26-1 chapter 26 nonavian reptiles. copyright © the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. permission required...
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CHAPTER 26CHAPTER 26CHAPTER 26CHAPTER 26
Nonavian Nonavian ReptilesReptilesNonavian Nonavian ReptilesReptiles
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Hatching Komodo Lizard
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DiversityDiversity
The Age of Reptiles lasted over 165 million The Age of Reptiles lasted over 165 million years and included the dinosaursyears and included the dinosaurs
A mass extinction occurred at the end of the A mass extinction occurred at the end of the Mesozoic (meteor) Mesozoic (meteor)
Modern reptiles represent surviving lineagesModern reptiles represent surviving lineages TuataraTuatara is the sole survivor of a group that is the sole survivor of a group that
otherwise disappeared 100 million years agootherwise disappeared 100 million years ago Lizards, turtles, and snakesLizards, turtles, and snakes
DiversityDiversity
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Origin and Early Evolution of AmniotesOrigin and Early Evolution of Amniotes
HistoryHistory Amniotes (animals that have an amnion - Amniotes (animals that have an amnion - reptiles, reptiles,
birds, mammalsbirds, mammals) arose from amphibian-like tetrapods) arose from amphibian-like tetrapods Skulls of amniotes could be Skulls of amniotes could be separated into groupsseparated into groups
based on three patterns of openings in the temporal based on three patterns of openings in the temporal
regionregion Anapsids Anapsids
Have a skull with Have a skull with no temporal openingno temporal opening behind the orbits behind the orbits Modern turtles (arose from diapsid)Modern turtles (arose from diapsid)
Diapsids Diapsids Gave rise to all other traditional “reptiles” (except turtles) and Gave rise to all other traditional “reptiles” (except turtles) and
to birdsto birds Skull has Skull has two temporal openings two temporal openings (Below and above cheek)(Below and above cheek)
SynapsidsSynapsids Mammal-like reptiles with a Mammal-like reptiles with a single pairsingle pair of temporal openings of temporal openings
low on the cheekslow on the cheeks
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Synapsids -One opening
Mammals
Diapsids -2 openings
Birds & Reptiles
Anapsids -No Opening
Turtles
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These openings are associated with These openings are associated with large muscles that elevate the lower jawlarge muscles that elevate the lower jaw
Changes in jaw musculatureChanges in jaw musculature Might reflect a shift from suction feeding in Might reflect a shift from suction feeding in
aquatic vertebrates to terrestrial feeding aquatic vertebrates to terrestrial feeding
Origin and Early Evolution of AmniotesOrigin and Early Evolution of Amniotes
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Characteristics of AmniotesCharacteristics of Amniotes Amniotic EggAmniotic Egg
Amnion, allantois, chorion, and yolk sacAmnion, allantois, chorion, and yolk sac Amnion = surrounds embryo, cushionAmnion = surrounds embryo, cushion Allantois = stores metabolic wasteAllantois = stores metabolic waste Chorion = respiratory surfaceChorion = respiratory surface Surrounding the organism is a porous, parchment-like or Surrounding the organism is a porous, parchment-like or
leathery shellleathery shell Rib Ventilation of the Lungs - Aspiration (draw air Rib Ventilation of the Lungs - Aspiration (draw air
into lungs) by muscles lowering liver - diaphragminto lungs) by muscles lowering liver - diaphragm Thicker and more Waterproof skin - contains Thicker and more Waterproof skin - contains keratin, keratin,
that makes scales, hair, feathers, and clawsthat makes scales, hair, feathers, and claws
Origin and Early Evolution of AmniotesOrigin and Early Evolution of Amniotes
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All amniotes All amniotes Lack gilled larvae and have Lack gilled larvae and have internal fertilizationinternal fertilization
Eliminated the need for aquatic environmentsEliminated the need for aquatic environments Penis is the most common Penis is the most common copulatory organcopulatory organ
Derived from cloacal wall, appears to be an amniote Derived from cloacal wall, appears to be an amniote innovationinnovation
Origin and Early Evolution of AmniotesOrigin and Early Evolution of Amniotes
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REPTILES:REPTILES: Jaws of nonavian reptileJaws of nonavian reptile
Efficiently designed for applying Efficiently designed for applying crushing or crushing or gripping force to preygripping force to prey
Larger jaw muscles have mechanical advantage Larger jaw muscles have mechanical advantage over the jaws of fishes which are designed for over the jaws of fishes which are designed for suction feeding or for quick closuresuction feeding or for quick closure
Tongue is muscular and mobileTongue is muscular and mobile Functions to move food in mouth for mastication Functions to move food in mouth for mastication
and swallowingand swallowing
Characteristics of Nonavian Reptiles Characteristics of Nonavian Reptiles
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Retiles Circulatory System: efficient Retiles Circulatory System: efficient and versatile circulatory systemand versatile circulatory system Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood
and is partitioned from the left atrium and is partitioned from the left atrium which receives oxygenated bloodwhich receives oxygenated blood
Blood doesn’t mix like amphibiansBlood doesn’t mix like amphibians Heart has 2 atria, and 1 divided ventricle Heart has 2 atria, and 1 divided ventricle
(crocodiles have 2 atria, and 2 ventricles)(crocodiles have 2 atria, and 2 ventricles)
Characteristics of Nonavian Reptiles Characteristics of Nonavian Reptiles
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26-13Reptile’s Heart
Right atrium
Left atrium
Incomplete divisionVentricle
From body
To lungs
To body
From lungs
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Excretion Urine is produced in the kidneys.
In some reptiles, urine flows in tubes directly into a cloaca.
In others, a bladder stores urine before it is expelled. Water and most salts resorbed in the bladderWater and most salts resorbed in the bladder
Salt is removed by Salt is removed by salt glandssalt glands near the nose, near the nose, eyes, or tongueeyes, or tongue
Characteristics of Nonavian Reptiles Characteristics of Nonavian Reptiles
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The nervous system of reptiles is more The nervous system of reptiles is more complex than that of amphibianscomplex than that of amphibians Brain of reptiles is small, however, Brain of reptiles is small, however, cerebrumcerebrum is is
relatively enlargedrelatively enlarged Enlargement of cerebrum correlated with increase Enlargement of cerebrum correlated with increase
of of sensory information and muscle control during sensory information and muscle control during locomotionlocomotion
Reptiles have Reptiles have good visiongood vision Snakes and many lizards use a highly sensitive Snakes and many lizards use a highly sensitive
sense of smell to find prey and matessense of smell to find prey and mates Olfaction assisted by a Olfaction assisted by a Jacobson’s organJacobson’s organ,, a specialized a specialized
olfactory chamber in the roof of the moutholfactory chamber in the roof of the mouth
Characteristics of Nonavian Reptiles Characteristics of Nonavian Reptiles
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Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian OrdersCharacteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Orders
Order Testudines (Turtles)Order Testudines (Turtles) Fossils appear Fossils appear 200 million years ago 200 million years ago Shells consist of a dorsal Shells consist of a dorsal carapace carapace and a and a
ventral ventral plastronplastron Outer horny layer of Outer horny layer of keratinkeratin and an inner layer of and an inner layer of
bonebone Bony layer is a fusion of ribs and vertebraeBony layer is a fusion of ribs and vertebrae Lack teethLack teeth and use tough, horny plates for gripping and use tough, horny plates for gripping
foodfood
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26-19Snapping Turtle
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BreathingBreathing Consequence of having a Consequence of having a rigid shellrigid shell
Turtle cannot expand chest to breatheTurtle cannot expand chest to breathe Solve problem by using abdominal and pectoral Solve problem by using abdominal and pectoral
muscles as a “diaphragm”muscles as a “diaphragm”
Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian OrdersCharacteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Orders
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Form and Function in Turtles
Kidney
Liver Heart
Cloaca
Bladder
Lung Digestive tract
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Nervous System and Senses in TurtlesNervous System and Senses in Turtles BrainBrain is small, less than 1% percent of body weight is small, less than 1% percent of body weight
Some turtles can learn a path through a mazeSome turtles can learn a path through a maze Have a middle and an inner ear but Have a middle and an inner ear but sound sound
perception is poorperception is poor Make few sounds aside from those made during Make few sounds aside from those made during
matingmating Good sense of smell, acute vision, and color Good sense of smell, acute vision, and color
perception about equal to humansperception about equal to humans
Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian OrdersCharacteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Orders
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Reproduction and Development TurtlesReproduction and Development Turtles OviparousOviparous Fertilization is internal Fertilization is internal Bury their eggs in the groundBury their eggs in the ground Female lays her eggs in a nest and deserts them Female lays her eggs in a nest and deserts them In some turtle families nest In some turtle families nest temperature temperature
determines sex of hatchlingsdetermines sex of hatchlings Low temperatures produce Low temperatures produce malesmales High temperatures produce High temperatures produce femalesfemales
Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian OrdersCharacteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Orders
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Pond Turtle: Sex determined by temperature
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Galapagos Tortoise Mating
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Green Sea Turtle - herbivore, tropical oceans, only go on land to lay eggs
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Alligator Snapping Turtle: Has pink lure in mouth to attract fish
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Order Squamata: Lizards and Snakes Order Squamata: Lizards and Snakes Account for up Account for up 95%95% of living reptiles of living reptiles Divided into Suborders (Sauria, Serpentes)Divided into Suborders (Sauria, Serpentes) Oviparous and VivipariousOviparous and Viviparious
Associated with Associated with cold climates - cold climates - mother can regulate mother can regulate temperature of youngtemperature of young
Increasing the length of time eggs are kept in Increasing the length of time eggs are kept in oviductoviduct
Young obtain nutrition from yolk sacs, via the Young obtain nutrition from yolk sacs, via the mother, or a combination of bothmother, or a combination of both
Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian OrdersCharacteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Orders
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Tokay Gecko
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Suborder Sauria: Lizards Suborder Sauria: Lizards
Geckos Geckos Small, agile, nocturnal formsSmall, agile, nocturnal forms Adhesive toe pads allow them to walk on ceilingsAdhesive toe pads allow them to walk on ceilings
Iguanids Iguanids Include many New World lizards as well as the Include many New World lizards as well as the
marine iguana of the Galápagosmarine iguana of the Galápagos ChameleonsChameleons
Arboreal lizards of Africa and MadagascarArboreal lizards of Africa and Madagascar Many have an extendible tongue Many have an extendible tongue
Suborder SauriaSuborder Sauria
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Large male marine Iguana -feeding underwater on algae.Can stay underwater for 30 minutes. Only marine lizard.
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26-32A chameleon snares a dragonfly
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Some have degenerate limbsSome have degenerate limbs Glass lizards are nearly limbless (legless Glass lizards are nearly limbless (legless
lizard)lizard) Movable eyelidsMovable eyelids = lizard. Snakes have a = lizard. Snakes have a
transparent coveringtransparent covering Have an external ear that snakes lackHave an external ear that snakes lack
Suborder Sauria - LizardsSuborder Sauria - Lizards
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The glass lizard - legless. Different from snakes:-Deep flexible groove running along body
-Moveable eyelids
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Conserve water by producing Conserve water by producing semisolid urinesemisolid urine Some can Some can store fat in tailsstore fat in tails to provide energy to provide energy
and metabolic water during droughtand metabolic water during drought Gila monster and beaded lizard are the only Gila monster and beaded lizard are the only
lizards capable of a lizards capable of a venomous bitevenomous bite Lizards keep body temperature relatively Lizards keep body temperature relatively
constant by constant by ectothermyectothermy
Characteristics of Reptilian OrdersCharacteristics of Reptilian Orders
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Gila Monster - venomous- Feeds on birds, nests, mammals
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Suborder Serpentes: Snakes Suborder Serpentes: Snakes Limbless and have lost pectoral and Limbless and have lost pectoral and
pelvic girdles (except in pythons)pelvic girdles (except in pythons) Feeding apparatusFeeding apparatus allows them to eat allows them to eat
prey several times their own diameterprey several times their own diameter Two halves of lower jaw are loosely joined, Two halves of lower jaw are loosely joined,
allowing them to spread apartallowing them to spread apart Skull bones also loosely articulated so Skull bones also loosely articulated so
mouth can accommodate large preymouth can accommodate large prey To allow breathing during the slow process To allow breathing during the slow process
of swallowing, the of swallowing, the tracheal opening is tracheal opening is extendedextended
Characteristics of Reptilian Orders: SnakesCharacteristics of Reptilian Orders: Snakes
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Eyeballs have reduced mobility, non movable Eyeballs have reduced mobility, non movable eyelideyelid
Most have Most have poor visionpoor vision Arboreal snakes in tropical forests have highly Arboreal snakes in tropical forests have highly
developed visiondeveloped vision Lack external earsLack external ears Can Can feel vibrationsfeel vibrations at low frequencies, at low frequencies,
especially vibrations carried in the groundespecially vibrations carried in the ground Chemical sensesChemical senses rather than vision or rather than vision or
hearing are main senses used to hunt preyhearing are main senses used to hunt prey
Characteristics of Reptilian Orders : SnakesCharacteristics of Reptilian Orders : Snakes
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Parrot Snake -tree snake of Central America
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Jacobson’s organs Jacobson’s organs Pair of pits in the roof of the mouthPair of pits in the roof of the mouth Lined with olfactory epitheliumLined with olfactory epithelium Forked tongue picks up scent particles and Forked tongue picks up scent particles and
conveys them to this organconveys them to this organ SkinSkin is infolded between scales is infolded between scales
When stretched by a large meal, the skin is When stretched by a large meal, the skin is unfoldedunfolded
Characteristics of Reptilian Orders : SnakesCharacteristics of Reptilian Orders : Snakes
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Blacktail Rattlesnake - flicks tongue to smell surroundings.Scent particles are transferred to Jacobson’s organs on roof of mouth.
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Lateral -Uses groundirregularities
Concertina-Uses force
Against trees
Sidewinder-Throws body
forward in loops
Rectilinear- Use muscles onribs to contract
and relax
Snake LocomotionSnake Locomotion
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Pit vipers, such as rattlesnakesPit vipers, such as rattlesnakes Have “Have “pitspits” with nerve endings sensitive to heat ” with nerve endings sensitive to heat
emitted by warm-bodied birds and mammalsemitted by warm-bodied birds and mammals Viper fangs are hollow and hinged to inject venom Viper fangs are hollow and hinged to inject venom
when snake strikeswhen snake strikes Of an average of 8,000 snake bites each year in Of an average of 8,000 snake bites each year in
the U.S., only about 12 result in deaththe U.S., only about 12 result in death Nonvenomous snakes Nonvenomous snakes
Kill prey by constriction or by biting and Kill prey by constriction or by biting and swallowing swallowing
Characteristics of Reptilian Orders : SnakesCharacteristics of Reptilian Orders : Snakes
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Pit Organ:Can sense temperature
changes of 0.003º C.
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Nonvenomous African House Snake- constricting a mouse
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Spectacled Cobra -Flattened neck showsa threatening display.
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Snakebite and ToxicitySnakebite and Toxicity Most snake venoms are a Most snake venoms are a complex combination of complex combination of
venom typesvenom types NeurotoxinsNeurotoxins act on the nervous system, causing act on the nervous system, causing
blindness or inhibit respirationblindness or inhibit respiration Hemorrhagin typeHemorrhagin type venoms break down blood venoms break down blood
vesselsvessels Blood leaks into tissue spacesBlood leaks into tissue spaces
Sea snakes and the Australian tiger snakeSea snakes and the Australian tiger snake have have the most deadly venom per unit volumethe most deadly venom per unit volume
Characteristics of Reptilian OrdersCharacteristics of Reptilian Orders
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The Venom Gland is a modified salivary gland, connected by a duct to a hollow fang.
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World total for deaths from snakebiteWorld total for deaths from snakebite is is about 50,000 to 60,000 each yearabout 50,000 to 60,000 each year
Less thanLess than 20% of all snakes are 20% of all snakes are venomous,venomous, although venomous species although venomous species outnumber nonvenomous species by 4 to outnumber nonvenomous species by 4 to 1 in 1 in AustraliaAustralia
Characteristics of Reptilian Orders : SnakesCharacteristics of Reptilian Orders : Snakes
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ReproductionReproduction Most are oviparous and lay shelled eggs Most are oviparous and lay shelled eggs Others, including pit vipers, are ovoviviparousOthers, including pit vipers, are ovoviviparous A few snakes are viviparousA few snakes are viviparous Female snakes can store sperm and lay several Female snakes can store sperm and lay several
clutches of fertile eggs long after a single matingclutches of fertile eggs long after a single mating
Characteristics of Reptilian Orders : SnakesCharacteristics of Reptilian Orders : Snakes
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Order Sphenodonta: The Tuatara Order Sphenodonta: The Tuatara Only 2 living speciesOnly 2 living species in New Zealand in New Zealand Once widespread across New Zealand, Once widespread across New Zealand,
the 2 species are now restricted to the 2 species are now restricted to small islandssmall islands
Loss of the tuatara populations caused Loss of the tuatara populations caused by human by human introduction of nonnative introduction of nonnative speciesspecies which preyed upon the tuatara which preyed upon the tuatara Tuatara are vulnerable because they have Tuatara are vulnerable because they have
slow growth and reproductive ratesslow growth and reproductive rates
Characteristics of Reptilian Orders: TuataraCharacteristics of Reptilian Orders: Tuatara
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Tuatara - living reptile fossil
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Lizard-like and live in burrows Lizard-like and live in burrows Slow growingSlow growing and may live to 77 years and may live to 77 years
of ageof age Well-developed 3rd Well-developed 3rd median eyemedian eye on on
head, buried beneath skinhead, buried beneath skin
Characteristics of Reptilian Orders: TuataraCharacteristics of Reptilian Orders: Tuatara
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Order Crocodilia:Order Crocodilia: Crocodiles and Alligators Crocodiles and Alligators Relatives gave rise to the of dinosaurs and to Relatives gave rise to the of dinosaurs and to
birdsbirds There are 3 families of modern crocodilians There are 3 families of modern crocodilians
Alligators and caimansAlligators and caimans are found primarily in the are found primarily in the New World and have a broader snoutNew World and have a broader snout
CrocodilesCrocodiles are widely distributed, narrow snout are widely distributed, narrow snout One species of Gharial One species of Gharial (gavial)(gavial) occurs in India occurs in India
and Burma and has a very narrow snoutand Burma and has a very narrow snout
Characteristics of Reptilian Orders: CrocodilesCharacteristics of Reptilian Orders: Crocodiles
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Nile Crocodile: 4th Tooth of Lower Jaw is visible,
Longer, pointed snout
American Alligator: Wider shorter snout
Darker colloration
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Gharial:Growth on snout
in males only. Makes noise to attract females.
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All have long, well-reinforced skull and jaw All have long, well-reinforced skull and jaw musculature for a powerful bitemusculature for a powerful bite
Thecodont dentitionThecodont dentition Teeth are set in socketsTeeth are set in sockets
Four-chambered heartFour-chambered heart Alligators and crocodiles are Alligators and crocodiles are oviparousoviparous
Usually 20–50 eggs are laid in mass of vegetationUsually 20–50 eggs are laid in mass of vegetation Unguarded nests are easily discovered and raided Unguarded nests are easily discovered and raided
by predatorsby predators High nest temperaturesHigh nest temperatures produce males produce males Low temperaturesLow temperatures produce females produce females
Opposite of turtlesOpposite of turtles
Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian OrdersCharacteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Orders
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1. Most reptiles reproduce with
a.external fertilization and external development.
b.internal fertilization and internal development.
c. internal fertilization and external development in water.
d.internal fertilization and external development in shelled eggs.
QUIZ
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1. Most reptiles reproduce with
a.external fertilization and external development.
b.internal fertilization and internal development.
c. internal fertilization and external development in water.
d.internal fertilization and external development in shelled eggs.
QUIZ
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QUIZ
2. The amnion sac of a reptile egg functions as a
a.membrane that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide for the embryo.
b.membrane that stores wastes produced by the embryo.
c.source of nutrient-rich food for the developing embryo.
d.shock-absorbing fluid-filled sac protecting the embryo.
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QUIZ
2. The amnion sac of a reptile egg functions as a
a.membrane that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide for the embryo.
b.membrane that stores wastes produced by the embryo.
c.source of nutrient-rich food for the developing embryo.
d.shock-absorbing fluid-filled sac protecting the embryo.
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QUIZ
3. Reptiles with the most well-developed hearts include
a. turtles and alligators.
b.crocodiles and turtles.
c.crocodiles and alligators.
d.alligators and lizards.
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QUIZ
3. Reptiles with the most well-developed hearts include
a. turtles and alligators.
b.crocodiles and turtles.
c.crocodiles and alligators.
d.alligators and lizards.
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QUIZ
4. The two parts of a turtle or tortoise's shell are
a. terrapin and plastron.
b.carapace and plastron.
c.carapace and terrapin.
d.terrapin and carapace.
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QUIZ
4. The two parts of a turtle or tortoise's shell are
a. terrapin and plastron.
b.carapace and plastron.
c.carapace and terrapin.
d.terrapin and carapace.