26 giugno 200826 giugno 2008 Department of Textile Engineering, IsfahaDepartment of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-8311, Isn University of Technology, 84156-8311, Isfahanfahan

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INVESTIGATION OF CHARGING INVESTIGATION OF CHARGING PROPERTIES OF CHARGEABLE PROPERTIES OF CHARGEABLE

TEXTILE BATTERIESTEXTILE BATTERIES

D. Semnani, M. Sheikhzadeh, E. Halvani and M. GholipourD. Semnani, M. Sheikhzadeh, E. Halvani and M. Gholipour

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SMART TEXTILESSMART TEXTILES

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CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

Phase Change MaterialsPhase Change Materials

Shape Memory MaterialShape Memory Material

Chromatic MaterialsChromatic Materials

TextilesTextiles Electronic/Conductive Electronic/Conductive

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ELEMENTS OF ELECTRONIC ELEMENTS OF ELECTRONIC

TEXTILE TEXTILE

NetworkNetwork

SensorSensor

Processing UnitProcessing Unit

Active UnitActive Unit

Power UnitPower Unit

WirelessWireless

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SMART CARPETSMART CARPET

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Conductive TextilesConductive Textiles

- Metallic FibersMetallic Fibers- Metal Coated FibersMetal Coated Fibers- Fiber GlassFiber Glass- Conductive polymerConductive polymer- Printed textile (ink jet printing)Printed textile (ink jet printing)

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SPECIAL METHODS SPECIAL METHODS HOT AND COLD GalvanizationHOT AND COLD Galvanization

– PAINTSPAINTS– HARD COATINGHARD COATING– ELECTICAL WELDINGELECTICAL WELDING– FIREFIRE– ……..

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PROBLEMSPROBLEMS -CostCost-WeightWeight-Temperature EffectsTemperature Effects-Electromagnetic ParasiteElectromagnetic Parasite-Electrical DischargeElectrical Discharge

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POWER SOURCE IN TEXTILE STRUCTUREPOWER SOURCE IN TEXTILE STRUCTURE

•Energy: Sun ray – Body temperatureEnergy: Sun ray – Body temperature•Photoelectric CellPhotoelectric Cell•Chargeable batteries attached to fabricChargeable batteries attached to fabric•Generation of chargeability in textile Generation of chargeability in textile structure / Matrixstructure / Matrix

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Commonly used batteriesCommonly used batteries

•Ni-Cd battery

•Ni-MH battery)]

•Li-ion battery)•RAM battery•SLA battery

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ElectrodeElectrodeElectrolyteElectrolyteVoltageVoltageInternal impedanceInternal impedanceCurrencyCurrencyCurrency abilityCurrency abilityCharging cycleCharging cycleCapacityCapacityEnergy densityEnergy densityRate of charging and dischargingRate of charging and dischargingUsage timeUsage timeSelf discharge rateSelf discharge rate

PARAMETRERSPARAMETRERS

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Ni-CdNi-Cd

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Positive ElectrodePositive Electrode-

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Negative ElectrodeNegative Electrode

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Reaction Reaction

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OO22

2 OH− 12

O2 +H2 O+2 e−

Cd+ 12

O2+H2OCd OH 2alignl

¿

¿

Cd OH 22 e− Cd+ 2 OH−

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METHODSMETHODSIDENTIFICATION OF CHRAGING COMPLETIONIDENTIFICATION OF CHRAGING COMPLETION

Standard MethodStandard MethodTime ControlTime ControlTemperature ControlTemperature ControlNegative Voltage DeviationNegative Voltage DeviationDrop Charge Drop Charge

Ni-Cd Charging

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Negative Voltage Deviation Negative Voltage Deviation

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Problems in Ni-CdProblems in Ni-Cd

Over charging Over charging

Dendrite shorting Dendrite shorting

Cell reversal Cell reversal

Environmental Effects Environmental Effects

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CASE : 3D fabric in spacer formCASE : 3D fabric in spacer form

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FeaturesFeatures

FlexibilityFlexibility Low WeightLow Weight Air Permeability in active formAir Permeability in active form ResiliencyResiliency Transformation abilityTransformation ability Washing abilityWashing ability DurabilityDurability Wide range of patterns in side and middle Wide range of patterns in side and middle

layerslayers

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MATERIALSMATERIALS

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ELECTRODE CALCULATIONS/ENERGY ESTIMATIONELECTRODE CALCULATIONS/ENERGY ESTIMATION THEORETICAL CALUCLATOION FOR CAPACITYTHEORETICAL CALUCLATOION FOR CAPACITY

Qe=Qe=(A.S) 10^-19× 1/602(A.S) 10^-19× 1/602

6/0236/023**1010^̂2323 Qe= (A.S) 96500Qe= (A.S) 96500

Ni=1.09 gr/A.hNi=1.09 gr/A.h

Cd=2.1 gr/A.h

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Primary ChargingPrimary Charging

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VV

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The cell voltage variation in a) first charging stage, b) The cell voltage variation in a) first charging stage, b) second charging stage, c) third charging stage, d) fourth second charging stage, c) third charging stage, d) fourth charging stage.charging stage.

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Self discharge after primary chargingSelf discharge after primary charging

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Enhancement of surface features of positive Enhancement of surface features of positive electrodeelectrode

3-5 wt% cobalt III oxide hydroxide 3-5 wt% cobalt III oxide hydroxide (Coating)(Coating)

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Enhancement of surface features of positive Enhancement of surface features of positive electrodeelectrode

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ConclusionConclusion

Modeling of textile battery: Modeling of textile battery: Parameters: Mixed structure Parameters: Mixed structure ……………Experimental method……………Experimental method

50-60 Parameters for Ni-Cd 50-60 Parameters for Ni-Cd batterybattery

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Other Parameters: Other Parameters: FlexibilityFlexibility Novel coatingsNovel coatings DrapeDrape BendingBending WashingWashing PressurePressure Body reactionBody reaction Moisture & HeatMoisture & Heat

ConclusionConclusion

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Cyclic durabilityCyclic durability More ChargingMore Charging PowerPower

Extended in Surface as a TextileExtended in Surface as a Textile

ConclusionConclusion

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Sport: Diagram of movementsSport: Diagram of movements

Medical CareMedical Care

Identification Systems in carIdentification Systems in car

Smart apparels for comfortSmart apparels for comfort

Power source in non-wovenPower source in non-woven

Smart drapesSmart drapes

Lights in carpetsLights in carpets

Lights in furnitureLights in furniture

ApplicationsApplications

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Low speed charging: Cheap methodLow speed charging: Cheap method Long timeLong time No control in charging and temperatureNo control in charging and temperature DendritesDendrites Extra chargeExtra charge

High speed chargingHigh speed charging Short timeShort time Good control during chargingGood control during charging Extra charging is less than previous methodExtra charging is less than previous method More durability of battery (Three times More durability of battery (Three times

more than previous charging method)more than previous charging method)

Conclusion

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We are in the We are in the beginningbeginning