2.3 Carbon Compounds-Carbon

and Carbos

Organic Chemistry

•Study of carbon and the bonds that form between them

Carbon

6 p6 n6 e-

Carbon can bond to 4 e-

• Total of 6 electrons

• 4e- in outer shell

Can bond to 4 H

Hydrocarbons

•Contain hydrogen and carbon

METHANE

• One carbon

Carbon Skeleton

• Carbon Chain

• Here with 6 carbons (hexane)

Unbranched

Can be branched

• Like here with isooctane

• (8 carbons)

Rings

• Cyclohexane

AspirinNote the ring

AspirinNote the ring

Isomersisos = "equal", méros = "part".

• Compounds with the same chemical composition but

different orientation

Isomer Examples

Contrast Caraway and Spearmint

Isomers

• Caraway and Spearmint

• Single bond (ethane)

• Double bond (ethene)

• Triple bond (ethyne)

Single, Double, Triple Bonds

4 most common elements of life

Carbon C

Hydrogen H

Oxygen O

Nitrogen N

4 Types of Macromolecules

•Proteins

•Nucleic Acids

•Carbohydrates

•Lipids

Macromoleculeor Polymer

• a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar subunits strung together

Polymer

• A large molecule (macromolecule) consisting of many smaller molecules (monomers) into chains

Monomers

• the subunits that serve as the building blocks

Polymerization

•Joining monomers to make a polymer

• LINK Animation of a Condensation Polymerization

Dehydration SynthesisA.K.A. polymerization

Dehydration Synthesis

• Start with small molecules (monomers), by removing water end with large molecules (polymers)

Dehydration Synthesis

• Monomers (small molecules) are linked together by a process that takes out a molecule of water to form a polymer (macromolecule).

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

• Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis in which bonds are broken by the addition of water

Hydrolysis

• Start with large molecules (polymer) add water and end with small molecules (monomer)

Carbohydrates are Made Of:

• C : H : O

1 : 2 : 1

C6H12O6 glucose

Carbohydrates

• “Sugars”

• Names for Carbohydrates

end in –ose• Monomers: monosaccharides

Carbohydrates

• Glucose (C6H1206) is the most common monosaccharide

• basic formula CH2O

KNOW: Glucose =

•C6H12O6

Monomer of Carbohydrates:Monosaccharides

• Simple sugar• -main use in body: fuel• EX: glucose - common galactose –milk sugar fructose – fruit sugar

Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides-single sugars –the monomer of carbos

• Disaccharides-double sugars

• Polysaccharides-many sugars

Monosaccharide

• CHO in ratio of 1:2:1

Disaccharides“double sugars”

double sugars with the formula C12H22O11

Disaccharides

PolysaccharideChains of monosaccharides

EX: starch is made of many glucose molecules

Disaccharide Examples

• sucrose = glucose + fructose` common table sugar• maltose = glucose + glucose

–Beer sugar

• lactose = glucose + galactose.–Milk sugar

Polysaccharide: many sugars

Polysaccharides

• are macromolecules with a few to 1000 monosaccharides linked together

Polysaccharides

• Storage Polysaccharides: starch (from plants) and glycogen (from animals)

• Structural Polysaccharides: chitin (in fungi cell walls and in exoskeleton of arthropods) and cellulose (in plant cell walls)

STARCH

• Made of glucose molecules

• Stores sugar

Starch

•Foods found in: Potatoes, wheat, corn, rice

•Found in plant roots

Glycogen

• ANIMAL STORAGEMade of excess sugar

• Found in animal livers and muscle cells

• Foods: meats

Glucose

Glycogen

Glycogen• Is the storage form of glucose in animals.

•Composed of thousands of glucose molecules.

Cellulose: plant cell walls stiffUs: good fiber

Glucose polymer

Chitin

• Onion Cell Walls are of cellulose

• exoskeleton of insects, crabs

Which is a monosaccharide?A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?

• cellulose• chitin• glucose• glycogen• sucrose• starch

Which is a monosaccharide?A disaccharide? A polysaccharide?

• Cellulose P• Chitin P• Glucose M• Glycogen M• Sucrose D• Starch P