23282407 sleep dreams and spiritual reflections -authored by shriram sharma acharya

7/31/2019 23282407 Sleep Dreams and Spiritual Reflections -Authored by Shriram Sharma Acharya

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[EMMV% @TMGO[ GL@ [VNTNP]GE

TMCEMKPNAL[

G]PBAT

[BTNTGO [BGTOG GTKBGT^G

Kaovnem` gl` Ptgl{egpm` d~:@t, Tgjgln Ja{bn

Nl`ngl Nl{pnp}pm ac Pmkblaeai~ Daodg~

V}den{bmt: [bglpnh}lj% Bgtn`ygt

"],V.% Nl`ng% 40>077

Pbm YYY tmvtnlp n{ cat ctmm `n{ptnd}pnal


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[emmv% @tmgo gl` [vntnp}ge Tmcemkpnal{

;

VTMCGKM

@tmgo{ bgsm geyg~{ dmml pbm cak}{ ac k}tna{np~% nlpmtm{p% gl` w}m{p ac pbm b}oglonl`, Pbm{m bgsm em` pa sgtnmpnm{ ac cge{m kalsnkpnal{ gl` o~{pnk lapnal{ al pbm almbgl`% gl` bgsm gkkmemtgpm` tm{mgtkb nl V{~kbaeai~% Lm}taeai~ gl` Vgtgv{~kbaeai~al pbm apbmt, Pbm tmgenp~% atninl% tmcemkpnal{ gl` novenkgpnal{ ac `tmgo{ gtm `n{k}{{m`nl itmgp `mpgne nl pbn{ daah% ybnkb n{ kaovnem` ctao pbm ptgl{egpnal ac pbm Kbgvpmt{ 0gl` = ac pbm sae}om 72 ac Vp, [btntgo [bgtog Gkbgt~g Sgliog~g {mtnm{,

G `mpgnem` `m{ktnvpnal ac pbm bn{pat~ gl` ptml`{ nl pbm atnmlpge gl` akkn`mlpgevbnea{avb~ gl` {knmlkm ac `tmgo{ n{ vtm{mlpm` bmtm, Pbm o~pb{ gl` cgkp{ gda}pgkw}n{npnal ac mrptg {ml{at~ hlayemìm% vtmkailnpnal% gl` v{~kbaeainkge `mvpb{ acpbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` gl` pbm }lhlayl {}dpem yate` ac pbm nllmt {mec pbta}ib`tmgo{ gtm me}kn`gpm` bmtm, Pbata}ib tmsnmy{ ac Ctm}`{% J}li{ gl` kalpmovatgt~

v{~kbaeainkge pbmatnm{ sn{//sn{ pbm tmemsglp g{vmkp{ ac pbm glknmlp {knmlkm ac{vntnp}genp~ gtm `n{k}{{m` }l`mt dtag` vmt{vmkpnsm{,

Pbm k}ttmlp {pgp}{ gl` c}p}tm {kavm ac tm{mgtkb al `tmgo{ n{ `n{k}{{m` ynpb{}d{pglpnge tmcmtmlkm{, [vmknge gppmlpnal n{ cak}{m` al `tmgo dg{m` mgte~ `mpmkpnal%`ngila{n{ gl` pbmtgvnm{ nl pbm kalpmrp ac tmvatpm` {knmlpncnk mrvmtnomlp{, Pbm tmg`mt{ynee ge{a imp pa hlay bay pbm `mknvbmtgpnal ac `tmgo{ ka}e` bmev tm{aesnli pbmkaovemrnpnm{ ac v{~kba{aogpnk `n{at`mt{ gl` memsgpnli alm{ v{~kbaeai~,

[emmv n{ gl nlpmitge vgtp ac encm, Pbm sgtnmigpm` mrvmtnmlkm{ ac `tmgo{ ge{a dmkaomva{{ndem nl pbn{ vbg{m, Nl latoge kg{m% cat oa{p ac }{ {emmv n{ geoa{p gl g}paogpnk%

omkbglnkge% at ta}pnlm vtakm{{, Ym à tmgenzm np{ novatpglkm nl tmegrnli gl`tmkbgtinli ac pbm da`~ gl` pbm onl` d}p bgtè~ vg~ gl~ gppmlpnal pa np{ {nilncnkglptaem nl bgtoalnznli pbm dtgnl c}lkpnal{% omlpge {pgdnenp~ gl` {mec/`msmeavomlp, Pbmvtm{mlp daah }lcae`{ pbm o}epnvem cgkmp{ ac pbn{ lgp}tge gl` kt}knge vtakm{{ ac `gne~/encm,

Nlpmttmegpnal{bnv ac {emmv% `tmgo{ gl` pbm enonpem{{ vapmlpnge{ ac pbm kal{kna}{%{}dkal{kna}{% gl` pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` gtm e}knè~ cak}{m` bmtm nl itmgp `mvpb, Pbmkg}{m{% vmtlnkna}{ mccmkp{% gl` tmom`nm{ ac nl{aolng% {aolgd}en{o% gl` apbmt`n{at`mt{ ac {emmv gtm `n{k}{{m` ynpb {}d{pglpnge mrgovem{, Ensm mrgovem{ aco~{pmtna}{ kg{m{ ac {emmvem{{ bmgepb~ gl` latoge encm cat {msmtge `mkg`m{ gl` pba{m

ac `mkg`m{ eali lgp}tge {emmv gtm ge{a tmvatpm` ynpb `mpgne{ al pbm glknmlp glòa`mtl tm{mgtkb cnl`nli{ al {}kb yal`mt{ ac b}ogl dtgnl, Pbm ptmlkbglk~ ac onl`gl` np{ novtasm` emgtlnli kgvgdnenpnm{ `}tnli `mmv {emmv n{ insml {vmknge omlpnalbmtm gl` pbm tm{}ep{ ac tmkmlp mrvmtnomlp{% tm{mgtkb ptml`{% gl` {kavm ac pbm


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pmkblnw}m{ enhm b~vlavgm`ng n{ `n{k}{{m` paimpbmt ynpb pbm {vmkncnk ~aig {g bglg{ actmemsglkm,

Np n{ {gn` pbgp pbm pnom/kgv{}em mrn{pnli nl pbm nllmt katm{ ac }lkal{kna}{ onl`kalpgnl{ pbm hm~ pa tmgenzgpnal ac {}vmtlatoge cgk}epnm{ enhm kegntsa~glkm%

pmemvgpb~% vtmoalnpnal% nlp}npnal% g}`na/sn{}ge vmtkmvpnal{ dm~al` pbm kal{ptgnlp{ acpnom gl` {vgkm% kaovempm hlayemìm ac pbm vg{p gl` c}p}tm gl` ac pbm m{apmtnkcmgp}tm{ ac lgp}tm, Pbm cge{m kalsnkpnal{% nee}{nal{ gl` pbm pt}pb ac pbm ptgl{kml`mlpgetmgenpnm{ ac `tmgo{ gl` pbm {}denonlge yate` ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` gtm dta}ibpa}p ptmlkbglpe~ d~ pbm g}pbat ynpb `n{k}{{nal{ al g yn`m sgtnmp~ ac ensm mrgovem{ ac`tmgo{ kaeemkpm` ctao g}pbmlpnk tmvatp{ gl` tm{mgtkb àk}omlp{, Pbm en{p acmrgovem{ nlke}`m{ pbm `tmgo{ pbgp em` pa itmgp {knmlpncnk `n{kasmtnm{ at og{pmtvnmkmktmgpnal{ ac enpmtgp}tm% gtp gl` o}{nk nl pbm oa`mtl gim% g{ ymee g{ pbm {nilncnkglp`tmgo{ ac pbm gtkbnpmkp{ ac yate` bn{pat~,

Pbm daah vtm{mlp{ pbm nlsge}gdem vmgte{ ac glknmlp hlayemìm nl pmto{ ac

me}kn`gpnal ac pbm cnsm emsme{ ac `tmgo sn{//sn{ pbm cnsm {}dpem {bmgpb{ ackal{kna}{lm{{ gl` pbm `mmvmt g{vmkp{ ac ktmgpnsm kalj}igpnal ac onl` ynpb pbm nllmtnov}e{m{ ac pbm {a}e, Np n{ }v pa }{ bay dm{p ym oghm }{m ac pbn{ tgtm i}n`glkm al{vntnp}ge msae}pnal gl` avvatp}lnp~ ac mvakb/oghnli tm{mgtkb dm{paym` al }{,

Np n{ bavm` pbgp pbm daah ya}e` dm nlpmtm{pnli gl` nlcatogpnsm pa gee pba{m ybaya}e` tmg` np a}p ac {bmmt nlw}n{npnsmlm{{ gda}p `tmgo{, Np ya}e`% gp pbm {gom pnom%oapnsgpm gl` mccmkpnsme~ i}n`m pbm tm{mgtkbmt{ ac pbm bn``ml àognl{ ac b}oglonl`,

@t, Vtglgs Vgl`~g% O@


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=

KALPMLP[

Ybgp n{ g @tmgo1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,9Pbm @mmv Taap{ ac @tmgo{,,,76

O~pb{ gl` Cgkp{ gda}p @tmgo{,,,74

@tmgo{ Enlhgim dmpymml pbm Sn{ndem gl` pbm Nlsn{ndem Yate`,,,44

Yba @tmgo{ ybnem pbm Da`~ [emmv{1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;

[knmlpncnk Pt}pb ac @tmgo{,,;9

Bay ya}e` Ctm}` mrvegnl pbm{m @tmgo{1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,06

Pn`m{ ac pbm nllmt nov}e{m{ {ml{m` pbta}ib pbm @tmgo{,0=

Og{pmtnli pbm Egli}gim ac @tmgo{,=4

Vmmvnli nlpa pbm C}p}tm pbta}ib pbm Ynl`ay ac @tmgo{,,=3

@nsnlm Bmev ac Nlsn{ndem I}n`m{ Dm{paym` nl @tmgo{=>

@tmgo{ Og~ Ogppmt,3=

Bnibmt Batnzal{ ac @tmgo{96

Tmgenpnm{ Tmcemkpm` nl @tmgo{93

@tmgo{ gl` Sn{nal ac Ptgl{kml`mlpge Tmgenpnm{,27

@mvpb ac Encm nl pbm Onttat ac @tmgo{>6

Pbm ]lcae`m` [mktmp{ ac @tmgo{,,>3

Msmlp{ Cae`m` nl @tmgo{,,767Yb~ {aom @tmgo{ gtm {a Tmge1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,762

J}lkpnal ac pbm Ita{{ gl` pbm [}dpem @noml{nal{ ac pbm Yate`,77;

@a ~a} }l`mt{pgl` pbm Egli}gim ac ~a}t Onl`1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,779

[mktmp{ ac Encm Bn``ml nl @tmgo{746

Mrn{pmlkm ac @tmgo{: {aom [knmlpncnk snmy{,,740

Bnibmt Tmgeo{ ac Nlpmeemkp gl` @tmgo{,,742

Nov}e{m ac pbm ]lkal{kna}{ Onl`,,,,7;4

[}denonlge Lgp}tm ac @tmgo{,,,,7;3

Cgkp{ dmbnl` @tmgo{,707

Akkn`mlpge Bn{pat~ ac pbm Vbnea{avb~ ac @tmgo{,,,70>

Bn``ml Om{{gim{ ac @tmgo{,,,7=0


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@tmgo{ gtmlp geyg~{ Dg{mem{{,7=>

Lapnkm ~a}t [vmkncnk @tmgo{',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,73;

Ybmtm @a C}p}tm Msmlp{ Mrn{p1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,739

Ptgsme nl pbm Vg{p gl` pbm C}p}tm sng @tmgo{,,797

@tmgo{ Oaomlp{ Dm~al` Encm gl` @mgpb,79=

Novenkgpnal{ ac @tmgo{,726

Ygpkb Paoattay% Pa`g~',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,720

Tm{mgtkb al @tmgo{ Pbm Yate` ac ]lkal{kna}{ Onl`729

Pbm [vmkptg ac @tmgo{7>7

Nlpmttmegpnal{bnv ac [emmv gl` @tmgo{ ,476

Gsan` Mrptmom{ nl [emmvnli Bgdnp{470

[emmv n{ lmkm{{gt~ d}p lap Nlmsnpgdem473

Bm `n`lp {emmv cat 97 ^mgt{',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,446[emmv ac kbne`baa` dtahm nl pbm ae` Gim',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,444

Nlpmeemkp}ge [nilncnkglkm gl` Avpnoge }{m ac [emmv,440

Ybgp @tnsm{ ~a} à pbgp nl [emmv1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,449

@tmgo{ Mrvtm{{nal{ ac Lgp}tm,4;7

@tmgo{ Pbm Yate` Dm~al` Pnom% [vgkm gl` Kg}{m4;9

Tmg` pbm Om{{gim ac pbm Nllmt [mec,,400

[nil{ ac pbm [a}e nl{ktndm` nl pbm @tmgo{40>

Pbm Ogjm{pnk Vgpb ac G{kmlp sng @tmgo{,,4=;

âig [g`bglg cat @tmgo{ gl` [mec/@msmeavomlp,4=9

Ceg{bm{ ac pbm Nlcnlnp~ nl @tmgo{436

Pbm ]lcae`m` [mktmp{ ac pbm [a}e,,430

Pbm Cnsm Emsme{ ac Kal{kna}{lm{{% @tmgo{ gl` âiln`tg43>

[}denonlge Kalj}igpnal ac pbm Onl` ynpb pbm [a}e497

Iea{{gt~ ctao pbm [bg{ptnh Enpmtgp}tm499

Gda}p pbm G}pbat492


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Y bgp n{ g @ tmgo1

Pbm ginenp~ ac a}t onl` ceg{bm{ nll}omtgdem sgtnmpnm{ ac pba}ibp{ gl`

noginlgpnal{ nl pbm gyghmlm` {pgpm, Tglào tmcemkpnal{ ac {nonegt ce}kp}gpnal{ kalpnl}mnl pbm {}dkal{kna}{ {pgpm ac {emmv paa gl` oglncm{p pbmnt gtdnptgt~ onlienli nl sgtnmigpm`

mrvtm{{nal{ ac `tmgo{ nl imlmtge, Pbmtmcatm `tmgo{ oa{p acpml gvvmgt sgi}m gl`

omglnliem{{, ]lcae`nli pbm {mktmp{ ac pbn{ ctmm mlpmtpgnlomlp bg{ dmml pbm kmlpmt ac

gpptgkpnal ac pbm nlw}n{npnsm b}ogl onl` {nlkm pbm pnom ac ~atm, Mw}gee~ novatpglp bg{

dmml pbm w}m{p cat n`mlpnc~nli pbm lgp}tm% kg}{m gl` oa`m ac nlpmtvtmpgpnal ac pbm tgtm

d}p {nilncnkglp akk}ttmlkm ac omglnlic}e tmgo,

@mknvbmtgpnal gl` glge~{n{ ac `tmgo{ kal{pnp}pm` gl novatpglp vgtp ac ptgl{kml`mlpge

hlayemìm nl pbm glknmlp pnom{, Novenkgpnal{ gl` om{{gim{ kalsm~m` d~ `tmgo{ ymtm

pbm {}djmkp ogppmt{ ac k}tna{np~ gl` kalkmtl cat pbm kaooal vmavem nl pbm egpmt gim{ paa,

Pbm og{pmt{ ac pbn{ `n{knvenlm ac hlayemìm mlja~m` bnib tmv}pm nl pbm {aknmp~, Gl

Npgengl {kbaegt lgom` Gtkbgmonàtg{ bg` ytnppml g daah al `tmgo{ {aom pnom nl pbm

{mkal` kmlp}t~, Pbm daah yg{ mlpnpem` Alntaktnpnkg omglnli% Vtnlknvem{ ac

Glge~znli @tmgo{, Kavnm{ ac pbn{ bgl` ytnppml daah ymtm nl itmgp `mogl` pba{m

`g~{, Pbn{ yg{ egpmt v}den{bm` nl pbm 7=pb kmlp}t~, Np{ vav}egtnp~ bg` tn{ml c}tpbmt d~

pbml, Pbn{ daah {mtsm` g{ g c}l`gomlpge àk}omlp cat ogl~ apbmt sae}om{ v}den{bm`

al `tmgo{ gl` omlpge tmcemkpnal{ nl pbm egpmt ~mgt{,

Nl pbm mgte~ `g~{ ac oa`mtl knsnenzgpnal% vmavem nl {aom vgtp{ ac pbm akkn`mlpge yate`

}{m` pa dmenmsm pbgp `}tnli pbm {pgpm ac `mmv {emmv pbm {a}e ptgsmt{m{ nl g lmy yate` a}p

ac pbm da`~, Pbm nlcatogpnal igpbmtm` d~ np `}tnli pbn{ sn{np ac pbm mrptgpmttm{ptnge yate`

n{ mrvtm{{m` sng `tmgo{, [a {ptali yg{ pbn{ kalsnkpnal pbgp yghnli }v {aomalm cg{p

g{emmv yg{ tmigt`m` tn{h~ dmkg}{m ac pbm gvvtmbml{nal pbgp bn{ {a}e og~ lap bgsm

tmp}tlm` pa bn{ da`~ dmcatm np{ {kbm`}em` pnom gl` {a yghnli bno }v `}tnli pbn{

vmtna` og~ goa}lp pa bn{ }lpnome~ `mgpb,

Oa`mtl v{~kbaeain{p{ acpml glge~zm `tmgo{ nl pmto{ ac omlpge gl` da`ne~ kal`npnal{,

Cat nl{pglkm pbt}{p `}tnli {emmv onibp dm mrvtm{{m` g{ g `tmgo g{{akngpm` ynpb b}lpnli


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cat tnsmt{ at {vtnli ac ygpmt, Nc alm cmme{ {}ccakgpnal nl g `tmgo at cmme{ g{ pba}ib

{aomalm n{ bae`nli bn{ pbtagp pnibp gl` v}ppnli vtm{{}tm al bn{ kbm{p% pbml bm "pbm

`tmgomt. n{ w}npm enhme~ pa {}ccmt ctao ka}ib% {aom e}li nlcmkpnal at tmegpm` `n{at`mt,

[nonegt pa pbm{m mrgovem{ ac {}dkal{kna}{ mccmkp{% pbm tn{m nl pbm pmovmtgp}tm ac {moml nl

g {emmvnli {pgpm acpml tm{}ep{ nl `tmgo{ vmtpgnlnli pa {mr}ge mrknpmomlp{ gl` onibp emg`

pa lnibp n{kbgtim,

Nl g v{~kbaeainkge mrvmtnomlp al `tmgo{ pya vmt{al{ ymtm insml vml{ nl pbmnt bgl`{

ybnem {emmvnli, Alm ac pbmo `tmgop ac veg~nli bakhm~ gl` pbm apbmt yg{ tapgpnli g ke}d

nl bn{ `tmgo, Ybml kappal vnmkm yg{ oasm` {acpe~ asmt pbm vgeo{ ac pbtmm {emmvnli

{}djmkp{% alm ac pbmo cmep "nl `tmgo. g{ nc bm n{ bae`nli pbm pgne ac g kgp8 glapbmt alm

`tmgop ac dmnli og{{gim` `menkgpme~8 pbm pbnt` mrvmtnmlkm` g `tmgo nl ybnkb bm yg{

vgppnli bn{ `g}ibpmt{ {neh~ bgnt, Pbm{m mrgovem{ nee}{ptgpm pbm `nsmt{npnm{ acnoginlgpnal{ gl` geoa{p nl{pglpglma}{ tm{val{m pa {mlpnmlp mrvmtnmlkm{ ac pbm

{}dkal{kna}{ onl`,

Lapm` v{~kbaeain{p [nio}l` Ctm}` bg` kaeemkpm` g}pbmlpnk nlcatogpnal ac gda}p 7>66

`tmgo{, Bm bg` vtm{mlpm` pbm {p}`~ ac pbm tm{val{nsm tmcemkpnal{ gl` v{~kbaeainkge

novenkgpnal{ ac pbm{m `tmgo{ nl bn{ vav}egt daah Glge~{n{ ac @tmgo{, Bm kalke}`m`

pbgp `tmgo{ gtm tbmpatnk mrvtm{{nal{ ac pbm }lc}ecneem` `m{ntm{ gl` {}vvtm{{m` moapnal{,

Godnpnal{% gsgtnkm% e}{p gl` yateè~ `m{ntm{ gl` mrvmkpgpnal{ ac pbm vmavem bgsm

mrvgl`m` ogl~ cae`{ ynpb ogpmtngen{pnk knsnenzgpnal% mg{~ gkkm{{ pa omgl{ ac {ml{}ge

vemg{}tm gl` kaocatp{ ka}vem` ynpb g kattm{val`nli tn{m nl gveaod gl` mia,

Pbm {}vvtm{{m` moapnal{% }lc}ecneem` `m{ntm{% mgimtlm{{ ac va{{m{{nal gl` godnpna}{

tgkm nl vmt{alge gl` vtacm{{nalge encm% mpk ptniimt g tmsae}pnal nl pbm kal{kna}{ gl`

}lkal{kna}{ àognl{ ac onl`, Pbmnt tmgkpnal{ gtm mrvtm{{m` gl` gtpncnkngee~

ogpmtngenzm` nl pbm noginlgt~ yate` ac `tmgo{, Itmgpmt mrpmlp ac pbm{m n{p}tdglkm{

tm{}ep nl `n{p}tdm` {emmv ynpb bgvbgzgt` ceg{bm{ ac sgi}m `tmgo{ gl` og~ msmlp}gee~

emg` pa v{~kbaeainkge `n{at`mt{ ac sgtnm` hnl`{, Vmavem bgsnli g dgeglkm` gppnp}`m ackalpmlpomlp gl` ktmgpnsnp~ gl` pba{m yba bgsm moglknvgpm` pbmnt pbnlhnli ctao pbm

ke}pkbm{ ac lmigpnsm nov}e{m{ ac asmt/godnpnal% mia% jmgea}{e~% mpk }{}gee~ imp {a}l`

{emmv gl` à lap mrvmtnmlkm sgi}m at bgz~ `tmgo{,


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@tmgo{ gtm pmtom` g{ onttat{ tmcemkpnli pbm dg{nk lgp}tm gl` nlptnl{nk pml`mlknm{ ac pbm

nl`nsn`}ge {mec, Pbm lgp}tm ac alm{ `tmgo{ bmev{ nlcmttnli bn{ v{~kbaeai~ pa {aom

mrpmlp, M{vmkngee~% pbm taap{ ac nlpml{nsm nlce}mlkm ac cmgt% e}{p% cmtakna}{lm{{% gsmt{nal%

mpk% nl alm{ onl` gtm mg{ne~ ngila{m` d~ mknvbmtgpnal ac bn{ tmgo{,

Pbmtm n{ ge{a g smt~ `n{pnlkp keg{{ ac `tmgo{ ybnkb gtm bn``ml tmcemkpnal{ ac {vntnp}gee~

tmcnlm` nllmt {mec gl` ybnkb mrvtm{{ {}denonlge kaoo}lnkgpnal{ gp bnibmt tmgeo{ ac

ka{onk catkm, [}kb `tmgo{ gtm acpml mrvmtnmlkm` nl pbm mgte~ ba}t{ ac oatlnli dmcatm

`gyl gl` gtm ca}l` pa dm vtmkailnpnsm% tmcemkpnal{ ac kegntsa~glkm% at mlsa~{ ac `nsnlm

om{{gim{, @tmgo{ emg`nli pa nlp}npnsm `n{kasmtnm{ ge{a cgee nl pbn{ kgpmiat~ ac pbm

{}vmtlatoge {ml{nli ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`,


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76

Pbm @ mmv Taap { ac @ tmgo{

Pbm atninl ac `tmgo{ n{ me}kn`gpm` nl pbm âig [}ptg g{ g tm{}ep ac kg}{ge at nlkn`mlpge

ptgl{npnal ac onl` ctao np{ kal{kna}{ pa }lkal{kna}{ {pgpm at ctao g {pgpm ac kailnpnal

gl` tmpmlpnal pa pbgp ac {}dpemt nov}e{m{ ac omlpge gkpnsnpnm{, Ybgpmsmt alm mrvmtnmlkm{

nl pbm {}dkal{kna}{ {pgpm ac {emmv% n{ acpml {mml d~ bno g{ g `tmgo g{ vmt pbm lgp}tge

pml`mlknm{ ac bn{ onl` gl` da`~,

Pbm glknmlp {knmlkm ac Nl`ngl om`nknlm "G~}tsm`g. keg{{ncnm{ pbm lgp}tge pml`mlknm{ ac

onl` gl` da`~ nl pbtmm vtnlknvge kgpmiatnm{ ac vnppg% sgpg gl` hgcg, Ctmw}mlp {kmlm{ ac

cntm gl` enibp nl pbm `tmgo{ gtm kbgtgkpmtn{pnk{ ac pbmvnppg pml`mlknm{, Pbm vmavem bgsnli

spg g{ pbm ogjat pml`mlk~ acpml {mm {h~ gl` mrvmtnmlkm ynl`{ gl` oasmomlp{ nl {vgkmnl pbmnt `tmgo{, Pbm `tmgo{ ac pba{m bgsnli hgcg pml`mlk~ gtm vtmakk}vnm` ynpb

sgtnmpnm{ ac {kmlm{ g{{akngpm` ynpb ygpmt val`{% tnsmt{ gl` {mg mpk,

Vtacm{{at Hmesnl n{ g tmv}pm` v{~kbaeain{p gl` mrvmtp ac `tmgo {knmlkm{ nl pbm ],[,G,

Bn{ snmy{ egtime~ kanlkn`m ynpb pbm mrveglgpnal{ ac pbm Nl`ngl vbnea{avbmt{, Bm `mcnlm{

`tmgo{ g{ kaeemkpnsm oglncm{pgpnal ac sgtnm` noginlgpnal{ gl` tmgkpnal{ ac pbm

}lkal{kna}{ onl` `}tnli {emmv, Mrvmtnomlp{ al {p}`~ ac `tmgo{ gccnto pbgp pbm

gkpnsnpnm{ ac pbm nllmt onl` kalpnl}m msml nl pbm àtoglp {pgpm ac pbm kal{kna}{

"mrpmtlge. onl`, Pbm kal{kna}{ gkpnsnpnm{% ceay ac pba}ibp{ gl` g{{akngpm` sn{}ge

tmvtm{mlpgpnal{ `n{gvvmgt nl pbn{ {pgpm, Nov}e{m{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ "{}denonlge. onl`

gtm pbml tmcemkpm` g{ `tmgo{,

Pbm vtavatpnal gl` nlpml{np~ ac sn{}ge tmcemkpnal{ nl `tmgo{ n{ oatm vtaonlmlp pbgl pbm

nl{pglkm{ ac {vmghnli gl` bmgtnli, Pbn{ n{ yb~ `tmgo{ gtm }{}gee~ tmcmttm` g{ {mmnli g

`tmgo at {gy nl pbm `tmgo mpk, Vb~{nkge gl` Dnaeainkge {knmlkm{ à la vtasn`m

`mcnlnpm tmg{al{ at eainkge me}kn`gpnal ac `tmgo{, Msml pbm mrn{pmlkm ac `tmgo{ n{

à}dpm` bmtm% g{ la {vmkncnk lm}talge gkpnsnp~ ka}e` dm gpptnd}pm` pa pbm atninl gl`lgp}tm ac `tmgo{, Np n{ {gn` pbgp pbm ka}lpem{{ nl{ktnvpnal{ nl pbm omoat~ kal{pnp}pm`

d~ ybgpmsmt ym bgsm msmt vmtkmnsm`% pba}ibp at cmep% gtm nlkal{mw}mlpngee~ at


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{~{pmogpnkgee~ tmptnmsm` gl` mrvtm{{m` ctao pnom pa pnom sng `tmgo{, D}p pbm `mmvmt

`mvpb{ ac omoat~ gl` np{ bn``ml enlhgim ynpb pbm {}dpem `noml{nal{ ac kal{kna}{lm{{

tmognl }lmrvegnlm` nl {}kb {knmlpncnk nlpmtvtmpgpnal{, Oa`mtl tm{mgtkb nl V{~kbaeai~

gl` tmegpm` Lm}ta{knmlkm{ paa emgsm{ pbm o~{pnk lgp}tm ac `tmgo{ egtime~ }lgvvtn{m`,

Nlsm{pnigpnal{ nlpa pbm akk}ep v{~kbaeainkge g{vmkp{ gl` pbm {}denonlge tmcemkpnal{ ac pbm

nllmt onl` n{ g {}djmkp ogppmt ac {vntnp}genp~ ybnkb geeay{ kaovtmbml{nsm glge~{n{ ac

`tmgo{ paa,

O{, A{kba Tahbma`asg ac T}{{ng bg` dmkaom denl`% `mgc gl` `}od gp pbm gim ac cnsm,

@m{vnpm ea{nli pbm{m vtnlknvge cgk}epnm{% {bm `moal{ptgpm` a}p{pgl nli pgemlp{ nl ytnpnli,

Bmt dtneenglp daah O~ Vmtkmvpnal{ gl` Kalkmvpnal{ ac pbm Yate` bnibenibp{ bmt

mrvmtnmlkm ynpb `tmgo{, Nl bmt snmy{% alm kgl tmgo gl` cmme pbm `nccmtmlp oasmomlp{

gl` bgvvmlnli{ nl g `tmgo ynpba}p {mmnli np pbta}ib pbm m~m{, [knmlpncnk me}kn`gpnal ac{}kb va{{ndnenpnm{ nl`nkgpm{ pbgp g denl` vmt{al og~ lap bgsm sn{}ge vmtkmvpnal ac pbm

{kmlm{ gvvmgtnli nl g `tmgo d}p pbm {omee gl` {a}l` ac pbm g{{akngpm` adjmkp{ gl`

gkpnsnpnm{ onibp mlgdem bno mrvmtnmlkm pbm `tmgo{,

Np n{ {gn` pbgp pbm p~vm gl` w}genp~ ac `tmgo{ }{}gee~ `mvml`{ }val alm{ nlptnl{nk

lgp}tm% pml`mlknm{ gl` nlkenlgpnal{, Np n{ ge{a gti}m` pbgp d~ kalptaeenli bn{ nllmt vaymt{

alm kgl kalptae pbm lgp}tm ac bn{ `tmgo{ paa, Ogbgt{bn Sm` S~g{ omlpnal{ nl pbm

Dtgbog [}ptg pbgp `tmgo{ ac g {mtmlm gl` nlp}npnsm onl` acpml nl`nkgpm pbm ogjat

msmlp{ ac c}p}tm, D~ vt}`mlp `mknvbmtgpnal ac pbm{m {}dpem nl`nkgpnal{ gl` gta}{nli pbm

ynee/vaymt ac pbm nllmt {mec% alm kgl onlnonzm pbm lmigpnsm kal{mw}mlkm{ ac pbm nee aoml

at }lcatp}lgpm msmlp{ gl` og~ gppmovp mlbglkm pbm itgsnp~ ac pbm cgsatgdem pnom{ hmvp

nl pbm {pakh ac c}p}tm,

Pbm oa`mtl tm{mgtkbmt{ bgsm ge{a dmi}l pa tmkailnzm pbm vtm`aonlglp taem ac pbm nllmt

"}lkal{kna}{. onl` nl pbm `tmgo{ ac `mmv/{emmv, Glge~{n{ ac {vmkncnk kgpmiatnm{ gl`

kbgtgkpmtn{pnk{ ac `tmgo{ onibp dm }{m` pa me}kn`gpm pbm bn``ml {mktmp{ gl` kaovemrnpnm{

ac b}ogl v{~kbaeai~ gl` pa bmev `ngila{n{ gl` ptmgpomlp ac v{~kba{aogpnk gl`v{~kbngptnk vtademo{, Pbn{ ya}e` eg~ pbm {knmlpncnk ca}l gpnal ac @tmgo Pbmtgv~, Pbm

glknmlp {knmlkm ac {vntnp}genp~ og~ dm tmnlsm{pnigpm` pa mrvgl` pbm {kavm ac pbn{ tm{mgtkb,


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O ~pb{ gl` C gkp{ gda}p @ tmgo{

Cat ogl~ vmavem% pbm yate` ac `tmgo{ n{ g `n{pnlkp yate` dm~al` pbm vmtnvbmtnm{ ac a}t

vb~{nkge mrn{pmlkm, Np n{ dmenmsm` nl {msmtge vgtp{ ac pbm yate` pbgp `tmgo{ gtm {mml d~

pbm {a}e ybml np tasm{ a}p{n`m pbm da`~ nl g {pgpm ac `mmv/{emmv, ^mp glapbmt {mp ac

kalsnkpnal{ gccnto{ pbgp `tmgo{ gtm mrvtm{{nal{ ac m{apmtnk {nilge{% cge{m

oglncm{pgpnal{ ac {aom `mg` {a}e{ at {}vmtlgp}tge vaymt{% ienov{m{ ac c}p}tm mpk,

Ybgpmsmt dm pbm o~pb{ g{{akngpm` ynpb `tmgo{% pbm k}tna{np~ ac oglhnl` pa `mknvbmt pbm

lgp}tm ac tmgo{ gl` vmmv nlpa pbm tmgenp~ ac tmgo{ bg{ geyg~{ dmml }lkal{}ogdem,

Oa`mtl {knmlkm bg{ ge{a gppmovpm` nlsm{pnigpnli pbm cgkp{ gda}p `tmgo{, Me}kn`gpnal

gl` glge~{m{ nl pbn{ tmigt` cgee }l`mt pbm cnme`{ ac tm{mgtkb nl V{~kbaeai~ m{vmkngee~pbgp ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`, Pymlpnmpb kmlp}t~ `msmeavomlp{ nl pbn{ `ntmkpnal bgsm

insml dntpb pa g lmy dtglkb ac Vgtgv{~kbaeai~,

Tm{mgtkb al pbm dtgnl c}lkpnal{ `}tnli {emmv kgpmiatnzm{ pya {pgpm "n. `mmv {emmv gl`

"nn. gkpnsm {emmv, Pbm {pgpm ac gkpnsm {emmv n{ `m{ktndm` g{ pbgp ac Tgvn` M~m Oasmomlp

"TMO., Np bg{ dmml ca}l` pbgp `tmgo{ gtm ctmw}mlpe~ {mml `}tnli TMO, G{ pbm lgom

{}iim{p{% pbm oasmomlp{ ac m~mdgee{ dmlmgpb pbm kea{m` m~men`{ n{ smt~ tgvn` nl pbn{

{pgpm, Memkpta Mlkmvbgeaitgo{ "MMI. ac dtgnl tm{val{m nl pbn{ {pgpm nl`nkgpm{ {aom hnl`

ac tm{pem{{lm{{ ac onl`8 vmt{vntgpnal iegl`{ gtm ge{a {pno}egpm` pbn{ pnom,

[knmlpncnk {p}`nm{ tmsmge pbgp msmt~da`~ `tmgo{ msmt~ lnibp, Gepba}ib alm og~ lap

tmomodmt bgsnli {mml gl~ `tmgo% al gl gsmtgim msmt~ latoge vmt{al ya}e` {mm cnsm pa

{nr `tmgo{ ac sgtnm` `}tgpnal gl` lgp}tm, Oa{p ctmw}mlpe~% pbm cnt{p `tmgo "at `tmgo~

tmcemkpnal{ ac onl`. gvvmgt{ `}tnli pbm cnt{p ba}t ac {emmv, Pbm tgvn`np~ ac oasmomlp{ ac

m~mdgee{ kbglim{ gkkat`nli pa pbm {vmm` ac pbm gkpnsnpnm{ nl pbm `tmgo% g{ np bgvvml{

ybnem pbm onl` n{ mlita{{m` nl ygpkbnli g oasnm at g veg~,

Oa`mtl v{~kbaglge~{p{ ac `tmgo{ keg{{nc~ pbmo g{ "n. gkpnsm gl` "nn. {pgpnalgt~ at `}ee

`tmgo{, Pbm cnt{p kgpmiat~ n{ gpptnd}pm` pa pbm `tmgo{ nl ybnkb alm cnl`{ bno{mec g{


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mligim` nl {aom gkpnsnp~ at g{ vgtp ac g `~lgonk {kmlm ac pbm `tmgo, Pbm `tmgomt n{

omtme~ g {nemlp aleaahmt ac pbm {pgpnalgt~ `tmgo{8 bm n{ lap g vgtp at gl gkpat nl {}kb

`tmgo{, [pgpnalgt~ `tmgo{ og~ {aompnom{ nl{vntm g lmy pba}ibp at ceg{b a}p g lasme

n`mg nl pbm snmymt{ onl`, @tmgo{ ac pbn{ hnl` ge{a geeg~ omlpge pml{nal gl` {ptm{{ gl`

{aapbm pbm lmtsm{, Pbm snpge mlmti~ tmw}ntm` cat pbm dtgnl c}lkpnal{ `}tnli g `tmgo n{

lmienindem g{ kaovgtm` pa pbm va{npnsm tmp}tl{ nl pmto{ ac tm`}knli pbm vtm{{}tm{ ac

}lpaygt` novtm{{nal{ tmin{pmtm` nl pbm {}dkal{kna}{ onl`,

Pbm vgppmtl{ ac gevbg ygsm{ nl pbm nov}e{m{ ac dtgnl% tmkat`m` nl pbm {pgpm ac `tmgonli

kalcnto pbgp pbn{ {pgpm n{ lap `nccmtmlp ctao pbm {}dkal{kna}{ at gkpnsm {pgpm ac onl`,

Ybml ym gtm gyghm% np n{ a}t kal{kna}{ "mrpmtlge. onl`% ybnkb tmognl{ gkpnsm, Np n{ pbm

{}denonlge gkpnsnpnm{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` ybnkb pghm asmt ybml ym gtm cg{p g{emmv

gl` tmgonli,

Oa{p gkpnsnpnm{ nl a}t `gne~ kbatm{ gtm vmtcatom` nl ybgp n{ gpptnd}pm` g{ pbm

{}dkal{kna}{ {pgpm ac onl`, ]lem{{ pbm kal{kna}{ onl` kalkmlptgpm{ al np ym kgtt~a}p

oa{p ac a}t yath gd{mlp onl`mè~ nl pbn{ vgtpngee~ g{emmv {pgpm, Nlcmtmlkm{ `tgyl ctao

kaooal ad{mtsgpnal{ nl`nkgpm pbgp al gl gsmtgim% vmavem }{m {}d{pglpnge cak}{ ac pbm

kal{kna}{ onl` cat ale~ gda}p g onl}pm nl gl ba}t, Pbn{ yg~% nc ym emgsm a}p 2 ba}t{ ac

{emmv nl imlmtge% ym gtm c}ee~ gta}{m gl` oghm dm{p }{m ac a}t kal{kna}{ onl` ale~ cat

gda}p 73 onl}pm{ `}tnli pbm 73 ba}t{ ac a}t vb~{nkgee~ gyghml {pgpm msmt~ `g~, Pbm

{gom n{ pt}m gda}p pbm gd{ae}pm gkpnsnp~ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`, Np n{ ale~ g lmienindem

ctgkpnal og~ dm g cmy {mkal`{ nl a}t `tmgonli {pgpm ybml a}t }lkal{kna}{ onl` n{

kaovempme~ kbgtim`,

Ladme Eg}tmgpm Vtacm{{at Mìgt G`tgnlne gti}m{ pbgp a}t }lkal{kna}{ onl` n{ itg`}gee~

gta}{m` gl` gkpnsgpm` ybml ym {emmv, Pbm gkpnsnpnm{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` oglncm{p gp

pbm {gom vgkm g{ pbm kal{kna}{ onl` cgee{ g{emmv, Ybml alm iam{ pa dm` gl` dminl{ pa

tmegr ynpb kea{m` m~m{% g kbglim nl pbm vgppmtl ac dtgnl ygsm{ n{ tmkat`m` tmcemkpnli

itg`}gee~ {eaymt nov}e{m{ ac lm}talge mrknpgpnal{, Tglào ce}kp}gpnal{ gtm lapnkm`gcpmt g ybnem% caeeaym` d~ cg{pmt sndtgpnal{ "ac bnibmt ctmw}mlknm{., Egpmt al% g{ pbm

{}djmkp cgee{ nl g {pgpm ac `mmv {emmv% bn{ dtgnl ygsm{ dmkaom }lncato% kal{n{pmlp gl`

gvvmgt pa bgsm eaymt ctmw}mlknm{,


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Np n{ {gn` pbgp pbm vaymt gl` vapmlpnge{ ac }lkal{kna}{ onl` gtm nlcnlnpm g{ kaovgtm` pa

pba{m ac pbm kal{kna}{ onl` gl` np{ nlpmeemkp}ge cgk}epnm{, Pbm kal{kna}{ {~{pmo ac onl`

oghm{ vmtkmvpnal% cak}{m` pbnlhnli% tmg{alnli% noginlgpnal% gl` kalkmvp}genzgpnal

va{{ndem gl` mlgdem{ gkw}n{npnal gl` }l`mt{pgl`nli ac "mrpmtlge. hlayemìm, Mccnknmlk~

ac `mkn{nal oghnli% ptmlkbglk~ ac glge~{n{% kemsmtlm{{ gl` {gigknp~ egtime~ `mvml` }val

bay alm ptgnl{% tmcnlm{ gl` oghm{ }{m ac pbn{ omlpge mlàyomlp{, Np n{ {}tvtn{nli pa

lapm pbgp `m{vnpm dmnli pbm tmi}egpat ac nlpmeemkp}ge ktmgpnsnp~ gl` pgemlp{% pbm kal{kna}{

onl` kgllap imlmtgpm at kalptae pbm ce}r gl` pn`m{ ac pba}ibp{ gl` moapnal{ al np{ ayl,

Mlatoa}{ sgtnmpnm{ ac pba}ibp{ at o}p}gee~ kalptg`nkpnli gl` `nsmt{ncnm` lgp}tm

kalpnl}m ce~nli enhm dnp{ ac `t~ emgsm{ nl {pato~ ynl`{% nl pbm àognl ac kal{kna}{

onl`, Nlcnlnpm d}ddem{ ac moapnalge mrknpmomlp gl` `mvtm{{nal{ deay gl` d}t{p al pbm{}tcgkm ac {mlpnomlp{ geoa{p msmt~ kailnzgdem nl{pglkm ac pnom,

Oa{p vmavem à lap msml cmme pbm lmm` pa kalptae pbm vmtvmp}ge ce}kp}gpnal{ nl pbm akmgl

ac "kal{kna}{lm{{ ac. onl`, Pbmnt noginlgpnal{ gl` vegl{ paa gtm `tgyl al pbm ygpmt~

{}tcgkm ac omlpge mrknpgpnal{, Pbm nlnpnge mlpb}{ng{o ynpb ybnkb pbm~ dminl pbmnt

godnpna}{ vegl{ dminl{ pa yglm a}p {aal gcpmt pghnli acc, Pbm~ kgl bgtè~ pghm

catm{nibpm` mkn{nal{,

Nl{vntgpnal{ ac novtasmomlp gl` tn{m à akk}t nl msmt~alm{ onl` nl {aom vanlp ac pnom

at pbm apbmt, D}p% bgtè~ g cmy hlay bay pa cak}{ gl` kbgllmenzm pbm vaymt{ ac onl`

gta}{m` d~ pbm{m nllmt nov}e{m{, Kalkmlptgpnal gl` kalptae asmt pbm kal{kna}{ onl`

gl` ktmgpnsm gl` tnibpma}{ }{m ac pbm nlpmeemkp}ge cgk}epnm{ kgl dm gkkaoven{bm` d~ pbm

`mmvmt {a}tkm{ ac omlpge {ptmlipb gl` mlenibpmlomlp, Pbm bn``ml catkm ac pbm vnmp~%

vmgkm gl` vaymt ac pbm nllmt {mec {mmo pa {bgvm pbm lgp}tm ac onl`,

G yne` enal n{ g hnli ac bn{ catm{p, Alkm kg}ibp gl` kgvp}tm` d~ g tnliog{pmt% pbn{

onibp~ hlnibp n{ og`m pa `glkm gp pbm egppmt{ p}lm{, G {aomybgp {nonegt n{ pbm kg{m acpbm b}ogl onl`, Nl pbm vb~{nkgee~ gyghml {pgpm% pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` tmognl{

{}vvtm{{m` }l`mt pbm àonlglkm ac mrptasmtp nlpmeemkp, Pbm {pgpm ac `mmv {emmv insm{ np


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pbm endmtp~ pa tn{m gl` mrvtm{{ np{mec gp ynee, @tmgo{ gtm mrva{npnal{ ac pbm mrn{pmlkm gl`

gkpnsnpnm{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ nl pbn{ ctmm gl` movaymtm` {pgpm,

G{ gee pbm {ml{m atigl{ tmognl vtgkpnkgee~ àtoglp `}tnli {emmv% alm kglp mrvmtnmlkm

`tmgo{ ynpb kemgt vmtkmvpnal ac pbm g}`na% sn{}ge at sakge mrvtm{{nal{8 lat kgl alm cnl`

g eainkge tmg{al cat {vmkncnk p~vm gl` {mw}mlkm ac tmcemkpnal{ nl pbgp {pgpm, Pbn{ n{ yb~

`tmgo{ acpml gvvmgt pa dm g kbne`{ igom veg~m` d~ pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`, Pbm egppmt

{mmo{ pa `tgy gtdnptgt~ {hmpkbm{ ctao pbm o}epnkaeatm` omoatnm{ {patm` nl np{ {pakh gl`

`n{veg~ pbm cneo ac `tmgo imlmtgpm` gp tglào,

G enppem `mmvmt eaah nlpa pbm tmcemkpnal{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` tmsmge{ pbgp pbm p~vm{ ac

`tmgo{ gtm lap geyg~{ {a tglào, Bn``ml nl pbm{m gtm pbm tmcemkpnal{ ac omoat~ gl`

pbm lgp}tm gl` nov}e{m{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` gl` np{ nllmt katm, Pbm taap kg}{m acomlpge kaovemrnpnm{ g{ ymee g{ pbm {a}tkm ac omlpge vaymt% {gigknp~ gl` pgemlp{ enm{ nl

pbn{ nllmt onl`, Pbata}ib glge~{n{ ac `tmgo{ og~ pbmtmcatm dm g{ }{mc}e nl ptmgpomlp ac

v{~kbaeainkge vtademo{ gl` nl msge}gpnal ac alm{ vmt{algenp~ g{ pbm vgpbaeainkge pm{p{

gtm nl pbm `ngila{n{ gl` k}tm ac g `n{mg{m, V{~kbapbmtgv~ dg{m` al msge}gpnal ac `tmgo{

kgl dm m{pgden{bm` al {knmlpncnk vegpcato d~ `mmvmt {p}`nm{ ac b}ogl onl`, Pbn{ ya}e`

ge{a avml }v pbm va{{ndnenpnm{ ac tmcnlmomlp gl` msae}pnal ac pbm {}denonlge vaymt{ ac

pbm nllmt {mec,

@t, Sgknenm% g T}{{ngl mrvmtp al pbm [knmlkm ac @tmgo{ bg{ kal`}kpm` {mtnm{ ac

mrvmtnomlp{ al dtgnl c}lkpnal{ gl` {bayl pbgp pbm b}ogl dtgnl kgl tmkailnzm gl`

tmpgnl pbm nlcatogpnal ac msmt~ tmgkpnal gp kmee}egt% oaemk}egt at {}dpemt emsme{ ac pbm

da`~, A}t nllmt onl` kgl tmkmnsm gl` `mka`m pbm {}denonlge {nilge{ g{{akngpm` ynpb pbm

kbglim nl pbm kntk}o{pglkm{ gl` mlsntalomlp ac a}t encm, Np acpml kalsm~{ pbm nlbmtmlp

om{{gim{ gl` ge{a i}n`m{ }{ "pa vtapmkp ctao c}p}tm `glimt{. sng {vmkncnk tmcemkpnal{ ac

`tmgo{, [ae}pnal{ pa nlptgkpgdem vtademo{ gtm ge{a {}iim{pm` d~ pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`

pbta}ib {~odaenk ceg{bm{ nl tmgo{,

Oatm pbgl 22- ac a}t onl` n{ }lkal{kna}{, Pbm tmognlnli 74- n{ ale~ ybgp ym

mrvmtnmlkm g{ pbm kal{kna}{ onl`, Nl oa{p b}ogl{% pbm kal{kna}{ onl` paa n{ lap

kaovempme~ gyghml at gkpnsm, Nl apbmt yat`{% ym àlp msml }{m pbm 74- ac pbm mg{ne~


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gkkm{{ndem vapmlpnge{ ac a}t onl`, Oa{p ac }{ tmognl nilatglp ac pbm vaymt{ gl` oa`m{

ac tnibpma}{ }{m ac pbm kal{kna}{ onl`, Pbml bay ka}e` ym msmt hlay gda}p pbm {}dpemt

gl` `mmvmt katm{ ac np{ {}denonlge ka}lpmtvgtp pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`1

Ybmpbmt ym tmgenzm np at lap% pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` kal{n{pmlpe~ vmtcato{ np{ `}pnm{ ac

ognlpmlglkm ac a}t da`~ gl` dtgnl/c}lkpnal{, Nl pbm gd{mlkm "`atoglp {pgpm. ac pbm

kal{kna}{ onl`% pbn{ ladem i}t} kaoo}lnkgpm{ np{ i}n`glkm sng pbm om`n}o ac `tmgo{,

[msmtge mrvmtnmlkm` og{pmt{ ac `tmgo pbmtgv~ bgsm ca}l` pbgp pbm nlcatogpnal ac pbm

akk}ttmlkm ac onlat da`ne~ vtademo{ {}kb g{% kaooal kae`% dane{ gl` gd{km{{ n{

ptgl{onppm` nl `tmgo{ gda}p pya `g~{ nl g`sglkm, Pbm vtnat nl`nkgpnal ac pbm oatm

kaovemr `n{mg{m{ enhm p}dmtk}ea{n{% at kglkmt% mpk gtm {mlp d~ pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` sng

`tmgo{ pya pa pbtmm oalpb{ dmcatm pbmnt g`smlp, Gedmnp% nl oa{p kg{m{% pbm `tmgomt n{}lgdem pa `mka`m pbm om{{gim ac `tmgo{ al bn{ ayl at catimp{ ybgp bm {gy at

mrvmtnmlkm` nl pbm `tmgo{,

]{}gee~ pbm `tmgo{ g{{akngpm` ynpb vtmoalnpnal ac g `n{mg{m va{{m{{ mrvmtnmlkm{ ac

{aom {atp ac ctnibpmlnli at nttnpgpnli }lmg{nlm{{, Pbm {~odaenk nl`nkgpnal{ acpml bgsm

kallmkpnal ynpb pbm {vmkncnk atigl at vtakm{{ ac pbm da`~, Cat mrgovem% g va{{ndem

`n{mg{m at `n{at`mt ac pbm `nim{pnsm {~{pmo at pbm nlpm{pnlm onibp dm nl`nkgpm` d~ {kmlm{

ac tappml at }lkaahm` caa` {p}cc nl pbm `tmgo{8 enhmenbaa` ac g{pbog onibp dm

{~odaenzm` d~ pbm `tmgo{ nl ybnkb pbm ya}e`/dm vgpnmlp cmme{ {}ccakgpnal at cnl`{

bno{mec kenodnli }v g bnee gl` vglpnli mpk,

V{~kbngptnk vtademo{ at v{~kbaeainkge `n{at`mt{ lmm` dm `ngila{m` gl` ptmgpm` gp pbm

emsme ac onl` gealm, Pbm novatpglkm ac `tmgo{ pbmtmcatm dmkaom{ oatm vmtpnlmlp bmtm,

@tmgo pbmtgv~ acpml yath{ ymee nl {}kb kg{m{ nc pbm vgpnmlp{ gtm gdem pa tmkgee pbmnt

`tmgo{ m{vmkngee~ pbm p~vnkge `tmgo{ ybnkb onibp bgsm dmml tmk}ttnli ctmw}mlpe~ at

ynpb `mmvmt novtm{{nal{, Pbm mrvmtp{ kgl n`mlpnc~ pbm taap{ ac pbm vtademo gl` ge{a

g`sn{m g ptmgpomlp d~ glge~znli pbm vgpnmlp{ tmgo{,

Smt~ acpml% pbm v{~kbnk vtademo{ bgsm taap{ nl pbm ogenilm`% cgeegkna}{ at lmigpnsm

pbnlhnli, Ybml pbm {p}`~ ac pbm vgpnmlp{ `tmgo{ me}kn`gpm{ {}kb kg}{m{% pbm egppmt og~


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79

bno{mec onlnonzm pbm {}d{mw}mlp mccmkp{ d~ menonlgpnli pbm ymghlm{{ ac bn{ onl` ynpb

pbm bmev ac g}pa{}iim{pnal gl` om`npgpnal mpk, @tmgo{ og~ ge{a {mtsm pbm v}tva{m ac

n`mlpnc~nli pbm ogenkm g{ ymee g{ pbm sntp}a}{ pml`mlknm{ ac pbm nllmt onl` gl` pb}{ accmt

i}n`glkm cat {vntnp}ge tmcnlmomlp paa,

Nl pbm vtm{mlp kntk}o{pglkm{ ac encm% ym acpml cnl` vmavem ensnli }l`mt {ptm{{ at pml{nal,

Nl g dmyne`mtm` {pgpm ac bgee}knlgpnal gl` bn``ml vtm{{}tm{% alm kglp pghm lapm ac pbm

sndtglp gkpnsnpnm{ ac pbm kal{kna}{ onl`, Gppmovpnli pa `mknvbmt pbm {mktmp{ ac pbm

}lkal{kna}{ onl` ya}e` vtasm lapbnli oatm pbgl {mec/`mkmvpnal nl {}kb kg{m{,

Endmtgpm` gl` kgeo {pgpm ac onl` n{ m{{mlpnge cat gl~ ml`mgsat ac glge~pnkge pbnlhnli,

Bay kgl pbml alm msmt pbnlh ac {p}`~nli pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` gl` glge~znli np{

tmcemkpnal{ ynpba}p vmgkm gl` papge gygtmlm{{ ac pbm kal{kna}{ onl`1

Nlpmtm{pnlie~% n`mge kal`npnalnli ac pbm kal{kna}{ onl` kgl dm gkkaoven{bm` d~ emppnli np

}l`mt pbm lgp}tge kalptae ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`, Pbn{ n{ ybgp n{ mrvmtnomlpm` nl ~aig/

ln`tg gl` `mmv om`npgpnal at ptglkm, Pbm {acp nov}e{m{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` bmev

tmegrnli pbm lmtsm/pml{nal gl` vtm{{}tm{ al pbm kal{kna}{ "mrpmtlge. onl`, Pbm ya}l`{

kg}{m` d~ moapnalge deay{ at d~ pbm p}td}emlkm nl pbm nlpmeemkp}ge àognl{ itg`}gee~

bmge d~ pbm {aapbnli novgkp ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` `}tnli `mmv {emmv m{vmkngee~

`}tnli pbm {pgpnalgt~ `tmgo{, Pbm kal{kna}{ onl` pb}{ dmkaom{ ctm{b gl` mlmtimpnk

gcpmt mgkb {vgl ac iaa` {emmv,

Nl{aolng at egkh ac {emmv n{ mw}gee~ `glimta}{ pa pbm bmgepb~ c}lkpnalnli ac pbm

kal{kna}{ gl` pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`, Dmkg}{m pbm kal{kna}{ onl` àm{ lap imp pnom pa

tmegr ynpba}p {a}l` {emmv, Gl` dmkg}{m ac pbm vtaealim` }lnegpmtge gkpnsnpnm{ ac pbm

catomt% np{ }lkal{kna}{ ka}lpmt vgtp imp{ la kbglkm pa mrvtm{{ np{mec ctmme~ gl` lgp}tgee~,

Pbn{ emg`{ pa gdlatoge kal{mw}mlkm{, Vmavem {}ccmt ctao {}kb kaovemrnpnm{ `}m pa

mrkm{{nsm {ptm{{ at moapnalge nodgeglkm at dmkg}{m ac pbm bn``ml novgkp ac {aom

nlptnl{nk pml`mlknm{, Pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` ac pbm{m vmavem acpml dmkaom{ asmt gkpnsm

msml `}tnli g {batp nl{pglkm ac {emmv, [nonegt mccmkp{ gtm {mml nl vmavem yba à lap imp{a}l` {emmv dmkg}{m ac mrkm{{nsm ginenp~ at tm{pem{{lm{{ ac pbm kal{kna}{ onl` Nl {}kb

kg{m{% pbm }llgp}tge gkpnsnp~ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` acpml nl`}km{ {aolgod}en{o,

Vgpnmlp{ ac pbn{ n{mg{m "`n{at`mt. }{}gee~ ygeh }tnli {emmv,


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72

[aompnom{ {aolgod}en{o emg`{ pa {mtna}{ kal{mw}mlkm{ pbm vgpnmlp onibp nl`}eim nl

}lpaygt` gkpnsnpnm{ `}tnli {}kb }lkal{kna}{ d}p gkpnsm {pgpm ac {emmvnli onl`, Gl

accnkmt ac pbm nlpmeenimlkm gimlk~ lgom` [kapegl` ^gt` }{m` pa kaoonp o}t`mt{ nl g

{vmknge {p~em nl pbn{ gdlatoge {pgpm ac `tmgonli nl `~lgonk {emmv, Bm ka}e` lmsmt

tmomodmt ybgp bm `n` nl bn{ {emmv, Nlkn`mlpgee~% bm yg{ insml kbgtim ac nlsm{pnigpnli g

cmy kg{m{ ac pbm o~{pmtna}{ hneenli{ "nl g p~vnkge {p~em., Nilatglp ac bn{ ayl on{`mm`{% bm

dmigl nlsm{pnigpnal{ {nlkmtme~, Bm yg{ egpmt kg}ibp d~ {aom ac bn{ kaeemgi}m{ yba ymtm

g{{n{pnli bno nl pbn{ vtajmkp, Mrgonlgpnal{ d~ mrvmtp v{~kbapbmtgvn{p{ {baym` pbgp bn{

{aolgod}en{o yg{ tm{val{ndem cat pbm{m ptgink nlkn`mlp{,

Gl G}{ptgengl yaogl paa yg{ ac vgpnmlp ac {aolgod}en{o, [bm bg` g{{g{{nlgpm` bmt

lnlmpmml ~mgt{ ae` `g}ibpmt nl pbm vtgkpnkgee~ nlparnkgpm` at nl{glm {pgpm ac `tmgonli`}tnli pbm gdlatoge {emmv, Ogl~ g pnom{ pbm vgpnmlp{ ac pbn{ `n{mg{m ygeh gl` tmgkb

}lhlayl `m{pnlgpnal{ gp eali `n{pglkm% pbm~ onibp msml kta{{ snaemlp tnsmt{ d~ dagpnli

gee gealm nl pbm gdlatoge {pgpm ac onl` nl tasnli {emmv8 ybml gyghm% pbm~ gtm {bakhm`

pa cnl` pbmo{mesm{ al pbm apbmt {n`m ac pbm {batm at nl g {ptglim knp~, G lmye~ ym` dtn`m

nl g sneegim ac [a}pb Nl`ng }{m` pa tmgkb bmt oapbmt{ vegkm nl lmnibdatnli sneegim msmt~

lnibp d~ ygehnli ynpb kea{m` m~m{ ybnem {emmvnli, [aom vgpnmlp{ ac pbn{ `n{mg{m ygeh

ynpb bgec avml m~m{ `}tnli {emmv d}p {mm lapbnli,

V{~kbaeain{p{ gl` v{~kbngptnk{ mrvegnl pbm gdasm hnl`{ ac gdlatogenpnm{ g{ gkp{ ac pbm

}llgp}tgee~ kal{kna}{ {pgpm ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`, Ybgpmsmt dm pbm vtm{{}tm{ ac nllmt

nl{pnlkp{ at ac }lpaygt` omoatnm{ gl` moapnalge kaovenkgpnal{% alm pbnli n{ kemgte~

`moal{ptgpm` d~ {}kb kg{m{ pbgp pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` kgl kal`}kp gee pg{h{ ac pbm

kal{kna}{ onl`, Pbgp alm kgl ygeh ynpb kea{m` m~m{ }l`mt np{ kalptae {bay{ np{

mlatoa}{ vaymt nl`mm`,

Oa{p ac }{ {}ccmt ctao g {vmknge hnl` ac tasnli {emmv nl gyghml {pgpm, A}t kal{kna}{

onl` yath{ nl g vgtpngee~ `atoglp gl` }lkal{kna}{ {pgpm ac `gthlm{{ kg}{m` d~ pbm{oai ac a}t nilatglkm% mia% {mecn{b vg{{nal{ gl` egkh ac vt}`mlkm, Ybmlmsmt a}t nllmt

sankm at mlenibpmlm` nlpmeemkp gta}{m{% ym tmgenzm a}t on{pghm{ gl` tmvmlp al pbm {gom,


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7>

D}p% gignl% pbm vtm{{}tm ac a}t gkk}o}egpm` pml`mlknm{ gl` bgdnp{ asmtt}em{ pbm

tnibpma}{ pbnlhnli gl` tmg{alnli gl` v}p{ a}t nlpmeenimlp onl` nl np{ tgpbmt }{}ge {pgpm,

G {mg{alm` `t}lhgt` acpml cmme{ {att~ gl` g{bgom` cat pbm on{`mm`{ kaoonppm` }l`mt

pbm nlparnkgpm` {pgpm gl` vemìm{ pa emgsm pbm msne bgdnp geoa{p msmt~ oatlnli d}p n{

kaovmeem` d~ pbm g``nkpnal gl` ymghlm{{ pa tmvmgp pbm {gom, A}t onl` paa tmognl{

ml{egsm` }l`mt pbm ke}pkbm{ ac sgtnmpnm{ ac vg{{nal{ gl` }lyn{m gl` }lbmgepb~

pml`mlknm{, Msmt~ gkpnsnp~% ybnkb ya}e` dm g`j}ìm` }lj}{p at novtavmt nl pbm enibp ac

v}tm vt}`mlkm% cgee{ nl pbn{ kgpmiat~ ac }lpaygt` gkpnsnpnm{ ac pbm gkpnsm {emmv ac pbm

kal{kna}{ onl`,

G{ {pgpm` mgtenmt% `tmgo{ gtm }{}gee~ pbm tmcemkpnal{ ac a}t omoat~ gl` om`n}o ac

mrvtm{{nal ac a}t nllmt pml`mlknm{% g{vntgpnal{% gl` tmcemkpnal{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`,Pbm egppmt {mmo{ pa yath dm~al` pbm enonp ac {vgkm gl` pnom, Np og~ mrb}om pbm bn``ml

omoatnm{ ac pbm vg{p nlke}`nli msml pbm vg{p ensm{ gl` mrvtm{{ pbm {gom nl `tmgo{,

Gp pbm {gom pnom% np og~ ge{a tmcemkp% g{ vmt np{ lgp}tge pml`mlk~% pbm mrvmtnmlkm{ nl pbm

vtm{mlp kal`npnal{ ac pbm onl`% da`~ gl` {}tta}l`nli{, Cat nl{pglkm% nc alm bg{

asmtmgpml dmcatm {emmv% bn{ {paogkb ya}e` dm bmgs~ gl` pbm lmtsm{ gl` dtgnl ya}e` dm

mrknpm` paa dmkg}{m ac mrkm{{nsm deaa` ceay, Pbn{ {ptm{{ ya}e` ptniimt `mvnkpnal ac

`tmgo{ g{{akngpm` ynpb pbm mrknpgpat~ at giitm{{nsm pml`mlknm{,

Nl gl mrvmtnomlp pa {p}`~ pbm mccmkp{ ac {}tta}l`nli gpoa{vbmtm al `tmgo{% g d}tlnli

kglèm yg{ dta}ibp lmgt pbm cmmp ac pya yaoml ybml pbm~ ymtm cg{p g{emmv, Alm ac

pbmo `tmgop pbgp {bm bg{ cgeeml nl g egl` ac g `m{mtp ybnem pbm apbmt alm cmep g{ nc bmt emi

ymtm d}tlp nl cntm, Nl glapbmt mrvmtnomlp ac pbn{ hnl`% pbm vgeo{ ac ca}t {emmvnli oml

"{}djmkp{. ymtm pnpneegpm` d~ g vnmkm ac kappal, Alm ac pbm {}djmkp{ cmep nl bn{ `tmgo g{ nc bm

yg{ bae`nli pbm {acp gl` {oaapb gto ac bn{ inte ctnml`, Pbm {mkal` alm mrvmtnmlkm`

dmnli og{{gim` nl bn{ `tmgo, Glapbmt alm `tmgop pbgp bm n{ {hgpnli al ybnpm gl` {acp

{lay, Pbm ca}tpb alm mrvmtnmlkm` nl g `tmgo `}tnli pbgp pnom pbgp g c}tt~ kgp n{ t}ddnli

bmt dgkh al bn{ da`~,

Tmvmpnpnal ac {nonegt mrvmtnomlp{ al pbm {gom {}djmkp{ ge{a tmsmgem` nlpmtm{pnli tm{}ep{,

Cat nl{pglkm% `}tnli bn{ `mmv {emmv% g ogl yg{ og`m pa bae` g }lenp kglèm nl bn{ bgl`{


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46

cat cmy onl}pm{% pynkm gcpmt g igv ac {aom pnom nl dmpymml, Alkm bm `tmgop ac veg~nli

bakhm~ {pnkh ynpb pbgp bgl`, [mkal` pnom bm ca}l` bno{mec bae`nli g ogeemp nl pbm {gom

bgl`, L}omta}{ mrgovem{ ac pbn{ hnl` nee}{ptgpm pbgp pbm p~vm ac tmcemkpnal{ gl`

tmgkpnal{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` nl `tmgo{ `mvml` }val ybnkb eg~mt ac np{

}lka}lpgdem nov}e{m{ imp{ sndtgpm` gl` govencnm` gp g vgtpnk}egt nl{pglkm,

Ybgpmsmt ym vmtkmnsm ynpb pbm bmev ac pbm {ml{m atigl{ gl` pbm kal{kna}{ onl`

imlmtgpm{ g vgppmtl nl pbm lm}talge kntk}np, Pbm nogim{ ac pbm{m vgppmtl{ gtm tmin{pmtm`

nl pbm omoat~ gl` gtm `mvnkpm` nl pbm sn{}ge mrvtm{{nal{ ac pbm `tmgo{, Nl g tm{pem{{

{pgpm ac onl` np ya}e` dm nova{{ndem pa kemgte~ tmkgee gl` }l`mt{pgl` ybgp sn{}ge{

gvvmgtm` nl pbm `tmgo{% nc gl~, Lmsmtpbmem{{% nc alm ognlpgnl{ pbm {pgdnenp~ gl` vmgkm ac

onl` gl` ptnm{ glge~znli {nonegtnpnm{ ac pbm p~vm{ ac `tmgo{ gl` pbgp ac pbm {kmlm{

ad{mtsm` pbmtm nl% alm og~ `mknvbmt {vmknge keg{{ ac sn{}ge tmcemkpnal{ {~odaenznli{vmkncnk vgppmtl{ ac pg{pm% {omee% {a}l` mpk, [}kb keg{{ncnkgpnal gl` `mka`nli "ac `tmgo{.

{mp{ pbm dg{n{ cat imlmtgenzm` nlpmtvtmpgpnal{ gl` glge~{n{ ac tmgo{ gp g ita{{ emsme,

Np {ba}e` dm lapm` pbgp dmkg}{m ac pbm {}vvtm{{nal at `atoglk~ ac pbm kal{kna}{ onl`%

a}t {ml{m atigl{ ya}e` latogee~ tmognl nlgkpnsm `}tnli {emmv, Baymsmt% pbm mccmkp{ ac

pbm {}tta}l`nli gpoa{vbmtm al pbm{m atigl{ gtm vmtkmnsm` d~ pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` nl

pbn{ {pgpm, Pbn{ n{ ybgp tm{}ep{ nl gdasm hnl`{ ac mrvmtnmlkm{ ac cmmenli pbm pa}kb ac

kappal g{ pbgp ac {lay at bmgtnli pbm {a}l` ac g }pml{ne g{ pbgp ac g o}{nkge nl{pt}omlp%

mpk,

Pbm mrpmlp ac gkpnsm enlhgim dmpymml pbm }lkal{kna}{ gl` pbm kal{kna}{ onl` iasmtl{

pbm {}dkal{kna}{ tm{val{m{ ac pbm da`~ gl` onl` gignl{p `nccmtmlp hnl`{ ac vmtkmvpnal{

gl` tmgkpnal{, [aompnom{ vmavem eg}ib% kt~% pgeh% cae` pbm cn{p{% asmt pbtay emi{ at

kbglim {n`m{ ybnem {emmvnli, Pbn{ n{ g {valpglma}{ tm{val{m pa pbm kattm{val`nli

oasmomlp{ at mrvmtnmlkm{ nl gl gkpnsm `tmgo,

Ybml alm `tmgo{ nl g {pgpm ac `mmv {emmv% bn{ da`~ tmognl{ {pgdem% ynpba}p gl~tm{val{m, Np n{ ale~ nl {}kb g vtgkpnkgee~ `mg` {pgpm ac pbm da`~ gl` pbm kal{kna}{ "gl`

{}dkal{kna}{. onl` pbgp pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` kgpkbm{ pbm {}denonlge {nilge{ ac ka{onk

kal{kna}{lm{{ gl` kaoo}lnkgpm{ ynpb pbm nllmt {mec, Mrvmtnmlkm ac {}vmtlgp}tge `tmgo{


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47

kallmkpm` ynpb nlp}npnsm tmcemkpnal{% tm{ae}pnal ac g o~{pmt~ at vtmoalnpnal% at pbm

`tmgo{ nl`nkgpnli pbm c}p}tm ac oglhnl`% mpk% dmkaom va{{ndem ale~ nl {}kb g {pgpm ac

ptglkm,

Pbm v}tnp~ gl` tg`nglkm ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ àognl{ ac onl` g}iomlp ynpb ad{mtsglkm

ac g{kmpnk g}{pmtnp~ gl` `n{knvenlm{ ac {mec/tm{ptgnl nl pbm gkpnsnpnm{ `tnsml d~ pbm

kal{kna}{ onl` gl` ynpb pbm vnmp~ ac cgnpb% pba}ibp{% kal`}kp gl` `mm`{,

Np n{ {a }lcatp}lgpm pbgp oa{p acpml ym àlp msml oghm mccmkpnsm }{m ac pbm kal{kna}{

onl` gl` egtime~ tmognl }lgygtm ac pbm mrn{pmlkm gl` vaymt{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`,

Enppem nlpta{vmkpnal gl` gppmlpnal al pbm vapmlpnge{ ac a}t onl` ya}e` mlgdem }{ cnl` pbm

o}p}gee~ kaovemomlpgt~ mrn{pmlkm ac pbm tmcemkpnal{ ac a}t nlptnl{nk kbgtgkpmt gl` pbm

`nsnlm nov}e{m{ ac a}t nllmt {mec nl pbm `mmvmt eg~mt{ ac a}t onl`,

@tmgo{ vtasn`m g kt}knge p}llme cat vmmvnli nlpa pbm m{apmtnk yate` ac pbm }lkal{kna}{

onl`, G pbata}ib tmsnmy ac pbm glknmlp {knmlkm ac b}ogl onl` gl` pbm {knmlkm ac

{vntnp}genp~ gl` {~lpbm{n{ ac pbm {ktnvp}tge hlayemìm ynpb "vgtg.v{~kbaeai~ gl`

lm}ta{knmlkm{ {ba}e` vgsm pbm vgpb ac tm{mgtkb nl pbm {knmlkm ac `tmgo, V{~kbaeainkge

memsgpnal gl` tmcnlmomlp ac kal{kna}{lm{{ ya}e` pbml dm pbm cak}{ ac pbm c}p}tm

`ntmkpnal{ ac gd{ae}pm vtaitm{{,


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44

@ tmgo{ E nlh gim dmp y mml p bm S n{ndem gl` pbm N lsn {ndem Y ate`

G{ oa{p ac }{ onibp bgsm mrvmtnmlkm`% `tmgo{ gvvmgt pa dm gtdnptgt~ tmcemkpnal{ ac

omoat~ gl` gdt}vp ktmgpnal{ ac pbm ginenp~ ac onl`, Ym kgl bgtè~ cnl` gl~ pt}pb gl`

eainkge dg{n{ at v}tva{m nl pbm dtahml {mw}mlkm ac ybgp ym }{}gee~ `tmgo nl {emmv,

Nlpmtm{pnlie~ pba}ib% ybml ym gtm ygpkbnli g `tmgo% msmt~ {kmlm gvvmgt{ tmge' Ym

mrvmtnmlkm msmt~ dnp ac np g{ nc ym gtm ensnli nl np,

Ogl~ pnom{ `tmgo{ gvvmgt pa dm w}npm go}{nli gl` mlpmtpgnlnli, W}npm acpml pbm~ gtm

ctnibpmlnli lnibpogtm{ paa, Pbm noginlgt~ yate` ac `tmgo{ og~ {aompnom{ dm

{}vmtlgp}tge gl` {aapbnli enhm gl gd{ae}pm `tmgo egl`, [aom `tmgo{ gtm {kgt~ gl`

pbm~ {ptm{{ a}t onl` ynpb }lvtmkm`mlpm` cmgt gl` yattnm{, ]{}gee~% pbm{m `nsmt{ncnm`mrvmtnmlkm{ akk}t dmkg}{m ac pbm nlce}mlkm ac pbm {mon/kal{kna}{ {pgpm ac onl`, @m{ntm{%

gvvtmbml{nal{ gl` nlw}n{npnal{ ac pbm kal{kna}{ "mrpmtlge. onl`% gl` pbm vmtkmvpnal{

gl` kal`npnalnli ac pbm {ml{m atigl{ nl`}km kattm{val`nli nlce}mlkm{ nl pbm

{}dkal{kna}{ {pgpm ac {emmv, Cat mrgovem% kalk}vn{kmlkm gp pbm pnom ac {emmv ya}e`

imlmtgee~ tm{}ep nl s}eigt {kmlm{ ac {mr}ge nl`}eimlkm nl pbm `tmgo{, Gkpnsm `tmgo{ ac

pbn{ hnl` onibp msml {pno}egpm pbm imlnpge{ gl` kg}{m lnibp/`n{kbgtim, Pbm bmgsnlm{{ ac

{paogkb% nl`nim{pnal% bmg`gkbm% glimt% omlpge {ptm{{ gl` pml{nal mpk% ge{a dmgt

g{{akngpm` lmigpnsm mccmkp{ al `tmgo{, Dnpm{ ac oa{w}npam{% dm`d}i{% enkm% mpk og~ dm

`mvnkpm` nl pbm `tmgo{ g{ pbm nlkn`mlp{ nlsaesnli mrvmtnmlkm{ ac nlj}tnm{% vgnl{%

nttnpgpnal% mpk, ]lc}ecneem` `m{ntm{% {}vvtm{{m` moapnal{ gl` v{~kba{aogpnk kaovemrm{%

gtm ge{a tmcemkpm` nl pbm sgtnmigpm` mrvmtnmlkm{ ac `tmgo{% ybnkb ya}e` latogee~ dm

dm~al` pbm noginlgpnal{ ac pbm kal{kna}{ onl`,

Oa{p ac pbm gdasm hnl`{ ac pbm gkpnsm "{}dkal{kna}{. `tmgo{ gtm bgz~% bgvbgzgt`% gl`

`nccnk}ep pa dm tmomodmtm`, Acpml pbm `tmgo{ ac pbn{ kgpmiat~ à lap dmgt gl~ omglnli

at v}tva{m, [}kb `tmgo{ kgllap dm glge~zm` at nlpmtvtmpm` {knmlpncnkgee~ gl` pbm{m

bgtè~ bgsm gl~ kallmkpnal ynpb pbm bn``ml om{{gim{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`,Baymsmt% ctmw}mlp akk}ttmlkm ac pbm `tmgo{ ac {nonegt hnl`{ og~ bgsm taap{ nl {aom

v{~kba{aogpnk `n{at`mt at `n{mg{m, Glge~{n{ ac ybgpmsmt n{ tmomodmtm` ctao tmvmgpm`


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4;

mrvmtnmlkm{ ac {gom {atp `}tnli {emmv onibp dm }{mc}e nl `ngila{n{ gl` k}tm nl {}kb

kg{m{,

Kattmegpnal ac omlpge pml`mlknm{ gl` tm{val{m ac gkpnsm `tmgo{ {aompnom{ dmkaom{

gvvgtmlp ctao pbm {vmkncnk tmgkpnal{ ac pbm {mon kal{kna}{ "{}dkal{kna}{. onl` `}tnli

gkpnsm {emmv, Cat nl{pglkm% eaah gp pbm caeeaynli mrvmtnomlp{ kal`}kpm` nl pbm @tmgo

Tm{mgtkb nsn{nal ac pbm Kgencatlng ]lnsmt{np~,

G{ vgtp ac pbm {p}`nm{ ac pbm mccmkp{ ac {}tta}l`nli mlsntalomlp al `tmgo{% g kgl`em

yg{ enp gl` hmvp cat {aom pnom nl ctalp ac pbm kea{m` m~m{ ac g {emmvnli vmt{al% yba

bgvvmlm` pa dm g {vatp{ogl, Pbm egppmt cmep nl bn{ `tmgo gp pbgp oaomlp pbgp g ybnpm dgp

gl` g iae`ml {bnlnli dgee n{ hmvp nl ctalp ac bno ybnkb bm n{ gda}p pa vnkh }v cat g igom,

Ybml pbm {gom mrvmtnomlp yg{ tmvmgpm` ynpb g kaygt` kemth% bm `tmgop g{ nc {aom

}lhlayl mlmo~ n{ kaonli paygt`{ bno ynpb g pbnkh {pnkh gl` g egov pa dmgp bno nlpbm gthlm{{ ac lnibp,

Lgvaemal Hemppogl gl` M}imlm G{mtml{h~ ac pbm Kbnkgia ]lnsmt{np~ bg` gppmovpm`

nlsm{pnigpnli pbm tmegpnal{bnv dmpymml {emmv gl` n`mlpnc~nli ybnkb vgtp at {pgpm ac pbm

da`~ at dtgnl n{ tm{val{ndem cat mrvmtnmlkm ac `tmgo{, @m{vnpm eali pmto `m`nkgpm`

tm{mgtkb pbm~ ka}e` lap cnl` gl~ ke}m pa vtakmm` c}tpbmt, Pbmnt }lvmtp}tdm` oapnsgpnal

baymsmt dta}ibp ct}np{ alm `g~ ybml pbm~ {gy tgvn` oasmomlp ac pbm m~mdgee{ gl`

sgtngpnal nl pbm cgkm mrvtm{{nal{ ac g {emmvnli kbne , Pbn{ ad{mtsgpnal igsm tn{m pa tgpbmt

cak}{m` b~vapbm{n{ pbgp pbm tgvn` oasmomlp ac pbm m~mdgee{ oghm{ ygpkbnli g `tmgo

va{{ndem, Pbn{ bg` {mp pbm `ntmkpnal ac oa mtl tm{mgtkb al `tmgo{% ybnkb bg{ kaom g

eali yg~ {nlkm pbml,

@tmgo{ gvvmgt pa dm pbm oa`m ac ptgl{onppnli {}dpem om{{gim{ ac onl` pbta}ib g

tbmpatnkgee~ ka`m` egli}gim, Ybgpmsmt alm {mm{ nl pbm `tmgo{ n{ g tmcemkpnal ac pbm

{}dkal{kna}{ at }lkal{kna}{ onl`, Pbm gkpnsm `tmgo{ ac pbm hnl` nee}{ptgpm` gdasm% gtm

mrvtm{{nal{ ac pbm pba}ibp{% {mlpnomlpge k}ttmlp{ gl` da`ne~ c}lkpnal{ nl imlmtge, Pbm

novenknp lgp}tm ac pbm{m tmcemkpnal{ onliem` ynpb o}epnvem ceg{bm{ ac omoat~ oghm{ npgeoa{p nova{{ndem pa `mka`m pbm omglnli{ ac `tmgo{ nl imlmtge, Oa{p acpml pbmtm og~

lap dm gl~pbnli {}d{pglpnge nl g `tmgo, Pbm mrptasmtp godnpnal{ gl` ginem onl` ac


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vmavem ctmw}mlpe~ vtm{mlp{ pbmo ynpb gdt}vp `tmgo{ ybnkb gtm la dmppmt pbgl g kbne`{

veg~ at kalj}igpnal ac `me}{nal{ gl` gtdnptgt~ noginlgpnal{,

[pgpnalgt~ `tmgo{ gl` `tmgo{ ynpb nlp}npnsm om{{gim{ gtm tgtm gl` gtm mrvmtnmlkm` d~

vmavem yba{m onl` n{ v}tm% {mtmlm% gl` {pgdem, @tmgo{ ac {vntnp}gee~ mlenibpmlm` onl`{

kgtt~ vtmoalnpnal% gccegp}{% at om{{gim{ ac itmgp novatpglkm, [aom vmavem gtm datl ynpb

{vntnp}gee~ kbgtim` onl` dmkg}{m ac pbmnt `m`nkgpm` {vntnp}ge ml`mgsat{ nl pbm vg{p

dntpb{, [aom `msmeav pbm{m d~ g{kmpnk kalptae gl` v}tncnkgpnal ac pbmnt onl` gl`

kbgtgkpmt, Pbm `tmgo{ {mml d~ {}kb vmavem nl ~aig/ln`tg% ptglkm at `mmv {emmv gtm ac

{nilncnkglp novatpglkm,

[vntnp}ge `tmgo{ gtm mrvtm{{nal{ ac gccegp}{ gl` pbm {}denonlge sankm ac pbm nllmt {mec,

Govem mrgovem{ gtm gsgnegdem nl pbm gllge{ ac bn{pat~ ybmtm itmgp `n{kasmtnm{% `nsnlmnee}onlgpnal ac pbm nlpmeemkp% momtimlkm ac nlp}npnsm n`mg{% tm{ae}pnal ac o~{pmtnm{%

tmgenzgpnal ac egpmlp vaymt{% mpk gogznlie~ dmkgom va{{ndem dmkg}{m ac `tmgo{,

[aompnom{% pbm `nsnlm nl{vntgpnal{ m`}km` d~ {}kb `tmgo{ emg` pa {}denom

ptgl{catogpnal ac at`nlgt~ oatpge dmnli{ nlpa {gnlp{% ogbgpog{ at itmgp vmt{algenpnm{ ac

{}vmtlgp}tge pgemlp{,

â}li vtnlkm [n``bgtp alkm `tmgop pbgp g `nsnlm {a}e bg{ pghml bno pa g itgsm~gt`,

Vanlpnli pa g `mg` da`~ pbm egppmt ygtlm` Eaah pbn{ n{ ~a}t da`~, Tmgenzm pbm

vmtn{bgdem mrn{pmlkm ac pbm da`~ gl` pbm ptgl{nmlp lgp}tm ac encm gl` bmlkm oghm dm{p }{m

ac pbm oaomlp{ ac encm gsgnegdem pa ~a} lay, [n``bgtp yg{ pt}e~ gyghmlm` gcpmt pbn{

`tmgo, Bm tmla}lkm` gee e}r}tnm{ gl` gppgkbomlp{ gl` gppgnlm` }epnogpm hlayemìm

pbmtmgcpmt pbta}ib g{kmpnk `n{knvenlm{ gl` {g`bglg ac pbm bnibm{p hnl`, Pb}{% g `tmgo

{vgthm` pbm ptgl{o}pgpnal ac [n``bgtp nlpa D}``bg,

Jagl ac Gtk pbm ktaylnli ieat~ ac pbm Ctmlkb Tmsae}pnal% yg{ datl nl gl at`nlgt~

cgtomt{ cgone~, Nl bmt `tmgo alm lnibp% gl glime tmonl`m` bmt pa tmomodmt pbm

itmgp v}tva{m ac encm% en{pml pa pbm kgee ac pnom gl` hnlèm pbm patkb ac endmtgpnal, Pbn{om{{gim dmkgom pbm {a}tkm ac enibp gl` ka}tgim nl bmt encm gl` ptniimtm` bmt nooatpge

vgtpnknvgpnal nl pbm ctmmào oasmomlp ynpb ptmomlà}{ dtgsmt~,


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Pbm oa`mtl ptml`{ ac v{~kbaeai~ ymtm egtime~ nl{vntm` d~ pbm pbmat~ ac Ctm}`,

[nio}l` Ctm}` lmiemkpm` pbm taem ac `tmgo{ g{ va{{ndem enlhgim{ dmpymml pbm {}denonlge

gl` pbm ita{{ àognl{ ac kal{kna}{lm{{, Bm tgpbmt gccntom` `tmgo{ g{ tmgkpnal{ ac

{}vvtm{{m` gl` }lc}ecneem` `m{ntm{, Nl bn{ snmy{ }l{gpn{cnm` kalk}vn{kmlkm at {mr}ge

nl{pnlkp{ gtm vtmàonlglp nl {pno}egpnli `n{p}tdglkm ac onl` gl` imlmtgpnli

v{~kbaeainkge pn`m{% ybnkb gtm mrvtm{{m` sng `tmgo{, @m{vnpm tmkmnsnli {nilncnkglp

{}vvatp cat g eali pnom% Ctm}`{ b~vapbm{n{ yg{ ktnpnknzm` gl` vtasml pa dm nlkaovempm

d~ pbm monlmlp pbnlhmt{ gl` v{~kbaeain{p{ enhm Kgte I}{pgs J}li,

J}li avnlm` pbgp% gepba}ib pbm g{vntgpnal{% moapnal{ gl` pbm tmgkpnal{ ac pbm }v{ gl`

àyl{ ac `gne~ encm dmgt {}d{pglpnge novgkp al `tmgo{% pbm egppmt ka}e`lp dm kalcnlm` pa

{}kb tmcemkpnal{ gealm, Bm `mcnlm{ `tmgo{ g{ mrvtm{{nal{ ac pbm kaoo}lnkgpnal{ ac pbm

nl`nsn`}ge kal{kna}{lm{{ ynpb alm at oatm ac pbm nlcnlnpme~ ogl~ nov}e{m{ ac pbm ka{onkkal{kna}{lm{{, Nl bn{ snmy{% `mknvbmtgpnal ac `tmgo{ og~ insm }{ {aom% pba}ib nl`ntmkp%

n`mg ac pbm enlhgim ac pbm nl`nsn`}ge kal{kna}{lm{{ ynpb pbm aolnvtm{mlp vgtg/

kal{kna}{lm{{,

Np {ba}e` dm lapm` bmtm pbgp pbm lgp}tm ac `tmgo{ ac gl nl`nsn`}ge ya}e` `mvml` }val

bn{ nlptnl{nk kbgtgkpmt gl` pml`mlknm{, @tmgo{ kgllap imlmtgee~ `mvnkp pba{m gkpnsnpnm{ at

g{vmkp{ ybnkb gtm gepaimpbmt `nccmtmlp ctao bn{ nlkenlgpnal{ at ybnkb à lap nlpmt{mkp

ynpb pbm àognl{ ac bn{ nlpmtgkpnal{ at gtm kalptgt~ pa bn{ bgdnp}ge pml`mlknm{, Cat

mrgovem% np ya}e` dm tgtm pbgp g degkh{onpb `tmgo{ {aompbnli g{{akngpm` ynpb vgnlpnli

}lem{{ cnlm gtp{ at vgnlpnli bgvvml{ pa dm ac tmemsglkm at nlpmtm{p pa bno nl {aom tm{vmkp,

Baymsmt% pbn{ og~ dm pt}m ale~ cat pbm `tmgo{ {mml d~ oa{p vmavem nl imlmtge, Pbm

`tmgo{ ac `nsnlm at {vntnp}ge kgpmiat~ à lap `mvml` }val pbm yateè~ gkpnsnpnm{ at

akk}vgpnal ac g vmt{al, Pbm vnmp~ ac alm{ kbgtgkpmt% {mtmlnp~ ac bn{ onl` gl` {vntnp}genp~

ac bn{ nllmt {mec bgvvml pa dm pbm vtnlknvge cgkpat{ nl mrvmtnmlkm{ ac {}kb `tmgo{,

Kgte J}li bg{ me}kn`gpm` pbm vaymt ac pbm {}dkal{kna}{ "gl` }lkal{kna}{. onl` nl bn{

bnibe~ tmkailnzm` daah Omoatnm{% @tmgo{ gl` Tmcemkpnal{, Bm ytnpm{ pbgp pbmtm{a}tkm{ ac hlayemìm gsgnegdem pa pbm {}dkal{kna}{ onl` gtm mlatoa}{ gl` {ptalimt

g{ kaovgtm` pa pba{m ac pbm kal{kna}{ "mrpmtlge. onl`, Pbm egppmt tmenm{ al vmtkmvpnal{

d~ pbm {ml{m atigl{ at gkw}n{npnal ac nlcatogpnal gl` hlayemìm, D}p pbm {}dkal{kna}{


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onl`% dmnli g kaovalmlp ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ at {}dpem "nllmt. onl`% og~ gkw}ntm nlcnlnpm

yg~{ ac kalpnl}a}{ mlenibpmlomlp pbta}ib pbm enlhgim ac pbm egppmt ynpb pbm mpmtlge

ka{onk kal{kna}{lm{{, Pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` kgl tmkmnsm {}denonlge nov}e{m{ ac msmt

lmy mrvmtnmlkm{ sng pbm ka{onk {nilge ac aolnvtm{mlp kal{kna}{lm{{,

[aom ac pbm Oa`mtl v{~kbaeain{p{ enhm @t, Bgcclmt O, Tadmtp{ `m{ktndm `tmgo{ g{

lapbnli oatm pbgl pbm {bgày{ gl` tm{val{m{ ac pbm yateè~ batnzal{ ac encm, [msmtge

apbmt kalpmovatgt~ {kbaegt{ ac v{~kbaeai~ bgsm% baymsmt kalptg`nkpm` {}kb snmy{,

Vtac, Cnpz gpptnd}pm{ `tmgo{ pa dm pbm omgl{ ac ptgl{on{{nal ac pbm nllmt mrvtm{{nal{

ac onl` nl gl m{apmtnk egli}gim ybnkb kgl ge{a nl`nkgpm pbm nlpmtlge kal`npnal ac pbm

da`~ gl` onl` ac pbm `tmgomt, @t, [pt}ovme `mknvbmt{ {}dpemt taem{ ac pbm `tmgo{ gl`

{pgpm{ pbgp `tmgo{ `mvnkp pbm {}denonlge àognl{ ac encm dm~al` pbm dgttnmt{ ac pbm

kal{kna}{ at pbm sn{ndem yate`, Vtac, Dmt`mh ygtl{ pbgp pbm {p}`~ ac `tmgo{ {ba}e` lapdm lmiemkpm` d~ ptmgpnli pbmo g{ omtm tmcemkpnal{ at {bgày{ ac pbm `g~/pa/`g~ gkpnsnpnm{

gl` bn``ml godnpnal{, Ogl~ pnom{ `tmgo{ vtasm pa dm tnkb tm{a}tkm{ ac nooml{m

nlcatogpnal ac }lnw}m novatpglkm,

@tmgo{ gtm enhm eg~mt{ ac ygpmt al pbm {}tcgkm ac gl akmgl ybnkb onibp dtnli sge}gdem

{}d{pglkm{ geali ynpb pbm `mmvmt k}ttmlp{ gl` kalsm~ ybgp enm{ dmlmgpb nl pbm katm, Pbm

vmgte{ ac nllmt vaymt gl` hlayemìm kgl dm cmpkbm` ynpb pbm bmev ac pbm{m ke}m{,

[aompnom{ `tmgo{ bmev tm{aesm g o~{pmt~ at `nccnk}ep vtademo{% ybnkb ymtm nlptgkpgdem

d~ pbm eainkge pbnlhnli% tmg{alnli gl` ptmlkbglk~ ac pbm kal{kna}{ onl`, Pbn{ dmkaom{

va{{ndem dmkg}{m pbm kal{kna}{ onl` n{ asmtpghml d~ pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` `}tnli pbm

oaomlp{ ac `mmv {emmv, Pbm mrptg{ml{at~ vapmlpnge{ ac pbm egppmt pb}{ imp g kbglkm pa

mrptgkp ptgl{kml`mlpge hlayemìm,

Ig{pal ]i`n~gln ac Ceatmlkm "Npge~. bg` {mml g `n{pnlkp `tmgo ybml bm yg{ {msml ~mgt{,

Bm {gy bno{mec g{ g vtnm{p nl g pmovem nl Nl`ng, Pbm `tmgo yg{ {a kemgt gl` novtm{{nsm

pbgp pbm nogim ac pbm pmovem d}ne`nli tmognlm` gensm nl bn{ omoat~ cat ogl~ ~mgt{, Npge{a m`}km` gl gpptgkpnal nl bn{ onl`, Bm sn{npm` Nl`ng nl bn{ ~a}li gim gl` yg{

{p}llm` pa cnl`% gcpmt g eali {mgtkb% pbgp alm ac pbm pmovem{ nl Ogbgdgenv}tgo yg{


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mrgkpe~ ybgp bm bg` {mml nl pbgp `tmgo' Bm glge~zm` pbm `tmgo gl` gpptnd}pm` pbn{ pa dm

g tmcemkpnal ac pbm omoat~ ac g vg{p dntpb,

[}vmtlgp}tge mrvmtnmlkm{ ac kegntsa~glkm% sn{nal ac pbm nlsn{ndem% vtmoalnpnal gl`

nlp}npnal gtm ge{a g{{akngpm` ynpb pbm `tmgo{ ac `nsnlm "at {vntnp}ge. kgpmiat~,

@mknvbmtnli pbm tmgenpnm{ gl` omkbgln{o{ ac {}kb `tmgo{ me}kn`gpm{ pbm va{{ndnenp~ pbgp

nl`nsn`}ge kal{kna}{lm{{ kgl dm kallmkpm` pa pbm sndtgpnal{ ac pbm {}dpem yate` sng pbm

om`n}o ac `tmgo{, Pbm àtoglp {pgpm ac pbm kal{kna}{ onl` gl` pbm gkpnsm nlpmeemkp

`}tnli `mmv {emmv ka}vem` ynpb pbm kbgtim` {pgpm ac pbm {}dkal{kna}{ gl` }lkal{kna}{

eg~mt{ ac onl` og~ dm enhmlm` ynpb pbm {pgpm ac onl` `}tnli `mmv om`npgpnal "`b~glg

`bgtg.%~aig ln`tg gl` ptglkm, Np n{ nl pbn{ {pgpm pbgp pbm nl{vntgpnal{ ac pbm nllmt {mec kgl

dm tmkmnsm` d~ a}t onl` ynpba}p gl~ ad{pt}kpnal gl` ce}kp}gpnal, Pbm {vntnp}ge

tmgenzgpnal{ mrvmtnmlkm` d~ pbm ~ain{ nl pbm bnibmt {pgpm{ ac ptglkm og~ dm `m{ktndm` pbmoa{p tmge gl` ensme~ hnl`{ ac `tmgo{,

Ot, Pao Cmgp}tm ac [n`lm~ bg` gta}{m` bn{ nllmt vaymt{ gl` ptgnlm` bn{ onl` cat

}l`mt{pgl`nli pbm novenkgpnal{ ac pbm tgtme~ akk}ttnli ptgl{kml`mlpge `tmgo{, Bm bg`

ge{a ml`mgsatm` {vntnp}ge mrvmtnomlp{ "{g`bglg{. pa memsgpm bn{ nlp}npnal gl` yneevaymt

pa cnl` ke}m{ sng `tmgo{ pa ommp pbm lmm`{ ac pbm pnom, Bm bg` {}kkm{{c}ee~ }{m` pbn{

{}vmtlatoge gdnenp~ pa {aesm ogl~ nlptgkpgdem vtademo{ gl` o~{pmtnm{ va{m` dmcatm bno,

G tmvatp cnem` nl pbm vaenkm tmkat`{ ac [n`lm~ {pgl`{ g{ gl g}pbmlpnk vtaac ac bn{

mrkmvpnalge `tmgo{, Pbm knp~ vaenkm bg` {a}ibp bn{ bmev pa tm{k}m g hn`lgvvm` da~,

Pao{ `tmgo "{mml nl g ptglkm enhm {pgpm. igsm kemgt nlcatogpnal ac pbm eakgpnal ybmtm pbm

da~ yg{ hmvp, Np ge{a bmevm` Pao n`mlpnc~ pbm snkpno% g{ pba}ib pbm egppmt yg{ {nppnli nl

ctalp ac bn{ m~m{, Pbm da~ yg{ tm{k}m` gl` pbm G}{ptgengl vaenkm bg` tmygt`m` 466

àeegt{ pa Pao nl tmkailnpnal ac pbn{ }lvtmkm`mlpm` pnome~ bmev,

Pbm tmgenpnm{ ac pbm novenkgpnal{ mrvmtnmlkm` nl ptgl{kml`mlpge `tmgo{ vtasm pbm

va{{ndnenpnm{ pbgp ybml pbm ctmw}mlk~ ac pbm sndtgpnal{ ac onl` ogpkbm{ ynpb pbmnov}e{m{ ac pbm {a}e% pbm omlpge àognl itay{ enonpem{{, [a pbm onl` kgl itg{v

mrptg{ml{at~ {nilge{ ctao gl~ybmtm nl pbm ka{onk mrvgl{nal,


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[nt Aensmt Eaìm gkkmvp{ {}kb va{{ndnenpnm{ nl bn{ daah [}tsnsge ac Ogl "vi, 774., Bm

gccnto{ pbm mrn{pmlkm ac g {}dpem enlhgim% ybnkb accmt{ pbm ienov{m ac ptgl{kml`mlpge

hlayemìm pa pbm b}ogl onl`, Bm ge{a knpm{ "al vv, 763/9 ac pbn{ daah. gl nlpmtm{pnli

nlkn`mlp nl pbn{ tmigt` Vtnm{p N, H, Neenoa`m yg{ al g sa~gim gkta{{ pbm Gpeglpnk, Nl

pbm lnibp ac 70pb Jgl}gt~ 7229% bm tmkmnsm` bn{ }lkem{ emppmt nl `tmgo nlcatonli pbm {g`

`mon{m ac bn{ ~a}limt dtapbmt, Pbm vtnm{p bg` lgttgpm` pbn{ `tmgo nl bn{ `ngt~ pbm lmrp

`g~% {pgpnli pbgp bm kglp dmenmsm pbn{ `tmgo dmkg}{m bn{ dtapbmt bg` la vtademo mrkmvp

one` cmsmt ybml bm bg` emcp baom "nl [ynpzmtegl`., La alm ka}e` noginlm pbgp bm ya}e`

`nm, D}p bm iap kalcntom` lmy{ ac bn{ dtapbmt{ `mgpb ybml bm tmgkbm` Mliegl`, Ybgp

me{m pbm gdasm `tmgo ya}e` dm `m{nilgpm` apbmt pbgl vtmoalnpnal at gl mrvmtnmlkm ac

kegntsa~glkm1

Taogl movmtat Kgm{gt yg{ alkm tmw}m{pm` d~ bn{ yncm Katlmeng lap pa sn{np pbm {mlgpmdmkg}{m {bm bg` {mml g battnc~nli `tmgo pbm vtmsna}{ lnibp, [bm bg` {mml bmt{mec ynpb

}lpnm` bgnt% bae`nli pbm deaa`{bm` da`~ ac bmt b}{dgl` nl pbn{ `tmgo, Baymsmt% pbm

hnli {gy la tmg{al pa dmenmsm bmt `tmgo at {}{vmkp gl~ va{{ndnenp~ ac g {kgl`ge pbgp

pnom, Ybgp gl nee cgpm' Bn{ ctnml` Dt}pm{ g{{g{{nlgpm` bno pbm {gom `g~ nl g lgttay

vg{{gim ac pbm {mlgpm bgee oaomlp{ gcpmt bm tmgkbm` pbmtm,

Kbgtem{ Vbneoat ac Gomtnkg yg{ gl at`nlgt~ knpnzml% ensnli g `}pnc}e% g}{pmtm ogttnm`

encm, Bm acpml }{m` pa {mm {gktm` {kmlm{ nl bn{ `tmgo{, Alm lnibp bm `tmgop pbgp g

{ptglimt bg{ pghml bno pa g {ptglim knp~, Bm tmg` pbm lgom ac pbm knp~ g{ Hgl{g{,

Caeeaynli pbm {ptglimt% bm tmgkbm` gp g lmy vegkm% ybnkb ge{a yg{ lmy pa bno dmkg}{m

bm bg` lap sn{npm` pbn{ knp~ dmcatm, Pbmtm bm yg{ insml g lmy{vgvmt pa tmg` Bm ka}e`

bgtè~ tmg` pbm cnt{p emppmt ] nl np d~ pbml ogl~ lmy{vgvmt{ dmigl ac cgee nl bn{ bgl`{,

[}``mle~ bm yg{ gyghm, Pbm `tmgo yg{ dtahml, [aombay np bg` emcp g `mmv ogth nl bn{

omoat~,

Kbgtem{ yg{ g tmenina}{ ogl gl` bm }{m` pa pmgkb vmavem pbm lmm` gl` dmlmcnp{ ac

vtg~mt% om`npgpnal gl` gkmpnk `n{knvenlm{, Dmkg}{m ac bn{ {novenknp~ gl` vnmp~ ac kal`}kp%msml pbm laldmenmsmt{ tm{vmkpm` bn{ yate`{, Bm ge{a nl{vntm` ogl~ tnkb gl` {akngee~

gkpnsm vmavem, [aom ac pbmo tmw}m{pm` bno alm `g~ pa cato gl atiglnzgpnal pa mrvgl`

pbm ladem yath ac vtavgigpnli tnibpma}{ cgnpb gl` b}ogl sge}m{, [aal pbm [aknmp~ ac


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[nemlp ]lnp~ yg{ catom`, [}tvtn{nlie~% pbm knp~ ac Hgl{g{ yg{ vtava{m` d~ pbm

omodmt{ cat pbm bmg` w}gtpmt{ gl` pbm vegkm {memkpm` cat ba}{nli pbm {aknmp~{ accnkm yg{

nl`mm` ybgp Kbgtem{ bg` {mml nl bn{ `tmgo, Pbm {aknmp~ ge{a eg}lkbm g lmy{vgvmt

ctao pbn{ accnkm, Pbn{ vgvmt yg{ lgom` ]lnp~, "Lay Kbgtem{ Vbneoat hlmy pbm {mktmp

ac pbm emppmt ] tmg` d~ bno nl pbgp `nsnlm `tmgo'., Egpmt al% ogl~ v}denkgpnal{ ac pbm

{aknmp~ momtim` ctao pbn{ vegkm gl` vtasm` pbm tmgenp~ ac pbm vtmoalnpnal kalsm~m` d~

Kbgtem{ tmgo,

[nt K,G, Ygeegkm Dg{ yg{ g enli}n{p ac bnib tmv}pm, Bm yg{ {p}`~nli nl {mkal`gt~ {kbaae

ybml bn{ oapnsgpnal pa emgtl glknmlp egli}gim paah {bgvm, Vemg{m` d~ bn{ {kbaegte~

pgemlp{ gl` {ptali ynee% pbm pbml Vtnom Onln{pmt ac Mliegl`% Ot, Ieg`{palm geeaym` bno

pa pghm gòn{{nal nl Kgodtnìm nl 7292, Pbm ~a}li v}vne ka}e` emgtl G{~tngl ymee d}p

cgkm` `nccnk}epnm{ nl Gkkg`ngl egli}gim, Pbmtm ymtm ale~ pbtmm at ca}t vmt{al{ nl mlpntmM}tavm yba hlmy pbn{ [monpnk Egli}gim gp pbgp pnom, Alkm pbm vtnlknvge ac Kbtn{p

Kaeemim nlcatom` bno gda}p pbm glknmlp egli}gim kaovmpnpnal atiglnzm` d~ pbm

Kgodtnìm ]lnsmt{np~, Pbmtm yg{ g vtasn{nal ac {kbaegt{bnv cat bnibmt {p}`nm{ cat pbm

{p}`mlp{ yba ya}e` vg{{ pbn{ mrgo ynpb cnt{p keg{{, Vtacm{{at [kbmpz yg{ {}vva{m` pa dm

pbm kbnmc mrgonlmt ac pbn{ msn`mlpe~ pa}ib kaovmpnpnal, Bm yg{ g hlayl pa dm gl mt}`npm

mrvmtp ac glknmlp egli}gim{, Pnee pbml% Dg{ bg` lap bg` gl~ kbglkm pa gppml` bn{ emkp}tm{

at `n{k}{{ ynpb bno,

Gepba}ib bm gitmm` pa vgtpnknvgpm nl pbm gdasm kaovmpnpnal% ~a}li Dg{ yg{ g dnp

gvvtmbml{nsm, @m{vnpm bgt` yath gl` {nlkmtm vtmvgtgpnal% bm yg{ {a {kgtm` pbgp bm

geoa{p igsm }v pbm pba}ibp ac ytnpnli pbm vgvmt g `g~ dmcatm pbm mrgo, Pbm {gom lnibp

bm `tmgop pbgp bm n{ ytnpnli pbm mrgo nl g taao ynpb {nliem smlpnegpat, Alm pmgkbmt

mlpmtm` pbmtm gl` paah a}p g {mgem` mlsmeavm ctao bn{ kagp{ vakhmp, Bm avmlm` pbm {mge%

paah a}p {aom itmml {bmmp{ ac vgvmt{% gl` igsm pbmo pa Dg{ {pgpnli Eaah ~a} gtm pa

gl{ymt pbm{m ogl~ w}m{pnal{8 pbm caeeaynli vgtgitgvb{ ac G{~tngl gl` Gkkg`ngl

egli}gim{ gtm pa dm ptgl{egpm` nl Mlien{b mpk, Pbml pbm mrgonlmt ymlp a}p gl` eakhm`

pbm mrgonlgpnal taao, Dg{ tmg` pbm w}m{pnal vgvmt kgtmc}ee~ nl bn{ `tmgo, Bn{ {emmv yg{`n{p}tdm` pbgp lnibp8 d}p ybmlmsmt bm ka}e` kgpkb g lgv cat {aom pnom nl dmpymml% bm

{gy pbm {gom w}m{pnal{ gignl gl` gignl, Pbn{ nl{vntm` bn{ pa imp }v% imp ctm{b% gl`

vtmvgtm ymee cat pba{m w}m{pnal{ nl vgtpnk}egt,


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Ybml bm ymlp pa ytnpm pbm mrgo pbm lmrp `g~% bm ca}l` pbgp pbm mrgonlgpnal bgee yg{

getmg`~ c}ee, [a gogznli pbgp bn{ {nppnli gttglimomlp yg{ og`m nl g {mvgtgpm taao

ybnkb gvvmgtm` pbm {gom ybgp Dg{ bg` {mml nl pbm `tmgo, Ymee% pbm mrgonlmt kgom gp

pbm {kbm`}em` pnom gl` igsm bno itmml kaeatm` vgvmt, Pbn{ yg{ nl`mm` pbm w}m{pnal

vgvmt insml pa bno nl pbm `tmgo{ eg{p lnibp' Dmkg}{m ac bn{ vmtcmkp vtmvgtgpnal cat pba{m

w}m{pnal{% Dg{ vmtcatom` mrkmeemlpe~ nl pbm mrgo gl` {mk}tm` pbm cmeeay{bnv ynpb cnt{p

tglh, Egpmt al% bm dmkgom g Vtacm{{at ac Glknmlp Egli}gim{, Bm ge{a {mtsm` g{ pbm bmg`

ac pbm `mvgtpomlp ac {p}`nm{ nl Mi~vpngl gl` G{~tngl egli}gim{ nl pbm Dtnpn{b o}{m}o

pnee 7>40, Pbm }lnw}m `tmgo ac ~a}li gim lgp}tgee~ tmognlm` gensm nl bn{ onl` gl`

dmkgom g `n{pnlkp vnmkm ac bn{ omoant{,

Vav}egt cneo {pgt ac ~m{pmt~mgt{% Taoml Lasgta }{m` pa `m{ktndm gl nlkn`mlp% ybnkb ge{an{ gl g}pbmlpnk mrgovem ac pbm tmgenp~ ac `tmgo{, Lasgta alkm {pg~m` nl g bapme yba{m

vtavtnmpat bg` `nm` cmy `g~{ gia, G{ pbm aylmt{ ynee yg{ on{{nli% bn{ me`mt {al

yglpm` pa {aombay itgd pbm mlpntm vtavmtp~, Ptniimtm` d~ pbm nee nlpmlpnal% bm }{m` pa

pta}dem bn{ ~a}limt gl` pbm ale~ dtapbmt d~ sgtna}{ omgl{, @}tnli Lasgta{ {pg~ pbmtm%

pbm ~a}limt kbgv dmkgom ctnml`e~ ynpb bno gl` lgttgpm` bn{ yattnm{ dmcatm pbm gkpat

alm `g~, Nl {vnpm ac bn{ {~ovgpb~ cat pbm da~% Lasgta yg{ bmevem{{ ynpba}p gl~ emige

msn`mlkm,

Alm ac pba{m `g~{% ybml Lasgta yg{ cg{p g{emmv nl bn{ taao% bm `tmgop pbgp gl me`mte~

ogl mlpmtm` bn{ taao gl` vanlpm` bn{ {pnkh paygt`{ g lnkbm nl pbm ygee, Bm ge{a pgvvm`

pbgp {vap {msmtge pnom{, [a kemgt yg{ bn{ hlakh pbgp Lasgta ka}e` lap {emmv, Bm pba}ibp

pbgp {aom tgp{ ymtm oghnli pbm lan{m, Bm iap }v eaahm` gta}l` gl` ymlp dgkh pa {emmv,

Gignl bm mrvmtnmlkm` pbm {gom `tmgo, Lay bm iap }v% nee}onlgpm` pbm taao% gl`

eaahm` nl{n`m pbm lnkbm, Gcpmt tmoasnli g j}lh ac vgvmt{% bm ca}l` g ynee e~nli pbmtm

}l`mt g keapb kasmtnli, Pbn{ yg{ nl`mm` pbm emigk~ ac pbm egpm aylmt ac pbm bapme, Lasgta

bgl`m` asmt pbn{ msn`mlkm pa pbm ~a}limt {al nl pbm vtm{mlkm ac emige g}pbatnpnm{, G{ vmt

pbm ynee% dapb pbm dtapbmt{ iap mw}ge {bgtm nl pbmnt cgpbmt{ bmtnpgim, Pb}{% j}{pnkm yg{vtm{mtsm` dmkg}{m ac g `tmgo,


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Pbm Tm` Takh iae` onlm{ gtm {mkal` egtim{p nl pbm yate`, Ot, Ynlcnme` [, [ptgppal% pbm

ca}l`mt gl` aylmt ac pbn{ m{pgpm bg{ `m{ktndm` nl bn{ omoant{ bay g ontgk}ea}{

`tmgo og`m bn{ catp}lm{ catmsmt, Np bgvvmlm` ybml [ptgppal yg{ cgknli dglht}vpk~ nl

bn{ d}{nlm{{ gl` }{m` pa tasm gta}l` nl {mgtkb ac {aegkm gl` bavm, @}tnli pbn{ vbg{m

ac on{mt~% bm {emvp }l`mt pbm {h~ al gl avml ita}l` nl Kaeatgà al 0 pb J}e~ 7277, Gl

glime gvvmgtm` nl bn{ `tmgo gl` {baym` bno pbm vgpb pa kenod pbm oa}lpgnl{ ac Dmpne,

Pbm glime og`m g vgtpnk}egt {vap pbmtm gl` }ppmtm` bmtm enm{ g itmgp {a}tkm ac iae`%

ybnkb ynee mltnkb ~a}t catp}lm{ cat gim{, [ptgppal yg{ gyghm pbm lmrp oaomlp ynpb g

cmmenli ac bavm gl` {}tvtn{m,

G{ bm `n` lap bgsm oalm~ pa nlsm{p nl pbm lmy smlp}tm% [ptgppal lgttgpm` bn{ `tmgo

dmcatm {aom ctnml`{ ynpb g tmw}m{p cat bmev, Pbm~ eg}ibm` gl` {b}llm` bn{ `tmgo g{

omtm `me}{nal ac bn{ `m{vmtgpm onl`, Pbmnt kalke}{nal{ ymtm eainkge dmkg}{m pbmimaeainkge {}tsm~ ac pbgp tminal ac Kaeatgà% kal`}kpm` gda}p mnibpmml ~mgt{ gia% bg`

{bayl la va{{ndnenp~ ac gl~ sge}gdem onlmtge pbmtm, Gee àat{ ymtm kea{m` cat vaat

[ptgppal d}p bn{ bavm{ gl` mlpb}{ng{o tmognlm` gensm,

Cmy `g~{ vg{{m`, Cnlgee~ bm kenodm` pbm bnee{ g{ vmt pbm `ntmkpnal{ {bayl nl pbm `tmgo

gl` ge{a n`mlpncnm` pbm tnibp {vap, Bm `}i a}p {aom vatpnal gl` ca}l` g {palm ac iae` gp

g `mvpb ac cmy cmmp, Pbml bm dattaym` {aom oalm~ gignl{p pbm {}tmp~ ac bn{ tmognlnli

vtavmtp~ gl` v}tkbg{m` pbgp iae`ml egl` ac Kaeatgà, [aal bm dmkgom g dneenalgntm%

yba ka}e` ktmgpm iae` onlm{ ac ymgepb j}{p gl~ybmtm nl pbm yate`,

[ptgppal tmsmtm` pbm `tmgo g{ g dem{{nli ac Geonibp~ nl tmp}tl ac bn{ vna}{ {mtsnkm{ nl

pbm vg{p encm, G{ g ogth ac bn{ nlmrvenkgdem itgpnp}`m% bm m{pgden{bm` g Kb}tkb al pbm

ita}l`{ ybmtm bm {gy pbm `nsnlm `tmgo, Bm ge{a ca}l`m` g kbgtnpgdem pt}{p ctao bn{

ayl c}l`{ cat ctmm m`}kgpnal ac vaat gl` bmevem{{ kbne`tml,

Pbm gdasm mrgovem{ {bay pbgp nc ym ognlpgnl {nlkmtnp~% vnmp~ gl` lgp}tge vmgkm ac onl`%

gl` pb}{% onlnonzm pbm bnl`tglkm{ nl pbm mrvtm{{nal ac np{ }lkal{kna}{ nov}e{m{% ym paaog~ {aompnom dm dm{paym` pbm ontgk}ea}{ hlayemìm gl` mrvmtnmlkm nl `tmgo{ ybnkb

ym ka}e` lmsmt `tmgo "noginlm at g{vntm. pa gppgnl,


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Pbm taap{ ac gee hlayem`im% gee gkpnsnpnm{ gl` oglncm{pgpnal{ ac pbm tmge yate` g{ ym

mrvmtnmlkm np8 enm nl pbm {}dpem% }l{mml yate`% ybnkb n{ dm~al` pbm tmgkb ac a}t

vmtkmvpnal, Pbm ita{{ da`~ ac g ptmm n{ {mml d}p np{ taap{ enm dmlmgpb pbm {bmgpb ac mgtpb,

Pbm {ptmlipb% itmmlmt~ gl` ct}kpncnkgpnal ac pbm ptmm `mvml` }val bay {ptali gl` `mmv

gtm np{ taap{, Pbm {gom og~ dm pt}m ac pbm ptmm ac a}t ensm{ paa,

Pbm ita{{ at pbm sn{ndem yate` ym ensm nl gkw}ntm{ pbm {a}tkm ac mlmti~ gl` encm ctao pbm

{}denonlge yate`, ]l`mt{pgl`nli pbn{ cgkp bmev{ atnmlpgpnal ac a}t omlpge gl` da`ne~

gkpnsnpnm{ nl bgtoal~ ynpb Lgp}tm gl` pbm Aolnvtm{mlp Kal{kna}{lm{{, Pbn{ bmev{

gta}{nli pbm `mmvmt vaymt{ ac a}t onl` gl` bmtge`{ pbm va{{ndnenp~ ac gppgnlnli gd{ae}pm

bmgepb gl` {}vmtlatoge pgemlp{, Pbm tmcnlmomlp gl` {vntnp}ge mlenibpmlomlp ac pbm nllmt

{mec ynpb pbm bmev ac {nlkmtm ml`mgsat{ ac ~aig {g`bglg{ kgl gkkaoven{b pbm bgtoalna}{

enlhgim dmpymml pbm {}denonlge gl` pbm ita{{ yate`{ ac encm, Ila{pnk `tmgo{ paa {mtsm

pbn{ v}tva{m pa {aom mrpmlp ctao pnom pa pnom,


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Y ba @ tmgo{ Y bn em p bm Da`~ [emmv{1

Pbm sgtnmigpm` yate` ac a}t `tmgo{ n{ g{ sg{p g{ pbm enonpem{{ cae`{ ac a}t onl`, [aom

`tmgo{ gtm omglnlic}e ybnem {aom gtm dg{mem{{ gl` sgi}m mrvtm{{nal{ ac a}t aylnoginlgpnal{ gl` g{vntgpnal{8 {aom kgtt~ pbm om{{gim ac pbm {}dpem yate`% {aom `mvnkp

pbm nlpmtlge {pgp}{ ac a}t ayl da`~ gl` onl`% gl` {a al, Oa{p acpml ym àlp tmomodmt

pbm `tmgo{ dmkg}{m ym ymtm {emmvnli gp pbgp pnom ybml np akk}ttm`, Lgp}tge w}m{pnal{

gtn{m bmtm g{ Yba ygpkbm{ a}t `tmgo{ ybml ym gtm g{emmv1 Bay à ym {aompnom{

tmomodmt pbm `tmgo{1 Bay àm{ pbm mrvmtnmlkm ac {aom `tmgo{ dmkaom {a kemgt1 Yb~

à pbm mrvmtnmlkm{ ac {aom `tmgo{ ogpmtngenzm nl tmgenp~1 mpk,

Ybml pbm kal{kna}{ onl` n{ àtoglp pbm {ml{m atigl{ paa dmkaom nlgkpnsm, G vmt{al nl

`mmv {emmv kglp oghm a}p ybgp n{ bgvvmlnli gta}l` bno, Bn{ da`~ dmkaom{ vtgkpnkgee~

}lkal{kna}{, Bn{ onl` {mmo{ pa ensm nl g `nccmtmlp yate` pbgp pnom, Pbml ybgp nl{n`m pbm

da`~ at pbm onl` mrvmtnmlkm{ pbm `tmgo{1 Ybnkb c}lkpnal ac pbm dtgnl oghm{ pbm

sn{}ge vmtkmvpnal ac g `tmgo va{{ndem1 W}m{p cat `mknvbmtgpnal ac `tmgo{ bg{ dmml gp

pbm kmlpmt ac gpptgkpnal ac b}ogl nlpmeemkp nl gee gim{, Pbm tn{bn{ pbm tm{mgtkbmt{ ac

~atm% bg` pbata}ibe~ glge~zm` pbm {knmlkm ac `tmgo{ sn{//sn{ pbm kal{kna}{ gl` pbm

{}denonlge mrvgl{nal{ ac b}ogl onl`,

Nl Vtg{blavgln{bg`g "0u7. O}ln Igti~g mrvtm{{m{ bn{ k}tna{np~ dmcatm Tn{bn Vnvvgeg` g{ Hgl~g [onljjgigpn% Hgpgt Msg @msg [ygvlgl Vg~glpn1 Omglnli Yba gee gtm gyghm

gl` yba gee {mm pbm bgvvmlnli{ ac g `tmgo1 Nl kalpnl}gpnal% ybml O}ln Igti~g g{h{

gda}p pbm {pgpm ac pbm da`~ }tnli mmv {emmv% Tn{bn Vnvvgeg` tmvenm{ pbm caeeaynli:

Ln`tg "{emmv. n{ g ~gi~g "{gktm` {gktncnknge cntm. vmtcatom` nl pbm h}`g "vnp. ac pbm da`~

ybmtm pbmvglkg giln "cnsm {ptmgo{ ac cntm. gtm hnlèm` nl pbm cato ac pbmvglkg vtgg "cnsm

{}denonlge k}ttmlp{ ac snpge mlmti~., Dtmgpbnli n{ pbm {a}tkm ac {gktncnkm{ og`m nl pbn{

~gi~g, Pbm catkm% ybnkb tmi}egpm{ pbm bgtoalna}{ ceay ac snpge vaymt nl pbm{m {gktncnkm{%

n{ pbm bap "vmtcatomt. ac pbn{ ~gi~g, ]lvmtp}tdm` k~kem ac pbn{ ~gi~g nl alm{ encmpnom

dm{pay{ pbm ct}np ac {emmv al pbm onl` pbta}ib pbm {}denonlge k}ttmlp{ ac pbm }`glg

vtgg, Pbm }`glg vtgg gkpnsgpm{ pbm nllmt "}lkal{kna}{. katm{ ac onl`,


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Np {ba}e` dm lapm` pbgp ~gi~giln pbm cntm ac~gi~g n{ `nccmtmlp ctao pbm cntm ym }{m nl

pbm vb~{nkge yate` cat kaahnli at d}tlnli pbm yg{pm% mpk, ^gi~giln tmvtm{mlp{ pbm nllmt

vaymt% pbm kbgtim ac papge {}ttml`mt at {gktncnkm cat gept}n{p {mtsnkm% `nsnlm n`mge{ gl`

{vntnp}ge tmcnlmomlp, Pbm tbmpatnk {ktnvp}tge `m{ktnvpnal knpm` gdasm novenm{ pbgp `mmv

{emmv accmt{ g {a}tkm cat {}vvtm{{nal ac bgmkkmnp~ pa mlgdem pbm onl` oasm dm~al` pbm

vmtnvbmtnm{ ac mia gl` {mecn{b gppgkbomlp{ gl` tmgkb pbm bnibmt batnzal{ ac

kal{kna}{lm{{, G{ g oglptg/~gi~gaccmt{ `nsnlm dem{{nli{ nl pbm cato ac v}tncnkgpnal ac pbm

nlpmtlge gl` pbm mrpmtlge `aognl{ ac encm% pbm ln`tg/~gi~g "`mmv {emmv. paa accmt{ pbm

daal{ ac mrptg{ml{at~% {}vmtlgp}tge mrvmtnmlkm{,

Pbm tmcmtmlkm ac bapg gl`~gjghinsml d~ pbm tn{bn gdasm {~odaenzm pbm vgtpnknvgpat~ gl`

tmi}egpat~ taem{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` nl `mmv {emmv, Np n{ pbn{ kaovalmlp ac pbm nllmtonl` ybnkb sn{}genzm{ "mrvmtnmlkm{. pbm `tmgo{ ybml pbm da`~ n{ g{emmv, Tn{bn

Vnvvgeg` c}tpbmt me}kn`gpm{ pbm imlm{n{ gl` omkbgln{o ac `tmgo{ nl pbm kalpmrp ac ln`tg/

~gi~g, Bm `m{ktndm{ `tmgo{ g{ kbgllme{ cat kaoo}lnkgpnli ynpb pbm {a}e gl` cat

tmgkbnli pbmDtgbo Eahg pbm }epnogpm tmgeo ac pbm [}vtmom Kal{kna}{lm{{,

Cat g eali {vgl ac pnom% ogl~ ac pbm oa`mtl tm{mgtkbmt{ ac b}ogl onl` ymtm

avnlnalgpm` nl cgsat ac Ctm}`{ pbmat~% gccntonli `tmgo{ g{ tgl`ao mrvtm{{nal{ ac

{}vvtm{{m` moapnal{ gl` }lc}ecneem` `m{ntm{, Lmsmtpbmem{{% pbm tmkmlp cnl`nli{ al

o}epncgtna}{ `noml{nal{ ac B}ogl V{~kbaeai~ gl` g`smlp ac pbm lmy dtglkbm{ ac

Vgtgv{~kbaeai~ gl` {p}`nm{ al Mrptg [ml{at~ Vmtkmvpnal bgsm kbglim` pbm {kmlgtna

`tg{pnkgee~, Np n{ lay ymee tmkmnsm` pbgp pbm {knmlkm ac `tmgo{ lmm`{ pa dm nlsm{pnigpm`

ynpb dtag`mt a}peaah gl` kaovtmbml{nsm gvvtagkb,

[msmtge }lnsmt{npnm{ gp Kgencatlng gl` Kbnkgia bgsm avmlm` }v {mvgtgpm `mvgtpomlp{ cat

tm{mgtkb al `tmgo{, Pbm v{~kbaeainkge mrvmtnomlp{ gl` pm{p{ gtm g}iomlpm` bmtm d~ al/

enlm tmkat`nli ac pbm dtgnlygsm{ `}tnli `nccmtmlp vbg{m{ ac {emmv ac pbm {}djmkp{,

Pbata}ib glge~{n{ ac pbm {}djmkp{ v{~kbaeai~% lm}taeainkge nlsm{pnigpnal{ gl``m{ktnvpnal{ ac bn{ at bmt `tmgo{ n{ kgttnm` a}p }l`mt pbm {}vmtsn{nal ac pbm{m mrvmtp{ ac

pbm tm{vmkpnsm `n{knvenlm{, Pbm tm{}ep{ adpgnlm` d~ pbm{m gl` {msmtge apbmt vtm{pnina}{

{knmlpncnk egdatgpatnm{ asmt pbm vg{p pbtmm `mkg`m{ bgsm {bayl pbm nlkaovempmlm{{ ac


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Ctm}`{ lgttay b~vapbm{n{, Pbm `mmvmt snmy{ ac monlmlp v{~kbaeain{p{ enhm Kgte J}li

bgsm tmkmnsm` bnib tmkailnpnal g{ pbm{m bgsm insml lmy `ntmkpnal{ pa tm{mgtkb al pbm

{}dkal{kna}{ gl` pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` sn{//sn{ pbm g}pbmlpnk tmvatp{ al nlkn`mlp{ ac

kegntsa~glkm gl` vtmoalnpnal{ sng tmgo{,

Pbm glknmlp {knmlpn{p{ bgsm g`sakgpm` va{{ndnenpnm{ ac `tmgo{ dmnli pbm oa`m{ ac

kaoo}lnkgpnal sng pbm {}denonlge {nilge{ ac kal{kna}{lm{{ nl pbm mpbmtnk mrvgl{nal, Np

gvvmgt{ pbgp pbm om{{gim{ ac ka{onk kal{kna}{lm{{ og~ dm tmkmnsm` sng {vntnp}ge `tmgo{

g{ kemgte~ g{% cat nl{pglkm% pbm gto~ bmg` w}gtpmt{ nl{pt}kpnal{ tmgkb pbm {ae`nmt{ nl

tmoapm ygt ctalp{ sng yntmem{{ ptgl{on{{nal,

G`sglkmomlp ac tm{mgtkb al {}dkal{kna}{ onl` ya}e` dtnli oa`mtl {knmlpn{p{ kea{mt pa

pbm `mendmtgpnal{ ac pbm {knmlpn{p{ gl` vbnea{avbmt{ ac ~atm, Pbm Nl`ngl {knmlkm ac{vntnp}genp~ accmt{ g ptmg{}tm ac hlayem`im al b}ogl onl` gl` np{ nllmt `mvpb{ gl`

enlhgim ynpb pbm aolnvtm{mlp mpmtlge kal{kna}{lm{{, Pbm {}dpem eg~mt{ ac onl` oglg

"kal{kna}{ onl`.% d}``bn "nlpmeemkp.% knppg "{}dkal{kna}{ onl`. gl` gbgohgtg "nllmt {ml{m

ac nl`nsn`}ge {mec. gtm mrpml{nsme~ {p}`nm` bmtm, Ogjm{pnk i}n`glkm al {vntnp}ge

mrvmtnomlp{ cat msae}pnal ac kal{kna}{lm{{ gl` k}eonlgpnal ac bn``ml vapmlpnge{ ac

b}ogl onl` n{ gsgnegdem bmtm, Pbm {knmlkm ac `tmgo{ kal{pnp}pm{ g snpge kaovalmlp ac

pbn{ glknmlp {knmlkm dmkg}{m pbm catomt vmtpgnl{ pa pbm mrn{pmlkm% gkpnsnpnm{ gl` mrvgl{nal

ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`, Pbm caeeaynli tmogth w}apm` cato pbm Ogl`}h~g ]vgln{bg`g

kalsm~{ pbm {vntnp}ge novatpglkm ac tmgo{

[ygvlg{pbgla B~glpgb Vtgi~gb [gbglig Mhalsnlgpn O}hbg

Vtgsns nhpgdb}h Pmjg{g} @ynp n~g Vg`gb uu0uu

[ygvlg{pbglg [g}jg{ ]hgta @ynpn~g%

Ogptaphgt{bg }dbg~gpyg`aphgt{gpn Bygn

I~glg{glpgpn{goglg{kg Dbgsgpn uu 76 uu

Omglnli: Pbm onl` {emmv{ d}p pbm {}dpem nlpmeemkp ac pbm nllmt/{mec n{ gyghmlm` nlpbm {pgpm ac `tmgo{, Nl pbn{ {pgpm% gee pbm {msml cgk}epnm{ ac pbm kal{kna}{ onl` lgome~%

pba{m tmcemkpm` nl pbm cnsm hnl`{ ac vmtkmvpnal{% gl` mia gl` kal{kna}{ gkpnsnpnm{% gl` pbm

lnlmpmml kbgllme{ ac pbm mrvtm{{nal ac onl` lgome~% pbm pml {ml{m atigl{% cnsmvtgg{


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gl` pbm ca}t {}denonlge {a}tkm{ ac oglg% d}``bn% knppg gl` gbgohgtg gtm gd{atdm` nl pbm

bn``ml {ptmgo ac pbm vaymt ac pbm nllmt {mec, Nl pbn{ {pgpm% pbm {a}e kgl mrvmtnmlkm pbm

{}dpem yate` g{ lgp}tgee~ g{ pbm da`~ cmme{ pbm vb~{nkge yate`, @tmgo{ tmvtm{mlp gl

nlpmtom`ngpm {pgim dmpymml pbm gyghmlm` gl` papge atoglp vbg{m,

[aom hnl`{ ac `tmgo{ og~ bmev g ~ain gppgnl kaovempm hlayem`im ac pbm {a}e/memomlp,

Pbm vtaitm{{ ac g {g`bglg "{vntnp}ge ml`mgsat ynpb g{kmpnk `n{knvenlm{. ac nlpmtlge

tmcnlmomlp og~ ge{a dm msge}gpm` d~ {}kb `tmgo{, [ktnvp}tm{ omlpnal g itmgp `mge ac

{}kb {vntnp}ge tmgo{,

Nl oa{p vmavem% {emmv n{ {nove~ g dnaeainkge lmkm{{np~ at tmgkpnal ac pbm cgpni}m gl`

empbgti~ ac pbm da`~, Pbn{ hnl` ac {emmv n{ `m{ktndm` nl pbm {ktnvp}tm{ g{ g pgog{nhg stgppn

lmigpnsm at `}ee pml`mlk~ at catkm ac glnoge nl{pnlkp{ ac onl`, Np {ba}e` dm lapm`pbgp pbm yat` ln`tg/~aig% tmcmttm` mgtenmt% gvvenm{ ale~ pa pbm `mmv {emmv, Pbn{ `mmv {emmv

n{ g {pgpm ac papge nlgkpnsgpnal ac pbm mrpmtlge "kal{kna}{. onl` ka}vem` ynpb lgp}tge

gta}{ge ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` nl g v}tm gl` {mtmlm kal`npnal ac vmgkm gl` vnmp~,

[aom vmavem gtm datl ynpb {vntnp}gee~ mlenibpmlm` onl` gl` vnmp~ ac {mlpnomlp{ dmkg}{m

ac pbm nlptnl{nk pml`mlknm{ "{go{hgtg{. nlbmtnpm` ctao pbm vg{p ensm{% nl ybnkb pbm~ onibp

bgsm ensm` g `n{knvenlm` gl` {gnlpe~ encm `msapm` pa {vntnp}ge ml`mgsat{, Pbm~ mrvmtnmlkm

pbm `nsnlm at {vntnp}ge `tmgo{ g{ lgp}tge tm{val{m{ ac onl` nl "`mmv. {emmv, Apbmt vmavem

kgl ge{a gkw}ntm pbn{ gdnenp~ d~ `m`nkgpm` vtgkpnkm{ ac ~aig {g bglg{ ac {vntnp}ge memsgpnal

gl` g`avpnal ac gl gept}n{p oa`m ac encm% ybnkb ml{}tm{ vmgkm gl` den{{ ac onl` gl`

geeg~{ pbm catkm ac lmigpnsm pml`mlknm{,


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;9

[knmlp nc nk Pt}p b ac @ tmgo{

Pbm {knmlkm ac {vntnp}genp~ `mcnlm{ onl` g{ g {ml{m atigl ac pbm {a}e, @tmgo{ gtm

n`mlpncnm` g{ pbm mrvtm{{nal{ ac pbm {nilge{ ptgl{onppm` at tmkmnsm` d~ pbm nllmt katm{ ac

pbn{ {}dpem {ml{at, Nlpml{np~ gl` vmt{vnk}np~ ac `tmgo{ gl` pbm `mvpb{ ac pbm hlayemìm

kalsm~m` d~ pbmo nlktmg{m{ ynpb pbm {nlkmtnp~% vnmp~ gl` {vntnp}ge tg`nglkm ac onl`,

[~{pmogpnk tm{mgtkb al pbm{m `mmvmt g{vmkp{ ac b}ogl v{~kbaeai~ gl` pbm {knmlkm ac

gd{ae}pm kal{kna}{lm{{ ya}e` ge{a bmev tm{mgtkb al pbm tgpbmt m{apmtnk pavnk{ enhm

mrn{pmlkm ac encm gcpmt vb~{nkge `mgpb% tmnlkgtlgpnal% mpmtlnp~ ac {a}e dm~al` {vgkm% pnom

gl` mlmti~% mpk,

Tmkmlp ptml`{ ac kaeegdatgpnsm tm{mgtkb nl lm}ta{knmlkm{ bgsm avmlm` }v va{{ndnenpnm{ acdmppmt }l`mt{pgl`nli ac `tmgo{ gl` g{{akngpm` dtgnl c}lkpnal{, Tm{}ep{ ac nlnpnge

mrvmtnomlp{ nl pbn{ tmigt` bgsm {bayl pbgp pbm gevbg/ygsm mon{{nal ctao pbm dtgnl nl

pbm {pgpm ac `tmgo{ `}tnli `mmv {emmv n{ {nonegt pa pbgp `}tnli pbm gyghmlm` {pgpm, Pbn{

nl`nkgpm{ pbgp msml `}tnli `mmv {emmv% pbm {pgpm ac `tmgo{ n{ lap gl nlgkpnsm {pgpm ac

onl`, Baymsmt% pbm gd{mlkm ac gevbg/ygsm{ nl pbm MMI{ ybml pbm {}djmkp{ ymtm nl

{a}l` {emmv d}p ymtm lap mrvmtnmlknli gl~ `tmgo{ {bay{ pbgp pbm kal{kna}{ onl`

dmkaom{ nlgkpnsm nl pbn{ {pgpm, Pbm{m ad{mtsgpnal{ paimpbmt nove~ pbgp np n{ pbm gkpnsnp~ ac

pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`% ybnkb mlgdem{ pbm {ml{nli ac `tmgo{ at ybnkb n{ tmcemkpm` nl

`tmgo{,

G{ {pgpm` mgtenmt% msml nl pbm gyghmlm` {pgpm% ym bgtè~ oghm c}ee }{m ac a}t kal{kna}{

onl`, V{~kbaeainkge {p}`nm{ tmsmge pbgp oa{p ac a}t `g~{ yath n{ àlm nl g vtgkpnkgee~

{}dkal{kna}{ {pgpm ac onl`, Al gl gsmtgim% vmavem onibp dm }{nli c}ee kalkmlptgpnal ac

pbmnt kal{kna}{ onl` cat gda}p g onl}pm nl gl ba}t, Ale~ pba{m msmlp{ at vnmkm{ ac

nlcatogpnal nlk}ekgpm {bgtv novtm{{nal{ nl a}t omoat~ gl` ym tmomodmt pbmo cat

eali% ybnkb ymtm vmtcatom` at igpbmtm` ynpb kaovempm nlsaesmomlp ac pbm kal{kna}{

onl`, Pbn{ n{ pbm vtnlknvge tmg{al yb~ oa{p vmavem kgllap tmkgee pbm onl}pm pa onl}pmtmkat`{ ac g `g~{ gkpnsnp~, Ybgpmsmt n{ emgtlp at tmpgnlm` nl pbm omoat~ ge{a yglm{ a}p

w}nkhe~ ynpb pnom,


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;2

[nonegt pa pbm vtgkpnkge }{m ac kal{kna}{ onl` nl pbm gyghmlm` {pgpm% ale~ g ctgkpnal ac

pbm mlatoa}{ vaymt ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` n{ }{m` nl pbm gkpnsm at pbm {pgpnalgt~

`tmgo{, Oa{p acpml% `tmgo{ paa gtm onliem` mrvtm{{nal{ ac pbm {}dkal{kna}{ onl` gl`

pbm vgtpngee~ gkpnsgpm` }lkal{kna}{ gl` kal{kna}{ onl`{, @tmgo{ kgllap tmcemkp pbm

nov}e{m{ ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` }lem{{ pbm kal{kna}{ onl` n{ papgee~ àtoglp, Itmgpmt

pbm mrpmlp ac gta}{ge ac pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl`% pbm kemgtmt gl` oatm {}d{pglpnge ya}e` dm

pbm `tmgo{, Pbm Vbnea{avb~ ac Gtn{papem gpptnd}pm{ itmgpmt novatpglkm pa pbm `tmgo{ nl

ybnkb pbm gkpnsm {kmlm{ gtm g{ kemgt gl` kt~{pgeenzm g{ pba{m nl gl gyghmlm` {pgpm,

Novenkgpnal{ ac `tmgo{ nc glge~zm` kattmkpe~ ka}e` bmev gomenatgpm pbm mrpmtlge g{ ymee

g{ nlpmtlge {pgpm ac a}t encm, Baymsmt% cat oa{p ac }{% `tmgo{ gtm {batp/ensm`% tglào

tmcemkpnal{, Ym à lap hlay bay pa `n{pnli}n{b pbm omglnlic}e `tmgo{ ctao pbm

gtdnptgt~ mrvtm{{nal{ ac omoat~ at noginlgpnsm ktmgpnal{ ac pbm {}dkal{kna}{ onl`, Np n{dm~al` a}t tmgkb pa oghm ktmgpnsm gl` va{npnsm }{m ac pbm `tmgo{ ac pbm catomt

kgpmiat~, Dmkg}{m ac a}t nilatglkm ac pbm {knmlkm ac `tmgo{% ym tmognl `mvtnsm` ac g

tnkb {a}tkm ybnkb onibp insm }{ pbm hm~ pa nee}onlgpnal% vtaitm{{ gl` vta{vmtnp~

gsgnegdem pa }{ geoa{p alm/pbnt` ac a}t encmpnom ybnkb ym {vmlp nl {emmvnli,

Pbm snmy{ mrvtm{{m` nl pbm daah mlpnpem` Yate` ac @tmgo{ ytnppml d~ g oa`mtl

v{~kbaeain{p lgom` Bgsmeakh Genkm n{ gl mrgovem ac pbm kbglinli gppnp}`m{ ac tm{mgtkb

nl pbm gtmg ac `tmgo{, Bgsmeakh ytnpm{ pbgp `tmgo{ bgsm pbmnt ayl {~odaenk egli}gim%

ybnkb kgl dm `mka`m` ale~ d~ pbm mrvmtp{ "ac pbm {}dpem {knmlkm ac b}ogl onl`.,

[aompnom{ onl}pm ce}kp}gpnal{ nl pbm {}tta}l`nli mlsntalomlp og~ ge{a dm {ml{m` d~

pbm }lkal{kna}{ at {}dkal{kna}{ onl` gl` dm tmcemkpm` nl pbm `tmgo{, Cat nl{pglkm%

pml{nal at tm{pem{{lm{{ mrvmtnmlkm` nl g `tmgo lmm` lap dm nl`nkgpnsm ac pbm lgp}tge

pml`mlknm{ lat ac pbm k}ttmlp {pgpm ac alm{ onl` at da`~, Tgpbmt% np onibp ymee dm g

tm{}ep ac pbm dtgnl{ tm{val{m pa pbm {nilge{ kgvp}tm` d~ pbm }lkal{kna}{ onl` ctao

a}p{n`m, [aom egdatgpatnm{ nl T}{{ng gl` Kzmkba{easghng gtm nlsm{pnigpnli pbm

mrptg{ml{at~ mccmkp{ ac pbn{ hnl`,

Kea{mt kaeegdatgpnal dmpymml pbm Lm}ta{knmlpn{p{% V{~kbaeain{p{ gl` pbm mrvmtp{ ac pbm

[knmlkm ac Lgp}tm gl` [vntnp}genp~% ynee dtnli itmgpmt `mpgne{ al pbm tmgenp~ gl` {knmlkm ac


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;>

`tmgo{, ]l`mt{pgl`nli gl` ktmgpnsm }{m ac `tmgo{ {ba}e` pbml dmkaom g tmgenzgdem

va{{ndnenp~,


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06

B ay y a}e` C tm}` mrvegnl p bm{m @ tmgo{1

[nio}l` Ctm}` n{ hlayl g{ pbm ca}l`mt ac Oa`mtl V{~kbaeai~, Bn{ pbmat~ bg`

`aonlgpm` tm{mgtkb al `tmgo{ cat w}npm {aom pnom, Bn{ nlpmtvtmpgpnal{ ymtm baymsmt

vtmj}`nkm` gl` nlkaovempm dmkg}{m pbm{m paah g lgttay snmy ac pbm b}ogl onl`, Bn{

pbmat~ yg{ kalcnlm` pa kalk}vn{kmlkm gl` np vtm`aonlglpe~ gccntom` {mr/memomlp g{ pbm

taap kg}{m ac pbm nlpmtlge nl{pnlkp{ ac onl`, [a o}kb {a pbgp msml pbm tmegpnal{bnv ac g

oapbmt gl` g {al ya}e` dm {}djmkp }l`mt bn{ oa`me pa {aom hnl` ac novenknp {mr}ge

gppgkbomlp, Cat bno% `m{ntm cat {ml{}ge vemg{}tm yg{ pbm `tnsnli catkm cat gkpnsnpnm{ ac

encm, Nl bn{ snmy{% `tmgo{ ymtm lapbnli oatm pbgl sgtnmigpm` mrvtm{{nal{ ac pbm

}lc}ecneem` {mr}ge m{ntm{ ac onl`,

Ctm}`{ nlpmtvtmpgpnal{ ac g egtim {govem ac `tmgo{ kaovnem` nl bn{ daah G Imlmtge

Nlpta`}kpnal pa V{~kbaglge~{n{ tmcemkp nova{npnal ac bn{ pbmat~ nl ogl~ kg{m{ ynpba}p

gl~ tgpnalge at {knmlpncnkgee~ `mtnsm` tmg{al, Cat mrgovem% Ctm}` knpm{ alm vmt{al{

`tmgo nl ybnkb pbm ogl {gy pbgp bm n{ ianli pa ptgsme d~ g ptgnl, Bn{ e}iigim yg{

dta}ibp pa pbm {pgpnal d~ g kgtp, Pbmtm ymtm ogl~ darm{ nl np% alm gdasm pbm apbmt, Pbmtm

ymtm pya dni darm{ vgnlpm` nl degkh, Pbml {aomda`~ pae` bno "nl pbm `tmgo. lap pa

yatt~ dmkg}{m pba{m pya degkh pt}lh{ ymtm ianli ale~ }v pa pbm {pgpnal, Ynpba}p gl~

j}{pncnkgpnal at tmg{alm` nlcmtmlkm% Ctm}` nlpmtvtmp{ pbm pya degkh pt}

23282407 sleep dreams and spiritual reflections -authored by shriram sharma acharya

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