233 what are primates

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What’s important Primate evolutionary trends Taxonomic classifications down to family Subfamily in case of Old World anthropoids Characteristics of various groups: Prosimians New World monkeys Old World monkeys Apes

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Page 1: 233 what are primates

What’s important

Primate evolutionary trendsTaxonomic classifications down to family

Subfamily in case of Old World anthropoidsCharacteristics of various groups:

Prosimians New World monkeys Old World monkeys Apes

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PRIMATE TAXONOMYAND

CHARACTERISTICS

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Suborder

Infraorder

Superfamily

Family

Infraorder:-formes; Superfamily:-oidea; Family:-idae; Subfamily:-inae, and Parvorder & tribe:–ini

(Strepsirhini)

Prosimians

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Catarrhini

Suborder: Anthropoidea (Haplorrhini – dry/simple-nosed primates – includes tarsiers)

Infraorder: Simiiformes Parvorder: Catarrhini

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EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS

NAPIER AND NAPIER

LE GROS CLARK

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Generalized/unspecialized skeletonallows varied locomotion

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Pentadactyly, prehensility, opposability, nails, tactile pads

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Reduction of snout/muzzle and olfaction

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Increased visual acuity, color perception, binocular and stereoscopic vision

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Generalized dentition/diet

Dental formula

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Increased complexity of brain, especially cerebral cortex

Increase in efficiency of prenatal fetal nourishment

Tendency toward upright posture Capable of bipedalism at least for short periods

Long pre- and postnatal life periods with greater reliance on learned behavior

Tendency toward diurnality

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PROSIMIANS

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Suborder

Infraorder

Superfamily

Family

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PROCUMBENT INCISORS / DENTAL COMB

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Tendency toward VCL

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More pronounced muzzle Higher reliance on olfaction Scent marking

Mulitple scent glands Moist rhinarium Immobile upper lip Inexpressive face Large laterally oriented eyes

Most species nocturnal Tapetum lucidum

Higher reliance on audition Mobile ears

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Digits act together in power grip

Multiple pairs of teats Frequent multiple

births

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TARSIERS

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NEW WORLD MONKEYS

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PARVORDERS: Platyrrhini: rounded widely-spaced nostrils

Catarrhini: narrow downward-facing nostrils

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ARBOREAL

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Long tails norm Some prehensile

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2-1-3-3 dental formula

Twinning in Callitrichines

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Catarrhini

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Catarrhini (relative to Platyrrhini)

2-1-2-3 Expanded ischial tuberosities Larger-bodied (in general) More folivorous and

terrestrial species More complex derived brain Nose

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OLD WORLD MONKEYS

CERCOPITHECINES

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OLD WORLD MONKEYS

COLOBINES

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Evolutionarily successful / Taxonomically diverse

More closely resemble earliest anthropoids than do apes

Many have long tails and sexual swellings

Ischial callosities Opposable thumbs except

African colobines – thumbless (see left)

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APES

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Suspensory hanging adaptation

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LESSER APES

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Relative to great apes Smaller Gracile skeleton More primitive but most

specialized Monomorphic Shorter snouts Long canines ↑IMI

Longer upper limbs/hands Long curved fingers, no thumb Strictly arboreal Ischial callosities Most lack sexual swellings

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GREAT APES

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Relative to lesser apes

Less suspensory Varying degrees of terrestriality Build nests Larger-bodied Longer-lived Long developmental/dependency period Sexually dimorphic In captivity, symbolic behavior seen