XXI. Mongo

June, 2013

XXI.

 

SUMMA

M

eastern

Tamtsag

China --

Tsagaan

Sou

olia

MONGO

ARY

Mongolia has

and southea

and East G

contain lac

tsav and eq

urce: ARI, 2013

OLIA

s limited bu

astern portio

Gobi rift bas

custrine mu

uivalent form

Figure

XX

ut locally sig

ons of the

sins - - whi

dstone and

mations.

e XXI-1. Sedi

EIA/ARI W

XI-1

gnificant sha

country, Fig

ch resemble

coaly sour

mentary Basi

World Shale Ga

ale gas and

gure XXI-1.

e the oil-pro

rce rocks w

ns of Mongol

s and Shale Oil

d oil potentia

The narrow

oductive bas

within the Lo

ia

Resource Asses

al located in

w and elong

sins of north

ower Cretac

ssment

n the

gated

heast

ceous

XXI. Mongo

June, 2013

R

billion ba

place, Ta

olia

Risked, techn

arrels of shal

ables XXI-1 a

Table

Tabl

nically recov

le oil out of 5

and XXI-2.

e XXI-1. Shale

e XXI-2. Shale

Reservoir 

Properties Reservoir

Average TThermal MClay Cont

Resource

Gas Phas

GIP Conc

Risked G

Risked Re

Physical Exten

t Prospecti

Thicknes

Depth (ft)

Basic Data Ba

S

Depos

Reservoir 

Properties Reservo

AverageThermaClay Co

Resource

Oil Pha

OIP Co

Risked

Risked

Physical Extent Prospec

Thickne

Depth (f

Basic Data

Depo

XX

verable reso

55 Tcf and 8

e Gas Resourc

e Oil Resourc

OrganicallyNet IntervalAverage

r Pressure

TOC (wt. %)Maturity (% Ro)tent

se

centration (Bcf/mi2

IP (Tcf)

ecoverable (Tcf)

ive Area (mi2)

s (ft)

asin/Gross Area

hale FormationGeologic Age

sitional Environme

OrganicaNet IntervalAverage

oir Pressure

e TOC (wt. %)al Maturity (% Ro)ontent

ase

ncentration (MMb

OIP (B bbl)

Recoverable (B b

ctive Area (mi2)

ess (ft)

ft)

Basin/Gross Area

Shale FormationGeologic Age

ositional Environ

EIA/ARI W

XI-2

ources are e

85 billion bar

ces and Geolo

ces and Geolo

East G

(24,560

TsagaaL. Creta

Lacus

4,69

y Rich 600300

6,000 - 18,00

Norm

4.0%0.80

Medi

Assoc

31.

29.

2.3

2)

ent

East

(24,56

TsagaL. Cret

Lacu

4,

ally Rich 63

6,000 -8,

No

4.0.8

Me

O

4

4

1

)

bbl/mi2)

bbl)

a

n

ment

World Shale Ga

estimated at

rrels of riske

ogic Propertie

gic Properties

Gobi

0 mi2)

T

(6

antsav Tsaceous L. Ctrine L

90

0010,000 5,000

mal

%0%ium M

. Gas As

3

3

3

t Gobi

60 mi2)

T

(6,

aantsav Tsataceous L. Custrine La

690

600300- 10,000 5,0000

rmal N

.0%80%dium M

Oil

5.5

43

1.7

s and Shale Oil

t 4 Tcf of sh

ed shale gas

es of Mongolia

s of Mongolia.

Tamtsag

6,730 mi2)

agaantsavCretaceousacustrine

5,440

500250

000 - 9,0007,000

Normal

3.0%0.80%

Medium

ssoc. Gas

23.6

25.7

2.1

Tamtsag

,730 mi2)

agaantsavCretaceousacustrine

5,440

500250

00 - 9,0007,000

Normal

3.0%0.80%

Medium

Oil

39.3

43

1.7

Resource Asses

hale gas an

s and shale o

a.

.

ssment

d 3.4

oil in-

XXI. Mongo

June, 2013

T

forming c

areas ran

by extens

In

Devonian

oil seeps

discovere

Mongolia

M

low roya

basins h

developm

shale le

evaluatin

INTROD

W

density –

helping t

per-capit

consump

including

M

relatively

at about

near the

pipeline

while add

T

two basin

olia

The organic-

combustible

nging from 7

sive faulting

n addition,

n age that m

s have bee

ed. Data o

a are covere

Mongolia has

lty (12.5%)

ave been le

ment of deep

asing or ex

ng the Khoid

DUCTION

With a popula

– only 1.8 in

o boost Mon

ta GDP is ex

ption is rising

g what soon

Most of Mong

y shallow an

5,000 bbl/da

e border wit

infrastructur

ditional capa

Three of Mon

ns could be

rich shales

e oil shale, b

7,000 to 8,00

.

northweste

more closely

n reported

n this Devo

d by non-pro

s an establis

and corpora

eased for co

p shale oil/g

xploration d

Ulaan Bula

ation of abo

nhabitants p

ngolia’s GDP

xpected to re

g rapidly as t

may be the

golia is cove

d sparsely d

ay, limited to

th China. M

re. Petroleu

ability may b

ngolia’s sed

quantitative

XX

of Mongolia

but reach oi

00 ft. Howe

ern Mongol

resemble N

in this rem

nian shale d

ospective ba

shed conven

ate income

onventional

gas resource

drilling activ

g oil shale d

out 3 million

per km2 or a

P by an exp

each $10,00

the country d

world’s large

ered by igne

drilled sedim

o two oil fiel

Mongolia ha

um drilling se

e sourced o

dimentary ba

ely evaluated

EIA/ARI W

XI-3

a are therm

il maturity (m

ver, these tr

ia has ma

North Americ

ote region

deposit are

asement tha

ntional oil an

tax (25%).

petroleum e

es have not

vity has oc

deposit.

people, Mon

about half th

ected 25% p

00 by 2020,

develops its

est copper m

eous and m

mentary basin

ds in the Ea

as no comm

ervices are a

out of oil field

asins may h

d; geologic

World Shale Ga

mally immatu

maximum R

roughs are r

arine-deposit

ca commerc

but no sign

extremely l

t lacks sedim

nd gas inves

Nearly all o

exploration.

yet been pr

ccurred, alth

ngolia has t

hat of Cana

per annum o

up three-fol

s considerab

mine at Oyu

metamorphic

ns, Figure X

ast Gobi Bas

mercial natu

available loc

ds in northea

have limited

data are sp

s and Shale Oil

ure near the

Ro of 0.8 to

relatively sm

ted organic

cial shale lith

nificant oil f

imited. Mos

mentary stra

stment regim

of the count

Regulation

romulgated

hough Petro

the world’s l

ada. Mining

over the com

ld from the c

ble mineral a

Tolgoi.

rocks but t

XXI-1. Oil pr

sin in southe

ural gas pro

cally in the

ast China.

shale oil p

parse. The m

Resource Asses

e surface, lo

1.0%) in de

mall and disru

c-rich shale

hology. Spo

fields have

st other are

ata.

me with rela

try’s sedime

ns governing

in Mongolia

o Matad Lt

owest popu

g developme

ming decade

current leve

nd coal dep

there are se

roduction is

eastern Mon

oduction nor

East Gobi B

otential, but

most prospe

ssment

ocally

eeper

upted

es of

oradic

been

eas in

atively

entary

g the

a. No

td. is

lation

ent is

e and

l. Oil

osits,

everal

small

ngolia

r gas

Basin,

t only

ective

XXI. Mongo

June, 2013

areas for

These ba

has sma

In

Mongolia

although

formed o

Mongolia

Carbonife

Paleozoi

TOC rep

source ro

1. E

1.1 In

T

with Chin

central C

strike wit

more ge

structura

T

containin

Lower Cr

deposited

depths, b

olia

r both conve

asins are re

ll commercia

n addition, th

a close to th

public data

on platforms

an basemen

erous–Perm

c collisions

portedly is lo

ocks are rem

EAST GOBI

ntroduction

The 25,000-m

na, accessib

China. Mon

th and simil

eologic data

l geology wi

The East Go

ng Jurassic t

retaceous s

d under lac

becoming oil

entional and

latively sma

al oil product

here is a no

he border w

a there are

s of the Sib

nt. Devonia

mian coal a

and represe

ow (0.58% to

mote, poorly

I BASIN

n and Geo

mi2 East Gob

ble along th

golia’s only

lar to oil-pro

a are availa

th these adj

obi Basin co

to Early Cret

hales that o

ustrine cond

l prone in the

XX

d shale oil e

ll and some

tion.

on-productive

with Russia t

lacking. Th

berian passiv

n shale also

and coaly

ent the begin

o 1.68%) an

understood,

logic Setti

bi Basin is lo

he main hig

significant c

oductive Me

able. The

oining basin

omprises a

taceous fluv

ccur in the E

ditions. The

e deep troug

EIA/ARI W

XI-4

exploration a

what comple

e and poorly

that may ha

hese include

ve margin,

o is present

mudstone

nning of non

nd oil prone

, and appea

ng

ocated in so

hway betwe

commercial

esozoic rift b

East Gobi

ns in northwe

number of

vial to lacust

East Gobi B

ermal matur

ghs that sou

World Shale Ga

are the East

ex structura

y defined De

ave conventi

e Riphean–

predating a

t here and

samples im

n-marine de

(Tmax of 429

r to have litt

outheastern

een the cap

oil-producin

basins in no

Basin shar

est China.

discontinuou

trine sedime

asin frequen

rity of the s

rced the sha

s and Shale Oil

t Gobi and

lly; only the

evonian dep

ional and sh

Cambrian c

assembly of

oil seeps h

mmediately

eposition in c

9 to 441).1

le shale oil p

Mongolia clo

pitol Ulan B

ng region, th

ortheast Chi

res similar

us, fault-bou

ents, Figure

ntly have hig

hale is imm

allow conven

Resource Asses

Tamtsag ba

East Gobi B

posit in north

hale oil pote

carbonates w

the presen

ave been n

postdate t

central Mong

Moreover, t

potential.

ose to the b

ataar and n

he basin is a

ina, where m

stratigraphy

unded rift b

XXI-2. The

gh TOC but

mature at sh

ntional oil fie

ssment

asins.

Basin

hwest

ential,

which

nt-day

noted.

these

golia.

these

order

north-

along

much

y and

asins

thick

were

hallow

elds.

XXI. Mongo

June, 2013

Fi

T

defined

depressio

fault-bou

areas (>

(3,090 m

troughs,

olia

igure XXI-2. S

Source: ARI,

The East Gob

broadly by

ons, separa

nded trough

6,000 ft) co

mi2) and Zuu

some formin

Stratigraphy o

, 2013

bi Basin con

gravity and

ated by base

hs with good

over only a

nbayan (1,6

ng conventio

XX

of Shale Sourc

ntains four m

d seismic da

ement highs

d quality sou

relatively s

600 mi2), Fig

onal oil traps

EIA/ARI W

XI-5

ce Rocks and

main sub-bas

ata.2 The s

that are ex

urce rock mu

mall area.

gure XXI-3.

s.

World Shale Ga

Conventiona

sins within a

sub-basins

xposed over

udstones ca

The larges

Uplifted fau

s and Shale Oil

l Reservoirs in

a 200- by 40

contain disc

r much of th

n occur. Ho

st sub-basin

ult blocks oc

Resource Asses

n Mongolia

00-mi area th

continuous

he region. D

owever, the

ns are the U

ccur within t

ssment

hat is

deep

Deep,

deep

Unegt

these

XXI. Mongo

June, 2013

Figure

Source: Ma

C

from two

million ba

produced

conventio

the Tsag

shales.

gravity av

E

including

(left-later

Jurassic

compres

displacem

Cretaceo

B

of the Pa

Jurassic

sandston

olia

e XXI-3: Seis

nas Petroleum C

Conventional

o small antic

arrels from s

d smaller v

onal reservo

gaantsav and

Original oil

verages 28°

Each sub-bas

g thick lacust

ral) faults bo

to Early C

sion and in

ment along

ous east-wes

Basement in

aleozoic Tav

Khamarkho

nes and lacu

mic Line AcroShowing the

Corp., 2012

reservoirs

clinal oil fiel

shallow dept

volumes fro

oirs compris

d Zuunbayan

in place at

° API.3

sin contains

trine-deposit

ound the su

Cretaceous

version alon

g northeast

st shortening

the East Go

van Tolgoy

oovor Forma

ustrine-deltai

XX

oss the Zuunbeir Relatively S

in the East

ds. The Zu

ths (2,000 to

m depths o

ing lacustrin

n formations

the two fie

up to 13,00

ted mudston

ub-basins.

rifting (nort

ng pre-exist

faults dur

g.

obi Basin co

sequence.

ation, a pre-

ic shale, inc

EIA/ARI W

XI-6

bayan and UneSmall Size and

Gobi Basin

uunbayan o

o 2,500 ft), w

of 4,265 to

ne siltstones

s, which wer

lds totaled

00 ft of Midd

ne. Northeas

The structu

h-south ext

ting faults, r

ring the M

onsists of me

The oldest

-rift sequenc

luding thin c

World Shale Ga

egt Sub-basind Complex St

n currently p

il field has

while the nea

o 4,600 ft.

s, sandstone

re sourced b

an estimate

le Jurassic t

st-trending,

ural history

tension), Ea

renewed sed

Mid-Cretaceo

etamorphose

t sedimentar

ce consisting

coal seams.

s and Shale Oil

ns within the Etructure.

produce abo

produced a

arby Tsagaa

Both field

es and cong

by the interb

ed 150 Mmil

to Tertiary s

mainly norm

of the regio

arly Cretace

dimentation

ous, followe

ed sandston

ry unit is th

g of up to 2

Although a

Resource Asses

East Gobi Bas

out 5,000 bb

total of abo

n Els oil field

ds produce

glomerates w

bedded lacus

llion barrels

sedimentary

mal and strik

on includes

eous north-s

and right-la

ed by post

ne and carbo

e Lower to

2,500 ft of f

a potential so

ssment

in

bl/day

out 6

d has

from

within

strine

. Oil

rock,

ke slip

Mid-

south

ateral

t-Late

onate

Mid–

fluvial

ource

XXI. Mongo

June, 2013

rock, the

overlying

conglome

O

Lower Cr

sequence

shale se

tuffs, and

sandston

A

laminated

grained

interprete

by micro

1.5% to

0.5 and 1

middle o

indicates

T

consists

Hauterivi

is coaly,

developm

D

East Gob

suggests

a lower

numerou

olia

e Khamarkho

g this unit is

erate with m

Overlying the

retaceous Ts

e 1,000 to 2

ction interbe

d basalt. Th

ne reservoir

A 125-m thick

d mudstone

units are in

ed as distal

-lamination,

15% for sha

10, respectiv

oil window. O

s a lacustrine

The other po

of up to 3,2

ian to Albian

probably cla

ment.

Deep portion

bi Basin ma

s that peak o

rate to the

us closely sp

oover seldo

s the Sharly

minor lacustri

e Sharlyn F

sagaantsav

2,300 ft thick

edded with d

he unit grade

at the Tsaga

k core sectio

e and micrit

nterbedded

lacustrine tu

biogenic py

ale, mainly o

vely, indicat

Oil quality is

e algal sourc

otential shale

200 ft of sa

n time under

ay-rich, and

s (6,000 to 1

y be oil pron

oil generatio

present day

paced faults t

XX

om crops ou

yn Formation

ine shale.

Fm are the

and Zuunba

k that locally

dark gray sa

es upward fr

aan Els and

on in the Tsa

te, dolomitic

with grains

urbidites. An

yrite, high TO

oil-prone Typ

ing good qu

s waxy with

ce.4

e target is th

ands and mi

r non-marine

likely less b

10,000 ft) of

ne and offer

n occurred d

y. However

that may lim

EIA/ARI W

XI-7

ut and rema

n, containing

primary sha

ayan formati

can contain

andstones a

om alluvial f

Zuunbayan

agsaantsav

c breccia, a

stone and t

noxic, stratif

OC, and car

pes I and II

ality source

h 20-35% pa

he Lower C

inor interbed

e to paralic e

brittle, thus n

f the Unegt,

r potential s

during the C

r, the East G

mit its potenti

World Shale Ga

ains poorly u

g up to 600

ale targets i

ons. The Ts

n thick oil sha

and conglom

fan to lacust

oil fields.

Fm was des

and calcare

thin, norma

fied lake-bot

rbonate prec

kerogen. S

rocks. The

araffin and

retaceous Z

dded shales

environment

not a very pr

Zuunbayan

hale oil targ

Cretaceous (

Gobi Basin

al for shale

s and Shale Oil

understood.

0 ft of fluvia

in the East

sagaantsav

ale, is mainl

merates, silts

trine facies,

scribed as co

eous siltston

ally graded

ttom conditio

cipitation. T

S1 and S2 v

ermal maturi

high pour p

Zuunbayan F

s and tuffs

ts. However

rospective ta

, and other s

gets. Burial

(90 to 100 M

is structura

oil developm

Resource Asses

Unconform

al sandstone

Gobi Basin

Fm, a late s

ly an organic

stones, brigh

becoming a

onsisting of

ne. These

sandstone

ons are indic

TOC ranges

values are a

ty is immatu

point. Oil ty

Formation, w

deposited d

r, the Zuunb

arget for sha

sub-basins i

history mod

Ma), continui

lly complex,

ment.

ssment

mably

e and

n, the

synrift

c-rich

ht-red

a lithic

finely

fine-

beds

cated

from

above

ure to

yping

which

during

bayan

ale oil

in the

deling

ing at

, with

XXI. Mongo

June, 2013

1.2 R

W

in the Ea

300 ft (n

estimated

the silty l

1.3 R

T

and 43 b

1.7 billio

closest in

the shall

productiv

1.4 E

N

Calgary-b

targets in

Limited is

deposit r

containin

liter of 29

2 T

2.1 In

A

extreme

number o

300 km,

Cretaceo

olia

Reservoir P

Within the 4,6

ast Gobi Ba

et) of organ

d 4.0% and

ithology. Th

Resource A

The Tsagaan

billion barrels

n barrels of

nternational

low western

ve.

Exploration

No shale oil

based Mana

n this basin

s evaluating

reportedly h

ng carbonate

9° API oil fro

TAMTSAG

ntroduction

Although geo

eastern Mo

of isolated, f

Figure XXI-

ous Tsagaan

Properties

690-mi2 high

asin, the Low

ic-rich lacus

is oil-prone

he reservoir

Assessmen

ntsav Forma

s of risked s

shale oil m

analog appe

n Cooper Ba

n Activity

or shale ga

as Petroleu

n but has no

g Khoid Ulaa

has similar

e, quartz, an

om a 10-kg s

BASIN

n and Geo

ologically sim

ngolia has n

fault-bounde

-4. Just as

ntsav and Zu

XX

(Prospecti

h-graded pro

wer Cretace

strine shale

e (Ro averag

pressure gra

nt

ation contain

shale oil in-p

may be techn

ears to be th

asin, althou

as exploratio

m Corp. is

ot discussed

an Bulag oil

mineralogy

nd feldspar m

sample.6

logic Setti

milar to the

no commerc

ed troughs th

in the East

uunbayan fo

EIA/ARI W

XI-8

ive Area)

ospective are

eous Tsagaa

at an averag

ging 0.8%).

adient is nor

ns an estima

place, of wh

nically recov

he oil-prone

gh these ha

on or leasing

conducting

d its shale

shale depos

to the Gree

mineralogy.

ng

East Gobi

cial oil and g

hat trend WS

t Gobi Basin

rmations, wi

World Shale Ga

ea of the Un

antsav Form

ge depth of

Porosity m

rmal.

ated 29 Tcf

hich 2.3 Tcf

verable (both

window of t

ave not yet

g has occur

petroleum

potential.5

sit in Block

en River Fo

Extended F

Basin, the

gas product

SW-ENE alo

n, potential

ith TOC ave

s and Shale Oil

negt and Zu

mation conta

8,000 ft. T

may be signif

of risked sh

of associate

h risked), T

the REM lac

t been prov

rred in the E

exploration

London-bas

IV for poten

ormation in

Fischer Ana

6,700-mi2 T

tion. The ba

ong an exten

source rock

eraging abou

Resource Asses

unbayan tro

ins an estim

TOC average

ficant (6%) g

hale gas in-

ed shale gas

able XXI-1.

custrine sha

ven commer

East Gobi B

for convent

sed Petro M

ntial mining.

Wyoming,

alysis yielded

Tamtsag Bas

asin compris

nt of about 8

ks are the L

ut 3%.

ssment

oughs

mated

es an

given

place

s and

The

les in

rcially

Basin.

tional

Matad

This

USA,

d one

sin in

ses a

80 by

Lower

XXI. Mongo

June, 2013

Figure

In

faulted g

Cretaceo

blocks a

towards

intrusive

olia

XXI-4. WesteShales a

Source: P

nternally the

grabens crea

ous transpre

nd anticlines

the northea

rocks.8

ern Tamtsag Bare Buried to O

Petro Matad Ltd

e Tamtsag B

ated by rifti

ession forme

s. Structura

ast. The b

XX

Basin ShowinOver 5,000 ft a

., 2012

Basin comp

ng and Mid

ed structura

al complexity

asement co

EIA/ARI W

XI-9

g Small Isolatand May Reach

rises a num

d-Cretaceous

al traps in c

y is most pr

onsists of D

World Shale Ga

ted Structuralh Oil-window

mber of upli

s basin inve

conventional

ronounced i

Devonian to

s and Shale Oil

Troughs whe Thermal Matu

fted fault bl

ersion, Figu

l targets, no

n the southw

Permian m

Resource Asses

ere Source Rourity.

locks and d

ure XXI-5.7

otably tilted

west, decrea

metamorphic

ssment

ock

down-

Late

fault

asing

c and

XXI. Mongo

June, 2013

Figure XX

T

volcanic

fluvio-de

mudston

to andes

consist o

lacustrine

of the ba

T

stratigrap

experien

to the T

basins.

Cretaceo

Basin. T

levels.

olia

XI-5. Seismic l

Source: Petro

The Tamtsag

sedimentar

ltaic conglo

es and shale

sitic) with m

of fluvio-de

e shales. Y

sin, conceal

The Tamtsag

phically and

ced shale ex

amtsag, the

Coal depos

ous Nantun

The Hailaer

line in the Tsa

o Matad, 2010

g Basin cont

ry rocks. G

merates an

es. The bas

minor interbe

ltaic conglo

Younger Cen

ling the Mes

g Basin is

genetically

xploration, it

e Hailaer Ba

sits and car

Formation a

Basin oil fie

XX

amtsag Basin

tains up to 1

Grain texture

d sandstone

sal Upper Ju

edded sedim

omerates an

nozoic congl

sozoic units.9

on trend w

similar Mes

t is oil produ

asin actually

rbonaceous

are consider

elds produce

EIA/ARI W

XI-10

Showing Sou

13,000 ft of

e fines upw

e in the low

urassic cons

ments. The

nd sandsto

omerates, s

9

with the Ha

ozoic rift ba

ucing and thu

y comprises

mudstones

red the majo

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World Shale Ga

urce Rocks Bu

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ward from co

wer section

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nes that fi

sandstones,

ailaer Basin

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s within the

or petroleum

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s and Shale Oil

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c to Tertiary

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Lower Cret

ne upward

and mudsto

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h better data

ndividual fau

upper porti

m source roc

nd have loca

Resource Asses

th of about 6,0

y non-marine

nental rift-fil

ng into lacus

deposits (ba

taceous dep

into deepw

ones cover m

astern Chin

aer Basin ha

a control. S

ult-bounded

on of the L

cks in the Ha

ally elevated

ssment

000 ft.

e and

l and

strine

asaltic

posits

water

much

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as not

imilar

sub-

Lower

ailaer

d CO2

XXI. Mongo

June, 2013

T

lacustrine

ranges fr

0.7%) be

samples

occurs in

In additio

levels of

the Yans

Figure XX

olia

The Nantun

e environme

rom 0.23% t

elow a dept

above 435

n the Hailaer

on, the Lowe

up to 90%,

shan Orogen

XI-6. Vitriniteof C

Formation w

ents. Organ

to 16.67%, a

h of about

5°C, indicati

r Basin, evid

er Cretaceou

which has b

ny.12

Reflectance IChina’s Hailae

Sou

XX

was deposit

nic carbon c

averaging 2

6,500 ft, Fig

ing oil-pron

ently due to

us conventio

been isotop

Increases to Aer Basin, Adja

urce: Liu et al., 2

EIA/ARI W

XI-11

ted within fa

content of th

.56%. The

gure XXI-6,1

e kerogen.1

poor reserv

onal sandsto

ically linked

About 0.8% Rocent to the Ta

2009

World Shale Ga

an delta fron

he organic-ri

mudstone b

10 while Tmax

11 Limited

voir condition

one reservoi

with granite

o at a Depth oamtsag Basin

s and Shale Oil

nt, pro-fan d

ch mudston

becomes oil-

x averages 4

conventiona

ns and high

irs can conta

e intrusions

f 2.5 Km in th in Mongolia.

Resource Asses

delta, marsh

ne within this

-prone (Ro a

447°C with

al oil produ

water satura

ain elevated

emplaced d

e Wuerxun Tr

ssment

h and

s unit

above

most

uction

ation.

d CO2

during

rough

XXI. Mongo

June, 2013

2.2 R

W

small tro

an estim

TOC ave

significan

2.3 R

T

barrels o

may be

appears

Basin, al

2.4 E

N

does the

conductin

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ated 250 fe

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Resource A

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though thes

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