NEW WORLD MONKEYS

Flattened muzzles Rounded laterally placed nostrils Evolved in isolation in SA Fill a variety of niches Retain some primitive characteristics Some spp converged on prosimian and ape

characteristics Small to medium size Arboreal and diurnal except Aotus Most have relatively short arms and no opposable

thumb 5 genera have prehensile tails

PLATYRRHINES

CEBIDAE

Callitrichinae & Cebinae

CALLITRICHINES

More specialized and smallest

Bright colors & patterns

Some VCL capabilities

2 nipples and single uterus Characteristic of mammals

with singletons Twinning is norm (except

Callimico) Multiple placentae ↑5

Males & nonreproductive

siblings carry infants

Mating pattern – tendency for 1 breeding female with one or two males2nd breeding female has been observed except Callimico where breeding mother and daughter

High female-female competition within groups: aggression, ovulatory suppression

pheromonal in Saguinus behavioral? & pheromonal

in Leontopithecus

Callimico - Goeldi's monkey

Tufted, silky black monkey Upper Amazonia Secondary forest- low levels Variable SO

1-♂ & multi-♂ >1 ♀ may breed, e.g.

mother and daughter Single births VCL Invertebrates & FR, no

exudates

Saguinus - tamarins

Southern CA, Amazonia Variety of habitats and elevations

CA=Central America

SA=South America

Many colors and facial elaborations

Lack dental specializations

Reproductive suppression pheromonal

Work with S. fuscicollis found that in absence of 2nd male, one twin had poor survivorship

Many spp sympatric Polyspecific/mixed-species associations

HEY!

Those aren’t tamarins

Leontopithecus Lion tamarins

More of the same Reproductive suppression

Behavioral Pheromonal – both by dominant ♀→♀ & dominant ♂→♂

Interspecific pelage

variability

Long fingers reach into tree holes

MARMOSETS

Smallest NW monkeys

Specialized dentition: long, chisel-like incisors and peg-like canines for gnawing bark → exudate flow

Exudates very important Defend trees

Marmosets 2 genera: Callithrix & Mico Amazonia, Brazil, Bolivia Dry forest especially edge and

secondary

Forage for insects in understory tangles

SO more variable

Sometimes multiple breeding females

Cebuella pygmaea - pygmy marmoset

Smallest anthropoid Amazonia Low levels of forest and

vine tangles Also, dwarf marmoset:

Callibella

Usually 1male-1female groups Can be 2 males, 1 dominant

↑VCL Highest gums, some insects, low FR

CEBINAE: Cebus and Saimiri

Grouped together based Molecular evidence Skull morphology

rounded like OW large brains

Morphology Locomotion SO similarities - multi-male-female Similar habitats

HR's contain patchily distributed fruit and insects Resource-defense vs territoriality Diet ↑olfactory communication - urine-wash

Polyspecific/mixed-species associations

Differences:

Cebus: Broader distribution Groups don't congregate Aggressive towards some

Atelids Less male-male competition

for females but more apparent dominance hierarchy

Less variable SO Whereas Saimiri may be male or female

philopatric Adults allogroom, share food, allomaternal

nursing (not in Saimiri except 1sp – allomaternal nursing)

Differences cont’d

Saimiri: Squirrel monkeys

Extensive distribution in southern CA and SA

Small - squirrel-sized Males fatten Prehensile tail in infancy

Arboreal quadrupeds, good leapers - sometimes come to ground

Fruit, insects, some leaves Glean cryptic (usually

immobile) insects

Large multi-male multi-female groups Come together into large aggregations of ↑100's

animals – possibly dillution

Communication Intragroup

Contact calls Alarm calls

Intergroup

High predators: cats, raptors, snakes

S. Sciurius vs S. oerstedii Common (SA) vs Red-backed (CA)

Endangered - pest status - crop raiders

Males stay females leave No strict dominance hierarchy

Females stay males leave Males and females have

dominance hierarchy In Peru - females dominant to

males Males get fat and compete

aggressively - females choose mates

Cebuscapuchins or organ-grinder monkeys

Tufts resemble Capuchin monks’ cowls

CA and SA Tufted and nontufted spp

All forest types All levels of canopy and ground Arboreal quads but descend to ground Furry prehensile tail - different

Fruit, fauna Dental specializations for cracking nuts Clever, most dexterous, especially tufted capuchin - if it’s there,

they'll find it and get at it Invertebrates under bark & in leaf litter, hard nuts

"noisy destructive foragers"

Alpha female higher than all but alpha male

MONKIDS

Tool use - use rocks to crack nuts or bang on branch

Large brains but no complex problem-solving capabilities, i.e. more trial and error learning (Visalberghi)

Opposable thumb

ATELIDAE

Atelinae Pitheciinae Aotinae

ATELINAE

Largest and pronounced SD

Long prehensile tail w/ friction ridges

To varying degrees have converged on suspensory hanging adaptation & brachiation

Alouatta howler/howling monkeys

Also subfamily Alouattinae Species are allopatric Broadest distribution Variety of habitats and

altitudes

Large Inter- and intra-specific pelage

variability and some sexual dichromatism

Male howling as spacing mechanism - dawn and evening chorus

Expanded hyoid bone forms large resonant chamber

If high stimulation, females howl

Poorly differentiated thumb

Therefore Schizodactyly - II and III to hold things

Slow arboreal quadrupeds with ↑tail use

1-male or multi-male High male-male

competition for group access

Infanticide seen Aunting Reverse age/tenure

dominance hierarchy Mean=15 individuals,

range=2-45

Leaves, FR, FL Can exploit unripe fruit and mature leaves Combo: enlarged salivary glands and hindgut, slow

throughput time Folivorous dental characteristics Low travel, high rest, especially when food low quality

Startling new research shows that howler monkeys are capable of using toilets.

Amazing!!!

Ateles - spider monkeys Yucatan to Amazonia Species are allopatric Upper canopy

Often high primary rainforest Problem with exclusive

habitat needs

Large and graceful

Variable pelage within and between species

Very similar looking sexes, even genitalia

Lower SD

Variety of locomotor habits

arboreal quadruped suspensory behaviors brachiating climbing sometimes bipedal in trees leap

"hook grip" - most spp lack external thumb - gets in way when swinging

High ripe FR but some YL's, insects…

Fission-fusion SO Large groups Male philopatric Small foraging units, usually adult female w/ young or

young males

↑calls barks, whinnies…

Woolly monkeys

Least known NW monkey 2 genera: Lagothrix & Oreonax Primary forests of Amazon Basin and montane cloud

forests of Andes (Oreonax)

Similar diet (i.e. high fruit) and SO as Ateles Similar locomotion to howlers Interesting submissive display: sob and cover eyes with

hand Most hunted (food, pelts, pet trade) also habitat

destruction pressures

Brachyteles - woolly spider monkey or muriqui

Largest NW primate - up to 30#

High forest canopy Similar morphology,

locomotion, and SO to Ateles

Similar diet/dentition/low BMR to Alouatta

Round head and dense fur like woolly monkeys

Pendulous clitoris

No dominance hierarchy or male-male competition for females - take turns Large testes

suggest sperm competition

High leaves + FR & FL Faster throughput time

than Alouatta Highly endangered - few

patches of highly seasonal rainforest in SE Brazil

Hunted for food and hides, also habitat destruction

3 genera Not well-studied Amazon Basin Seed predators

Powerful jaws and muscles Large procumbent incisors and other dental specializations

for gnawing and cracking hard nuts/tough fruits/seeds Advantage - foods not available to other primates

Endangered - hunted for food, bait, and tails - used as dusters and ornaments

PITHECIINAE

Relatively furry Leaping, climbing, dropping abilities, bipedally

hop/walk when on ground FR, seeds/nuts, when resources scarce: insects and

some leaves, some spp – dirt Multi-♂ fluid SO except Pithecia - monogamous

Pithecia sakis

Upper canopy of undisturbed (primary) forest Long shaggy bushy fur, long fluffy tails

Smallest - ~7#

Chiropotes Bearded saki

Upper canopy of undisturbed (primary) forest

Extra robust skull and jaws

Beards, rounded tufts of fur over temples and forehead

Larger than sakis

Cacajao uakari

Upper canopy of undisturbed (primary) seasonally flooded forests

Difficult study conditions therefore one of least studied primates in wild

<9#, short tail, long shaggy coat, bald head, red faces due to no pigment and high numbers capillaries - darken when upset

High leaping/swinging abilities

Urine wash, anogenital scentmarking, rub aromatics into fur, e.g. fruit juice

Have pungent smell Wag tails when upset

High allogrooming & play

Callicebus - Titi monkey

Small Short faces, fluffy

bodies and tails Good leapers

Geographic Distribution

C. moloch group range (in red)C. cupreus group range (in yellow)C. donacophilus group range (in green)

13 Species recognized C. modestus C. donacophilus C. olallae C. oenanthe C. cinerascens C. hoffmannsi C. moloch C. brunneus C. cupreus C. caligatus C. dubius C. personatus C. torquatus

Some dispute over taxonomy. Previously only 3 species recognized. Debate over species subdivision based on ecology and habitat.

Many species

Lower canopyUsually near waterRaptors and arboreal

snakesRare accounts of tufted

capuchin attacks.

Coat long & colorfulUpper body ranges

between red, grey-brown, yellow, and/or black

Monogamous Entwine tails & hold hands Stressed if separated More attached to each other

than infant When around outsider males,

male behaves ‘jealously’ with increased display of affection towards mate

Duets to maintain spacing Territorial defense Male carries young

AOTINAE

Aotusowl or night

monkey

Only nocturnal anthropoid

Primitive Gray Neck Group

A. lemurinus A. trivirgatus

Derived Red Neck Group

A. miconax A. infulatus

Panama to N Argentina except Guianas and SE Brazil Low BMR allows them to live in colder climates

All forest types and levels

Small ~2#, monomorphic Distinctive masks Long tail (entwine tails) Nails except 4th toe – clawlike nail

Nocturnality avoids competition with other monkeys Can exploit different levels, all resources Small HR's, short path length

Largest relative eyes of anthropoids Eye features suggest diurnal ancestry

No tapetum lucidum Small olfactory bulbs

Travel further on well-lit nights, thought they don't see well in dark

Plastic/races Southern areas more

diurnal – thought related to less competition with larger monkeys and/or low night temperatures

Arboreal quadrupeds but good leapers

FR, insects, leaves, FL, nectar

Monogamous with ↑3 offspring <3yr

↓ allogrooming, no duets New evidence suggests may

change partners In captivity mate for life, more

flexible in wild. Share offspring care

Males carry, feed, play Females lactate with less

interaction with kid No birth season but birth

peaks appear to correspond to FR availability

Repeatedly use communal sleeping sites: tree holes or brush/tangles

Peaceful within group interactions but aggressive between groups at FR trees on well-lit nights

Whoop yells - inflate throat pouches

Threaten with stiff pounces, chase, whoop, wrestle, urine wash, and scent mark - then return to territory

Few predators except humans

THE END

….FOR GOODNESS SAKE