22 !!./ - (() ˛ 6 (˜ ˛ 4 (1 · 5:-ball, m. j. & rahilly, j. (1999). phonetics: the science of...
TRANSCRIPT
-
1
���� ���� ��� ���� ������������ ���������� ����� ���32 ����
��� ����� ��!"�#$��� �%��� ������� ���&� �� '� ������ : ()� (+,� ����� - !!./� 22 ����
� ( ���0�&� ����6 ���� 1 (�� ����4 4 ����
�� 7�� :32 ����
()� ( ���� 8���,� �+– �!!./
����� ��� 79; ���� ���� ���������� ����� "�#$������� �������& � ������� ����� 2 - 11 ���� �� S0;I/ T������� 2 -
7�� 22 ����
-
2
� ( ���� 8������0�&�
��� 79;����� ���� ���� ������ ����� ���� "�#$������� �������& � ��������� ?@/���� ��� �A�+�>�
1 4������4 -
-
3
���� ���� �������� ���� V�������� ?@/���� ��� �A�+�>�
1 C�� � �������D�����2 - 2 ��@ ���������� � �����2 - 3 �$��� �����2 - 4 ����� ������>���� 2 - 5 ���� �� S0;I/ T������� 2 - 6 ���0�&� ��� X� 2 -
"�� �����!: 12 ���� (��� �>������� ?@/���� ���
�A�+�>�1 "E���&��2 - 2 �0+I/GH�2 - 3 L.���/���� �������� �2 - 4 �����;0J9/ �.���/ ����� 2 - 5 �� ��I� ?��� Q��A� ����� ����P ���� 2 - 6 ���0�&� ��� X� 2 -
"#� �����! :8 ����
(��� �>������� ?@/���� ���
�A�+�>�1 ��I� 8N����2 - 2 ���0�&� ��� X�2 - 3 ����4��4 -
-
4
C�� � �������D����� Phonetics and Phonology
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! :�&,�- �//0� 3��45�7 :-
��� Y�� : ()���4� 9�;��?� � ��4� ����$� ���3 ���� "�%! @&0� �;
�)�� A�)$%! ���B ���3 $� ��C� ��.
��Z�[)�9 : 1- ��4� $� �$��;�3 � $�D!3 9E� =�� �� F���� � �;��� $�D!3$ ���3 ���4�
2- �)$%! ��$��; @&0� �#� ��/05��;���� :�/05� GH> G�&; � �C���I�; �C)J�B �/05� G�&; � (��#��)�;#C���$� �/05� ��;��� -�K#B�> ���4�
3 - ��$��!#K ()���4� 9�;��� =�� ���4��5)�3 :�)�4�$)3 �)��!3�� )����( �)��!3�� G����� )�)��� (� ...
4- ��$�A#, ��4� ���� �;�4)�$B :�P4�� �!#Q�; G�K�� ...�!#K ����$� ��>�� =�� ���4��5)�3
5- =�� �)�� �)$%! S) �B$�� ���4� $� �� ���'� � ���B ���3 ���� �;�4)�$B
���0���� T�� :
$��� �����3��"$� ������)�E! �#�3��TU�$7�+-++
������:-
-
5
�+,� 7���: -Ball, M. J. & Rahilly, J. (1999). Phonetics: The Science of Speech. London: Arnold. -Carr, P. (1993). Phonology. Modern Linguistics Series .London: MacMillan. -Lass, R. (1984). Phonology: An Introduction to Basic Concepts .
Cambridge: CUP.
�>P 7���:-Clark, J. & Yallop, C. (1995). An Introduction to Phonetics and
Phonology. 2nd edition. London: Blackwell. -Chomsky, N. & Halle, M. (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. -Gussenhoven, C. & Jacobs, H. (1998). Understanding Phonology.
London: Arnold. -Kaye, J. (1989). Phonology: A Cognitive view. Hillsdale: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates Publishers. -O'Connor, J. D. (1973). Phonetics. Harmond Sworth: Penguin. -Odden, D. (2005). Introducing Phonology. Cambridge: CUP. -Schane, S. A. (1973). Generative phonology. London: Prentice-Hall, Inc. -Spencer, A. (1996). Phonology: Theory and Description. London:
Blackwell Publishing. - GT$�W .)1364(. �D; �)��� ���� � �;��� G���B ���3 ���4����. ��$E� :�;�Q5!�� $5! J�$�. -+ G�)3#���� #&!�$
-
6
"E���&��
���������
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� �����:-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! :�&,�- �//0� 3��45�7 :��� ���4� =�� ����4�
��� Y��:
��4� *�&[� � �)JD� G#�� � TU�#��� T�Q)�� ��$��; � TU�� ]Z! � ������ @&0�
�K^)� $� ��C� �� U�#��� �;�$C)��;���B ���3 .
Z�[)�9 �� : 1- TU�#��� T�Q)�� �>���� ��$� ��T3#� S) ��#4' *Z��� A#, �;�$C)��$K :
������� G�C���I #[! �;�;� _#!�� � �&; ... 2- TU�� ]Z! � ������ ��$� � �)$%!TU�#��� �)$%! � �!�KU�� �Q4�E� 5Z! #�� � �$Q
�!�KU�� �... 3- ��$� �K^)��;���B ���3 U�#���
���0���� T�� :
$��� �����3��"$� ������)�E! �#�3��TU�$7�+-++
������:- �+,� 7��� :
-
7
-Katamba, F. & Stonham, J. (2006 ). Morphology. Houndmills: Palgrave MacMillan.
-Scalise, S. (1986). Generative Morphology. 2nd edition. Netherland:Dordrecht.
�'$B `��4�:
-Ackema, P. (2004). Beyond Morphology: Interface conditions on word formation. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
-Bauer, L. (1983 ). English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP. -Bresnan, J. (2001). Lexical-Functional Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell. -Chomsky, N. & Halle, M. (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row. -Haspelmath, M. (2002).Understanding Morphology. New York : Arnold. -Lieber, R. (1992). Deconstructing Morphology : Word Formation in
Syntactic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago. -Matthews, P.H. (1991 ). Morphology. Cambridge: CUP. -Spencer, A. (1991 ). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. -Yensen , J. (1990). Morphology: Word structure in Generative
Grammar. Amesterdam: John Benjamins.
-
8
�$��� ������Generative Grammar
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! :�&,�- �//0� 3��45�7 :-
��� Y��:
��4� ��$��; #�� @&0� �#[� $�� � �5)�3 ���3 �)$%!�; #[! $� J�$�� �� �)$%! *,� �; *��' � �;.
[)�9 ��Z� :
1- �)$%! �#[� $�� ��$��; #[! 2- �>#Z� ��$� �; �)$%! ��;#[! :
- �&�� ���� - �5Z! � ��#��X Aa#Z� - �E� Aa#Z�- �)$%! �)$%! � �� �>��- �)$%! �4)JK `�$�- �)$%! ������- �)$%! T$�� HC)�
-
9
���0���� T�� :
$��� �����3��"$� ������)�E! �#�3��TU�$7�+-++
������ :-
�+,� 7��� :
Poole, G. (2002). Syntactic Theory. UK: Palgrave. - - � T#C5�> G�4)�" .)1366( .�)�7 $� ���B ���3 #�� �)$%!
�5K .�E5� : T�Q5!�� A��5!�
����$B.
�>P 7���: - G���'$��+ .)1384(. ���B ���3 #[! )�)�7 $� `�$� � ������ �)$%!�4)JK( .��$E� :���. - G"�Z�$���" .)1378(. ���3$%! ���4� :�5)�3 #�� ()#C� � ])���7 .��$E� :���.
Haegeman, L. (1994). Introduction to Government and Binding Theory.- 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. -Cook, V. & Newson, M. (1996). Chomsky's Universal Grammar. 2nd edition. Malden: Blackwell Publishers. - Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Fortis.
-
10
��@ ����� ����� � ����� Semantics and Pragmatics
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! :�&,�- �//0� 3��45�7 :-
��� Y�� :
��4� ��$��; �)�4�� �#K�!#K c#I�I ���� $� �!��3 @&0� d#?� ��;�4�� $%! ���4� ���4��$��� �.
[)�9 ��Z� :
1-��$� �4�� � ����� 9�;�
-
11
T�����0���� :
$��� �����3��"$� ������)�E! �#�3��TU�$7�+-++
������:-
�+,� 7��� : -Löbner, S. (2002). Understanding Semantics. London: Arnold. -Lyons, J. (1995). Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction. Cambridge:
CUP.
�>P 7���: -Cruse, D. A. (1986). Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP. -Frawley, W. (1992). Linguistic Semantics. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence
Erlbaum Associates. -Hurford, J. R. and Heasley, B. (1983). Semantics: a Course Book.
Cambridge: CUP. -Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP.-Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics. Vols. I and II. Cambridge: CUP. -Palmer, F. R. (1981). Semantics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP. -Saeed, J. (1996). Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell. -Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-m G#
-
12
GH� �0+I/
Discourse Analysis
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! :�&,�- �//0� 3��45�7 :-
��� Y��:
�&���$B ��#! � ��?� � � $���� � �!��3$�g � �!��3 �#K�!#K *��#'���; .
[)�9 ��Z� :
1-�4�5�7 $� �$� T3#� "k� *�&[�2-�K^)� � (��; �� )�
-
13
���0���� T�� :
$��� �����3��"$� ������)�E! �#�3��TU�$7�+-++
������: -
�+,� 7��� : -Brown,G. & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: CUP. -Johnstone, B. (2007). Discourse Analysis. 2nd edition. Oxford:
Blackwell.
�>P 7���:
-Gee, J. P. (2005). An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge.
-Cutting, J. (2002). Pragmatics and Discourse. London: Routledge.-Mills, S. (2004). Discourse. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. -Renkema, J. (2oo4). Introduction to Discourse Studies. 2nd edition. London: John Benjamin.-Schiffrin, D. (1994). Approaches to Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell.-Shokouhi, H. (2004). Analyzing Discourse. Ahvaz: Shahid Chamran University.
-
14
���� ����� �;0J9/ � �.���/ Historical and Comparative Linguistics
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! :�&,�- �//0� 3��45�7 :-
Y�� ��� :
��$� �0)��- �Z��?� ���3�)��� d#?� � ���3 $��p� $� 9��� �#,� ���4� � �;�!�KU�� G-���B ���3 $� ����� �� #[! � �)�4��.
[)�9 ��Z� : 1- $� �>���� �$�T��#!���; �!��3G ���3�; �)�7�� � �4;G ���3�; �!�$)� 2- $� 9��� �#,� (�����)��� A�$��p�G �)�4�� � �!�KU�� A�$��p�G ��� A�$��p� #[! � U�# ���q B ���3 $� ������
3- ���B ���3 $� ����� �� ���3 �#[� � *��� �;�4)�$B *�&[� � ��$� :$B�r$X �4) $�K G���X �4)�$B �...
4- � ��$�q$�W ����� *��#'��� � ���4�$��p� � ���4� �#[� � ���3 � ��q���B ���3 $� ��� 5- ��>�?� � ��$�
3��3�� s� ��3��� � ���0���� T�� :
$��� �����3��"$� ������)�E! �#�3��TU�$7�+-++
������ : -
-
15
�+,� 7���: -Trask, R.L. (1996). Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold. -McMahon, A. M. S. (1994). Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: CUP.
-� G#�a�) .1373(���3 $� ���� G ���4��0)�� .���$� ��$E� G���� ��[) :���.
�>P 7���: -Campbell, L. (2004). Historical Linguistics. 2nd edition. MIT Press. -Lehmann,W. P. (1992). Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. 3rd
edition. London: Routledge. -Trask, R.L. (2000).The Dictionary of Historical Linguistics. Chicago :
Fitzroy Dearborn.
-" G����Z>�#��) .1373(. ���B ���3 t)�� .��$E� :��� A��5!�. -" G$X��) .1380(. =�� ���4� ���B ���3 �0)�� .��$E� :5!T$?X $. -+ G�X��,. �. )1380(. ���B ���3 �0)�� *)���. ��$E�: (0� A��5!�. -K� G"�
-
16
L.���/� ������ ������
History of Iranian Languages
$%! ���� �����: 2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! : �//0� �&,� 3��45�7 :-
��� Y��: �4�5�7 ��$� ���3�; ��4�� � �!�$)� T�!���X�� m��� �[� ���4� � @&0� ���� � �E!� Aa#
)���0.
[)�9 ��Z� : 1- ���3�; �?�� � ��E� �� �!��5)#��; 2-���3�; ���� � �)�7�� � �4;�; �� @&0��;3-���3�; �!�$)� � �4; /�)�)�4-���3�; T�� �!�$)� $�g ����� )��� � ��k)� G$�#�(5-!��3�E ����� �!�$)�6- �!�$)� F#?������ )�0�� � �)���� (3� T�!���X�� �W� � ���3�; ����� �!�$)�7-!�$)� #�� ������� �����8-���3�; �!��� �!�$)� :
@>� (�X$� T�$K )�0&� G��3�#� G�p� G�)�C�( c ( T�$Kg$�� )�!�C�� #&E7/ �!���� #&E7 G���7 /�!��� ���B(
9-�!��� �!�$)� F#?� )#&E7 e��!�� e� G(3� T�!���X�� �W� G ���3�; �!��� �!�$)� ) T�$K��$g (
10- ���3 #�� �������; �!��� �!�$)� ��$g11-���3�; #! �!�$)�
-
17
���0���� T�� :
$��� �����3��"$� ������)�E! �#�3��TU�$7�+-++
������: -
�+,� 7��� : - G�C�!���.". )1378(. ����Z �ZB3� ���$� G�!�$)� �p&>� G3��5� m. ��$E� :"��7 A��5!�. -� G�&f�#��) .1373(. ���B ���3 t)��. ��$E� :���. - G�C�!���.". )1378(. ���3�; �X��, _$�� �&' 3� ���$� G�!�$)�. ��$E� :���. -G�)����� =. )1348(. ���$� G#&E7 A����� � ���33� ���� 9D! ()�>� @��. ��$E� :!�� A��5!� T�Q5
��$E�. -G�X��, +. �. )1357(. ���B ���3 ()#C�. ��$E� :��$)� ��3� T�Q5!�� A��5!�. -w G$&!�� *��!. )1354(. ���B ���3 t)��. ��$E� :��$)� \4;$B ���4� A��5!�. -� G$o���). )1373(. ���3�DE> � �;�; G�!�$)����Z� ���! �p> $E� G��0;��� : T�Q5!�� A��5!�
��$E�.
-
18
��I� 8N���� Syntactic Argumentation
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! :�&,�- �//0� 3��45�7 :�5)�3 #��
�� Y�� �:
T#�� ��$� ��#�! �a������3 ����$� ���4� ��>�?� � �)�� ����$� �!��3 �;����T#�� � $%! �!����;
#[! �a��� �&�'.
[)�9 ��Z� : 1- #[! $�g � #[! �a��� J)��� 2- #[! �a��� ����� ��$� 3- #[! Aa#Z�4-�;�5K ()#C� *��$�5-T�Q)�� ��X� $�g � ��X� �;
���0���� T�� :
��U ���0�����G/ ��0����
-
19
�>P 7���: -Napoli, D. & Rando, E. (1979). Syntactic Argumentation. Georgetown University Press. - Lasnik, H. , Uriagereka, J. & Boecky, C. (2005). A Course in Minimalist Syntax: Foundations and Prospects. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. - Soams, S. & Perlmutter, D. (1979). Syntactic Argumentation and the Structure of English. Berkley: University of California.
-
20
����P ���� �� ��I� ?��� Q��A� ����� Application of modern syntactic theories in Persian
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! :�&,�- �//0� 3��45�7 :�5)�3 #��
��� Y��:
T#[! ��$� T�K�)� �$���[! ()#! �;���� *�&[� � # �; ���B ���3 #[! Aa#Z� �.
[)�9 ��Z� : 1- �>���� ��$�T#[! T�K�)� �$��� � �; #[! A�)$%! : - �$Q��� T�K�)� :�)$%!��J�� � �>#Z� - T�K�)�]Z! �; �$K :�)$%! +��� � ]Z!- �5)�3 T�K�)�– �5K : � �5K #���)$%!`�$� � ������ �4)JK- ���!$��4��� �$K 2- �)$%! 3� �C) c�0!� �;*�/
-
21
�+,� 7��� : -" G�4o��) .1348(. ���B ���3 #�� ������ @�,#� .��$E� :$���$���. -#C5�Z " G�4)�>�) .1366(. �)�7 $� ���B ���3 #���)$%!
�5K . �E5� : T�Q5!�� A��5!�
����$B. -#C5�Z " G�4)�>�) .1384 .( ���B ���3 #��)���� �;�!#�7 � ��KU�� .(��$E� :���. -+ G���'$�� .)1376(. �)�7 $� ���B ���3 #[!�)$%! �4)JK `�$� � ������ .��$E� :
���. -+ G���'$��. )1379(. �B ���3 #[!���!$� #[! x>�X � ���&Q!� � ���Q4��� .��$E� :
(0� A��5!�.
�>P 7���: -" G"�Z�$���) .1378(. ���3$%! ���4� :�5)�3 #�� ()#C� � ])���7 .��$E� : A��5!�
(0�. -y GT��3 �&��kg) .1380(. ���B ���3 ���� .��$E� :c�� h����. -U G�3a) .1384(. G$,��� ���B ���3 #���$�3� �� �4)$[�" G .��$E� :H�$; A��5!�. -s G����#;��) .1378(. T� T�K�)� 3� ���B ���3 #�� G���4�3� ���$� �z���" G .
��$E� :J�$� $5!.
-
22
�����>����� �����Sociolinguistics
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:-+#! �� :�&,�- �//0� 3��45�7:-
��� Y�� :
��>�?� �B�� � ���3T#[! ��$� � �Q4;$B � �'���� @&0� �; �!�$�� *��#' � ���3 *����. [)�9 ��Z� :
1-���3 @&0� �;�$C)� $%! �!��� �B$���'���� ���4�2-!��3���45 �$� � �k� �'����3-!� ��$��?�� +�# ����� � ���3 (��4 -�!#K 9�;�
-
23
-Wardhaugh, R. (2002). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 4th edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
�>P 7���:-Coupland, N. Jaworski, A. eds. (1997). Sociolinguistics: A Reader and
Coursebook. London: MacMillan. -Downes, W. (1998). Language and Society. 2nd edition. Cambridge:
CUP.-Gumperz, J. and Hymes, D. eds. (1986) Directions in Sociolinguistics:
The Ethnography of Communications. Oxford: Blackwell. -Hudson, S. (1996). Sociolinguistics. 2nd edition. Cambridge: CUP. -Jourdan, C. and Tuite K. eds. (2006). Language, Culture, and Society.
Cambridge: CUP. Mckay, S. L. and Hornberger, N. H. eds. (1996). Sociolinguistics and
Language Teaching. Cambridge: CUP. -Newmeyer, F. J. ed. (1988). Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey. Vol.
IV, Language: The Socio-cultural Context. Cambridge: CUP. -Paulston, C. B. and Tucker, G. R. eds. (2003). Sociolinguistics: The
Essential Readings. Oxford: Blackwell. -Romain, S. (1994). Language in Society: An Introduction to
Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.-Saville-Troike, M. (1989). The Ethnography of Communication: An
Introduction. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. -Trudgill, P. (1994). Sociolinguistics: An Introduction. 4th edition.
London: Penguin Books.
-
24
���� �� S0;I/ T������� Research Methods in Linguistics
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! :�&,�-�//0� 3��45�7 :-
��� Y��: ��$� �#,�G Y�Z[� *��$� � +�#!�T3#� ��; @&0� ���3���4�.
[)�9 ��Z� :
1-Y�Z[� ��;�� � �!��� 2- Y�Z[� +�#!�)�!�0�����$D� � �!���� G�5)���7 G�...(3- ���E� Y�Z[)T$C�7 �) � G��� G��� A��>�?T��� �� �; G
T��� *�&[� � @�,#��; ��)#!3�� � (�#! G(5- T#��`�� �;T��� �� :*��� T#[! ���45�$7 ()��� ����/� �T#�� G � ()���
x>�?� �;�!��3��6- �K^)� ��&' ��#! �C�� �;7-+��� 9����;�8- �C�� � #D�� "�D!� �Q!#QI�;�C�!�$C>�
T�����0���� :
$��� �����3��"$� ������)�E! �#�3��TU�$7�+--+
������: -
-
25
�+,� 7��� : -d G��;$B) .1381 .(���3 � Y�|Z[� s� � �#,��$��� ���4� .���$� _ G$;�#� .��; $�
G��� " .��$E� :��4;.
-Wray, A. and Bloomer, A. (2006). Projects in Linguistics: A Practical Guide to Researching Language. 2nd edition. London: Hodder Education.
>P 7����: -c G�!�����. )1382.( s��; �'���� "#&' � Y�Z[���$E� G :��)� A��5!�. -d G�!�;�$B .G�f)$' � d. )1384( .s��; �B$5�7 ' � ];�^7 �!��!� "#&)�$C)�
�$����$� �� ��)#D5!���; ' G�B���$� G���$� "#&' G�'���� "#& �)$)�� G�!������� "#&' � .( ��E
-
26
�������D�#0����D Acoustic Phonetics
�A� ���� ���@/ :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! :���� 3��45�7 :-
��� Y��: T#[! ��$� )� *�&[� � ���3 A�#,� ��>#� �K^�; �� �C)J�B�; �&��#� �;�Q5)��3� �;�J�� .
[)�9 ��Z� :
1- A#, S)J�B �!���)�K^)� � �������E�� �;�B � =�#�� �C)J�B �K^)� G�;�; �>#>�;
� ��� � 3��...(
2- "��!� �$C&�' ���4��$� � A#, ��>#� � �)�)#K �;�)$%! � `�4�- �B�, 3- �K^)� �B$���;���� �C)J�B �; ��#0�; � �; 4- T#[! @�o ]!�#����Q! 5- �C)J�B ���4���� �JB� "$! S) *X��� s3#�� � �B$��
���0���� T�� :
��U ���0�����G/ ��0����
-
27
-Johnson, K. (1997). Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell.
- G�$B � .��) .1369(. )J�B 3� ���$� G�
P 7���:
-Ladefoged, P. (2006). A Course in Phonetics . Fifth edition. Boston: Thompson Wadsworth.
-Ladefoged, P.(2006).Vowels and Consonants, second edition. Australia: Blackwell Publishing.
-Ladefoged, P.(2003). Phonetic Data Analysis, An Introduction to Fieldwork and Instrumental Techniques. Australia: Blackwell Publishing.
-Lieberman, P. & Blumstein, S. (1988). Speech Physiology, Speech Perception, and Acoustic Phonetics. Cambridge: CUP.
- � G�4}�) .1377(. ��E
-
28
���� ����� ������� Computational Linguistics
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� �����:-
()$�� *�:-�� +#!:���� 3��45�7 :-
��� Y��:
���� �)�4�����3 ��4��!�)� �� � 9E��4��3 ()$��;];�^7 � �!�)� �$��� �;�!��3 .
[)�9 ��Z� : 1- � �4�5�7 ��$� $�� Aa#[����3 �� ���4� �!�)�� 2- ��$�T��� �!��� 3��$7G *��' 9��� ���3 ��;
$�#�}���
- ����� A��k?,� � 9�;�
-
29
���0���� T�� :
$��� �����3��"$� ������)�E! �#�3��TU�$7�+-++
������:- �+,� 7���:
-Hausser, R. (2001). Foundations of Computational Linguistics. 2nd edition. Berlin: Springer. - Ruslan, M. (ed.) (2003). The Oxford Handbook of Computational
Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
�>P 7���: -Butler, C. (1985). Computers in Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell. -Hartmann, R.R.K. (ed.) (2003). Lexicography: Critical Concepts, 3 Vols.
London: Routledge. -Hutchins, W.J. and Somers, H. L. (1992). An Introduction to Machine
Translation. London: Academic Press. -Hartmann, R.R.K. (1996). Lexicography as an Applied Linguistics
Discipline, in: Solving Language Problems, ed. by R. R. K. Hartmann. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.
-Jurafsky, D. and Martin, J. (2000). Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics and Speech Recognition. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
-Kipfer, B.A. (1984). Workbook on Lexicography. Exeter: University of Exeter. -Mills, J. (1996). Computers in Applied Linguistics in: Solving Language
Problems, ed. by R. R. K. Hartmann. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.
-Smith, G. W. (1991). Computers and Human Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-G�,�' " .)1372 .(���3 � $�#�}��� �$���\4;$B � ���4� ��$Q5;�^7 G�Q!4 . ��$E� :���#�- �Q4;$B A�Z�Z[� � A��>�?�.
-
30
-G�,�' ") .1373 .(�� T�Q)�7 ��D)� d$oT��; T�� G�!�� +ko� G���B ���3 11 T��� G1. ��$E�: ���#� � A��>�?� �Q4;$B A�Z�Z[�.
-G�,�' ") .1372 .( ��$Q5;�^7 G$�#�}��� �� ���B (� s3��$712 . ��$E� :���#� � A��>�?��Q4;$B A�Z�Z[�.
-G�,�' ") .1384 .(T��� T�Q)�7 �;^7 G �!$4)� � ���B ���3 ��$Q5;�13. ��$E� :���#�
�Q4;$B A�Z�Z[� � A��>�?�.
-
31
������&��� �����Cognitive Linguistics
$%! ���� �����: 2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! :���� 3��45�7 :-
��� Y��:
��4� ��$��; �� ���3 ���4�� "�%! S) ��#4' ��>�?� �?�� (;~ � ���3 (��.
x>�?� �#z : 1-���3 $%! �!��� �B$�����4����4� 2- 9�;�#Z� � �4;~�!��3 �4�4- #�� ��$�s� � ���4��; [����45!��3 � Y�Z���4�
$��� �����3��"$� ������)�E! �#�3��TU�$7�+-++
������: - �+,� 7��� :
-Croft, W. and Cruse, D. A. (2004). Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: CPU.
-Lee, D. (2002).Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
�>P 7���: -Fauconnier, G. and Sweetser, E. (1996). Spaces, Worlds, and Grammar.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
-
32
-Gentner, D. and Golden-Meadow, S. ed. (2003). Language in Mind. The MIT Press.
-Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodied Mind and its Challenges to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books.
Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
-Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-Langacker, R. W. (2002). Concept, Image, and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
-Hurford, J. R. (2007). The Origins of Meaning: Language in the Light of Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-Talmy, L. (2000). Toward a Cognitive Semantics. Vols. I and II. MIT Press.
-Taylor, J. R. (1995). Linguistic Categorization. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
33
���� ����� 8�,� Fundamentals of Grammar
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:--�� +#!:���� 3��45�7 :-
��� Y�� :
�G #[! � TU�#��� ���4� 9�;�
-
34
�>P 7���: -" G�4)�>� T#C5�.)1384(. ���B ���3 #�� :���� �;�!#�7 � ��KU��. ��$E� : ���.
-Givon,T. (1979). On Understanding Grammar. NewYork: Academic Press. -Huddleston, R. (1984). Introduction to the Grammar of English. NewYork: CUP. -Jesperson, O. (1925/1963). The Philosophy of Grammar. London: George Allen & Unwin.
-
35
���� ����� ������&��� Psycholinguistics
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! :���� 3��45�7 :-
��� Y��: ���4� � ��$� ��4��; @&0������>#� ���4� m� � ���3.
[)�9 ��Z� :
1-���3 ���45!�� ��&� 9�;�
-
36
���0���� T�� :
$��� �����3��"$� ������)�E! �#�3��TU�$7�+-++
������:- �+,� 7��� :
-Field, J. (2004). Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge.
-� G$�4)���) .1386 .(��� $� ��� ����3 ���4� .���$� 3� "�P 7���:
-Carroll, D. W. (1994). Psychology of Language. Pacific Grove: Brooks Cole.
-Jay, T. B. (2003). Psychology of Language. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
-= G�#��)�) .1364 .(������3 ���4� . ���$�3� + G���� .��$E� :$���$���.
-
37
"��� �� ���+U � ����� �����$��� Q�@)�9 ����� Study of Iranian and Islamic Scholars on Language
$%! ���� ����� :2 �&�' ���� ����� :-
()$�� *�:- �� +#! : ���� 3��45�7 :-
��� Y��:
��$�T�� � ���&�� � �!�$)� ���4�5!�� A�Z�Z[� � A�)$%! T3#��; �!��3 @&0�.
)�9 ��Z�[ : ��$� T�K�)� � A�)$%!�;:
1-*�&�TU�� �#� � ���� (� ���4� \4;$B ��Q!2-T�� � ���B �)#��� ���3 #��)���4���� � #[! (��$'3-T�� � �4�� (�� ���B ���3 �;��� ��$� � ��$' ���3 ���4����4-T�� � �!�$�� ��[)#�� TU�� � \4;$B ���4� ���3�; $)��!�5-`�� �!�K$K $;�Z>���'�gk� 9&' �#,� ��6-�>�$�/! ���#�`�� ��#o ()�p> � Y?4� ��7-T�� � 3� H�X H�� ��$' � ���B $�� �3�8-T�� � �o#�� #[! � �p> 9&'
-
38
���0���� T�� :
$��� �����3��"$� ������)�E! �#�3��TU�$7�+-++
������:-
�+,� 7��� : -� G�4�� (�� .+ .d. )1348 .( *��! 3� j�[/� � ���$� G_�$[>� ��� c���� �) _�$[>� =�0�
wG$&!�� .��$E� :��$)� \4;$B ���4� A��5!�. -+ G@,�! �0�) .1359 .(" G�&{�B 3� ���$� G��)#[! �#5�7 �)#��� .�E5� :!�� A��5!� T�Q5
�E5� ����$B. -� G�&�E�) .1357 .(T����)$%! �� � �;���3 ���45;�^7 G�4�� �&'#� ���4�)3 .(��$E� : A��5!�
��$)� ���3 ���Q4;$B. -s G3� H�X) .1335 .(#{ ��� j�[/� G9D�>� ���� $�)��� �B 9D��>� .��$E� : A��5!�
��$E� T�Q5!��. -G��#o ()�>�$�/! � . =." .d) .1326 .( G���Xa� ����#{ ��� j�[/� .��$E� : A��5!�
��$E� T�Q5!��. -��$� �� F#�$� Aa�Z����3 �;��4�"k�� � �) .1367 .(�P 7���:
- + G��0;� .�) .1373 .(���Z� ���! �p> .��$E� :!�� A��5!�T�Q5 ��$E�. -� GJ4��� .�) .1370 .(���3 $/0� t)�� ���4� GY� 3� ���$�+ G��4� ." .��$E� :J�$� $5!. - ~ G�