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Chapter-2
SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 32
2.1 Introduction Liquid detergents provide convenience in our daily life ranging from
personal care of hand and body cleansing, hair cleaning and
conditioning, home care in dishwashing, cleaning of various
household surfaces, fabric care in laundering and fabric softening.
Compared with powdered detergents, liquid detergents dissolve more
rapidly, particularly in cold water, they generate less dust, and they
are easier to dose. So liquid detergents are becoming increasingly
popular for washing of all kinds. Liquid detergents are also convenient
for pretreating stains. Moreover they can be manufactured using
relatively simple set up which does not need much investment. They
can be made from a variety of starting materials but in every case the
plant is same. A vessel made up of noncorrodible material equipped
with a slow speed stirrer positioned well under the surface of the
liquid to avoid foaming, is all that is required1.
2.1.1 Light-duty liquid detergents
On a truly commercial scale, the age of liquid detergents can be said
to have begun in the late 1940s when the first liquid detergent for
manual dishwashing was introduced. This liquid consisted essentially
of a nonionic surfactant, alkylphenol ethoxylate. It produced only a
moderate amount of foam when in use. In 1950, liquid detergents
containing anionic surfactant were made. Generally, light-duty liquid
compositions are relatively nonirritating to skin. A number of
nontraditional ingredients have been introduced to light-duty liquid
detergent formulations. These include some novel surfactants,
antimicrobial agents, special polymers, and enzymes. Novel
surfactants such as mid-chain branched ethoxy sulfates, ethylene
diaminetriacetate, ethoxylated/propoxylated nonionic surfactants,
Gemini surfactant, bridged polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, and the
amphoteric surfactant sultaine are used for enhancement of cleaning
or foaming performance.
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 33
Many polymers are used in light-duty liquid detergents to give
various benefits. For example, polyoxyethylene diamine is used to
increase grease cleaning, polyacrylate to aggregate and suspend
particles, amino acid copolymer to tackle resistant soiling,
polyethylene glycol to increase solubility, and ethylene oxide –
propylene oxide copolymer to increase solubility, grease cleaning, or
foam stability, or to improve mildness.
2.1.2 Heavy-duty liquid detergents
Once light-duty liquid products had established an attractive market
position, the development of heavy-duty liquids could not be far
behind. The first commercially important heavy-duty liquid was
introduced into the U.S. market in 1958. Although the first major
commercial heavy-duty liquid composition was formulated with a
builder system, the concentrations of builders and surfactants it
delivered into the washing solution were lower than those provided by
conventional detergent powders. As a liquid, however, the product
possessed a unique convenience in use, particularly for full-strength
application to specific soiled areas of garments. Convenience was
accompanied by effectiveness, because the concentration of individual
ingredients in the neat form approached that of a nonaqueous system.
This is illustrated by the following consideration. Recommended
washing product use directions lead to washing solutions with a
concentration of about 0.15% of the total product. At a surfactant
level of about 15% in the product, the final concentration of surfactant
in the wash solution is about 0.0225%. The efficacy of surfactants in
providing observable cleaning at such a low concentration attests to
the power of the interfacial phenomena that underlie the action of
surfactants.
By contrast, a heavy-duty liquid containing 20% surfactant,
applied full strength, leads to a surfactant concentration of 20%, some
three orders of magnitude larger than in the case discussed above. At
these (almost nonaqueous) concentrations solution phenomena, such
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 34
as those occurring in nonaqueous dry cleaning, are likely to be
responsible for cleaning efficacy. The popularity of heavy-duty liquids
for pretreating stains was thus based not only on convenience but
also on real performance. As the whole-wash performance differential
between powders and liquids narrowed, the usage of heavy-duty
liquids for the whole wash expanded, markedly in areas where
phosphate had been banned. With the exception of a few products
based on surfactants only, most heavy-duty liquids are formulated
with a mixture of anionic and nonionic surfactants, with anionic
predominating. In the U.S. heavy-duty liquids have grown at about 3%
volume share of market a year in the last decade replacing powder
laundry detergents that have dominated the market for years. By
1998 liquids had surpassed powders for the first time, and by 2001
liquid products accounted for 72% volume share of the U.S. laundry
detergent market while powder laundry detergents declined to only
28%2. In Canada the heavy-duty liquid detergent volume share of the
market grew from 15% in 1997 to 35% in 20012. In other parts of the
world the volume share of heavy-duty liquid detergents grew at
varying degrees.
There has also been a continuous effort to find novel polymers
that reduce dye transfer in the wash or rinse. Polymers have been
employed to modify the rheology of various liquid formulations for
improving product aesthetics through suspension of visual cues.
2.1.3 Polymeric additives based liquid detergent
India has large number of alkyd resin plants producing resins for
coating industries. Such plants with little modification like having the
vessel lined with glass-fiber reinforced plastics can be utilized for
making liquid detergents. In the Era of 1960-1990, a large number of
industrial products like detergents, lubricants, paints and cosmetics
were based on petroleum products. Both the heavy and light duty
liquid detergents are made from petroleum based active matters such
as linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LABS) and alpha olefin
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 35
sulphonate3 (AOS). As we know the price and availability of petroleum
products is souring every year, we must think of alternative vegetable
products. So formulatory trials are necessary for achieving cost
effective, acceptable and easily biodegradable product from polymeric
surfactants derivable from natural materials.
The use of polymeric additives in liquid and powder detergents
has been reported earlier4-7. Novel polymeric surfactants based on
vegetable products like vegetable oils8, rosin9, starch10 and sorbitol10
have been formulated in past. The Polymeric surfactants based on
vegetable oils enable, phosphate free detergent formulations which are
ecofriendly and biodegradable.
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 36
2.2 Present Work Liquid detergents are becoming increasingly popular for washing of all
kinds because of their convenience, ease of dispensation and
dispersion in water.
Most of the detergents are made from petroleum based materials such
as Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LABS), Alkyl ether phosphate.
But it creates several environmental problems. It is well documented
that surfactants make up a large percentage of refractory chemical
oxygen demand (COD) in municipal waste water treatment and in
traditional septic-tile bed system effluents. Other problems that are a
results of surfactants pollution includes the ability of surfactants to
increase the solubility of other toxic organic compounds in soil and
when adsorbed to sludge that can have negative impact on sludge
dewatering characteristics at municipal water treatment plants. Two
suggestions for reducing surfactant pollution include dispensing only
the quantity required of the major components for a particular wash
cycle or using environmentally friendly detergents.
So here we attempt to impart value addition to the acid oil and
ORSBE – by-products of oil processing industry. The use of polymeric
surfactant got popularity in the last 25 years12.
In the present study, different Alkyd resins were synthesized from acid
oil and ORSBE - plentiful and also cheap by-products of oil processing
industry. These resultant alkyd resins reacted with rosin and then
used with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) as mixed active matter in
liquid detergent formulation with a view to replace the conventional
active matter, linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LABS). The foaming
power, surface tension and percent detergency of resultant eco-
friendly liquid detergents have determined and compared with
commercial liquid detergent.
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 37
2.3 Literature Survey
B.B. Gogte and R.S. Agrawal4 synthesized starch-sorbitol based
co-polymer and used it for the formulation of liquid detergents.
When compared with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LABS) based
liquid detergent formulation for performance characteristics, liquid
detergents formulated from starch-sorbitol based co-polymer were
quite matching and could be used as substitute of LABS.
S.K. Kharkate, V.Y. Karadbhajne and B.B. Gogte13 synthesized an
ecofriendly alkyd resin polymer based on soybean oil and rosin.
The resultant alkyd resin used with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)
instead of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LABS) for liquid
detergent formulation.
R.S. Agrawal and B.B.Gogte3 conducted a study on formulation of
detergent by artificial nural network. The detergents based on
starch – sorbitol co- polymer, acid slurry, sodium lauryl ether
sulphate (SLES), sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and polymeric
surfactant synthesized and tested for their suitability as
replacement of LABS.
B.B. Gogte and A.M. Bhagawat6 prepared a novel liquid stain
remover cum detergent from rosinated alkyd polymer used as
active matter and concluded that it could be used as active matter
substitute for LABS.
B.B. Gogte and R.S. Agrawal5 formulated detergent powder from
sorbitol based polymeric surfactant as active matter and tested it
relative to LABS based detergent powder. Satisfactory results were
found.
P.A. Dhakite, B.B. Gogte, B.W. Phate14 prepared novel polymers
based on maize starch, sorbitol and maleic anhydride & used as
ingredients in powder detergent formulations. The variation in mole
ratios, reaction temperature, type of catalyst and the time of
heating were studied. Thus powder detergent free from acid slurry
Chapter-2
SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 38
& containing sodium lauryl sulphate and polymer as active
ingredients was formulated.
A.D. Deshpande, B.B. Gogte, B.W. Phate15 synthesized novel
polymers based on sorbitol, sugar, and maleic anhydride. Various
parameters such as time of reaction, temperature, and mole ratio
were studied. Selected novel compositions of polymers were used in
powder detergent formulations as active ingredients.
J.R. Dontulwar and B.B. Gogte16 made esters of carbohydrates
using white dextrin, sorbitol, maleic anhydride. This resin showed
favourable data for detergent synthesis. Prepared detergent showed
appreciable reduction of surface tension of water at different
concentrations.
K.M. Chen and C.C. Tsal17 synthesized maleic anhydride-
polyethylene glycol- phthalic anhydride co-polymer based
polymeric surfactants.
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 39
2.4 Materials By-products of oil processing (ORSBE and Acid oil) employed in the
present work have been reported in chapter 1.
ORSBE and Acid oil were procured from Ashwin Vanaspti Ltd,
Samlaya, India. Glycerine, calcium octoate ( 3% Ca), litharge, rosin,
benzoic acid, phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, alpha olefin
sulphonate (AOS), sorbitol, sodium lauryl sulphate, EDTA, urea,
NaOH and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) used were of laboratory grade.
2.5 Experimental
1. Synthesis of alkyd resin18
Oil (133 g), glycerine (67 g), Calcium octoate (0.7 g) and litharge
(0.025 g) were charged and heated together slowly to 250°C in a
vessel fitted with stirrer and thermometer. The temperature was
maintained between 250-260°C for monoglyceride formation
indicated by solubility of the reaction mass in methanol (1:3
ratios). The temperature was reduced to 150°C and glycerin (60
g) was added. The temperature was maintained between 150-
160°C for 15 min, then reduced to 100°C and rosin (300 g),
benzoic acid (20 g), phthalic anhydride (105 g) and maleic
anhydride (20 g) were added. The temperature was increased to
135-160°C in 30 min and then to 250°C. The temperature was
maintained at 250°C untill the viscosity of reaction mass (50%
solid in mineral turpentine oil) increased to G-H gardner (50 to
60 sec in ford cup IV).
2. Neutralization and Water Dispersion of Alkyd Resin7
In a beaker, the resultant alkyd resin (100 g) was melted and then
cooled to 80ºC. Required amount of 30% NaOH solution
was added to alkyd resin with constant stirring so as to get slightly
alkaline solution of polymer with pH 7.5.
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 40
3. Manufacture Of detergent19 Five liquid detergent samples (Table 4) were prepared using
different concentrations of alkyd resin with sodium lauryl sulphate
(SLS), alpha olefin sulphonate, poly vinyl alcohol, sorbitol, EDTA,
urea and NaOH in a beaker and stirring was continued for 30
minutes. A clear solution of liquid detergent was obtained. The
surface tensions of liquid detergents were measured using
stalagnometer. Foam was measured using mechanical agitation in
a closed vessel method.
2.6 Analysis and Testing of Liquid detergent
1. Determination of foaming power20 20 ml liquid detergent solution was taken in 100 ml measuring
cylinder provided with stopper. The solution was vigorously shaken
for 20 sec and foam volume was measured immediately and after
five minutes.
2. Determination of surface tension21 The liquid was drawn into the stalagnometer and allowed to run
out. The numbers of drops that fall between the two graduations
were counted while the liquid was allowed to flow out. The rate of
fall should be about one drop per second. If the rate was too rapid,
the length of the capillary was extended. Determination was
conducted in duplicatation against the distilled water at the
same temperature. Finally the surface tension was calculated using
following formula,
Surface tension of liquid detergent = (ηw/ ηLD) × νw×ρ
Where, ηw = no. of drops of distilled water.
ηLD = no. of drops of liquid detergent.
νw = surface tension of distilled water.
ρ = specific gravity of liquid detergent with reference to
distilled water.
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 41
3. Detergency Test a) Soil Medium In pestle and mortar, coconut oil (35.8 g) was slowly added to a
mixture of carbon black (28.4 g), lauric acid (17.9 g) and mineral
oil (17.9 g) to form thick paste. The components were ground in
pestle mortal for 1-2 h to get fine powder and smooth filling. The
paste was mixed well with carbon tetrachloride (500 ml) and used
for soiling of cloths.
b) Fabric Soiling The white cotton fabrics (10 × 10 cm) were taken and dipped in the
above medium for 10 min. These soiled fabrics were kept for drying
in open-air for 2 days.
c) Washing The washing was done using Terg – O – Tometer (US Testing
Company) as follows: speed, 100 rpm; washing solution, 1000 ml;
washing time, 15 min; rinsing time, 10 min; temp, 50ºC; and water
hardness, 250 ppm. Different concentrations (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5%)
of liquid detergents were used for washing. Same concentrations
were tried with commercial liquid detergent. After washing, the
detergency (%) was calculated using Lambert and Sanders
formula22.
Detergency % = (Rw − Rs) × 100/ (Ro −Rs)
Where, Rw, Rs and Ro are the reflectance measured on washed
fabrics, soiled fabrics (before washing), and unsoiled fabrics
respectively.
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 42
2.7 Results
Table 1.
Receipe for alkyd resin
Ingredients Weight (g)
Oil 133
Glycerin 127
Rosin 300
Maleic anhydride 20
Benzoic acid 20
Phthalic anhydride 105
Litharge 0.025
Calcium octoate (3%
Ca)
0.7
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 43
Table 2.
Composition of liquid detergents (% wt)
Ingredients LD1 LD2 LD3 LD4 LD5
SLS 7.0000 6.0000 5.0000 4.0000 3.0000
AOS 5.5696 5.5696 5.5696 5.5696 5.5696
Alkyd resin of
ORSBE
1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000 5.0000
Sorbitol 5.6000 5.6000 5.6000 5.6000 5.6000
Urea 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000
EDTA 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000
PVA 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Water 76.0908 75.8312 75.6116 75.3305 75.1324
NaOH 0.2396 0.4792 0.7188 0.9999 1.1980
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 44
Table 3.
Foam volume, surface tension at 0.1% concentration of detergent
in water
Samples Foam volume (ml) Surface tension
Min Dyne /cm
0 5 10
LD1 30 27 26 48.805
LD2 26 24 23 48.672
LD3 25 23 23 48.432
LD4 23 22 22 47.477
LD5 22 21 21 47.411
Commercial
liquid
detergent
24
23
22
47.507
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 45
Table 4.
Foam volume, surface tension at 0.25% concentration of
detergent in water
Samples Foam volume (ml) Surface tension
Min Dyne /cm
0 5 10
LD1 47 43 41 42.947
LD2 44 42 41 41.027
LD3 43 41 40 39.220
LD4 40 36 35 38.668
LD5 38 35 33 38.408
Commercial
liquid
detergent
40
37
36
38.400
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 46
Table 5.
Foam volume, surface tension at 0.5% concentration of detergent
in water
Samples Foam volume (ml) Surface tension
Min Dyne /cm
0 5 10
LD1 75 69 66 40.085
LD2 69 66 63 38.731
LD3 61 56 52 38.640
LD4 50 45 41 37.429
LD5 44 42 39 37.221
Commercial
liquid
detergent
49
46
44
37.011
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 47
Table 6.
Detergency (Soil removal) of liquid detergent for soiled cotton
fabric
Samples Concentration (%)
Detergency (%)
LD1
0.1 44.5
0.25 46.1
0.5 51.2
LD2
0.1 44.1
0.25 46.0
0.5 50.1
LD3
0.1 44.3
0.25 45.9
0.5 50.4
LD4
0.1 43.6
0.25 45.1
0.5 48.6
LD5
0.1 44.0
0.25 45.3
0.5 48.9
Commercial
Liquid
Detergent
0.1 47.1
0.25 51.2
0.5 53.4
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 48
Table 7.
Composition of liquid detergents (% wt)
Ingredients AOLD1 AOLD2 AOLD3 AOLD4 AOLD5
SLS 7.0000 6.0000 5.0000 4.0000 3.0000
AOS 5.5696 5.5696 5.5696 5.5696 5.5696
Alkyd resin of
Acid oil
1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000 5.0000
Sorbitol 5.6000 5.6000 5.6000 5.6000 5.6000
Urea 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000
EDTA 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000
PVA 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
Water 76.0908 75.8312 75.6116 75.3305 75.1324
NaOH 0.2396 0.4792 0.7188 0.9999 1.1980
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 49
Table 8.
Foam volume, surface tension at 0.1% concentration of detergent
in water
Samples Foam volume (ml) Surface tension
Min Dyne /cm
0 5 10
AOLD1 28 28 27 54.837
AOLD2 26 25 25 54.782
AOLD3 25 24 23 54.670
AOLD4 24 23 22 54.502
AOLD5 22 21 20 53.421
Commercial
liquid
detergent
23
22
21
54.020
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 50
Table 9.
Foam volume, surface tension at 0.25% concentration of detergent
in water
Samples Foam volume (ml) Surface
tension
Min Dyne /cm
0 5 10
AOLD1 50 46 44 52.825
AOLD2 46 43 42 52.704
AOLD3 44 42 41 52.573
AOLD4 42 40 37 51.557
AOLD5 39 37 35 50.470
Commercial
liquid
detergent
41
38
36
51.501
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 51
Table 10.
Foam volume, surface tension at 0.5% concentration of detergent
in water
Samples Foam volume (ml) Surface tension
min Dyne /cm
0 5 10
AOLD1 78 72 69 48.514
AOLD2 71 68 65 47.637
AOLD3 64 58 54 45.833
AOLD4 54 49 44 44.408
AOLD5 46 43 40 44.221
Commercial
liquid
detergent
52
48
43
44.315
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 52
Table 11.
Detergency (Soil removal) of liquid detergent for soiled cotton
fabric
Samples Concentration (%)
Detergency (%)
AOLD1
0.1 49.4
0.25 51.7
0.5 53.2
AOLD2
0.1 46.6
0.25 48.4
0.5 50.6
AOLD3
0.1 49.3
0.25 51.6
0.5 53.2
AOLD4
0.1 46.5
0.25 48.5
0.5 50.4
AOLD5
0.1 45.6
0.25 47.7
0.5 49.4
Commercial
Liquid
Detergent
0.1 47.1
0.25 51.2
0.5 53.4
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 53
2.8 Discussion Alkyd resin polymeric compositions were prepared. The amount of
rosin in polymer was quite high (42.50%). The amount of oil was
maintained at lower level (18.84%). Normally, in case the oil is
reduced to below 30 %, it is very difficult to prepare alkyd resin
polymer due to gelation. But a short oil rosinated alkyd resin polymer
was prepared, due to use of chain stoppers benzoic acid and rosin.
Rosin helps the smooth progress of polymerization without gelation
and water reducibility. Two types of liquid detergents were made using
alkyd resin of ORSBE and alkyd resin of acid oil. Liquid detergents
based on different combinations of SLS and AOS with alkyd resin were
formulated (Table 2&7). The formulations also contained usual
ingredients such as poly vinyl alcohol, urea, sorbitol, NaOH and
EDTA. SLS was used as foaming agent. EDTA was used as water
softener and AOS was used as fabric softener. Since the prepared
liquid detergent compositions were made without phosphates (which
are banned for use in many parts of the world), they are easily
biodegradable and environmental friendly, unlike phosphate
containing liquid detergents which cause problem of eutrophication.
All the prepared compositions of liquid detergents were evaluated for
foam volume, surface tension and percent detergency and compared
with commercial samples (Table 3-6 & 8-11). All the tests were
conducted as indicated in the Indian standard23,24.
2.8.1 Liquid Detergent made from ORSBE
In case of liquid detergents made from alkyd resin of ORSBE LD1, LD2
and LD3 gave higher foam volume compared to commercial sample
while LD4 and LD5 generated lower foam volume. As the percentage of
alkyd resin is increased in the composition of liquid detergents,
foaming characteristics are decreased and this property of alkyd resin
can be utilized to develop a foamless detergent for washing machines.
The percent detergency of all the prepared samples matches fairly
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 54
with commercial sample. The surface tension values of prepared
samples are close to that of commercial sample.
2.8.2 Liquid Detergent made from Acid Oil
In case of liquid detergents made from alkyd resin of acid oil AOLD1,
AOLD2, AOLD3 and AOLD4 gave higher foam volume compared to
commercial liquid detergent while AOLD5 gave lower foam volume.
Here also as the percentage of alkyd resin is increased in the
composition of liquid detergents, foaming characteristics are
decreased and this property of alkyd resin can be used to develop a
foamless detergent for washing machines. The percent detergency of
all the prepared samples matches fairly with commercial sample,
infect AOLD1 and AOLD3 at 0.1% & 0.25% concentration gave good
results compared to commercial liquid detergent (Table 11).The
surface tension values of prepared samples are close to that of
commercial liquid detergent.
2.8.3 Comparison of Liquid Detergents made from two oils
By comparing the data of all liquid detergents prepared from alkyd
resin of ORSBE and alkyd resin of acid oil, one can say that all liquid
detergents made from alkyd resin of acid oil gave higher percent
detergency than that of liquid detergents prepared from alkyd resin of
ORSBE. So in terms of Percent detergency, liquid detergents made
from alkyd resin of acid oil are better.
The conventional commercial detergents contain LABS as active
ingredient. It is a petroleum product and causes environmental
problems. In our finding, the total replacement of LABS by alkyd resin
polymer and SLS (all vegetable in origin) is carried out. Hence, the
prepared detergents are ecofriendly as compared to commercial
detergent, which are synthetic and petroleum based. In experimental
liquid detergents, active matter is less (8%) than other available
detergents (10- 15%). So it decreases the cost of detergent.
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 55
2.9 Conclusion With a view to utilize and impart value addition to acid oil and Oil
recovered from spent bleaching earth (ORSBE), a by-product of oil
refining, alkyd resin, a polymeric surfactant was synthesized to assess
the feasibility of its use for liquid detergent formulation in association
with SLS instead of using LABS. Polymeric surfactants had
demonstrated their utility as an active ingredient of detergent. All the
prepared compositions of liquid detergents have comparable
performance to commercial one with respect to detergency percentage
and surface tension. Foaming property gets decreased with increase in
amount of polymer. All liquid detergents made from alkyd resin of acid
oil gave higher percent detergency than that of liquid detergents
prepared from alkyd resin of ORSBE. So in terms of Percent
detergency, liquid detergents made from alkyd resin of acid oil are
better. Main ingredients of polymer liquid detergents are natural in
origin hence, prepared liquid detergent compositions are economic
and ecofriendly.
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SICART, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 56
2.10 References
1. Davidsohn A. & Milwidsky B.M., Synthetic detergents, 6th edition,
John Wiley & sons, New York, 1978.
2. Lai Kuo-Yann, Liquid Detergent, 2nd Edition, Colgate-Palmolive
Company Piscataway, Taylor & francis Publication, New Jersey,
2006.
3. Parasuram K.S., Soaps and detergents, Tata McGraw-Hill
publishing company Limited, New Delhi, 1995.
4. Gogte B.B. & Agrawal R.S., J. Chem. Engg. World, 38 (2003) 78.
5. Gogte B.B. & Agrawal R.S., J. Soaps Deter. Toilet Rev. 34 (2003)
25.
6. Gogte B.B. & Agrawal R.S., J. Soaps Deter. Toilet Rev. 34 (2003)
19.
7. Gogte B.B. & Bhagawat A.M., J. Soaps Deter. Toilet Rev. 36 (2004)
20.
8. N.I.I.R. Board, Modern Technology of Paints, varnishes and
liquors, Asia Specific Business Press Inc., Publications, New
Delhi, pp.19.
9. Fulzele S.V., Satturwar P.M., Gogte B.B. & Dorle A.K., "Rosin and
its Derivatives pharmaceutical applications”. Email-
10. Gogte B.B. & Agrawal R.S., J. Soaps Deter. Toilet Rev. 34 (2004)
28.
11. Schwartz A.M. & Perry J.W., Surface active agents, their
chemistry and technology, Intersciences Publisher, New York,
1949.
12. Palolo Zini, Polymeric additives for high performing
detergents. Tecnomic Publication, U.S.A. 1995.
13. Kharkate S.K., Karadbhajne V.Y. & Gogte B.B., Journal of
Scientific and Indian Research, 64, (2005) 752.
14. Dhakite P.A., Gogte B.B. & Phate B.W., International Journal
of Chem. Tech. Research, 2 (4) (2010) 1975.
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