232253179-1125-history-of-architecture-reviewer-perez-docx.pdf

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 AR1125 Ar. Angelito R. Perez, uap, M. Arch

History of Architecture- It is a record of man’s effort to build

beautifully. It traces the origin, growth, anddecline of architectural styles which haveprevailed lands and ages.

Historical Styles of Architecture- The particular method, characteristics, and

manner of design which prevails at acertain place and time.

Factors affecting the styles of architecture:1. History2. Society3. Religion4. Geography5. Geology6. Climate

Prehistoric ArchitectureInfluences:

HISTORYNeolithic or New Stone Age(8000-3000 BC)-Hunting and food gathering

RELIGIONNo organized religionBurial rituals and monuments

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMMegalithic – large stones

MATERIALS Animal skins, wooden frames, bones

ORIENTATIONFaces towards cardinal points

Examples

MENHIR

Single, large, upright monolith, sometimesin parallel rows reaching several miles

DOLMENTomb of standing stone usually capped witha large horizontal slab

CROMLECHEnclosure formed by huge stones plantedon the ground in circular form

TUMULUSPassage grave, a dominant tomb typeappearing like a mound

Primitive DwellingsNatural and artificial cavesBeehive hutTrulloWigwam or Tepee

HoganIgloo

Egyptian ArchitectureInfluences:

HISTORY3200BC – 1AD-Centralized omnipotent authority of thepharaoh (king), seen as a god dwelling onearth, and sole master of the country and itsinhabitants

-knowledge in astronomy, mathematics,philosophy, and music

RELIGIONCult of many gods representing nature

Egyptians wished for a fine burial,embalmment and funeral rites, a permanenttomb or eternal dwelling

GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGYNile River – travel and trade route

CLIMATESpring and summer, brilliant sunshine

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERSimplicityMassivenessMonumentality

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMColumnar and trabeated

MATERIALSStone: abundant in variety and quantity

Softstone: limestone, sandstone, alabaster

Hardstone: ganite, quartite, basalt

COLUMNIATION, CAPITALSLotus capitalPapyrus capital


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Palm capitalSquare pillarPolygonal columnPalm-type columnBud-and-bell columnFoliated capital columnHathor-headed columnOsiris pillars

ROOF AND CEILINGFlat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat

WALLBatter wall diminishing in width towards thetop

OPENINGSNo windows; skylights, roof slits,clerestories

DECORATION

“Gorge” or “Hollow and Roll” moulding HieroglyphicsSphinxesSolar disc and vulture with spread wingsScarab, symbol of resurrectionPapyrus, lotus, and palm symbolizingfertilityGrapes symbolize eternity

ORIENTATIONFaces towards cardinal points

EXAMPLES

MASTABASRectangular flat-topped funerary mound,with battered side, covering a burialchamber below ground2 doors: one for ritual and a false door forthe spiritsOffering chapel, serdab contains thestatue of the deceased), offering room withstelae (stone with name of deceasedinscribed), and offering table

Mastaba at ZoserFunerary Complex, SaqqaraMastaba of Aha-SakkaraMastaba of Thi-SakkaraMastaba at GizaMastaba at Beit Khallaf

PYRAMIDS

Massive funerary structures of stone orbrick with square plan and four slopingtriangular sides meeting at the apex

Walled enclosure with an offering chapel(north or east side); mortuary chapel; raisedand enclosed causeway leading to west;valley building for embalmment andinterment rites

Types of PyramidsStep(Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara)Slope(Pyramids at Gizeh – Cheops, Chephren,Mykerinos)Bent(Bent pyramid at Senerefu)

ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBSBuilt along hillsides for nobility, not royalty

Tombs at Beni HasanTombs of the Kings, Thebes

PYLONSMonumental gateway to the templeconsisting of slanting walls flanking theentrance portal

Pylon, Temple of Isis, Philae

OBELISKS

Upright stone square in plan, with anelectrum-capped pyramidion on top,symbolizing the sun-god Heliopolis

Came in pairs fronting temple entrancesHeight of nine or ten times the diameter atthe base with four sides featuringhieroglyphics

Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni

TEMPLES

Mortuary temples – in honor of pharaohs,the deadCult temples – in honor of a deity

Great Temple of Amon, Karnak, Thebes(grandest temple)

Parts:Entrance PylonHypaethral court


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(large outer court open to the skysurrounded by double collonades)Hypostyle hall(on which the roof rests and through whichlight is admitted via clerestory)SanctuaryChapels/Chambers

Mammissi Temple

Prototype of Greek temple

Great Temple of Abu-Simbel(Example of a rock-cut temple)Four rock-cut colossal statues of Rameses

Temple of KhonsParts: pylons, court, hypostyle hall,sanctuary, chapels enclosed by high gidlewall, avenue of sphinxes and obelisksfronting pylons

Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahari

Temple of Amon, Luxor

West AsiaticInfluences:

HISTORY5000BC TO 641 ADThree periods:-MESOPOTAMIAN(Babylonian/Chaldean)-ASSYRIAN

-PERSIAN

GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY3 Zones:-Deserts of the Arab peninsula-Grasslands,steppes, river plains of theFertile Crescent-Mountains and Plateaus from west to east

Early Mesopotamian(5000BC – 2000BC)

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

MassivenessMonumentalityGrandeurCONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

Arctuated

MATERIALSNo stone, clay bricks, soil

COLUMNIATION, CAPITALSDue to lack of stone, no columns were used

ORIENTATIONFour corners toward the cardinal points

EXAMPLES

ZIGGURATS Artificial mountains or tiered,rectangular stages with temple at the

summit

Ziggurat at BulsippaZiggurat and Precinct at UrThe White Temple and Ziggurat atWarka

Assyrian

MATERIALSStone, Timber

DECORATIONWinged bulls guarding chief portalsGlazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, greenLow relief sculpture in stoneMurals

EXAMPLES

TEMPLESWith or without ziggurats

ZIGGURATS

Of seven stages

PALACESCame with or without a ziggurat,hypostyle hall, monumentalentrances

Palace of Nebuchadnezzar,Khorsabad

Palace of Sargon Apartments:

Seraglio(king’s residence) Haram(private chamber)Khan(service chamber)

Persian

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERLight and Airy Magnificence


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MATERIALSStone, Brick, Timber

COLUMNIATION, CAPITALSPersians introduced the use of columns

EXAMPLES

DWELLINGSMegaron – jouse with entrance atend rather than on long sides

Columned portico as entrance orvestibule

PALACESPalace platform, PersepolisPalace of DariusPalace of XerxesHypostyle Hall of Xerxes

Hall of Hundred Columns (Darius)Propylaeum (Xerxes)

Greek

InfluencesHISTORY

-Aegean-Mycenean or

Helladic-Hellenic-Hellenistic

RELIGIONNature worshipGreek gods

GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGYMainland-mountainous-separated people intogroups, clans, states

Archipelago and islands

-sea was inevitable means oftrade and communications

CLIMATE-Between rigorous cold andrelaxing heat-Clear atmosphere andintense light

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERSimplicity and Harmony

Purity of LinePerfection of ProportionsRefinement of Detail

Aegean(3000 BC to 1100B)

-rough and massive

COLUMNATION, CAPITALSTwo-part capital:Square abacus above and circularbulbous echinus below

WALLCyclopean wall:Large stones, no mortar, claybedding

Polygonal wall: Advanced technique, Hellenic

period, no pith / tar

Rectangular wall:Dowels were used

EXAMPLES

MEGARONSingle storeyed house of deep plan,columned entrance porch, anteroomwith central doorway, livingapartment or megaron proper,

central hearth, columns supportingroof, thalamus/sleeping room

PALACESPalace of King Minos, Knossos

Palace at TyrinsLion Gate, Mycenae

TOMBSTreasury of Atreus, Mycenae

Hellenic(650 BC to 323 BC)

-mostly religious-carpentry in marble(timber forms imitated in tone withremarkable exactness)



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MATERIALSTimber, stone, terra cotta

COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS-First columns and entablature weremade of timber with terra cottadecorations

-Stone columns started in 600BC

GREEK ORDER:-capital-base-column shaft-horizontal entablature(architrave, frieze, cornice)

-Doric-Ionic-Corinthian

DECORATION-Refinements used to correct opticalillusions such as Entasis-Sculptures, colors, murals

EXAMPLES

TEMPLESChief building type, resembling amegaron in plan and construction

Hellenistic

(323 BC to 30 BC)-provided Roman inspiration-not religious, but civic-dignified and gracious-symmetrical, orderly


COLUMNS, CAPITALSGreek orders

OPENINGSClerestory – between roof and upperwall

Skylight – made of thin, translucentmarble

TempLe Door – oriented to the East

DECORATION

Mouldings – architectural device,with which light and shade, producea definition to a building

Examples:

Cyma rectaCyma reversaOvolo

The Fillet Astragal or beadCavettoScotiaTorusBird’s beak Corona

ORIENTATION-Entire groups of buildings laid outsymmetrically and orderly-Doors oriented towards east

EXAMPLESTemenos-Sacred enclosure built on thehighest part of a settlement, allowingit to be a citadel or acropolis

Acropolis at Pergamon

Acropolis at Athens-Supreme example of a temenos-foremost among world-famous

building sites-10 structures:

1. Propylaea2. Pinacotheca

(gallery of paintedpictures)

3. Statue of Athena4. Erectheion5. Parthenon6. Temple of Nike

Apteros7. Old Temple of Athena

Promachos8. Stoa of Eumeses9. Theater of Dionmysus10. Odeon of Herodes

Atticus

Temples-not intended for internal worship – altar was outside, on the east front


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-built with special regard for outwardeffect

Part of a temple:1. Naos – principle chamber

containing statue2. Treasury Chamber3. Pronaos - front portico4. Opisthodomus or Epinaos –

rear portico

-planned by number of columns:

Hemostyle

Distyle

Tristyle

Tetrastyle

Pentastyle

Hexastyle

Heptastyle

Octastyle

Enneastyle Decastyle

Dodecastyle

-planned by column arrangement

In-antis (between anta andthe front)

amphi antis (at the front andrear)

prostyle – portico at the front

amphi-prostyle – porticoes at

front and rear peripteral – on all sides

pseudo peripteral(flanking columns attached tonaos)

dipteral – double line ofcolumns surrounding naos

pseudo dipterallike dipteral, but innercolumns omitted on theflanks of naos.

Doric Temple-had a timber origin

Structural Parts:

Pediment

Cornice

Triglyph

Metope

Architrave

Abacus

Echinus

EntablatureH= 1 ¾ X lower dia. ofcolumn

Column-without baseH= 4-6 x base dia.

Parthenon, Acropolis-one of the biggest temples-designed by Ichtinus & Callicrates-sculpted by Phidias

Temple of Hera, Paestum

Ionic Temples-evolved from timber forms-volute capital derived from Egyptianlotus and Aegean art

Structural Parts:

EntablatureH= 2 1/4 x diameter ofcolumn

o Simao Geisono Denticulateo Friezeo Architrave with fasciao Cornice

Capitalo Abacuso Voluteo Neckpieceo Shafto Base

Crepidomao Stylobateo Stereobate /

Euthynteria

Column-mode slender than Doric-needed a base to spreadloadH= 9x base diameter ofcolumn

24 flutes separated by fillets

Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens-designed by Callicrates-one of the smallest temples

Erectheion, Acropolis-designed by Mnesicles-features the Caryatid porch


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Temple of Artemis,Ephesus-designed by Demetrius andPaenius Denocrates-sculpted by Scopas

Corinthian Temples-decorative variant of Ionic Order

Column-base and shaft resembled Ionic-more slenderH= 10X column diameter

Capital-much deeper than IonicH = 1 1/6 column diameters-invented by Callimachus, inspiredby basket over root of acanthusplant

Entablature-same as Ionic-3 parts:

o Architraveo Friezeo Cornice

Temples of Apollo Epicurius

Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens

Propylaea

-monumental gateway-prophulus of Athena, Athens

Theaters-open air structure hollowed out of hillside-acoustically efficient, sound intensified byreflection on hard paving of orchestra

Parts:Orchestra-focal point, stage or concrete circleselevated with an altar in dedication

to their gods

Cavea-auditoriums in tiers of stone seats

Skene-building for scene or stage decor,tangential to orchestra

Parados-passageway to skene

Paracenia-projecting wall / wing at end ofskene

Procenium-in front of skene, used as aspeaking place or locelon

Episcenium-raised background to the 2-storeyskene building

Theater of Dionysus-Prototype of all greek theatres

Theater of Epidauros-Most beautiful Greek theatre-designed by Polycleitos

Agora

-marketplace or town square and center ofsocial and business life

Stoa-Long colonnaded building by the public asa shelter and also as a religious shrine

-used as a link between buildings in a publicarea

Prytaneion-Senate house, used for entertaining

distinguished visitors and citizens

Bouleuterion-Council house, rectangular with bankedseats facing inwards

Assembly Hall-used by citizens in general

Odeion-similar to theatre, used solely for musicalpresentations or contests

Stadium-foot race course

Hippodrome-similar to stadium in plan used for horseand chariot racing (prototype of the RomanCircus)

Palaestra-wrestling school


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Gymnasium-used for all types of physical exercise(prototype of Roman Thermae)

TombsNereid Monument at XanthosSarcophagus, CridosMausoleum, Halicarnassos

-most famous of all tombs-one of seven wonders of the world

-for King Mausolos from his widow, Artemisia

Roman

InfluencesHISTORY-centrally located on the Mediterranean,was able to serve as intermediary inspreading art and civilization in Europe,

West Asia, and North Africa

-Etruscan(750 BC to 146 BC)-Roman(146 BC to 365 AD)

RELIGION-Roman mythology slowly derived attributesfrom those of Greek gods

GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY

-Italian Peninsula-Central and commanding position onMediterranean sea

CLIMATE-temperate climate in the North-sunny in central Italy-almost tropical in south

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER-vastness and magnificence-ostentation and ornateness

Etruscan(750 BC to 100 BC)-great builders

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM-earliest use of true or radiating arch

MATERIALS-stone: tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone,sand, and gravel

-earth for making terra cotta and bricks-first use of concrete (300 AD to 400 AD)with stone or brock rubble and mortar orpozzolana, a thick volcanic earth material

COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS-new Tuscan order

EXAMPLES

Tombs-existed in great numbers outside city wallsin special necropolis sites

Drainage-Cloaca Mazima, Rome

Arches-Arch of Augustus, Perugia

Temples-Temple of Juno Sospita, Lanuvium

Roman(300 BC to 365 AD)-utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials-complex, of great constructive ability

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM-Greek orders of architecture used asdecorative features which could be omitted

-adopted columnar and trabeated style ofGreeks

-developed arch and vault system started byEtruscans

-combined used of column, beam, and arch

MATERIALS-marble, mostly white-concrete, to build vaults of a magnitudenever equalled until 19th century steel

construction

COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS-4th and 5th orders:

Tuscan-simplified version of DoricorderH= 7x col. DiameterBase, unfluted shaft,moulded capital, plainentablature


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Composite

-combines prominent volutesof Ionic with acanthus leavesof Corinthian

ROOF AND CEILING-wagon barrel / tunnel vault-wagon vault with intersecting vault

-cross vault-hemispherical dome / cupola

WALLSOpus Incertum

-small stones, loose patternresembling polygonal walling

Opus Quadratum-rectangular blocks with or withoutmortar joints

Opus Reticulatum-net-like effect, with fine jointsrunning diagonally

Opus Testaceum-brick facing

Opus Mixtum-alternation of brickwork and smallsquared stone blocks

EXAMPLES

Rectangular Temples-amalgamation of Etruscan and GreekTypes

Maison Caree, Nimes-best preserved, Corinthian order

Circular Temples-Pantheon, Rome:Finest illustration of Roman construction

-Temple of Vesta, Rome

Forums-correspond to agora in Greek architecture;a central open space used as a meetingplace, market, venue for politicaldemonstration

-Forum Romanum-Imperial Forum-Trajan’s Forum

Basilicas-venues for commercial exchange or halls o

justice-usual plan:Plan length is twice the plan width

Trajan’s Basilica, Rome Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii

Basilica of Septimius Sevenus, LepcisMagna

Thermae-palatial baths-3 parts:

Open SpaceOuter ring of aprtmentsMain building-dominant central hall, symmetricallyarranged rooms

-tepidarium (warm)

-calidarium (hot)-sudatorium /laconicum (dry)-frigidarium (cold)-apodyteria (dressing)-unctuaria (oils)

Thermae of CaracallaBaths of Diocletian, Rome

Theaters-Greek type adaprted to suit Roman drama

-hollowed out of hillside or built-up byconcrete vaulting supporting tiers of seats

Theater and Portico of Pompeii, Rome

Ampitheaters-elliptical theatres, regarded as a compoundof 2 theaters, stage-to-stage

The Colosseum, Rome

Circus-for horse and chariot racing, fromhippodrome

Circus Maximus, Rome

Tombs-coemeteria-monumental tombs-pyramidal tombs-temple-shaped tombs


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-sculptured memorials

Triumphal Arches-erected to emperors and generals forvictorious campaigns

Arch of Titus, Rome Arch of Constantine, Rome Arch of Septimius Severus, Rome

DwellingsDomus – private houseVilla – country houseInsula – apartment block

Aqueducts-Pont du Gard, Nimes, France-Segovia aqueduct

Bridges (Pons)-Bridge of Augustus, Rimini

Rostral Column-erected to commemorate Naval victories

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