23(17$1( %/2:,1*$*(17)2532
TRANSCRIPT
,1)250$7,21 3$3(5
&<&/23(17$1(�
$ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�
)5((=(56
2FWREHU ����
2]RQ$FWLRQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ &OHDULQJKRXVH
2]RQ$FWLRQ 3URJUDPPH
,QGXVWU\ DQG (QYLURQPHQW
8QLWHG 1DWLRQV (QYLURQPHQW 3URJUDPPH
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
�
$&.12:/('*(0(17
7KLV SDSHU ZDV SUHSDUHG EDVHG RQ DYDLODEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ E\ 81(3 ,( DV SDUW RI LWV FOHDULQJ�
KRXVH DFWLYLW\ XQGHU WKH 0RQWUHDO 3URWRFRO�
7KH DFWLYH DVVLVWDQFH RI 'U 5�6� $JDUZDO �,QGLD�� FRQVXOWDQW DQG PHPEHU RI 81(3
5HIULJHUDWLRQ� $LU�FRQGLWLRQLQJ DQG +HDW 3XPS 7HFKQLFDO 2SWLRQV &RPPLWWHH ZDV DYDLODEOH WR
SUHSDUH DQG FRPSLOH WKLV GRFXPHQW�
7KH SDSHU ZDV UHYLHZHG E\ 'U 0LNH -HIIV� 0HPEHU� 81(3 )RDPV 7HFKQLFDO 2SWLRQV
&RPPLWWHH DQG 0HPEHU� :RUOG %DQN 2]RQH 2SHUDWLRQV 5HVRXUFH *URXS� )RDP 6HFWLRQ
',6&/$,0(5
7KH 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV (QYLURQPHQW 3URJUDPPH �81(3�� DQG WKH UHYLHZHUV RI WKLV GRFXPHQW DQG
WKHLU HPSOR\HUV GR QRW HQGRUVH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH� ZRUNHU VDIHW\� RU HQYLURQPHQWDO DFFHSWDELOLW\
RI DQ\ RI WKH WHFKQLFDO RSWLRQV GHVFULEHG LQ WKLV GRFXPHQW�
:KLOH WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ FRQWDLQHG KHUHLQ LV EHOLHYHG WR EH DFFXUDWH� LW LV RI QHFHVVLW\ SUHVHQWHG
LQ D VXPPDU\ DQG JHQHUDO IDVKLRQ� 7KH GHFLVLRQ WR LPSOHPHQW RQH RI WKH DOWHUQDWLYHV SUHVHQWHG
LQ WKLV GRFXPHQW LV D FRPSOH[ RQH WKDW UHTXLUHV FDUHIXO FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI D ZLGH UDQJH RI
VLWXDWLRQ�VSHFLILF SDUDPHWHUV� PDQ\ RI ZKLFK PD\ QRW EH DGGUHVVHG E\ WKLV GRFXPHQW�
5HVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU WKLV GHFLVLRQ DQG DOO RI LWV UHVXOWLQJ LPSDFWV UHVWV H[FOXVLYHO\ ZLWK WKH
LQGLYLGXDO RU HQWLW\ FKRRVLQJ WR LPSOHPHQW WKH DOWHUQDWLYH�
81(3� DQG LWV HPSOR\HHV� DQG WKH UHYLHZHUV RI WKLV GRFXPHQW DQG WKHLU HPSOR\HUV GR QRW PDNH
DQ\ ZDUUDQW\ RU UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ� HLWKHU H[SUHVV RU LPSOLHG� ZLWK UHVSHFW WR LWV DFFXUDF\�
FRPSOHWHQHVV RU XWLOLW\� QRU GR WKH\ DVVXPH DQ\ OLDELOLW\ IRU HYHQWV UHVXOWLQJ IURP WKH XVH RI� RU
UHOLDQFH XSRQ� DQ\ LQIRUPDWLRQ� PDWHULDO RU SURFHGXUH GHVFULEHG KHUHLQ� LQFOXGLQJ EXW QRW
OLPLWHG WR DQ\ FODLPV UHJDUGLQJ KHDOWK� VDIHW\� HQYLURQPHQWDO HIIHFWV� HIILFDF\� SHUIRUPDQFH� RU
FRVW PDGH E\ WKH VRXUFH RI LQIRUPDWLRQ�
0HQWLRQ RI DQ\ FRPSDQ\� DVVRFLDWLRQ� RU SURGXFW LQ WKLV GRFXPHQW LV IRU LQIRUPDWLRQDO SXUSRVHV
RQO\ DQG GRHV QRW FRQVWLWXWH D UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ RI DQ\ VXFK FRPSDQ\� DVVRFLDWLRQ� RU SURGXFW�
HLWKHU H[SUHVV RU LPSOLHG� E\ 81(3� LWV HPSOR\HHV� DQG WKH UHYLHZHUV RI WKLV GRFXPHQW DQG
WKHLU HPSOR\HUV�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
�
83'$7(6
7KLV LV D �OLYLQJ� GRFXPHQW WKDW ZLOO EH XSGDWHG RQ D UHJXODU EDVLV� ,I \RX NQRZ RI D FRPSDQ\
RU SURGXFW DQG UHODWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW VKRXOG EH LQFOXGHG LQ IXWXUH YHUVLRQV� SOHDVH VHQG WKH
LQIRUPDWLRQ WR 81(3 ,(�3$&�
5DMHQGUD 0� 6KHQGH
2]RQ$FWLRQ 3URJUDPPH &RRUGLQDWRU
81(3 ,(�3$&
7RXU 0LUDEHDX
������ TXDL $QGUp &LWURsQ
������ 3DULV� &HGH[ ��
)UDQFH
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
�
&217(176
%DFNJURXQG
6HFWRU %DFNJURXQG
*HQHUDO
)RDPV LQ 'RPHVWLF 5HIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV
$YDLODEOH 2SWLRQV
&RPSDULVRQ RI &\FORSHQWDQH DV DQ 2SWLRQ
&RPSDULVRQ RI 3URSHUWLHV RI ,QVXODWLRQ IRDPV %DVHG RQ DYDLODEOH 2SWLRQV
&\FORSHQWDQH�$ 9LDEOH $OWHUQDWLYH
$YDLODEOH 2SWLRQV� 3URV DQG &RQV
$YDLODELOLW\ RI 9DULRXV 2SWLRQV
$YDLODELOLW\ RI &\FORSHQWDQH� 6\VWHPV DQG (TXLSPHQWV
$YDLODELOLW\ RI &\FORSHQWDQH
$YDLODELOLW\ RI &)&�)UHH 3RO\XUHWKDQH 6\VWHPV IRU SURGXFWLRQ RI ,QVXODWLRQ )RDPV
ZLWK &\FORSHQWDQH DV %ORZLQJ $JHQW
$YDLODELOLW\ RI (TXLSPHQW
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ 6WDWXV LQ 'HYHORSHG &RXQWULHV
6RPH ,PSRUWDQW &RQVLGHUDWLRQV
6DIHW\ &RQVLGHUDWLRQV
6DIHW\ LQ 3URGXFWLRQ
)LQDO 3URGXFW 6DIHW\
(IIHFW RI 3XULW\ RI &\FORSHQWDQH RQ WKH 4XDOLW\ RI WKH )RDP
&RVW RI &RQYHUVLRQ IURP &)&��� WR &\FORSHQWDQH
$VVXPSWLRQV 8VHG
2QH�2II )XQGLQJ
&KDQJHV LQ 2SHUDWLQJ &RVWV
$EVWUDFWV
5HIHUHQFHV
6XSSOLHUV
)RDP &KHPLFDOV
)DFWRU\ (TXLSPHQW
3RO\XUHWKDQH 0DFKLQHU\
)ODPPDEOH *DV 'HWHFWRUV
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
�
%$&.*5281'
7KURXJKRXW WKH ZRUOG� ULJLG SRO\XUHWKDQH IRDP LV RQH RI WKH PRVW ZLGHO\ XVHG LQVXODWLQJ
PDWHULDOV IRU GRPHVWLF UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV ZKHUH &)&��� LV XVHG DV EORZLQJ DJHQW� 7KH
WHFKQRORJ\ IRU &)&��� UHSODFHPHQW LQ LQVXODWLQJ IRDP IRU WKH GRPHVWLF UHIULJHUDWRU DQG IUHH]HU
VHFWRU LV FXUUHQWO\ XQGHUJRLQJ UDSLG GHYHORSPHQW�
,Q WKH SDVW WZR \HDUV F\FORSHQWDQH KDV HPHUJHG DV WKH PRVW SURPLVLQJ ]HUR 2]RQH 'HSOHWLQJ
3RWHQWLDO �2'3� DOWHUQDWLYH WR &)&��� DV D EORZLQJ DJHQW IRU ULJLG LQVXODWLRQ IRDPV >��@�
(VSHFLDOO\ LQ (XURSH� F\FORSHQWDQH KDV EHHQ DGRSWHG DV D IRDP EORZLQJ DJHQW IRU LQVXODWLRQ LQ
WKH GRPHVWLF UHIULJHUDWRU IUHH]HUV ,QGXVWU\� ,W LV PRVW OLNHO\ WKDW F\FORSHQWDQH PD\ DOVR EH
DGRSWHG LQ $UWLFOH � FRXQWULHV� 7KLV SDSHU LV DLPHG WR SURYLGH XSGDWHG DQG IRFXVVHG LQIRUPDWLRQ
RQ WKH DYDLODELOLW\� SURSHUWLHV� KDQGOLQJ� DQG VDIHW\ LVVXHV DQG WKH XVH RI F\FORSHQWDQH� 7KLV ZLOO
DVVLVW WKH $UWLFOH � FRXQWULHV LQ HYDOXDWLRQ RI YDULRXV WHFKQRORJ\ RSWLRQV IRU LQVXODWLQJ IRDP IRU
GRPHVWLF UHIULJHUDWRU IUHH]HUV�
6(&725 %$&.*5281'
*HQHUDO
+LVWRULFDOO\� DQ DVVRUWPHQW RI &)&V LQFOXGLQJ &)&���� &)&���� &)&����� &)&���� DQG PHWK\O
FKORURIRUP KDYH EHHQ XVHG DV EORZLQJ DJHQWV LQ D EURDG UDQJH RI IRDP DSSOLFDWLRQV� 7KH YDULRXV
W\SHV RI IRDPV ZKLFK XVH 2]RQH 'HSOHWLQJ 6XEVWDQFHV �2'6V� DV EORZLQJ DJHQWV LQFOXGH
SRO\XUHWKDQH FORVHG FHOO ULJLG IRDP� SRO\XUHWKDQH RSHQ�FHOO IOH[LEOH IRDP� H[WUXGHG SRO\VW\UHQH
IRDP� SRO\ROHILQ IRDP DQG SKHQROLF IRDP�
7KH *OREDO &)& FRQVXPSWLRQ LQ WKH IRDP VHFWRU ZDV UHSRUWHG WR EH ������� WRQQHV LQ ���� DQG
������� WRQQHV LQ ���� >�@� )XUWKHU VLJQLILFDQW SURJUHVV KDV EHHQ PDGH LQ SKDVLQJ RXW &)&V
LQ WKLV VHFWRU� 7KH FXUUHQW H[SHFWDWLRQ LV IRU WKH LQGXVWULDOL]HG FRXQWULHV WR FRPSOHWH WKH
WUDQVLWLRQ RXW RI $QQH[ $� *URXS ,, VXEVWDQFHV LQ ����� H[FHSW IRU ULJLG SRO\XUHWKDQH IRU
GRPHVWLF UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV LQVXODWLRQ� 7KH GRPHVWLF UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV PDQXIDFWXULQJ
LQGXVWU\ H[SHFWV WR FRPSOHWH WKH WUDQVLWLRQ IURP &)&V LQ �����>�@
&)&V DUH DOVR XVHG WR SURGXFH WKH ZKROH VSHFWUXP RI IRDP SURGXFWV LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV�
+RZHYHU� FRXQWU\ E\ FRXQWU\ WKHUH DUH VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH DPRXQW RI &)&V XVHG IRU
HDFK IRDP W\SH� 7\SLFDOO\� &)& XVH LQ IOH[LEOH IRDP DQG DSSOLDQFHV IRDP LV PRVW SUHYDOHQW�
8QGHU WKH 0XOWLODWHUDO )XQG SURJUHVV KDV EHHQ PDGH WR SUHSDUH SURMHFW SURSRVDOV WR UHGXFH
&)&V LQ IRDPV� 7KH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH DFWXDO UHGXFWLRQ KDV EHHQ LQLWLDWHG� &)&V DUH EHLQJ
HOLPLQDWHG LQ PDQ\ IRDP SURGXFWV SURGXFHG LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DQG WKH SDFH ZLOO LQFUHDVH
LQ WKH FRPLQJ \HDUV� )DFWRUV WKDW KDYH OHG WR &)& UHGXFWLRQV LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LQFOXGH�
� DZDUHQHVV�
� MRLQW YHQWXUHV�
� SUHVVXUH WR (DUQ ([SRUW 0DUNHW� DQG
� DYDLODELOLW\ RI /RZ &RVW 2SWLRQV�
7KH FKRLFH RI WHFKQRORJ\ LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV ZLOO EH GULYHQ E\� RU EH DGRSWHG WR� VXLW WKH
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
�
ORFDO DYDLODELOLW\ RI EORZLQJ DJHQWV�
)RDPV )RU ,QVXODWLRQ LQ 'RPHVWLF 5HIULJHUDWRU�)UHH]HUV
5LJLG SRO\XUHWKDQH IRDPV FRQWLQXH WR EH WKH GRPLQDQW LQVXODWLRQ XVHG LQ GRPHVWLF UHIULJHUDWRU�
IUHH]HUV� 7KHUH LV QR GHWDLOHG EUHDNGRZQ IRU WKH UHODWLYH XVHV RI SRO\XUHWKDQH LQ DSSOLDQFHV�
+RZHYHU� LW LV HVWLPDWHG WKDW DSSUR[LPDWHO\ ������ LV XVHG LQ UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV DQG WKH
UHPDLQLQJ ������ LV XVHG LQ RWKHU DSSOLDQFHV >�@ VXFK DV GLVSOD\ FDELQHWV� ZDWHU KHDWHUV�
SRUWDEOH FRROHUV� FRPPHUFLDO DSSOLDQFHV DQG YHQGLQJ PDFKLQHV�
7KH JOREDO XVDJH RI &)&V LQ DSSOLDQFH IRDPV ZDV ������ WRQQHV LQ ����� 0DLQO\ &)&��� KDV
EHHQ XVHG WR SURGXFH IRDPV IRU LQVXODWLRQ LQ GRPHVWLF UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV >�@� 7KH UHIULJHUDWRU�
IUHH]HUV PDQXIDFWXUHUV DUH WU\LQJ WR SKDVH RXW &)&��� E\ DGRSWLQJ D VXLWDEOH DOWHUQDWLYH IRDP
EORZLQJ DJHQW�
5LJLG SRO\XUHWKDQH IRDP LV SUHIHUUHG DV LQVXODWLQJ PDWHULDOV IRU GRPHVWLF UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV
EHFDXVH VHOI�DGKHVLYH ULJLG IRDP V\VWHPV HQDEOH D ZHLJKW�VDYLQJ VDQGZLFK FRQVWUXFWLRQ WR EH
SURGXFHG LQ D VLQJOH RSHUDWLRQ� 7KH JRRG WKHUPDO LQVXODWLQJ SURSHUWLHV SHUPLW DQ RSWLPXP
UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ HIIHFWLYH DQG WRWDO YDOXH RI DSSOLDQFHV� EHFDXVH RI UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO ZDOO
WKLFNQHVV >��@� 7KH XVH RI &)&��� DV EORZLQJ DJHQW IRU ULJLG IRDP LV DQ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU LQ
DFKLHYLQJ WKLV JRRG LQVXODWLQJ HIIHFW�
$V WKH GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV DUH PRYLQJ WRZDUGV WKH ILQDO SKDVHRXW RI &)& EORZLQJ DJHQWV� QHZ
FRPSRXQGV DQG WHFKQRORJLHV DUH HPHUJLQJ WR SURGXFH WKH SRO\XUHWKDQH IRDPV� $PRQJ WKH QHZ
EORZLQJ DJHQWV EHLQJ GHYHORSHG� FRPSRXQGV ZLWK QR 2'3 DQG PLQLPDO JOREDO ZDUPLQJ
SRWHQWLDO �*:3� DUH XOWLPDWHO\ WKH PRVW HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ GHVLUDEOH� 2QH RI WKH RWKHU YHU\
LPSRUWDQW IDFWRUV EHVLGHV WKH HFRORJLFDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQ LV WKH WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI
SRO\XUHWKDQH IRDP ZLWK GLIIHUHQW EORZLQJ DJHQWV� $Q\ LQFUHDVH RI WKH WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ YDOXH
ZLOO HLWKHU GHFUHDVH HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ RU ZLOO REOLJH WKH UHIULJHUDWRU PDQXIDFWXUHUV WR LQFUHDVH
WKH LQVXODWLRQ WKLFNQHVV RU UHGXFH WKH UDWLR RI QHW YROXPH� 6XFK FKDQJHV ZLOO VWURQJO\ LQFUHDVH
OLVW RI WKH UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HU SHU XVDEOH QHW YROXPH�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
�
$9$,/$%/( 237,216
7KH RSWLRQV FXUUHQWO\ DYDLODEOH DV EORZLQJ DJHQWV IRU WKH SRO\XUHWKDQH ULJLG IRDP WR LQVXODWH
UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV DUH OLVWHG LQ 7DEOH � >��@�
Table 1. Available Options
Table 1. Available Options
CFC-11 HCFC-22 HCFC-22 HCFC-141b HFC-134a Iso- CyclopeHCFC-142b pentane ntane
Chemical CFCl CHClF CHClF / CH CCl F CH FCF CH CH (CH )formula CH CClF (CH )C
3 2 23 2
3 2 2 3 33
H CH2 3
2 5
Molecular 137 86 86/100 117 102 72 70weight
Boiling point 24 -41 -41/-10 32 -27 28 50(Cº)
Gas Conduct. 7.4 9.9 9.9/8.4 8.8 12.4 13.0 11.0(mW/mK at10 Cº)
Flammable None None None/6.7- 7.3-16.0 None 1.4-7.8 1.4-8.0limits in air 14.9(vol%)
TLV or OEL 1000 1000 1000/1000 500 1000 1000 600(ppm)
ODP 1.0 0.055 0.055/0.065 0.11 0 0 0
GWP 1.0 0.36 0.36/0.42 0.12 0.25 <0.1 <0.1
ODP Class High Low Low Low Zero Zero Zero
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
�
&203$5,621 2) &<&/23(17$1( $6 $1 237,21
&RPSDULVRQ RI 3URSHUWLHV RI ,QVXODWLRQ )RDP %DVHG RQ $YDLODEOH 2SWLRQV
7\SLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV IRDPV EDVHG RQ WKH YDULRXV EORZLQJ DJHQW RSWLRQV DUH
OLVWHG LQ 7DEOH � >��@�
7DEOH �� &RPSDULVRQ RI 3URSHUWLHV RI ,QVXODWLRQ )RDP
Table 2. Comparison of Properties of Insulation Foam
CFC-11 Reduced HCFC-22 HCFC-22/ HCFC-141b HFC- Iso- Cyclo-CFC-11 HCFC- 134a pentane pentane
142b
Blowing 13 6 5 6 10 6 5 5agentcontent(% w/w)
Overall 30 31 33 33 35 34 34 35Density(kg/m )
3
Compress 130 140 150 140 150 150 150 160ivestrength(KPa)
Dimensio 3 2 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.5 <0.6 <0.6nalstability,percentage change -48 hr, 70ºC, 95 %RH -48 hr, -10 ºC
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.2 <0.2
Thermal 17-18 18-19 20-21 19-20 18-19 20-21 21-23 19.5-conductiv 20.5ity at10ºC(mW/mK,initial)
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
�
&\FORSHQWDQH � $ 9LDEOH $OWHUQDWLYH
&RPSDUHG WR WKH H[FHOOHQW SHUIRUPDQFH RI &)&��� DV SRO\XUHWKDQH IRDP EORZLQJ DJHQW� DOO
DYDLODEOH VXEVWLWXWHV KDYH FHUWDLQ GUDZEDFNV� +RZHYHU� F\FORSHQWDQH PHHWV PRVW RI WKH
UHTXLUHPHQWV RI D VXLWDEOH EORZLQJ DJHQW IRU ULJLG SRO\XUHWKDQH� 7KH PDLQ GUDZEDFN RI
F\FORSHQWDQH LV LWV IODPPDEOH FKDUDFWHULVWLF� 7DEOH � KLJKOLJKWV WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV >��@�
Table 3. Requirements and Properties of Polyurethane Blowing Agents
Requirements CFC-11 Cyclopentane
/RZ 2'3 � �
/RZ *:3 � �
/RZ 7KHUPDO &RQGXFWLYLW\ � ���
%RLOLQJ 3RLQW ����&���� ) � �
/RZ 'LIIXVLRQ LQ 38�0DWUL[ � �
/RZ 7R[LFLW\ � �
$YDLODELOLW\� 3ULFH � �
6ROXELOLW\ LQ 3RO\ROV � �
1R &KHP� $WWDFN WR 3ODVWLFV ��� ���
1RW IODPPDEOH � �
Note:"+" means requirements are met, "-" means requirements are not met, (+) means that requirements are almostmet.
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
$YDLODEOH 2SWLRQV� 3URV DQG &RQV
7DEOH � KLJKOLJKWV WKH SURV DQG FRQV RI WKH DYDLODEOH RSWLRQV WR &)&��� DV 3RO\XUHWKDQH IRDP
EORZLQJ DJHQW >�����������������@�
Table 4. Available Options: Pros and Cons
7DEOH �� $YDLODEOH 2SWLRQV� 3URV DQG &RQV
7HFKQRORJ\ 2SWLRQ 3URV &RQV
&\FORSHQWDQH %DVHG 7HFKQRORJ\ =HUR 2'3 +LJKO\ )ODPPDEOH� $GHTXDWH VDIHW\
+&)&����E %DVHG 7HFKQRORJ\ 7R[LFRORJ\ LVVXH UHVROYHG 1RW ]HUR 2'3
*RRG DYDLODELOLW\ /LQHU FKDQJH QRUPDOO\ UHTXLUHG
'URS LQ IRU IRDP HTXLSPHQW 5HODWLYHO\ KLJK *:3
*RRG LQVXODWLRQ YDOXH
+)&����D %DVHG 7HFKQRORJ\ 1R WR[LFRORJ\ LVVXH &RPSDUDWLYHO\ SRRU LQVXODWLRQ YDOXH
=HUR 2'3 +LJK RSHUDWLQJ FRVWV
6WDQGDUG OLQHUV VXLWDEOH 3UHVVXUH LQMHFWLRQ HTXLSPHQW QHHGHG
$GHTXDWH DYDLODELOLW\ 7HFKQRORJ\ RQ OHDUQLQJ FXUYH
5HODWLYHO\ KLJK *:3
+&)&����+&)&����E %DVHG
7HFKQRORJ\
1R WR[LFRORJ\ LVVXH 1RW ]HUR 2'3
$GHTXDWH DYDLODELOLW\ �IURP 1HHGV SUHVVXUH DGGLWLRQ HTXLSPHQW
GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV� 5HODWLYHO\ KLJK *:3
/RZ XVDJH YDOXH
1R OLQHU LVVXH
+&)&��� %DVHG 7HFKQRORJ\ 1R WR[LFRORJ\ LVVXH 1RW ]HUR 2'3
*RRG DYDLODELOLW\ 0RGHUDWH LQVXODWLRQ FDSDELOLW\� SRRU
1RQ IODPPDEOH ORQJ WHUP ZLWKRXW OLQHU PRGLILFDWLRQ
/RZ XVDJH OHYHO 1HHGV SUHVVXUH DGGLWLRQ HTXLSPHQW
1R OLQHU LVVXH �H[FHSW IRDP DJHLQJ� 5HODWLYHO\ KLJK *:3
5HGXFHG &)&��� %DVHG 7HFKQRORJ\ 5DSLG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ +LJK 2'3
1R HTXLSPHQW FKDQJHV QHFHVVDU\ �KS 3RRU PHGLXP WHUP &)&���
HTXLSPHQW SUHIHUUHG� DYDLODELOLW\
1R OLQHU LVVXHV +LJK *:3
1R VLJQLILFDQW FKDQJH LQ IRDP
SURSHUWLHV
CYCLOPENTANE: A BLOWING AGENT FOR POLYURETHANE FOAMS
FOR INSULATION IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR-FREEZERS
13
AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS OPTIONS
The available options mainly belong to three categories of chemicals viz. HCFCs, HFCs andhydrocarbons. Table 5 highlights the status of commercial availability of the available options[10].
Table 5. Commercial Availability of Available Options
Option ShortTerm 1993-1995 Long Term 1995-2000
Cyclopentane Adequate Likely to ease further as production builds
HCFC-141b Adequate Uncertain, depending on progress made with the development of replacement products now emerging. In anycase, likely to be from developed countries only
HCFC-142b Adequate Adequate-likely to be from developed countries only
HCFC-22 Good Good-mainly from developed countries. Chinese and Indian Production probable
HFC-134a Adequate-could be tight Good-likely to be from developed countries only
Isopentane Good Good
CFC-11 Good, but developed country Tight, relying on developing production will run down from country production. Montreal 1/1/94 Protocol allowances from
developed country suppliers may not be taken up because ofenvironmental positioning
The HCFCs are only an interim solution because of the reason that they also have to be phasedout in near future. As per the Copenhagen Amendments, HCFCs will be controlled as follows:
� Freeze in 1996 at 3.1% of calculated level of CFCs consumption plus calculated level ofHCFCs in 1989;
� 35% reduction by 2004;� 65% reduction by 2010;� 90% reduction by 2015;� 99.5% reduction by 2020; and� 100% reduction by 2030.
CYCLOPENTANE: A BLOWING AGENT FOR POLYURETHANE FOAMS
FOR INSULATION IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR-FREEZERS
14
AVAILABILITY OF CYCLOPENTANE, SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENTS
Availability of CyclopentaneCyclopentane is present in natural hydrocarbon sources and can be separated by fractionaldistillation (refineries) and is also formed as a byproduct in the processing of cracking products,e.g. by hydrogenation of cyclopentene in the C fractions of steam cracking products. It can also5be manufactured by the hydrogenation of cyclopentanone or thermal dehydrogenation ofcyclohexane. Cyclopentane is in production in several European plants and is available inindustrial amounts with a requisite purity level. In the near future, the production ofcyclopentane is expected to increase depending on the demand. The technical specifications ofcommercially available cyclopentane is given in Appendix A1.
Table 6 gives the list of potential suppliers of cyclopentane (alphabetical sequence) [2,8].1
Table 6. Example of Suppliers of Cyclopentane
S.No. Supplier
1. Erdolchemie, CologneMr.MeyerTel: (0 21 33) 55 44 75Fax: (0 21 33) 55 61 96
2. Exxon, CologneDr.Thomas MehnerTel: (02 21) 1 61-52 62Fax: (02 21) 1 61-53 97
3. Haltermann, HamburgDr.Norbert ReimersTel: (0 40) 33 38-2 41Fax: (0 40) 33 38-2 14
4. Phillips Petroleum, FrankfurtMichael SchwitzTel: (0 69) 79 30-5 21Fax: (0 69) 79 30-5 38
5. Technochemeie (Shell), DossenheimDr.Wolfgang RauwaldTel: (0 62 21) 8 65-3 74Fax: (0 62 21) 8 65-3 72
* Average Indicative Price of Cyclopentane is = US$3/kg(Suppliers should be contacted for details on pricing.)
This is not an exhaustive list of suppliers. Please contact UNEP IE/PAC if you know ofother suppliers who should be included in future versions of this information paper.
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
$YDLODELOLW\ RI &)&�)UHH 3RO\XUHWKDQH 6\VWHPV IRU 3URGXFWLRQ RI ,QVXODWLRQ )RDPV
ZLWK &\FORSHQWDQH DV WKH %ORZLQJ $JHQW
7KH FKHPLFDO VXSSOLHUV KDYH GHYHORSHG FRPPHUFLDO JUDGH &)&�IUHH SRO\XUHWKDQH V\VWHPV
IRU SURGXFWLRQ RI LQVXODWHG IRDPV ZLWK F\FORSHQWDQH DV WKH EORZLQJ DJHQW� 7KH V\VWHPV
GHYHORSHG DUH RI VDWLVIDFWRU\ TXDOLW\ DQG DUH EHLQJ XVHG VXFFHVVIXOO\ E\ D QXPEHU RI
GRPHVWLF UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV PDQXIDFWXUHUV LQ (XURSH� 3UHVHQWO\ D QXPEHU RI FKHPLFDO
SURGXFHUV DUH VXSSO\LQJ WKHVH V\VWHPV� 7KH WHFKQLFDO VSHFLILFDWLRQV RI SRO\XUHWKDQH V\VWHPV
EHLQJ XVHG FRPPHUFLDOO\ ZLWK F\FORSHQWDQH EORZLQJ DJHQW DUH JLYHQ LQ $SSHQGL[ $�� $ OLVW
RI VRPH RI WKH V\VWHP VXSSOLHUV LV JLYHQ LQ 7DEOH � >�@��
Table 7. CFC-Free Polyurethane System Suppliers
S.No. Supplier
�� %D\HU� *HUPDQ\
�� 'RZ� 8�6�$�
�� (ODVWRJUDQ� %$6) *URXS� *HUPDQ\
�� ,PSHULDO &KHPLFDO ,QGXVWU\� 8�.�
�� 0LWVXL�7RDWVX� -DSDQ
�� 7DNHGD� -DSDQ
�� 0DQ\ RWKHU VXSSOLHUV LQ -DSDQ� 86$ HWF�
$YDLODELOLW\ RI (TXLSPHQW
7KHUH DUH D QXPEHU RI HTXLSPHQW VXSSOLHUV LQ (XURSH WR VXSSO\ PL[LQJ HTXLSPHQW DV ZHOO DV
IRDPLQJ HTXLSPHQWV� $ OLVW RI VRPH RI WKH HTXLSPHQW VXSSOLHUV LV JLYHQ LQ 7DEOH � >�@��
Table 8. Foaming Equipment Suppliers
S.No. Supplier
�� +HQQHFNH *PE+� *HUPDQ\
�� .UDXVV 0DIID\ *PE+� *HUPDQ\
�� &DQQRQ *URXS� 0LQDQV� ,WDO\
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
,03/(0(17$7,21 67$786 ,1 '(9(/23(' &28175,(6
6WDWXV RI LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI DOWHUQDWLYH WHFKQRORJLHV LQ WKH UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV LQGXVWULHV LV
OLVWHG LQ 7DEOH � >��@�
Table 9. Implementation Status in Developed Countries
Technology/blowing agent Status
&\FORSHQWDQH ,Q SURGXFWLRQ LQ VHYHUDO (XURSHDQ SODQWV�SODQV IRU H[WHQVLYH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�
+&)&����E 7R EH LQWURGXFHG DV &)&��� UHSODFHPHQW LQ 86 DQG -DSDQHVH
IDFWRULHV� 6KRUW WHUP XVH LQ VRPH (XURSHDQ IDFWRULHV�
+&)&���� +&)&����E ,Q XVH LQ VPDOO QXPEHU RI :HVW (XURSHDQ DQG -DSDQHVH
IDFWRULHV�
+&)&��� 1RW LQ XVH LQ GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV IRU GRPHVWLF DSSOLDQFHV�
%HLQJ FRQVLGHUHG LQ $UWLFOH � FRXQWU\ SURMHFWV�
+)&����D (QWHULQJ SURGXFWLRQ LQ VPDOO QXPEHU RI (XURSHDQ IDFWRULHV�
5HGXFHG &)&��� 7KH ZRUOGZLGH QRUP� ,QWURGXFHG ILUVW LQ :HVWHUQ (XURSH LQ
���� DQG QRZ EHLQJ SKDVHG RXW LQ GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV�
620( ,03257$17 &216,'(5$7,216
$OWKRXJK� F\FORSHQWDQH KDV DOUHDG\ EHLQJ XVHG LQ FRPPHUFLDO SURGXFWLRQ RI SRO\XUHWKDQH IRDP
IRU LQVXODWLRQ RI UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV LQ (XURSH� +RZHYHU� IROORZLQJ LVVXHV DUH VWLOO XQGHU
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�
6DIHW\ &RQVLGHUDWLRQV
Safety in Production &\FORSHQWDQH LV D IODPPDEOH EORZLQJ DJHQW� 7KH H[SORVLRQ OLPLWV DUH ������� SHUFHQW E\ YROXPH
LQ DLU� 7KHUHIRUH� ,W LV QHFHVVDU\ WR IROORZ VWULFWO\ WKH VDIHW\ UXOHV� 6DIHW\ DW WKH IROORZLQJ VWHSV
LV UHTXLUHG WR EH FRQVLGHUHG�
� VWRUDJH RI F\FORSHQWDQH�
� PL[LQJ RI F\FORSHQWDQH DQG SRO\RO�
� VWRUDJH DQG PHWHULQJ RI WKH PL[WXUH� DQG
� IRDPLQJ SURFHVV�
,W LV UHSRUWHG >��@ WKDW XQGHU QRUPDO FRQGLWLRQV FULWLFDO FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI F\FORSHQWDQH LQ DLU LV
UHDFKHG RQO\ DW RXWOHW YHQW RI WKH PRXOG� $W WKLV SRVLWLRQ HIIHFWLYH YHQWLODWLRQ KDV WR EH HQVXUHG�
+RZHYHU� WKH RYHUDOO ORVV RI F\FORSHQWDQH GXULQJ IRDPLQJ LV ORZ ��������� RI WKH WRWDO DPRXQW��
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
3UHVHQWO\ WKHUH LV QR VDIHW\ FRGH DYDLODEOH IRU XVH RI K\GURFDUERQV LQ VXFK DSSOLFDWLRQV�
*HUPDQ\ KDV VHW XS D FRPPLWWHH WR GHYHORS D VDIHW\ FRGH IRU WKH XVH RI K\GURFDUERQV LQ VXFK
DSSOLFDWLRQ� 789 LQ *HUPDQ\� SUHVHQWO\ HQJDJHG LQ DGYLVLQJ RQ WKH VDIHW\ PHDVXUHV� 7DEOH ��
OLVWV WKH VDIHW\ UHTXLUHPHQWV WR EH REVHUYHG ZKLOH ZRUNLQJ ZLWK F\FORSHQWDQH >��@� $SSHQGL[
$� SURYLGHV VRPH GHWDLOV RQ VDIHW\ PHDVXUHV >��@�
Table 10. Safety Requirements When Working with Cyclopentane
3UHYHQW OHDNV� DOO LQVWDOODWLRQV VKRXOG EH DV WLJKW DV SRVVLEOH� SLSH FRQQHFWLRQV VKRXOG EH
ZHOGHG�
$YRLG H[SORVLYH PL[WXUHV E\ IRUFHG YHQWLODWLRQ�
&RQWURO YHQWLODWLRQ E\ IORZ IDLOXUH GHWHFWRUV�
&RQWURO FRQFHQWUDWLRQV E\ SHQWDQH GHWHFWRUV� DODUP DQG LQFUHDVH RI H[WUDFW VSHHG DW ��� RI
/(/� VKXW GRZQ RI HOHFWULFDO SRZHU DW ��� RI /(/�
(QFORVH IRDP GLVSHQVLQJ XQLW DQG MLJV LQ D YHQWLODWHG ERRWK� 0RQLWRUV DERYH DQG EHORZ HDFK
MLJ�KLJK SUHVVXUH SXPS�
$YRLG LJQLWLRQ VRXUFHV� VWDWLF HOHFWULFLW\� SDUWV QRW JURXQGHG�
3UHIHU FHQWUDO PL[LQJ RI SRO\RO ZLWK F\FORSHQWDQH�
7KH PL[HG SRO\RO WDQN UHTXLUHV� PDJQHWLF MRLQW WUDQVPLVVLRQ� QLWURJHQ SUHVVXUH�XOWUDVRQLF
OHYHO FRQWURO�
)OXVK WKH PRXOG ZLWK QLWURJHQ �ELJ PRGHOV� WR EULQJ R[\JHQ FRQWHQW EHORZ ����
'XULQJ WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI WKH IRDP LQ WKH PRXOG� FOHDU WKH HOHFWULFDO SRZHU�
Final Product Safety,W LV UHSRUWHG >��@ WKDW WKH GLIIXVLRQ RI F\FORSHQWDQH WKURXJK WKH IRDP LV DV VORZ DV WKDW RI &)&�
��� WKHUHIRUH� DQ LQFUHDVH LQ WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI F\FORSHQWDQH LQ UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV LV QRW
H[SHFWHG� $ VLPXODWLRQ VWXG\ UHVXOWHG WKDW WKH VWRUDJH RI FDUHIXOO\ VHDOHG UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HU
DW �� & \LHOGV D PD[LPXP FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI F\FORSHQWDQH OHVV WKDQ ��� SSP DIWHU � ZHHNV LQRWKH UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HU� )XUWKHU ZRUN LV LQ SURJUHVV LQ WHUPV RI GHYHORSLQJ VDIHW\ FRGHV IRU
DSSOLDQFHV DV ZHOO�
(IIHFW RI SXULW\ RI &\FORSHQWDQH RQ WKH 4XDOLW\ RI ,QVXODWLRQ )RDP
6RPH ZRUN LV DOVR LQ SURJUHVV WR DVVHV HIIHFW RI TXDOLW\ RI F\FORSHQWDQH RQ WKH LQVXODWLRQ
SURSHUWLHV RI IRDP� ,W LV H[SHFWHG WKDW TXDOLW\ RI F\FORSHQWDQH DYDLODEOH LQ WKH $UWLFOH � FRXQWULHV
PD\ QRW EH WKH VDPH DV SUHVHQWO\ DYDLODEOH DQG EHLQJ XVHG LQ *HUPDQ\�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
&267 2) &219(56,21 )520 &)&��� 72 &<&/23(17$1(
7KH FRVWV EHORZ DUH LQGLFDWLYH� )RU GHWDLOV� VXSSOLHUV VKRXOG EH FRQWDFWHG�
$VVXPSWLRQV 8VHG >��@
&RVW RI FRQYHUVLRQ DUH SUHVHQWHG FRQVLGHULQJ WKH IROORZLQJ PRGHO� 7KH IHDWXUHV DVVXPHG DUH�
$QQXDO SURGXFWLRQ RI UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV ������� XQLWV
$YHUDJH SRO\XUHWKDQH FKHPLFDO XVHG � NJ�XQLW
&XUUHQW &)&��� FRQWHQWV ��� :�: RQ WRWDO IRDP V\VWHPV
7ZR SURGXFWLRQ OLQHV� RQH IRU FDELQHWV DQG RQH IRU
GRRUV� ERWK HTXLSSHG ZLWK KSGLVSHQVLQJ PDFKLQHV�
2QH�RII )XQGLQJ >��@ (Indicative costs)/DERUDWRU\ WHVWLQJ HTXLSPHQWV 86� �������
3URGXFWLRQ HTXLSPHQW PRGLILFDWLRQ 86� �������
3URGXFWLRQ HTXLSPHQWV VDIHW\ PRGLILFDWLRQV 86� �������
&\FORSHQWDQH VWRUDJH 86� �������
7UDLQLQJ 86� ������
0DWHULDOV IRU WULDOV 86� ������
6XE 7RWDO 86� �������
&KDQJHV LQ 2SHUDWLQJ &RVWV >��@
7KH LQFUHPHQWDO RSHUDWLQJ FRVW KDYH EHHQ SUHVHQWHG E\ WDNLQJ F\FORSHQWDQH FRVW DV � '0�NJ
ZLWK D FRQYHUVLRQ ��� '0 86� � >��@� 7KH LQFUHPHQWDO FRVW RI FKDQJH LQ SRO\RO JUDGH DQG
RWKHU FKHPLFDOV LV QRW FRQVLGHUHG� 7KHVH DUH RQO\ LQGLFDWLYH FRVWV�
7KH DQQXDOL]HG LQFUHPHQWDO RSHUDWLQJ FRVW 86� ���
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
$%675$&76
�� $GDPV� 6�� 9RONHUW�2�� DQG :LHJPHQQ� �&\FORSHQWDQH %ORZQ 385 5LJLG )RDP IRU
$SSOLDQFHV�� 8WHFK ����� 3DSHU 1R���� SS ���
%HQHILWV
&\FORSHQWDQH KDV QR 2'3 DQG WKH WKHUPDO LQVXODWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH HTXLYDOHQW WR WKDW RI &)&
UHGXFHG IRDP LV DFKLHYHG�
3UREOHPV
&\FORSHQWDQH LV D IODPPDEOH VXEVWDQFH� VDIHW\ LVVXHV QHHG WR EH JLYHQ WKH KLJKHVW SULRULW\� 7KH
VDIHW\ PHDVXUHV DW DOO VWDJHV RI VWRUDJH� KDQGOLQJ DQG XVH RI F\FORSHQWDQH DUH QHHG WR EH
LQWURGXFHG�
&RQFOXVLRQV
&\FORSHQWDQH EORZQ 385 ULJLG IRDP RIIHUV WKH EHVW LQVXODWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH LQ WKH ILHOG RI
KDORJHQ�IUHH EORZLQJ DJHQWV�
(QJLQHHULQJ GHYHORSPHQW KDV VKRZQ� WKDW SURSHU SURFHVVLQJ RI WKLV IODPPDEOH EORZLQJ DJHQW
LV SRVVLEOH DW D UHDVRQDEOH FRVW
&RPSDWLELOLW\ ZLWK LQQHU OLQHU PDWHULDOV DQG DYDLODELOLW\ RI F\FORSHQWDQH LV HVWDEOLVKHG�
0DMRU DSSOLDQFH PDQXIDFWXUHUV LQ (XURSH KDYH VZLWFKHG RYHU WR WKLV EORZLQJ WHFKQRORJ\
ZLWKRXW SUREOHPV FRQFHUQLQJ VDIHW\ RU SURGXFW SHUIRUPDQFH�
�� /RW]� +�� �/LJKW +\GURFDUERQV DV 5HIULJHUDQW DQG %ORZLQJ $JHQWV IRU ,QVXODWLRQV LQ
+RXVHKROG $SSOLDQFHV�� 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH� 1HZ $SSOL�
FDWLRQV RI 1DWXUDO :RUNLQJ )OXLGV LQ 5HIULJHUDWLRQ DQG $LUFRQGLWLRQLQJ� ����� 0D\ �����
+DQQRYHU *HUPDQ\� SS �����
&RQFOXVLRQV
3RO\XUHWKDQH EORZQ IRDP KDV LQLWLDO YDOXH RI WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI WKH RUGHU RI �� P:�P.
EXW RQ DJHLQJ WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI F\FORSHQWDQH IRDPV EHFRPHV ORZHU WKDQ WKDW RI &)&���
IRDP EHFDXVH RI VORZHU UDWH RI GLIIXVLRQ� 7KXV WKH FRQGXFWLYLW\ RYHU WKH OLIH WLPH RI 385
F\FORSHQWDQH IRDP LV HYHQ ORZHU WKDQ WKDW ZLWK 385�&)&��� IRDPV�
�� 6FKLOOLQJ� 8�� �&\FORSHQWDQH� WKH 1HZ *HQHUDWLRQ RI %ORZLQJ $JHQWV IRU $SSOLDQFHV��
3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH 6KRUW &RXUVH� �+\GURFDUERQV WKH (QYLURQPHQWDO )ULHQGO\
$OWHUQDWLYHV�� +DQQRYHU� *HUPDQ\� ���� 0D\� �����
%HQHILWV
2Q DJHLQJ F\FORSHQWDQH EORZQ IRDPV VKRZ ORZHU WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ WKDQ &)&��� FRQWDLQLQJ
IRDPV�
3UREOHPV
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
8QOLNH &)&���� F\FORSHQWDQH LV KLJKO\ IODPPDEOH DQG IRUPV H[SORVLYH PL[WXUH ZLWK DLU� )RU
VDIHW\ UHDVRQV� F\FORSHQWDQH LV DGGHG WR WKH SRO\RO FRPSRQHQW DW WKH SRLQW RI XVH�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
&RQFOXVLRQV
7KH WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ YDOXHV RI 38) ZLWK F\FORSHQWDQH LQ FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK VSHFLDO WDLORU�
PDGH SRO\RO IRUPXODWLRQV DUH DOPRVW DV JRRG DV WKRVH RI &)&��� UHGXFHG IRDPV� 2Q DJHLQJ WKH
WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI F\FORSHQWDQH FRQWDLQLQJ IRDP LV ORZHU WKDQ WKDW RI &)&���� 7KH
PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI WKH IRDP� VXFK DV LWV FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK DUH UHWDLQHG�
�� 6XUYH\ E\ /HPHWLF (QJLQHHULQJ� 6XUYH\ DERXW &)& IUHH UHIULJHUDWRU 3URGXFWLRQ� )RDP
,QVXODWLRQ� �����
6XPPDU\
� 7KH WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ LV LQ WKH UDQJH RI ��� XSWR ���� IRU UHIULJHUDWRU LQVWLWXWLRQ LQ
FRPSDULVRQ WR &)&��� PHDVXUHG GLUHFWO\ DIWHU IRDPLQJ DW URRP WHPSHUDWXUH� ,W KDV EHHQ
PHQWLRQHG WKDW GHYHORSPHQW LV QRW ILQDO WKHUH LV D SRVVLELOLW\ WR DFKLHYH ORZHU YDOXH RI
WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\�
� 7KH F\FORSHQWDQH IRDP RQ DJHLQJ DFKLHYHV ORZHU WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ YDOXHV WKDQ &)&���
IRDPV�
� 7KH F\FORSHQWDQH FRQGHQVDWLRQ GRHV QRW KDYH DQ\ HIIHFWV RQ WKH PHFKDQLFDO VWDELOLW\ RI WKH
385 IRDP� 7KHUH LV QR VKULQNLQJ DIWHU D ORQJHU SHULRG VR ORQJ DV WKH PLQLPXP GHQVLW\ RI
�� NJ�P LV NHSW��
� 7KH F\FORSHQWDQH VHHPV WR EH OHVV VROXEOH LQ 385 FHOO PDWUL[ WKDQ &)&��� DQG +&)&�
� $IWHU ILQLVKLQJ WKH IRDPLQJ SURFHVV F\FORSHQWDQH LV FDSVXOHG LQ WKH 385 FHOO PDWUL[ DQG
QR H[SORVLRQ LV SRVVLEOH�
� 7KH F\FORSHQWDQH GRHV QRW KDYH XQFRQWUROOHG UHDFWLRQ GXULQJ WKH KRW 385 IRDPLQJ UHDFWLRQ
ZKLFK FDQ LQFUHDVH WKH WHPSHUDWXUH LQ WKH FRUH DUHD WR ������� &� :KLOH +&)&V DW WKLVR
WHPSHUDWXUH DOUHDG\ VWDUWV UHDFWLQJ XQFRQWUROOHG VR WKDW WKH UHFHLYHG FKORULF DQG IOXRURULF
SURGXFWV RI SRO\ROV DQG 0', FRPSRQHQWV FDQ EH WR[LF�
� 7KH DGKHVLRQ RI F\FORSHQWDQH EORZQ 385 LV WKH VDPH DV WKH RQHV ZLWK &)&��� RQ +,36�
$%& DQG VWHHO VR WKHUH LV QR VWDELOLW\ FKDQJHV�
� &\FORSHQWDQH KDYH VLPLODU HIIHFWV RQ LQQHU OLQHU PDWHULDOV DV &)&���� $%& LV QRW HIIHFWHG�
�� 9RONHUW� 2��&\FORSHQWDQH %ORZQ 5LJLG )RDPV IRU 5HIULJHUDWRUV�� 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW
WKH 3RO\XUHWKDQHV :RUOG FRQJUHVV� ����� 2FWREHU ����� &DQDGD� SS ������
%HQHILWV
2SWLPL]HG IRUPXODWLRQV \LHOG IRDPV ZLWK N�IDFWRU VLPLODU WR WKH SUHVHQW &)&��� V\VWHPV�
3UREOHPV
&\FORSHQWDQH LV D IODPPDEOH VXEVWDQFH� )ODPPDELOLW\ FDQ WHFKQLFDOO\ EH RYHUFRPHG DV LV VKRZQ
E\ SURGXFWLRQ RI UHIULJHUDWRUV DW VHYHUDO FRPSDQLHV�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
&RQFOXVLRQV
&\FORSHQWDQH DV D EORZLQJ DJHQW LQ SRO\XUHWKDQH ULJLG IRDP IRU UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV KDV PDQ\
DGYDQWDJHV�
� 1R 2'3
� 9HU\ ORZ *:3
� /LWWOH ORVV RI F\FORSHQWDQH GXULQJ IRDPLQJ
� /RZ WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI IRDP
� /RZ GLIIXVLRQ UDWH RXW RI IRDP
� /RZ VROXELOLW\ LQ WKH 385 PDWUL[
� *RRG DYDLODELOLW\
� /RZ SULFH
�� 9RONHUW�2�� HW DO� �&\FORSHQWDQH�$ 1HZ $JH RI 3RO\XUHWKDQH ,QVXODWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ IRU
5HIULJHUDWRUV�� .XQVWVWRIIH *HUPDQ 3ODVWLFV �� ������� SS� ������
%HQHILWV
2Q DJHLQJ WKH F\FORSHQWDQH FRQWDLQLQJ IRDP VKRZV ORZHU WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ WKDQ &)&���
EORZQ IRDPV�
3UREOHPV
+D]DUGRXV GXH WR IODPPDEOH EORZLQJ DJHQWV PD\ DULVH LQVLGH D UHIULJHUDWRU PRXOG LI HOHFWULFDOO\
FKDUJHDEOH SODVWLFV DUH XVHG DV OLQHU PDWHULDOV� )ODPPDEOH PL[WXUHV RI F\FORSHQWDQH DQG DLU PD\
LJQLWH DV D UHVXOW RI HOHFWULFDO GLVFKDUJH� 7KH SULPDU\ VDIHW\ SUHFDXWLRQ FRQVLVWV LQ PDNLQJ VXUH
WKDW WKH LQWHULRU RI WKH PRXOG LV LQHUW�
&RQFOXVLRQV
385 IRDP FRQWDLQLQJ F\FORSHQWDQH KDV LQLWLDOO\ �� KLJKHU WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ WKDQ &)&���
EORZQ IRDP� 'XULQJ VWRUDJH� KRZHYHU� WKHUH LV OHVV RI DQ LQFUHDVH DQG WKH SODWHDX LV UHDFKHG�
WKH 385 IRDP FRQWDLQLQJ F\FORSHQWDQH VKRZ HYHQ ORZHU YDOXH RI WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ WKDQ ZLWK
&)&���� &\FORSHQWDQH LQ LWV UROH DV D EORZLQJ DJHQW SRVVHV QR SDUWLFXODU WR[LFRORJLFDO KD]DUG�
�� :HQQLQJ� 8GR *�� �+\GURFDUERQV DV 38 %ORZLQJ $JHQW LQ 'RPHVWLF $SSOLDQFHV��
3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH ���� ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &)& DQG +DORQ $OWHUQDWLYH &RQIHUHQFH� �����
2FWREHU ����� :DVKLQJWRQ '&� 86$� SS� ��������
&RQFOXVLRQV
$JHLQJ WKH IRDP DW HOHYDWHG WHPSHUDWXUHV VKRZ WKDW WKH GLIIXVLRQ HIIHFWV DUH VORZHU WKDQ ZLWK
WKH &)&��� IRDPV� 7KH RWKHU SURSHUWLHV VXFK DV IORZ SURSHUWLHV� FHOO VWUXFWXUH� GLPHQVLRQDO
VWDELOLW\ RI WKH IRDPV DUH FRPSDUDEOH� 7KH FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RI F\FORSHQWDQH 38 IRDP LV
ORZHU WKDQ &)&��� IRDP EHFDXVH RI ORZHU YDSRXU SUHVVXUH RI F\FORSHQWDQH� ,QWHQVLILHG FRQWURO
RI GHQVLW\ LV UHFRPPHQGHG�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
5()(5(1&(6
�� $GDPV� 6�� 9RONHUW�2�� DQG :LHJPHQQ� :�� �&\FORSHQWDQH %ORZQ 385 5LJLG )RDP IRU
$SSOLDQFHV�� 8WHFK ����� 3DSHU 1R���� SS ���
�� %$6)� 5LJLG 3RO\XUHWKDQH )RDP IRU 5HIULJHUDWLRQ ZLWK &\FORSHQWDQH DV %ORZLQJ $JHQW�
7HFKQLFDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ %XOOHWLQ� *HUPDQ\� �����
�� (ODVWURJUDQ *PE+� �7HFKQLFDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ %XOOHWLQ RQ &)&�IUHH 3RO\XUHWKDQH 6\VWHPV IRU
WKH 3URGXFWLRQ RI &ORVHG &HOO 5LJLG )RDPV� *HUPDQ\� �����
�� )LVFKHU� 6�.�� 7RPOLQVRQ� -�-�� DQG +XJKHV� 3�-�� �(QHUJ\ DQG *OREDO :DUPLQJ ,PSDFWV RI
1RW LQ NLQG DQG 1H[W *HQHUDWLRQ &)& DQG +&)& $OWHUQDWLYHV�� 'UDIW 5HSRUW� 2DN 5LGJH
1DWLRQDO /DERUDWRU\� 2DN 5LGJH 7HQQHVVHH 86$� 0DUFK� �����
�� )OH[LEOH DQG 5LJLG )RDPV 7HFKQLFDO 2SWLRQV &RPPLWWHH� ����� �5HSRUW RI WKH )OH[LEOH DQG
5LJLG )RDPV 7HFKQLFDO 2SWLRQV &RPPLWWHH�� 1DLUREL� 81(3� �����
�� )OH[LEOH DQG 5LJLG )RDPV 7HFKQLFDO 2SWLRQV &RPPLWWHH� ����� �'UDIW 5HSRUW RI WKH )OH[LEOH
DQG 5LJLG )RDPV 7HFKQLFDO 2SWLRQV &RPPLWWHH��&KDSWHU �� �����
�� +$/7(50$11� �&\FORSHQWDQH C38� $OWHUQDWLYH 3URSHOODQW IRU 8VH LQ WKH 3URGXFWLRQ RI
5LJLG )RDPV�� 7HFKQLFDO 6SHFLILFDWLRQ %XOOHWLQ� +DPEXUJ *HUPDQ\� �����
�� +RVWHU� *�� +$/7(50$11� *HUPDQ\� 3ULYDWH &RPPXQLFDWLRQ� -XQH �����
�� /RW]� +�� �/LJKW +\GURFDUERQV DV 5HIULJHUDQW DQG %ORZLQJ $JHQWV IRU ,QVXODWLRQV�� 3DSHU
SUHVHQWHG DW WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH� 1HZ $SSOLFDWLRQV RI 1DWXUDO :RUNLQJ )OXLGV LQ
5HIULJHUDWLRQ DQG $LUFRQGLWLRQLQJ� ����� 0D\� ����� +DQQRYHU *HUPDQ\� SS �����
��� 0LFKDHO -HIIV� �5HGXFLQJ 2]RQH 'HSOHWLQJ 6XEVWDQFH 8VH LQ 'HYHORSLQJ &RXQWULHV LQ
'RPHVWLF 5HIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV ,QVXODWLQJ )RDPV�� 225* )RDP 6HFWRU :RUNLQJ *URXS� 5HSRUW
1R��� 2FWREHU �����
��� 6FKLOOLQJ� 8�� �&\FORSHQWDQH� WKH 1HZ *HQHUDWLRQ RI %ORZLQJ $JHQWV IRU $SSOLDQFHV��
3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH VKRUW FRXUVH� �+\GURFDUERQV WKH (QYLURQPHQWDO )ULHQGO\ $OWHUQDWLYHV��
+DQQRYHU� *HUPDQ\� ���� 0D\� �����
��� 6XUYH\ E\ /HPDWLF (QJLQHHULQJ� 6XUYH\ DERXW &)& IUHH UHIULJHUDWRU 3URGXFWLRQ� 3DUW �
)RDP ,QVXODWLRQ� �����
��� 7KH 5HIULJHUDWLRQ 5HYROXWLRQ� +\GURFDUERQV� 7KH 5LJKW &KRLFH IRU &KLQD� $ 5HSRUW E\
*UHHQSHDFH� +DPEXUJ� *HUPDQ\� 2FWREHU �����
��� 789� �6DIHW\ LQ 0DQXIDFWXULQJ DQG 2SHUDWLRQ RI +\GURFDUERQ 5HIULJHUDWRUV�� (&2)5,*�
0HHWLQJ 5HSRUW� *HUPDQ\� A 0D\� �����
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
��� 9RONHUW�2�� HW DO� �&\FORSHQWDQH�$ 1HZ $JH RI 3RO\XUHWKDQH ,QVXODWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ IRU
5HIULJHUDWRUV�� .XQVWVWRIIH *HUPDQ 3ODVWLFV �� ������ �� SS� ������
��� 9RONHUW�2��&\FORSHQWDQH %ORZQ 5LJLG )RDPV IRU 5HIULJHUDWRUV�� 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH
3RO\XUHWKDQHV :RUOG FRQJUHVV� ����� 2FWREHU� ����� &DQDGD� SS ������
��� :HQQLQJ� 8GR *�� �+\GURFDUERQV DV 38 %ORZLQJ $JHQW LQ 'RPHVWLF $SSOLDQFHV�� 3DSHU
SUHVHQWHG DW WKH ���� ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &)& DQG +DORQ $OWHUQDWLYH &RQIHUHQFH� ����� 2FWREHU�
����� :DVKLQJWRQ '&� 86$� SS� ��������
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
6833/,(56
1RWHV
L� $OO SKRQH DQG ID[ QXPEHUV LQFOXGH FRGHV LQ URXQG EUDFNHWV� 7KH DUH FRGH LV WKH QH[W JURXS
RI GLJLWV�
LL� &RPSDQLHV ZLWKLQ D VHFWLRQ DUH OLVWHG LQ DOSKDEHWLFDO RUGHU�
)RDP &KHPLFDOV
Table of types and key to suppliers
Key Item
3RO\XUHWKDQH IRDP H[SDQGHG ZLWK�
$ +&)&����E
% +&)&�������E
& +)&����D
' Q� �LVR�SHQWDQH
( &\FORSHQWDQH
) $OO ZDWHU �&2 ��
* +&)&���
Note that where a key letter is in brackets, the item is under evaluation or testing. All other items listed arecommercial
%$6) >$� %� &� '� (� )@ %$<(5 >$� (@
+($' 2)),&( +($' 2)),&(
%$6) $NWLHQJHVHOOVFKDIW %D\HU $*
$QZHQGXQJVWHFKQLN +DUWVFKDXP 38�9�7,
%DX ) ��� '������ /HYHUNXVHQ
'����� /XGZLJVKDIHQ *HUPDQ\
*HUPDQ\ 7HO� ���� ��� ���
7HO� ���� ��� ��� ���� )D[� ���� ��� ��� ����
)D[� ���� ��� ��� ����
&RQWDFW� 'U 6WHIDQ $GDPV %D\HU GR %UDVLO 6�$�
:KLOH %$6) KDV UHJLRQDO RIILFHV� LQLWLDO &DL[D 3RVWDO �����
HQTXLULHV VKRXOG EH WR /XGZLJVKDIHQ� 5XD 'RPLQJRV -RUJH� ����
&(3 ����� 6DR 3DXOR�6�3�
%UD]LO
7HO� ���� �� ��� ����
)D[� ���� �� ��� ����
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
6XPLWRPR %D\HU 8UHWKDQH &R� $6,$ � 3$&,),&
������ ��&URPH� .XNXFKL *RWHPED
$PDJDVDNL� +\RJ 3UHI� ��� -DSDQ
-DSDQ �)XOO DGGUHVV QRW WR KDQG�
7HO� ���� � ��� ���� &RQWDFW� 05 + .DZDEDWD
)D[� ���� � ��� ���� %����� (YHUEHUJ
0LOHV ,QF� 7HO� ���� � ��� ����
3RO\PHUV 'LYLVLRQ )D[� ���� � ��� ����
3RO\XUHWKDQH 0DUNHWLQJ &RQWDFW� 'U 0LNH -HIIV
0RED\ 5RDG
3LWWVEXUJK� 3$ ����� ,&, >$� %� &� (@
7HO� ��� ��� ��� ���� $6,$�3$&,),& �,QFOXGLQJ
)D[� ��� ��� ��� ���� ,1',$� 3$.,67$1
'2: >$� %� &� (@ ,&, 3RO\XUHWKDQHV
(8523( 5HJLRQDO 'HYHORSPHQW &HQWUH
'RZ (XURSH 6�$� �� 6RRQ /HH 5RDG�
'DFKWREHOVWUDVVH �� 3�2� %R[ -XURQJ 7RZQ
&+����� +RUJHQ� 6LQJDSRUH ����
6ZLW]HUODQG 7HO� ���� ��� ����
7HO� ���� � ��� ���� )D[� ���� ��� ����
)D[� ���� � ��� ���� &RQWDFW� 0U 5REHUW 6WHLQ
7O[� ��� ���
&RQWDFW� 0U 3HWHU 6FKLQGOHU 1257+ 6287+ $0(5,&$
7+( $0(5,&$6 0DQWXD *URYH 5RDG ���
7KH 'RZ &KHPLFDO &RPSDQ\ :HVW 'HSWIRUG
���� 1� %UD]RVSRUW %OYG�� 1- �����
%XLOGLQJ ���� 86$
)UHHSRUW� 7H[DV ����� � ���� 7HO� ��� ��� ��� ����
86$ )D[� ��� ��� ��� ����
7HO� ��� ��� ��� ���� &RQWDFW� 0U 'DYLG +� 6SHQFH
)D[� ��� ��� ��� ����
&RQWDFW� 0 'RQQD -HUQLJDQ (8523(� $)5,&$� 0,''/( ($67
%HOJLXP
DQG $8675$/$6,$�
,&, 3RO\XUHWKDQHV
,&, 3RO\XUHWKDQHV �,&, ,WDOLD�
9LD 0D]]LQL ��
����� 7HUQDWH �9$�
,WDO\
7HO� ���� ��� �� ����
)D[� ���� ��� �� ����
&RQWDFW� 0U :DOWHU %D]]R
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
%$&.�83 0$/$<6,$
,&, 3RO\XUHWKDQHV &RVPR 3RO\XUHWKDQH �0DOD\VLD�
(YHUVODDQ �� 6GQ %KG� 6XLWH ���� �UG )ORRU�
%����� (YHUEHUJ 3HUQDV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %OGJ�
%HOJLXP -DODQ 6XOWDQ ,VPDLO�
7HO����� � ��� ���� .XODO /XPSXU �����
7HO����� � ��� ���� 0DOD\VLD
0,768, 72$768 >$� %� (� �)�� *@ )D[� ���� � ��� ����
+($' 2)),&( &RQWDFW� 0U .� (� 7DQ �'LUHFWRU�
0LWVXL 7RDWVX &KHPLFDOV ,QF
8UHWKDQH &KHPLFDOV 'LYLVLRQ &+,1$
��� .DVXPLJDVDNL 7LDQMLQ &RVPR 3RO\XUHWKDQH
��&KRPH &KL\RGD�.X &KHQJ /LQ ,QGXVWULDO 'LVWULFW�
7RN\R ��� 7LDQMLQ
-DSDQ 3� 5� &KLQD
7HO����� � ���� ���� 7HO� ���� �� ��� ����
)D[����� � ���� ���� )D[� ���� �� ��� ����
&RQWDFW� 0U 7RVKLR $MLUR &RQWDFW� 0U +LURWR <DPDGD
�7HFKQLFDO 0DUNHW 'HYHORSPHQW� �9LFH 3UHVLGHQW�
.25($ 7$.('$ >$� (� �)�@
.XPKR 0LWVXL 7RDWVX ,QF� +($' 2)),&(
��WK )O� .ZDQJHXQ %OGJ� 7DNHGD &KHPLFDO ,QGXVWULHV� /WG�
�� 6RULQ 'RQJ� &KRQJQR�*X� &KHPLFDO 3URGXFWV 'LY� %XVLQHVV 8QLW ,,,
6HRXO� 6� .RUHD ������ 1LKRQEDVKL ��&KRPH &KXR�NX�
7HO����� � ��� ���� 7RN\R ���
)D[����� � ��� ���� -DSDQ
&RQWDFW� 0U .LP (QL -LQ 7HO� ���� � ���� ����
�*HQHUDO 0DQDJHU� )D[� ���� � ���� ����
7+$,/$1'
0LWVXL 7RDWVX �7KDLODQG� &R� /WG� &URVOHQH &KHPLFDO ,QGXVWULHV /WG�
�WK )O� %RRQPLWU %OGJ� ��)� 1R� ��� 1DQ�.LQJ :HVW 5G��
��� 6LORP 5RDG� 7DLSHL
%DQJNRN ����� 7DLZDQ
7KDLODQG 7HO� ����� � ��� ����
7HO� ���� � ��� ���� )D[� ����� � ��� ����
)D[� ���� � ��� ���� &RQWDFW� 0U &� 6� /DL�
&RQWDFW� 0U 1REXR 7RNRUR �9LFH *HQHUDO 0JU��
�'LUHFWRU�
7HO� ���� � ��� ����
&RQWDFW� 0U 7� 0L\D]DNL
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
7DNHGD &KHPLH 7KDL &R�� /WG�
������ ��WK IORRU� 2UDNDUQ %OGJ��
6DL &KLGODP
3DWKXPZDQ
%DQJNRN ������
7KDLODQG
7HO� ���� � ��� ����
)D[� ���� � ��� ����
&RQWDFW� 0U 6� <DPDVKLWD
�0DQDJLQJ 'LUHFWRU�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
)DFWRU\ (TXLSPHQW
7KH SRO\XUHWKDQH IRDP PDFKLQHU\ VXSSOLHUV OLVWHG DUH DOO PDMRU SOD\HUV� JHQHUDOO\ FDSDEOH RI
VXSSO\LQJ DOO WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU D FRQYHUVLRQ WR QHZ EORZLQJ DJHQWV� 0RVW RI WKHP KDYH
DOUHDG\ FDUULHG RXW WKH SURFHVV WHQV RI WLPHV� 7KH\ PD\ ZHOO SURYH WR SURYLGH WKH EHVW
FRQVXOWDQF\ IRU WKH RYHUDOO FRQYHUVLRQ SURFHVV� $OWKRXJK WKH\ FRXOG SURYLGH� EXON WDQNV IRU QHZ
EORZLQJ DJHQWV� RWKHU WDQNV DQG UHFLUFXODWLQJ SXPSV� GLVWULEXWLRQ SLSHZRUN DQG DLU H[WUDFWLRQ
V\VWHPV� WKHVH DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR EH EHVW VXSSOLHG DQG LQVWDOOHG E\ D ORFDO HQWHUSULVH� *DV
GHWHFWLRQ HTXLSPHQW LV VSHFLDOLVHG DQG LV OLVWHG VHSDUDWHO\ DIWHU SRO\XUHWKDQH PDFKLQHU\�
Polyurethane Machinery
$)526 &$1121 (/$672*5$1
(8523( DQG :25/' �0DFKLQHU\ VXEVLGLDU\ RI %$6)�
$IURV 6�S�$ +($' 2)),&(
9LD *DOLOHR )HUUDULV��� (ODVWRJUDQ *PE+
����� &DURQQR 3HUWXVHOOD �9$� ,QGXVWULH 6WUD�H
,WDO\ ' ����� 2OFKLQJ
7HO� ���� � ����� *HUPDQ\�
)D[� ���� � ��� ���� 7HO� ���� ���� ������
&RQWDFW� 0U $� =DUDQWRQHOOR )D[� ���� ���� ������
�6DOHV 0DQDJHU�
)$5 ($67 �0DFKLQHU\ VXEVLGLDU\ RI %D\HU�
&DQQRQ $VLD +($' 2)),&(
��� +HQGHUVRQ 5RDG� 0DDFKLQHQIDEULN +HQQHFNH *PE+
����� +HQGHUVRQ ,QGXVWULDO 3DUN 3RVWIDFK ����
6LQJDSRUH ���� %LUOLQJKRYHQHU 6WUD�H ��
6LQJDSRUH '������ 6DQNW $XJXVWLQ %LUOLQJKRYHQ
7HO� ���� ��� ���� *HUPDQ\
)D[� ���� ��� ���� � ��� ���� 7HO� ���� ���� ��� ��� ���
&RQWDFW� 0U :RQJ /HH 0HQJ )D[� ���� ���� ��� ���
�6DOHV 0DQDJHU� &RQWDFW� 0U )UDQN *REHO
1257+ &(175$/ $0(5,&$ $6,$
&DQQRQ 8�6�$� +HQQHFNH�0DUXND $VLD 'LYLVLRQ�
���� )UHHGRP 5G� 0DUV -XURQJ 7RZQ� 3�2�%R[ ��
3HQQV\OYDQLD ����� 6LQJDSRUH ����
86$ 7HO� ���� ��� ����
7HO� ��� ��� ��� ���� )D[� ���� ��� ����
)D[� ��� ��� ��� ���� &RQWDFW� 0U 'HV *UHHQ�
&RQWDFW� 0U %UXFH 0D]]RQL
�6DOHV 0DQDJHU� 5(67 2) :25/'
+(11(&.(
%D\HU UHJLRQDO RIILFHV �DV LQ WKH )RDP
PDWHULDOV VHFWLRQ DERYH� DOVR GHDO ZLWK
+HQQHFNH PDFKLQHU\�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
,03,$17, 206 .5$866 0$))(,
+($' 2)),&( +($' 2)),&(
,PSLDQWL 206 VSD .UDXVV 0DIIHL
����� 9HUDQR %ULDQ]D �0LODQR� .XQVWVWRIIWHFKQLN *PE+
9LD 6DEELRQHWWD�� 3�2�%R[ �� �� ��
,WDO\ '������ 0XQLFK�
7HO� ���� ��� ���� *HUPDQ\�
)D[� ���� ��� ��� ��� 7HO� ���� �� ���� ����
7O[� ��� ��� 2069(5 )D[� ���� �� ���� ����
/LQHWHFK 3W\� /WG� �6DOHV 0DQDJHU�
3�2�%R[ ����� 7HO� ���� �� ���� ����
8SSHU 0W� *UDYDWW )D[� ���� �� ���� ����
4XHHQVODQG ���� &RQWDFW� 0U $GROI %DXHU
$XVWUDOLD� �7HFKQLFDO 'LUHFWRU�
7HO� ���� � ""
)D[� ���� � ��� ���� :KLOH .UDXVV 0DIIHL KDYH UHJLRQDO
206 /LPLWHG 2PQLWHFK +RXVH� LQLWLDO HQTXLULHV VKRXOG EH WR WKH KHDG
%DPIRUG %XVLQHVV 3DUN� RIILFH�
:KLWHKLOO ,QGXVWULDO (VWDWH
6WRFNSRUW� &KHVKLUH 6.� �3/
*UHDW %ULWDLQ
7HO� ���� �� ��� ����
)D[� ���� �� ��� ����
6DPMXQJ )LQH &RUSRUDWLRQ
�WK )ORRU 'DHZRQ %OGJ �������
6HRFKR�'RQJ 6HRFKR�.X
6HRXO ���
6� .RUHD�
7HO� ���� � ��� ����
)D[� ���� � ��� ����
7O[� .����� 6-),1(
7O[� ������
&RQWDFW� 0U 8OULFK 5XZLHU
RIILFHV LQ (QJODQG� 86$ DQG 6LQJDSRUH�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
Flammable Gas Detection
'5b*(5 &RQWDFW 0U� 7HUU\ $OOLJDQ
+($' 2)),&(
'UlJHUZHUN $NWLHQJHVHOOVFKDIW 6,(*(5
0RLVVOLQJHU $OOHVV ����� +($' 2)),&(
32 %R[ �� �� 6LHJHU /LPLWHG� +HDGTXDUWHUV
����� /�EHFN � +DWFK 3RQG +RXVH
*HUPDQ\ � 6WLQVIRUG 5RDG
7HO� ���� ��� ��� ���� 1XIILHOG (VWDWH
)D[� ���� ��� ��� ���� 3RROH� 'RUVHW %+�� �5=
&RQWDFW� 0U *XHQWHU %HQGLVFK (QJODQG
1DWLRQDO 'UlJHU ,QF )D[� ���� ��� ��� ���
��� 7HFKQRORJ\ 'ULYH
32 %R[ ��� 6LHJHU 1RUWK $PHULFD /WG�
3LWVEXUJK 3$ ����� �$ GLYLVLRQ RI 0'$ 6FLHQWLILF ,QF�
86$ ��� %DUFOD\ %RXOHYDUG
7HO� ��� ��� ��� ���� /LQFROVKLUH
)D[� ��� ��� ��� ���� ,OOLQRLV �����
&RQWDFW� 0U 7RP .RUE 86$
'UlJHU /LPLWHG )D[� ��� ��� ��� ����
.LWW\ %UHZVWHU ,QGXVWULDO (VWDWH
%O\WK 6LHJHU /WG� 5HSUHVHQWDWLYHV 2IILFH
1RUWKXPEHUODQG 1(�� �5* F�R +DYHQ $XWRPDWLRQ ,QGXVWULHV �6� 37(
7HO� ���� ��� ��� ��� /WG
)D[� ���� ��� ��� ��� ����� *XO $YHQXH
&RQWDFW� 0U $QGUHZ $UPLWDJH -XURQJ ,QGXVWULDO (VWDWH
'UlJHU ,QGXVWU\ 6LQJDSRUH
�F 5RXWH GH OD )HGHUDWLRQ 7HO� ���� ��� ����
)������ 6WUDVERXUJ &('(; )D[� ���� ��� ����
)UDQFH
7HO� ���� �� �� ����
)D[� ���� �� �� ����
&RQWDFW� 0U %HUQDUG +HW]HO
'UlJHU $XVWUDOLD
� )HUQWUHH *XOO\ 5RDG
1RWWLQJ +LOO ����
9LFWRULD
$XVWUDOLD
7HO� ���� � ��� ����
)D[� ���� � ��� ����
7HO� ���� ��� ��� ���
7HO� ��� ��� ��� ����
6LQJDSRUH ����
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
�� ,03/(0(17$7,21 67$786 ,1'(9(/23(' &28175,(6
6WDWXV RI LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI DOWHUQDWLYH WHFKQRORJLHV LQ WKH UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV LQGXVWULHV LV
OLVWHG LQ 7DEOH � >��@�
7DEOH � ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ 6WDWXV LQ 'HYHORSHG &RXQWULHV
7(&+12/2*<� %/2:,1* 67$786
$*(17
&\FORSHQWDQH ,Q SURGXFWLRQ LQ VHYHUDO (XURSHDQ
SODQWV� SODQV IRU H[WHQVLYH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�
+&)&����E 7R EH LQWURGXFHG DV &)&���
UHSODFHPHQW LQ 86 DQG -DSDQHVH
IDFWRULHV� 6KRUW WHUP XVH LQ VRPH
(XURSHDQ IDFWRULHV�
+&)&���� +&)&����E ,Q XVH LQ VPDOO QXPEHU RI :HVW
(XURSHDQ DQG -DSDQHVH IDFWRULHV�
+&)&��� 1RW LQ XVH LQ GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV IRU
GRPHVWLF DSSOLDQFHV� %HLQJ FRQVLGHUHG
LQ $UWLFOH � FRXQWU\ SURMHFWV�
+)&����D RI (XURSHDQ IDFWRULHV�
(QWHULQJ SURGXFWLRQ LQ VPDOO QXPEHU
5HGXFHG &)&��� LQ :HVWHUQ (XURSH LQ ���� DQG QRZ
7KH ZRUOGZLGH QRUP� ,QWURGXFHG ILUVW
EHLQJ SKDVHG RXW LQ GHYHORSHG
FRXQWULHV�
8. SOME IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
$OWKRXJK� F\FORSHQWDQH KDV DOUHDG\ EHLQJ XVHG LQ FRPPHUFLDO SURGXFWLRQ RI SRO\XUHWKDQH IRDP
IRU LQVXODWLRQ RI UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV LQ (XURSH� +RZHYHU� IROORZLQJ LVVXHV DUH VWLOO XQGHU
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
��� 6DIHW\ &RQVLGHUDWLRQV
����� 6DIHW\ LQ 3URGXFWLRQ
&\FORSHQWDQH LV D IODPPDEOH EORZLQJ DJHQW� 7KH H[SORVLRQ OLPLWV DUH ������� SHUFHQW E\ YROXPH
LQ DLU� 7KHUHIRUH� ,W LV QHFHVVDU\ WR IROORZ VWULFWO\ WKH VDIHW\ UXOHV� 6DIHW\ DW WKH IROORZLQJ VWHSV
LV UHTXLUHG WR EH FRQVLGHUHG�
- storage of cyclopentane;- mixing of cyclopentane and polyol;- storage and metering of the mixture; and- foaming process�
,W LV UHSRUWHG >��@ WKDW XQGHU QRUPDO FRQGLWLRQV FULWLFDO FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI F\FORSHQWDQH LQ DLU LV
UHDFKHG RQO\ DW RXWOHW YHQW RI WKH PRXOG� $W WKLV SRVLWLRQ HIIHFWLYH YHQWLODWLRQ KDV WR EH HQVXUHG�
+RZHYHU� WKH RYHUDOO ORVV RI F\FORSHQWDQH GXULQJ IRDPLQJ LV ORZ ��������� RI WKH WRWDO DPRXQW��
3UHVHQWO\ WKHUH LV QR VDIHW\ FRGH DYDLODEOH IRU XVH RI K\GURFDUERQV LQ VXFK DSSOLFDWLRQV�
*HUPDQ\ KDV VHW XS D FRPPLWWHH WR GHYHORS D VDIHW\ FRGH IRU WKH XVH RI K\GURFDUERQV LQ VXFK
DSSOLFDWLRQ� 789 LQ *HUPDQ\� SUHVHQWO\ HQJDJHG LQ DGYLVLQJ RQ WKH VDIHW\ PHDVXUHV� 7DEOH ��
OLVWV WKH VDIHW\ UHTXLUHPHQWV WR EH REVHUYHG ZKLOH ZRUNLQJ ZLWK F\FORSHQWDQH >��@� $SSHQGL[
$� SURYLGHV VRPH GHWDLOV RQ VDIHW\ PHDVXUHV >��@�
7DEOH �� 6DIHW\ 5HTXLUHPHQWV :KHQ :RUNLQJ ZLWK &\FORSHQWDQH
� 3UHYHQWV OHDNV� DOO LQVWDOODWLRQV VKRXOG EH DV WLJKW DV SRVVLEOH� SLSH FRQQHFWLRQV
VKRXOG EH ZHOGHG�
� $YRLG H[SORVLYH PL[WXUHV E\ IRUFHG YHQWLODWLRQ�
� &RQWURO YHQWLODWLRQ E\ IORZ IDLOXUH GHWHFWRUV�
� &RQWURO FRQFHQWUDWLRQV E\ SHQWDQH GHWHFWRUV� DODUP DQG LQFUHDVH RI H[WUDFW
VSHHG DW ��� RI /(/� VKXW GRZQ RI HOHFWULFDO SRZHU DW ��� RI /(/�
� (QFORVH IRDP GLVSHQVLQJ XQLW DQG MLJV LQ D YHQWLODWHG ERRWK� 0RQLWRUV DERYH
DQG EHORZ HDFK MLJ�KLJK SUHVVXUH SXPS�
� $YRLG LJQLWLRQ VRXUFHV� VWDWLF HOHFWULFLW\� SDUWV QRW JURXQGHG�
� 3UHIHU FHQWUDO PL[LQJ RI SRO\RO ZLWK F\FORSHQWDQH�
� 7KH PL[HG SRO\RO WDQN UHTXLUHV� PDJQHWLF MRLQW WUDQVPLVVLRQ� QLWURJHQ
SUHVVXUH�XOWUDVRQLF OHYHO FRQWURO�
� )OXVK WKH PRXOG ZLWK QLWURJHQ �ELJ PRGHOV� WR EULQJ R[\JHQ FRQWHQW EHORZ
����
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
� 'XULQJ WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI WKH IRDP LQ WKH PRXOG� FOHDU WKH HOHFWULFDO SRZHU�
&\FORSHQWDQH LV D IODPPDEOH EORZLQJ DJHQW� 7KH H[SORVLRQ OLPLWV DUH ������� SHUFHQW E\
YROXPH LQ DLU� 7KHUHIRUH� LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR IROORZ VWULFWO\ WKH VDIHW\ UXOHV� 7KH JXLGHOLQHV IRU
SUHYHQWLRQ RI H[SORVLRQV �([SORVLRQVVFKXW]�5LFKWOLQLHQ� (;�5/� GUDZQ LQ *HUPDQ\ >��@
SURSRVHV D ORW RI GLIIHUHQW SRVVLEOH PHDVXUHV ZKLFK FRXOG EH SHUIRUPHG IRU WKH SUHYHQWLRQ RI
H[SORVLRQV� ZKLFK LV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DVSHFW IRU WKH VDIHW\ LQ WKH IRDPLQJ SURFHVV� 7KH VDIHW\
PHDVXUHV ZKLFK DUH SHUIRUPHG ZLWK UHVSHFW WR (;�5/ FDQ FRQVHTXHQWO\ EH GLIIHUHQW IRU HDFK
LQGLYLGXDO IRDPLQJ SODQW� 7KHUHIRUH� WKH VDIHW\ UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH (;�5/ DUH LOOXVWUDWHG RQ
DQ H[DPSOH RI D UHDOL]HG IRDPLQJ SODQW IRU D GRPHVWLF UHIULJHUDWRUV� 7KH FKRVHQ SODQW LV WKDW
RI WKH FRPSDQ\ $(*�
7KH IRDPLQJ RI WKH UHIULJHUDWRUV ZLWK WKH F\FORSHQWDQH DV D IRDPLQJ IOXLG FRQVLVWV RI WKH
IROORZLQJ VL[ PDLQ VWHSV�
�� 6WRUDJH LQ GLIIHUHQW FRQWDLQHUV IRU WKH IOXLGV� SRO\RO� F\FORSHQWDQH� LVRF\QDWH
�� 'LIIHUHQW SXPSV IRU WKH � IOXLGV
��� 0L[LQJ EHWZHHQ SRO\RO DQG F\FORSHQWDQH
��� 7UDQVSRUW DQG VWRULQJ RI WKH GDLO\ UHTXLUHPHQW RI WKH PL[WXUH
SRO\RO�F\FORSHQWDQH DQG RI LVRF\QDWH LQ YHVVHOV�
��� 7UDQVSRUW IURP WKH WZR YHVVHOV WR WKH IRDPLQJ SODFH ZLWK GRVLQJ SXPSV�
��� 0L[LQJ LQ D PL[HU KHDG� DQG ILQDOO\� IRDPLQJ�
$OO HTXLSPHQW IRU WUDQVSRUW� VWRUDJH DQG PL[HUV LV GHVLJQHG $OO HTXLSPHQW IRU WUDQVSRUW� VWRUDJH
DQG PL[HUV LV GHVLJQHG ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH JHQHUDO WHFKQLFDO UXOHV UHOHYDQW WR KLJK SUHVVXUH
IODPPDEOH IOXLGV� 7KH VWRUDJH YHVVHOV DQG WKH SXPSV IRU WKH � IOXLGV DUH LQVWDOOHG RXWVLGH WKH
SURGXFWLRQ EXLOGLQJ� 6LQFH YRODWL]LQJ F\FORSHQWDQH FDQ IRUP H[SORVLYH PL[WXUHV ZLWK DLU� DOO
XVHG HTXLSPHQW LQ WKH VWHSV � DQG � LV H[SORVLRQ�SURRI�
7KH PL[LQJ VWDWLRQ �VWHS �� DQG WKH YHVVHOV IRU WKH GDLO\ UHTXLUHPHQW �VWHS �� DUH
LQVWDOOHG LQ WKH EXLOGLQJ QHDU WKH IRDPLQJ SODFH� ,Q WKLV SDUW WKH PL[WXUH RI
SRO\RO�F\FORSHQWDQH LV SUHVVXUL]HG ZLWK WKH LQHUW JDV QLWURJHQ� $V D FRQVHTXHQFH RI
WKH XVH RI WKH LQHUW JDV �SUHYHQWLRQ RI H[SORVLYH DWPRVSKHUH� WKHUH LV QR QHHG IRU
H[SORVLRQ�SURRI HTXLSPHQW LQ WKLV DUHD �VWHSV ��� DQG ���
7KH PRVW FULWLFDO DUHD ZLWKLQ WKH IRDPLQJ SODQW LV WKH IRDPLQJ VWDWLRQ ZLWK WKH PL[HU
KHDG� EHFDXVH HPLVVLRQV RI F\FORSHQWDQH ZKLFK FRXOG IRUP H[SORVLYH DWPRVSKHUH
RFFXU HYHQ GXULQJ QRUPDO RSHUDWLRQ� 7KLV DUHD GHPDQGV PDQ\ VDIHW\ PHDVXUHV� 7KHVH
PHDVXUHV LQFOXGH WKH SUHYHQWLRQ RI WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI DQ H[SORVLYH DWPRVSKHUH DQG WKH
PRQLWRULQJ RI WKH DWPRVSKHUH� )LJXUH � VKRZV WKH VNHWFK RI WKH F\FORSHQWDQH EDVHG
IRDPLQJ VWDWLRQ�
$URXQG WKH IRDPLQJ VWDWLRQ D VDIHW\ DUHD LV HVWDEOLVKHG� 7KLV DUHD LV PDUNHG E\ VLJQV
DQG OLPLWHG E\ ORZ SDUWLWLRQ ZDOOV� $URXQG WKH IRDPLQJ SODFHV H[KDXVW FKDQQHOV DUH
CYCLOPENTANE: A BLOWING AGENT FOR POLYURETHANE FOAMS
FOR INSULATION IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR-FREEZERS
39
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
LQVWDOOHG LQ WKH JURXQG WKURXJK ZKLFK DLU RI WKH VDPH VDIHW\ DUHD LV VXFNHG RII� 7KH
YHQWLODWLRQ V\VWHP HQVXUHV DQ DLU FKDQJH UDWH WKDW SUHYHQWV D SRWHQWLDO IRUPDWLRQ RI
DQ H[SORVLYH DWPRVSKHUH�
$GGLWLRQDOO\� D WRS YHQWLODWLRQ V\VWHP LV LQVWDOOHG ZKLFK HQVXUHV DQ DLU IORZ DURXQG
WKH UHIULJHUDWRU DIWHU WKH IRDPLQJ SURFHVV VWDUWHG� ,W LV QHFHVVDU\ WR HQVXUH DQ DLU IORZ
DURXQG WKH UHIULJHUDWRU EHFDXVH D VKRUW WLPH DIWHU WKH FKHPLFDO IRDPLQJ SURFHVV HQGV�
D VPDOO JDV UDWH RI F\FORSHQWDQH HVFDSHV IURP WKH IRDP� 7KH DLU IORZ JXDUDQWHHV WKDW
WKH DWPRVSKHUH LV QRW H[SORVLYH HYHQ DW WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH UHIULJHUDWRU� 7KH YHQWLODWRUV
RI WKH YHQWLODWLRQ V\VWHPV DUH H[SORVLRQ�SURRI�
2WKHU HTXLSPHQW LQ WKH VDIHW\ DUHD GRHV QRW KDYH WR EH H[SORVLRQ�SURRI EHFDXVH RI
WKH KLJK DLU FKDQJH� 7KH IRUPDWLRQ RI DQ H[SORVLYH PL[WXUH LQ WKH UHIULJHUDWRU IRUP
LV SUHYHQWHG E\ ULQVLQJ WKH IRUP ZLWK QLWURJHQ EHIRUH WKH IRDPLQJ SURFHVV VWDUWV�
7KH DWPRVSKHUH LQVLGH WKH VDIHW\ DUHD LV PRQLWRUHG E\ JDV GHWHFWRUV ZKLFK GHWHFW
HVSHFLDOO\ WKH IRDPLQJ DJHQW F\FORSHQWDQH� 7KH VXSHUYLVLRQ JXDUDQWHHV WKH
HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH YHQWLODWLRQ� 'HWHFWRUV DUH SODFHG DW YDULRXV SRVLWLRQV LQ WKH
VDIHW\ DUHD� ,I WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI F\FORSHQWDQH DW RQH GHWHFWRU LV KLJKHU WKDQ ���
RI WKH ORZHU H[SORVLRQ� OLPLW D ILUVW DODUP LV JLYHQ� ,I D GHWHFWRU PHDVXUHV D
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI F\FORSHQWDQH ZKLFK LV KLJKHU WKDQ ��� RI WKH ORZHU H[SORVLRQ OLPLW�
DOO HOHFWULFDO DSSDUDWXV DQG WKH IRDPLQJ SURFHVV DUH WXUQHG RII� H[FHSW WKH YHQWLODWRUV
ZKLFK DUH H[SORVLRQ�SURRI�
����� )LQDO 3URGXFW 6DIHW\
,W LV UHSRUWHG >��@ WKDW WKH GLIIXVLRQ RI F\FORSHQWDQH WKURXJK WKH IRDP LV DV VORZ DV WKDW RI &)&�
��� WKHUHIRUH� DQ LQFUHDVH LQ WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI F\FORSHQWDQH LQ UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV LV QRW
H[SHFWHG� $ VLPXODWLRQ VWXG\ UHVXOWHG WKDW WKH VWRUDJH RI FDUHIXOO\ VHDOHG UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HU
DW �� & \LHOGV D PD[LPXP FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI F\FORSHQWDQH OHVV WKDQ ��� SSP DIWHU � ZHHNV LQo
WKH UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HU� )XUWKHU ZRUN LV LQ SURJUHVV LQ WHUPV RI GHYHORSLQJ VDIHW\ FRGHV IRU
DSSOLDQFHV DV ZHOO�
��� (IIHFW RI SXULW\ RI &\FORSHQWDQH RQ WKH 4XDOLW\ RI ,QVXODWLRQ )RDP
&\FORSHQWDQH XVHG DV IRDPLQJ DJHQW� SUHVHQWO\ LQ *HUPDQ\ >�@ KDV VSHFLILFDWLRQV DV JLYHQ LQ
7DEOH �� 7KH H[SHFWHG SXULW\ OHYHO RI F\FORSHQWDQH LV ����������
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
7DEOH � 6SHFLILFDWLRQV RI &\FORSHQWDQH
&RQVWLWXHQWV 6SHFLILFDWLRQV ([SHFWHG 9DOXH
&\FORSHQWDQH 0LQ� ����� E\ ZW� ���� � ����� E\ ZW�
3HQWDQHV 0LQ� ���� E\ ZW�
����'LPHWK\O EXWDQH 0LQ� ���� E\ ZW�
��0HWK\O EXWDQH 0LQ� ���� E\ ZW�
&\FORSDQWHQH 0LQ� ���� E\ ZW�
3DQWHQH�� �FLV�WUDQV� 0LQ� ���� E\ ZW�
0HWK\O 3DQWDQHV 0LQ� ���� E\ ZW�
Q�+H[DQH 0LQ� ��� E\ ZW� �� PJ�NJ
%HQ]HQH 0LQ� �� E\ ZW� �� PJ�NJ
:DWHU 0LQ� ���� E\ ZW� ����� PJ�NJ
6RPH ZRUN LV DOVR LQ SURJUHVV WR DVVHVV HIIHFW RI TXDOLW\ RI F\FORSHQWDQH RQ WKH LQVXODWLRQ
SURSHUWLHV RI IRDP� ,W LV H[SHFWHG WKDW TXDOLW\ RI F\FORSHQWDQH DYDLODEOH LQ WKH $UWLFOH � FRXQWULHV
PD\ QRW EH WKH VDPH DV SUHVHQWO\ DYDLODEOH DQG EHLQJ XVHG LQ *HUPDQ\�
14. COST OF CONVERSION FROMCFC-11 TO CYCLOPENTANE
7KH FRVWV EHORZ DUH LQGLFDWLYH� )RU GHWDLOV� VXSSOLHUV VKRXOG EH FRQWDFWHG�
��� $VVXPSWLRQV 8VHG >��@
&RVW RI FRQYHUVLRQ DUH SUHVHQWHG FRQVLGHULQJ WKH IROORZLQJ PRGHO� 7KH IHDWXUHV DVVXPHG DUH�
6 $QQXDO SURGXFWLRQ RI UHIULJHUDWRU�������� XQLWV
IUHH]HUV
� $YHUDJH SRO\XUHWKDQH FKHPLFDO XVHG � NJ�XQLW
6 &XUUHQW &)&��� FRQWHQWV ��� :�: RQ WRWDO IRDP V\VWHPV
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
� 7ZR SURGXFWLRQ OLQHV� RQH IRU FDELQHWV
DQG RQH IRU GRRUV ERWK HTXLSSHG ZLWK KS
GLVSHQVLQJ PDFKLQHV�
��� 2QH�RII )XQGLQJ >��@ (Indicative costs)
� /DERUDWRU\ WHVWLQJ HTXLSPHQWV
86� �������
6 3URGXFWLRQ HTXLSPHQW PRGLILFDWLRQ
86� �������
� 3URGXFWLRQ HTXLSPHQWV VDIHW\ PRGLILFDWLRQV
86� �������
� &\FORSHQWDQH VWRUDJH
86� �������
� 7UDLQLQJ
86� ������
� 0DWHULDOV IRU WULDOV
86� ������
6XE 7RWDO
86� �������
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
��� &KDQJHV LQ 2SHUDWLQJ &RVWV >��@
7KH LQFUHPHQWDO RSHUDWLQJ FRVW KDYH EHHQ SUHVHQWHG E\ WDNLQJ F\FORSHQWDQH FRVW DV � '0�NJ
ZLWK D FRQYHUVLRQ ��� '0 86� � >��@� 7KH LQFUHPHQWDO FRVW RI FKDQJH LQ SRO\RO JUDGH DQG
RWKHU FKHPLFDOV LV QRW FRQVLGHUHG� 7KHVH DUH RQO\ LQGLFDWLYH FRVWV�
7KH DQQXDOL]HG LQFUHPHQWDO RSHUDWLQJ FRVW 86� ���
��. ABSTRACTS
�� $GDPV� 6�� 9RONHUW�2�� DQG :LHJPHQQ� �&\FORSHQWDQH %ORZQ 385
5LJLG )RDP IRU $SSOLDQFHV�� 8WHFK ����� 3DSHU 1R���� SS ���
%HQHILWV� &\FORSHQWDQH KDV QR 2'3 DQG WKH WKHUPDO LQVXODWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH
HTXLYDOHQW WR WKDW RI &)& UHGXFHG IRDP LV DFKLHYHG�
3UREOHPV� &\FORSHQWDQH LV D IODPPDEOH VXEVWDQFH� VDIHW\ LVVXHV QHHG WR
EH JLYHQ WKH KLJKHVW SULRULW\� 7KH VDIHW\ PHDVXUHV DW DOO VWDJHV RI VWRUDJH�
KDQGOLQJ DQG XVH RI F\FORSHQWDQH DUH QHHG WR EH LQWURGXFHG�
&RQFOXVLRQV� &\FORSHQWDQH EORZQ 385 ULJLG IRDP RIIHUV WKH EHVW LQVXODWLRQ
SHUIRUPDQFH LQ WKH ILHOG RI KDORJHQ�IUHH EORZLQJ DJHQWV�
(QJLQHHULQJ GHYHORSPHQW KDV VKRZQ� WKDW SURSHU SURFHVVLQJ RI WKLV
IODPPDEOH EORZLQJ DJHQW LV SRVVLEOH DW D UHDVRQDEOH FRVW
&RPSDWLELOLW\ ZLWK LQQHU OLQHU PDWHULDOV DQG DYDLODELOLW\ RI F\FORSHQWDQH LV
HVWDEOLVKHG�
0DMRU DSSOLDQFH PDQXIDFWXUHUV LQ (XURSH KDYH VZLWFKHG RYHU WR WKLV EORZLQJ
WHFKQRORJ\ ZLWKRXW SUREOHPV FRQFHUQLQJ VDIHW\ RU SURGXFW SHUIRUPDQFH�
�� /RW]� +�� �/LJKW +\GURFDUERQV DV 5HIULJHUDQW DQG %ORZLQJ $JHQWV IRU
,QVXODWLRQV LQ +RXVHKROG $SSOLDQFHV�� 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH
,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH� 1HZ $SSOLFDWLRQV RI 1DWXUDO :RUNLQJ )OXLGV
LQ 5HIULJHUDWLRQ DQG $LUFRQGLWLRQLQJ� ����� 0D\ ����� +DQQRYHU
*HUPDQ\� SS �����
&RQFOXVLRQV� 3RO\XUHWKDQH EORZQ IRDP KDV LQLWLDO YDOXH RI WKHUPDO
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI WKH RUGHU RI �� P:�P. EXW RQ DJHLQJ WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\
RI F\FORSHQWDQH IRDPV EHFRPHV ORZHU WKDQ WKDW RI &)&��� IRDP EHFDXVH
RI VORZHU UDWH RI GLIIXVLRQ� 7KXV WKH FRQGXFWLYLW\ RYHU WKH OLIH WLPH RI
385 F\FORSHQWDQH IRDP LV HYHQ ORZHU WKDQ WKDW
ZLWK 385�&)&��� IRDPV�
�� 6FKLOOLQJ� 8�� �&\FORSHQWDQH� WKH 1HZ *HQHUDWLRQ RI %ORZLQJ $JHQWV IRU
$SSOLDQFHV�� 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH 6KRUW &RXUVH� �+\GURFDUERQV WKH
(QYLURQPHQWDO )ULHQGO\ $OWHUQDWLYHV�� +DQQRYHU� *HUPDQ\� ���� 0D\�
�����
%HQHILWV� 2Q DJHLQJ F\FORSHQWDQH EORZQ IRDPV VKRZ ORZHU WKHUPDO
FRQGXFWLYLW\ WKDQ &)&��� FRQWDLQLQJ IRDPV�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
3UREOHPV� 8QOLNH &)&���� F\FORSHQWDQH LV KLJKO\ IODPPDEOH DQG IRUPV
H[SORVLYH PL[WXUH ZLWK DLU� )RU VDIHW\ UHDVRQV� F\FORSHQWDQH LV DGGHG WR WKH
SRO\RO FRPSRQHQW DW WKH SRLQW RI XVH�
&RQFOXVLRQV� 7KH WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ YDOXHV RI 38) ZLWK F\FORSHQWDQH LQ
FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK VSHFLDO WDLORU�PDGH SRO\RO IRUPXODWLRQV DUH DOPRVW DV JRRG
DV WKRVH RI &)&��� UHGXFHG IRDPV� 2Q DJHLQJ WKH WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI
F\FORSHQWDQH FRQWDLQLQJ IRDP LV ORZHU WKDQ WKDW RI &)&���� 7KH PHFKDQLFDO
SURSHUWLHV RI WKH IRDP� VXFK DV LWV FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK DUH UHWDLQHG�
�� 6XUYH\ E\ /HPHWLF (QJLQHHULQJ� 6XUYH\ DERXW &)& IUHH UHIULJHUDWRU
3URGXFWLRQ� )RDP ,QVXODWLRQ� �����
6XPPDU\�
� 7KH WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ LV LQ WKH UDQJH RI ��� XSWR ���� IRU UHIULJHUDWRU
LQVWLWXWLRQ LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR &)&��� PHDVXUHG GLUHFWO\ DIWHU IRDPLQJ DW URRP
WHPSHUDWXUH� ,W KDV EHHQ PHQWLRQHG WKDW GHYHORSPHQW LV QRW ILQDO WKHUH LV D
SRVVLELOLW\ WR DFKLHYH ORZHU YDOXH RI WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\�
� 7KH F\FORSHQWDQH IRDP RQ DJHLQJ DFKLHYHV ORZHU WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ YDOXHV
WKDQ &)&��� IRDPV�
� 7KH F\FORSHQWDQH FRQGHQVDWLRQ GRHV QRW KDYH DQ\ HIIHFWV RQ WKH PHFKDQLFDO
VWDELOLW\ RI WKH 385 IRDP� 7KHUH LV QR VKULQNLQJ DIWHU D ORQJHU SHULRG VR ORQJ
DV WKH PLQLPXP GHQVLW\ RI �� NJ�P LV NHSW�3
� 7KH F\FORSHQWDQH VHHPV WR EH OHVV VROXEOH LQ 385 FHOO PDWUL[ WKDQ &)&���
DQG +&)&�
� $IWHU ILQLVKLQJ WKH IRDPLQJ SURFHVV F\FORSHQWDQH LV FDSVXOHG LQ WKH 385 FHOO
PDWUL[ DQG QR H[SORVLRQ LV SRVVLEOH�
6 7KH F\FORSHQWDQH GRHV QRW KDYH XQFRQWUROOHG UHDFWLRQ GXULQJ WKH KRW 385
IRDPLQJ UHDFWLRQ ZKLFK FDQ LQFUHDVH WKH WHPSHUDWXUH LQ WKH FRUH DUHD WR ����
��� &� :KLOH +&)&V DW WKLV WHPSHUDWXUH DOUHDG\ VWDUWV UHDFWLQJ XQFRQWUROOHGo
VR WKDW WKH UHFHLYHG FKORULF DQG IOXRURULF SURGXFWV RI SRO\ROV DQG 0',
FRPSRQHQWV FDQ EH WR[LF�
� 7KH DGKHVLRQ RI F\FORSHQWDQH EORZQ 385 LV WKH VDPH DV WKH RQHV ZLWK &)&�
�� RQ +,36� $%& DQG VWHHO VR WKHUH LV QR VWDELOLW\ FKDQJHV�
� &\FORSHQWDQH KDYH VLPLODU HIIHFWV RQ LQQHU OLQHU PDWHULDOV DV &)&���� $%&
LV QRW HIIHFWHG�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
�� 9RONHUW� 2��&\FORSHQWDQH %ORZQ 5LJLG )RDPV IRU 5HIULJHUDWRUV�� 3DSHU
SUHVHQWHG DW WKH 3RO\XUHWKDQHV :RUOG FRQJUHVV� ����� 2FWREHU �����
&DQDGD� SS ������
%HQHILWV� 2SWLPL]HG IRUPXODWLRQV \LHOG IRDPV ZLWK N�IDFWRU VLPLODU WR WKH
SUHVHQW &)&��� V\VWHPV�
3UREOHPV� &\FORSHQWDQH LV D IODPPDEOH VXEVWDQFH� )ODPPDELOLW\ FDQ
WHFKQLFDOO\ EH RYHUFRPHG DV LV VKRZQ E\ SURGXFWLRQ RI UHIULJHUDWRUV DW VHYHUDO
FRPSDQLHV�
&RQFOXVLRQV� &\FORSHQWDQH DV D EORZLQJ DJHQW LQ SRO\XUHWKDQH ULJLG IRDP
IRU UHIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV KDV PDQ\ DGYDQWDJHV�
� 1R 2'3
� 9HU\ ORZ *:3
� /LWWOH ORVV RI F\FORSHQWDQH GXULQJ IRDPLQJ
� /RZ WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI IRDP
� /RZ GLIIXVLRQ UDWH RXW RI IRDP
� /RZ VROXELOLW\ LQ WKH 385 PDWUL[
� *RRG DYDLODELOLW\
� /RZ SULFH
�� 9RONHUW�2�� HW DO� �&\FORSHQWDQH�$ 1HZ $JH RI 3RO\XUHWKDQH ,QVXODWLRQ
7HFKQRORJ\ IRU 5HIULJHUDWRUV�� .XQVWVWRIIH *HUPDQ 3ODVWLFV �� �������
SS� ������
%HQHILWV�2Q DJHLQJ WKH F\FORSHQWDQH FRQWDLQLQJ IRDP VKRZV ORZHU WKHUPDO
FRQGXFWLYLW\ WKDQ &)&��� EORZQ IRDPV�
3UREOHPV� +D]DUGRXV GXH WR IODPPDEOH EORZLQJ DJHQWV PD\ DULVH LQVLGH D
UHIULJHUDWRU PRXOG LI HOHFWULFDOO\ FKDUJHDEOH SODVWLFV DUH XVHG DV OLQHU
PDWHULDOV� )ODPPDEOH PL[WXUHV RI F\FORSHQWDQH DQG DLU PD\ LJQLWH DV D UHVXOW
RI HOHFWULFDO GLVFKDUJH� 7KH SULPDU\ VDIHW\ SUHFDXWLRQ FRQVLVWV LQ PDNLQJ VXUH
WKDW WKH LQWHULRU RI WKH PRXOG LV LQHUW�
&RQFOXVLRQV� 385 IRDP FRQWDLQLQJ F\FORSHQWDQH KDV LQLWLDOO\ �� KLJKHU
WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ WKDQ &)&��� EORZQ IRDP� 'XULQJ VWRUDJH� KRZHYHU�
WKHUH LV OHVV RI DQ LQFUHDVH DQG WKH SODWHDX LV UHDFKHG� WKH 385 IRDP
FRQWDLQLQJ F\FORSHQWDQH VKRZ HYHQ ORZHU YDOXH RI WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ WKDQ
ZLWK &)&���� &\FORSHQWDQH LQ LWV UROH DV D EORZLQJ DJHQW SRVVHV QR SDUWLFXODU
WR[LFRORJLFDO KD]DUG�
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
�� :HQQLQJ� 8GR *�� �+\GURFDUERQV DV 38 %ORZLQJ $JHQW LQ 'RPHVWLF
$SSOLDQFHV�� 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH ���� ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &)& DQG +DORQ
$OWHUQDWLYH &RQIHUHQFH� ����� 2FWREHU ����� :DVKLQJWRQ '&� 86$� SS�
��������
&RQFOXVLRQV� $JHLQJ WKH IRDP DW HOHYDWHG WHPSHUDWXUHV VKRZ WKDW WKH
GLIIXVLRQ HIIHFWV DUH VORZHU WKDQ ZLWK WKH &)&��� IRDPV� 7KH RWKHU SURSHUWLHV
VXFK DV IORZ SURSHUWLHV� FHOO VWUXFWXUH� GLPHQVLRQDO VWDELOLW\ RI WKH IRDPV DUH
FRPSDUDEOH� 7KH FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RI F\FORSHQWDQH 38 IRDP LV ORZHU
WKDQ &)&��� IRDP EHFDXVH RI ORZHU YDSRXU SUHVVXUH RI F\FORSHQWDQH�
,QWHQVLILHG FRQWURO RI GHQVLW\ LV UHFRPPHQGHG�
��. REFERENCES
�� $GDPV� 6�� 9RONHUW�2�� DQG :LHJPHQQ� :�� �&\FORSHQWDQH %ORZQ 385 5LJLG
)RDP IRU $SSOLDQFHV�� 8WHFK ����� 3DSHU 1R���� SS ���
�� %$6)� 5LJLG 3RO\XUHWKDQH )RDP IRU 5HIULJHUDWLRQ ZLWK &\FORSHQWDQH DV
%ORZLQJ $JHQW� 7HFKQLFDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ %XOOHWLQ� *HUPDQ\� �����
�� (ODVWURJUDQ *PE+� �7HFKQLFDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ %XOOHWLQ RQ &)&�IUHH
3RO\XUHWKDQH 6\VWHPV IRU WKH 3URGXFWLRQ RI &ORVHG &HOO 5LJLG )RDPV�
*HUPDQ\� �����
�� )LVFKHU� 6�.�� 7RPOLQVRQ� -�-�� DQG +XJKHV� 3�-�� �(QHUJ\ DQG *OREDO
:DUPLQJ ,PSDFWV RI 1RW LQ NLQG DQG 1H[W *HQHUDWLRQ &)& DQG +&)&
$OWHUQDWLYHV�� 'UDIW 5HSRUW� 2DN 5LGJH 1DWLRQDO /DERUDWRU\� 2DN 5LGJH
7HQQHVVHH 86$� 0DUFK� �����
�� )OH[LEOH DQG 5LJLG )RDPV 7HFKQLFDO 2SWLRQV &RPPLWWHH� ����� �5HSRUW RI
WKH )OH[LEOH DQG 5LJLG )RDPV 7HFKQLFDO 2SWLRQV &RPPLWWHH�� 1DLUREL�
81(3� �����
�� )OH[LEOH DQG 5LJLG )RDPV 7HFKQLFDO 2SWLRQV &RPPLWWHH� ����� �'UDIW 5HSRUW
RI WKH )OH[LEOH DQG 5LJLG )RDPV 7HFKQLFDO 2SWLRQV &RPPLWWHH��&KDSWHU ��
�����
�� +$/7(50$11� �&\FORSHQWDQH C38� $OWHUQDWLYH 3URSHOODQW IRU 8VH LQ WKH
3URGXFWLRQ RI 5LJLG )RDPV�� 7HFKQLFDO 6SHFLILFDWLRQ %XOOHWLQ� +DPEXUJ
*HUPDQ\� �����
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
�� +RVWHU� *�� +$/7(50$11� *HUPDQ\� 3ULYDWH &RPPXQLFDWLRQ� -XQH �����
�� /RW]� +�� �/LJKW +\GURFDUERQV DV 5HIULJHUDQW DQG %ORZLQJ $JHQWV IRU
,QVXODWLRQV�� 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH� 1HZ
$SSOLFDWLRQV RI 1DWXUDO :RUNLQJ )OXLGV LQ 5HIULJHUDWLRQ DQG $LUFRQGLWLRQLQJ�
����� 0D\� ����� +DQQRYHU *HUPDQ\� SS �����
��� 0LFKDHO -HIIV� �5HGXFLQJ 2]RQH 'HSOHWLQJ 6XEVWDQFH 8VH LQ 'HYHORSLQJ
&RXQWULHV LQ 'RPHVWLF 5HIULJHUDWRU�IUHH]HUV ,QVXODWLQJ )RDPV�� 225* )RDP
6HFWRU :RUNLQJ *URXS� 5HSRUW 1R��� 2FWREHU �����
��� 6FKLOOLQJ� 8�� �&\FORSHQWDQH� WKH 1HZ *HQHUDWLRQ RI %ORZLQJ $JHQWV IRU
$SSOLDQFHV�� 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH VKRUW FRXUVH� �+\GURFDUERQV WKH
(QYLURQPHQWDO )ULHQGO\ $OWHUQDWLYHV�� +DQQRYHU� *HUPDQ\� ���� 0D\� �����
��� 6XUYH\ E\ /HPDWLF (QJLQHHULQJ� 6XUYH\ DERXW &)& IUHH UHIULJHUDWRU
3URGXFWLRQ� 3DUW � )RDP ,QVXODWLRQ� �����
��� 7KH 5HIULJHUDWLRQ 5HYROXWLRQ� +\GURFDUERQV� 7KH 5LJKW &KRLFH IRU &KLQD�
$ 5HSRUW E\ *UHHQSHDFH� +DPEXUJ� *HUPDQ\� 2FWREHU �����
&<&/23(17$1(� $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06
)25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725�)5((=(56
��
��� 789� �6DIHW\ LQ 0DQXIDFWXULQJ DQG 2SHUDWLRQ RI +\GURFDUERQ 5HIULJHUDWRUV��
(&2)5,*�0HHWLQJ 5HSRUW� *HUPDQ\� A 0D\� �����
��� 9RONHUW�2�� HW DO� �&\FORSHQWDQH�$ 1HZ $JH RI 3RO\XUHWKDQH ,QVXODWLRQ
7HFKQRORJ\ IRU 5HIULJHUDWRUV�� .XQVWVWRIIH *HUPDQ 3ODVWLFV �� ������ �� SS�
������
��� 9RONHUW�2��&\FORSHQWDQH %ORZQ 5LJLG )RDPV IRU 5HIULJHUDWRUV�� 3DSHU
SUHVHQWHG DW WKH 3RO\XUHWKDQHV :RUOG FRQJUHVV� ����� 2FWREHU� �����
&DQDGD� SS ������
��� :HQQLQJ� 8GR *�� �+\GURFDUERQV DV 38 %ORZLQJ $JHQW LQ 'RPHVWLF
$SSOLDQFHV�� 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH ���� ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &)& DQG +DORQ
$OWHUQDWLYH &RQIHUHQFH� ����� 2FWREHU� ����� :DVKLQJWRQ '&� 86$� SS�
��������