 47 pp. 417-497.

_____________ 1915. A comparison of the land Mollusca faunas of the Kermadec Group and Norfolk Island. I b i d . 47 pp. 498-508.

MORTON, J . E., 1952. A preliminary study of the land operculate Murdochia pallidum. Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z., 80 (1) pp. 69-79.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1958. Molluscs. Hutchinson U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y , London,

MURDOCH, R,, 1847. Descriptions of new species of Endodonta and Flammulina from New Zealand. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 2 pp. 161-162.

______________ 1902. The anatomy of Paryphanta busbyi. Trans. N. Z. I n s t . , 35 pp. 258-262.

O'CONNOR, A. C , 1954. Notes on the eggs of New Zealand Paryphantidae with a d e s c r i p t i o n of a new subgenus. Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z., 75 (1) pp. 54-56.

POWELL, A. W. B., 1928. Descriptions of f i v e new land s h e l l s . Trans. N. Z. I n s t . , 59 pp. 365-367.

1930. The Paryphantidae of New Zealand. Part 1. R e c . Auck. I n s t . Mus,, 1 pp. 17-56,

1932. The Paryphantidae of New Zealand. Part 2. I b i d . 1 pp. 155-162,

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POWELL, A. W. B., 1933. Two new land s n a i l s from New Zealand. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 20 pp, 191-194.

_ _ _ _ _ _ „ . _____. 1935. Land Mollusca of the Three Kings Islands. I b i d . 21 pp. 243-248.

_____________ 1936, The Paryphantidae of New Zealand. Part 3. Rec. Auck. I n s t . Mus., 2 pp. 29-41.

_____________ 1938. The Paryphantidae of New Zealand. Part 4, and the genus Placostylus i n New Zealand. I b i d . 2 pp. 133-150,

______________ 1939. The Mollusca of Stewart Island. I b i d . 2 pp. 211-238.

______________ 1941. Seven new species of New Zealand land Mollusca. I b i d . 2 pp. 260-264.

. 1946. The Paryphantidae of New Zealand. Part 5. I b i d . 3 pp. 99-136.

______________ 1947. D i s t r i b u t i o n of Placostylus s n a i l s i n Northern most New Zealand. I b i d . 3 pp. 137-188.

____________ 1948. Land Mollusca of the Three Kings Islands. I b i d . 3 pp. 273-290.

______________ 1949. The species problem i n New Zealand land s n a i l s . Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z., 77 (5) pp. 202-208.

____________ 1949. The Paryphantidae of New Zealand. Part 6. Rec. Auck. I n s t . Mus., 3 pp. 347-372.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1950. L i f e h i s t o r y of Austrosuccinea archeyi. I b i d . 4 pp. 61-72.

____________ 1951. Land Mollusca from the four is l a n d s of the Three Kings Group. I b i d . 4 pp. 127-133.

_____________ 1951. On fu r t h e r colonies of Placostylus s n a i l s . I b i d . 4 pp. 134-140.

______________ 1952, Four new species of New Zealand land s n a i l s . I b i d . 4 pp. 163-168.

_____________ 1954. The Molluscan land operculate genus Liarea. I b i d . 4 (5) pp. 271-293.

_______________ 1955. Mollusca of the Southern Islands of New Zealand, Cape Expedition s e r i e s . B u l l . 15, D. S. I . R., Govt. P r i n t e r , Wellington. pp. 1-293.

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POWELL, A. W. B., 1961, Sh e l l s of New Zealand. Whitcombe and Tombs L t d . , Auckland.

_____________ 1965. Land s n a i l s of the Auckland area. Science i n Auckland. Handbook f o r eleventh Science Congress. D. S. I . R., Papatoetoe, Auckland.

PUNGA, M. T. Te., 1953. The Paryphantidae and a Cook S t r a i t land bridge. N. Z. Journ. Sc. Tecn., 35 pp. 51-63.

SOLEM, A., 1959. Zoogeography of the land and fresh water Mollusca of the New Hebrides, F i e l d i a n a Zoology, 43 (2) pp. 241-359.

SUTER, H., 1892. Contributions to the Molluscan fauna of New Zealand. Trans, N. Z, I n s t . , 24 pp. 270-278.

______________ 1897. Notes on some New Zealand Flammulinidae. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 2 pp. 284-285.

____________ 1907. Descriptions of new non-marine s h e l l s from New Zealand. I b i d , 7 pp. 236-240,

__________ 1909. The Mollusca of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand, i n "The Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand". 2 v o l s , p. 36, Govt. P r i n t e r , Wellington.

____________ 1913. Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, w i t h a t l a s o f plates (1915). 1120 pp. Govt. P r i n t e r , Wellington.

SMITH, E. A., 1884. An account of the land and freshwater Mollusca c o l l e c t e d during the voyage of the "Challanger", Dec. l872-May, 1876. Proc. Zool. Soc., 6 p. 275.

THIELE, J . , 1929-1935. Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. Jena.

TRYON, G. W. & PILSBRY, H. A., 1879-1913. Manual of Conchology. P h i l a d e l p h i a .

WENZ, W., 1938. Gastropoda. Handbuch der Palaezoologie, 6.

WEBSTER, W. H., 1904. New Mollusca from New Zealand. Proc. Malac. S o c London, 6 (2) pp. 106-108.

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _ _ 1907. Additions to the New Zealand Molluscan fauna. Trans. N. Z. I n s t . , 40 pp. 254-259.