74

01

W: Honey, Im tired of checking if Tom remembers to takehis things with him to school every morning.

M: Stop doing that, please. You might actually bepreventing him from learning how to be independent.

W: What do you mean by that?M: If you keep helping him, hell continue depending on

you.

checkprevent A from doing Aindependent

depend onpunctualappreciate

02

M: Professor Freedman. I heard that Jane Jackson, thefamous movie star, was one of your students.

W: Yes. I taught her for two years when she was in college. M: Wow! Im wondering what she was like at that time.W: She was the most active student in everything.

activepay offin the long runin person

03

M: May I have your attention, please? Our library is hereto provide you with many resources that you findinteresting and will help you expand your knowledge.And soon well begin a new policy that will help youenjoy the library even more. Currently, youre able tocheck out just three books at once. The new policy willallow you to check out up to five books at once. If thischange works well, hopefully well increase thenumber in the future. The new policy will start on thefirst day of next month. If you have any questions

01 02 03 04 05 0607 08 09 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 3031 32 33 34 35 3637 38 39 40 41 4243 44 45

6~18

Tom

Freedman Jane Jackson

2

75

about this, feel free to ask any of our staff members.Thank you for listening.

resourceexpandpolicycurrently

04

W: Today Id like to share the results of a survey we gaveto 200 high school students. The survey was conductedto find out how much they want to succeed in school.Almost all of them responded that they have a strongdesire to do well in school. Then how can we helpthem? Educators say that one of the right answers isparent involvement. For example, parents shouldtake part in school events, such as parent-teachermeetings, volunteering in the classroom, helpingprepare for class trips, or fund raising for school.Educational research shows that the more involvedparents are in school events, the more likely childrenare to do well in school. For example, studentattendance, homework completion, and persistenceincrease, while disruptive classroom behaviordecreases.

surveyconductinvolvementfundraiseresearchattendancecompletionpersistencedisruptive

05

M: Ms. Baker, hows your debate club going?W: Fantastic. My club students are so enthusiastic.M: Sounds great. Do they prepare a lot for the debates?W: Yeah. Before the debates, I inform them of the debate

topic, and they survey key factors to support theiropinions.

M: They come ready to debate.W: They do. Preparing like that allows them to present

their supporting ideas easily.M: Do you give them time to write down their own

thoughts after the debate is done?W: No, I dont. Should I?M: Well, if you ask them to write down their thoughts

afterward, it would be really helpful. W: Why is that?M: Because then your students will have an opportunity to

organize their thoughts. Itll help them strengthen theirlogic.

W: Thats a good point. M: At least, thats what I experienced when I was in

charge of the debate club.

1

200

76

debateenthusiasticsurveyfactorpresentstrengthenlogicbe in charge of

06

M: Nicole, what is that picture of?W: Oh, its of a scene from the play that my class

performed last week. Take a look.M: This scene must be daytime since you have the sun

attached up on the wall. W: Thats right. Look at the tree on the left. Isnt it funny-

looking?M: Yeah. I see a child poking her face out of the hole in

the tree.W: Oh, the child is a boy. Hes standing behind the tree

since its a talking tree.

M: Oh, I see. Why does this girl have wings? Is she anangel?

W: Yes. And the boy kneeling next to her is a warrior.Thats why hes holding a long sword in his hand.

M: Is he one of the main characters?W: Yes. Look at the boy standing behind the curtain on the

right, showing his face. He wasnt supposed to showhis face, but he made a mistake.

M: He looks embarrassed, but hes cute.W: Yeah, I think so, too.

sceneattachpokekneelwarriorswordcharacter

07

M: Hows your preparation for the science contest going?W: Dad, my team hasnt even started preparing for it.

Baker

Nicole

77

M: Whys that? You told me your team members havemany good ideas.

W: Yes, but we have so many ideas that we cant decidewhich topic to choose.

M: Did you check the topics from the contest last year tomake sure you dont focus on one of them?

W: Yes. Were not considering any of the last years topics.M: Hmm... Actually, one of my friends works at a

chemistry lab. I can introduce him to you so that hecan help you choose a good topic.

W: Really? That sounds great. He could be a big help. M: Im sure hed be pleased to help your team. Actually,

he wanted to be a teacher.W: My team members will be happy to hear this news.

preparationfocus onchemistrylab

08

W: Honey, heres your salad.M: Wow, it looks delicious. What is this on top of the

salad, honey? It looks like peanut powder.W: It is. I ground up some peanuts and sprinkled the

powder over the salad.M: It really makes the salad look tastier. W: Thank you, but thats not the reason I did that. M: Then why did you add peanut powder?W: As you know, the lettuce in the salad is full of water. M: Right.W: So when you scatter peanut powder over the salad, it

absorbs the water and makes the lettuce crunchier.M: Wow! I had no idea about that. Thats pretty amazing. W: Definitely. Cooking is a kind of science.M: I guess so.

deliciouspowdergrind(-ground-ground)sprinklelettuceabsorbcrunchy

09

M: Mom, Id like to sign up for a basketball camp at PeaceGym during the summer vacation.

W: Thats great. Itll be good for your health. So whendoes it start?

M: It starts next Friday and lasts for six weeks.W: How many days a week does the camp meet?

78

M: Two days. On Wednesday and Friday. W: Wednesday? Remember you have a flute lesson on

Wednesday morning. What time is the basketballcamp?

M: Its from 1:30 to 3:00 in the afternoon.W: Thatll work. M: The camp instructor is Bob Turner. My friend says hes

one of the best instructors at the gym. W: Oh, good. Thats what I heard, too. My friends son has

joined one of his camps.M: On the last day of the camp, parents are invited to

watch the kids play a basketball game. W: Great. Id love to see you play.

Peace Gym 6Bob Turner

sign up forgymlastinstructor

10

M: Good morning, Ms. Brown. W: Good morning, Mr. Trump. Im going to be transferred

to an office in Boston. So Im afraid I have to cancelmy membership.

M: Oh, really? Well, let me check how much money youcan get back as a partial refund. [Typing sound] Yousigned up and paid for a six-month membership for$300, right?

W: Thats right. M: Since youve had your membership for a month, we

have to deduct one months fee from the $300. The feefor a month is $50.

W: Okay. So I get back $250, right?M: Well, no. Our registration policy says if you drop

before the contract finishes, you have to pay a 20percent penalty fee.

W: Is the 20 percent penalty fee applied before or after thededuction of $50?

M: Its applied after the deduction.W: All right.M: Hold on a second while I finish the transaction. [Pause]

Heres your money.W: Thank you.

6 300 1 50250 20% 50

200

transfer

Brown

Trump Boston

300 6

300 1

1 50

250

20%

20% 50

Peace Gym

6

1 30 3

Bob Turner

79

membershippartialrefunddeductpolicycontractpenalty feeapplydeductiontransaction

1110th Adventure Race

W: Good morning, everyone. Im happy to announce thatthe 10th Adventure Race will be held this year asscheduled. As in previous years, you should enter therace as a team of four members. Regardless of yourteams level, your team must finish the courses withinsix hours. Even if you dont register in advance, dontworry. You can also register on-site, starting at 7 a.m.,one hour before the race begins. Please keep in mindthat registration will take about twenty minutes. Allregistered participants will receive an event T-shirt.Please reconsider bringing any valuables since therewont be any lockers to keep them in. This years raceis going to be a blast!

announceas scheduledregardless ofregisterin advance

on-siteparticipantlockerblast

12

W: Honey, lets talk about our family summer vacation.M: Sure. You want to go to Yellowstone National Park,

dont you?W: Yes, I heard its very beautiful. Actually, I brought this

brochure from the travel agency.M: Oh, let me see. [Pause] Why dont we leave on July

8th?W: I havent told you yet, but I have a business trip that

day. But from July 10th, any date is fine with me. M: Okay. W: How long do you think we should stay?M: One night seems too short. Lets stay there for two

nights.W: Okay. Then we have three choices to choose from. M: We should go cycling or hot-air balloon riding this time

because we went birdwatching last year. W: I agree.M: Id rather go hot-air balloon riding.W: Me, too. But we need to keep the budget below $300

per person.M: Thats fine. Then lets choose the other one. W: Okay.

10 Adventure Race

7

20

Yellowstone

7 8

7 10

1 2

1 300

80

10 21 300

nationalbrochurebudget

13

M: Debbie, youre home late. Where have you been?W: You know my friend Jack, right? Hes in the hospital,

so I went to visit him.M: Really? What happened to him?W: He fell off his bike while mountain biking yesterday.M: Oh, my! How is he now? W: He broke his left leg.M: Thats too bad. How long is he going to be in the

hospital?W: He said he has to stay there for at least three weeks.M: Three weeks? Thats a long time. Itll be a hard time

for him and his family. W: Yes. Actually, he got hurt a few times last year while

mountain biking. Still hes kept on biking. M: Sounds like he really enjoys extreme sports like that.

Jack

Jack

fall offkeep on doingextremetake up

14

W: How was your volunteer trip to Africa, Tony?M: Unbelievable! It was one of the most memorable

experiences in my life.W: Thats great! What did you do there? M: My volunteer group did two things for the village we

visited. We dug a well in the middle of the village andrepaired the elementary school.

W: Im sure the villagers desperately needed both of thosethings.

M: Yeah. The organization that helped us with ourvolunteer trip already knew what the village neededmost.

W: What an amazing experience! But how did you do allthat? I mean, you had never done that kind of workbefore.

M: Actually, before I went on the trip, I learned a lot ofskills, like using a saw to cut wood, driving a nail, anddigging with a spade.

W: Really? M: Yeah. Our group took special lessons to learn those

skills before the trip. W: Wow! You prepared a lot for the volunteer work.

Debbie

Jack

3

3Tony

81

memorabledig -dug-dugelementarydesperatelyorganizationsawdrive a nailspade

15

M: Tom Rogers is the head of a local badminton club. Theclub members play badminton every morning at aneighborhood gym. The club pays a monthly rent touse the gym. Currently, each member pays thirtydollars a month. The collected money is being used tomanage the club and to rent the gym. One day theowner of the gym tells Tom that hes planning to raisethe rent from this coming September. The nextmorning, Tom tells the club members what the ownersaid. And he wants to tell them that they each have topay more per month to deal with the matter. In thissituation, what would Tom most likely say to hisfellow club members?

Tom: We need to raise our monthly membership fee.

Tom

neighborhoodgymmonthlyrentcurrentlycollectdeal withmatter

16~17

W: Have you ever thought about how women areportrayed in fairy tales? Though our children enjoyfairy tales, I dont think we can deny that some of thefairy tales have messages and ideas that give the wrongimpression of women. First, take Cinderella, forexample. She is described as weak and unable to doanything for herself until she gets help from a prince.Also, in The Little Mermaid, the mermaid falls in lovewith the prince within just three days. This sends amessage that women are likely to fall in love tooeasily. In addition, in Mulan, women look inferior andunder the power of men. Also, ideal women inMulan are portrayed as being calm and obedient.Lastly, in Hansel and Gretel, it is always the man whohas good plans. The woman just accepts the plans and

Tom Rogers

30

9 Tom

Tom

Tom

Tom

82

follows them. So, when you read your children fairytales, make sure to help them not to get the wrongimpression of women from the stories.

16

17Cinderella The Little Mermaid Mulan Hansel and

Gretel Snow White

portrayfairy taleimpressiondescribeinferiorobedientacceptfemalecreativitydistortdepict

18

A currently popular attitude is to blame technologyor technologists for having brought on theenvironmental problems [we face today], ~.

blame ~ for the environmental problems [we ~]

~ but now that it has been decided that cleaner carsare wanted, less polluting cars will be produced; ~.

now that

currentlybring onhaltthoroughlymisguidedscarcelyresponsiveinstantaneouslyrequirement

19

Cinderella

The Little Mermaid

3

Mulan

Mulan

Hansel and Gretel

83

Anyone [who looks at mass communication as asocial institution] cannot fail to note the tremendouspush and pull of public interests and tastes on theinstitution.

Anyone [who ~]cannot failThe motion picture industry has been in greater fear

of boycotts than of censorship.of boycotts of censorship fear

institutiontremendousvibratewindharpbreezeratingssneak previewcensorshipcodespotlegislation

20

No matter how organized and balanced you havebecome, occasionally you will find yourself [in asituation where everything is urgent, time sensitive, anddeadline driven].

find [in ~]where urgent time sensitive

deadline driven isFaced with such an onslaught, your impulse may be

to jump into reaction mode, [answering whateverscreams loudest at any given moment].

[answering ~] and answer

crisis pl. crisesmultipleprioritytime sensitivedeadline drivenattackimpulseanalyzephysicalregrouprise abovepanic

84

21

~ please note that our home repair kit emphaticallyadvises [anyone preparing to perform roof repairs] tofirst secure a rope around his or her waist and anchor itto a stationary object such as a nearby tree, chimney, orother permanent structure.

advise to[anyone ~] and

secure anchor toNowhere does our manual ever suggest that you tie

the rope from your waist to the handle, bumper, or anyother part of any vehicle parked directly below.

Nowhereyou tie should

regardinginjure oneselfat the same timekitemphaticallysecureanchorstationarypermanentmanualvehiclebackdrivewayassumelegal

22

Itis your responsibility to recognize a situation in the lightof your knowledge and to impart any information to thosewho may need it.

[Being quick to grasp situations], the motorist asked,Are you an accountant? to which the surprised mansaid, Yes, but how did you guess?

[Being ~] to which which themotorist asked, Are you an accountant?

It is no use telling a sinking man [that he did notask you {whether there was quicksand in his path}].

It is no use -ing[that ~] telling {whether ~} ask

motoristgaragebriefcasehesitationbe quick to dograspaccountantall toodutysink

25 Texaco

100%

85

quicksandin the light ofimpart

23

If two managers of equal status are very competitive,one might try to structure the others time to demonstrategreater status and power.

to demonstrate to

If she agrees, the chances are high [that the invitedmanager will not arrive for the meeting exactly at theagreed-upon time].

[that ~] the chances thechances that the invited ~ agreed-upon time are high

statusstructureassumeinitiationspecifydiminishimmediacyimplyirritatecolleaguerepresent

put-down

24

(A) they seem to spend ~ its own sakewhere

(B) seeing

themselves(C) (C) offer

offering

For centuries the English have regarded the French asunnecessarily talkative, to the point where they seem tospend all their time talking, simply for its own sake.

spend -ing

The idea [that the French are more talkative than theEnglish] is accepted by the French, ~.

[that ~] The ideais accepted

regard ~ as for ones own sakecontentawkwardlyrash

25

Johnson

1938 Andre Maurois

86

OverachievingUnderperformance

People are sometimes surprised at the suggestionthat they demonstrate respect for people they workwith.

thatshould should

demonstrate should

The kind of respect [were talking about] hasnothing to do with competence or incompetence.

The kind of respect [were ~]has

demonstrateprotestearnlive up tofolksstandardmajoritydevaluedmeasure upcontempthave nothing to do withcompetenceincompetencereserveworkaday

overachieveconfrontationperformancedeficientcall for

26New South Wales

3%

Of the total urban solid waste, commercial &industrial waste accounts for the most at 45 percent,followed by domestic waste.

followed being and it is followed

Below paper waste, there are four categoriesplastics, glass, diapers, and ferrous each of which doesnot exceed five percent.

which four categories each of whichand each of them

breakdownsolid wasteurbancommercialindustrialdomesticdiaperaccount forconsist ofcategorytake upportionexceed

New South Wales

New South Wales

45%

3 1

12%

5%

87

27Muir Woods National Monument

All paved trails arewheelchair-accessible.

Help keep wildlife healthy; dont feed or disturb theanimals.

keep

steepwindingprohibitservenature trailpreservefire roadloopcanyonpavedlevel

28

33

The All Willmar Opportunity Scholarship (AWOS)is a state-funded scholarship program for students [infinancial need].

[in ~] studentsEnrollment for at least 3 credits per semester in a

program [leading to an undergraduate degree][leading ~] a program

state-fundedneedpriority

Muir Woods

Muir Woods National Monument

12

35

8 16

3

Redwood Creek

Redwood Canyon 560

6

T

Marin County

ips

All Willmar Opportunity Scholarship

All Willmar Opportunity Scholarship(AWOS)

AWOS

2015 3 1

2 Willmar

Willmar

3

Willmar

Willmar 1 1 6 30

88

awardapplicantalternativeeligibilitycriterionresidentinitialenrollmentcreditsemesterundergraduate

29Edward Elgar

Edward Elgar (1857-1934), a renowned Englishcomposer, learned music mostly from his father, [anorganist and piano tuner], and on his own.

[an organist ~] his father

He took [what part he could in local musical life],but living in Worcester the best job he could get wasconducting the orchestra at a mental hospital.

[what ~] took whatliving while he lived

renownedon ones owncreditarrange

wildlyunlikelyinstrumentalcombinationbrilliantorchestratorreleaseknightpublicpersistently

30

~ and tried to define [what is behind it] and [whichdifferent kinds of humor do exist].

[what ~] [which ~] define

[What irony makes a part of humor] is the tension[which is created by the juxtaposition of two oppositemeanings].

[What ~] isthe tension [which ~]

investigatedefineessentialinvestigation

Edward Elgar(1857-1934)

Worcester

1889

Caroline Alice Roberts 1904

89

ironydiscrepancyliteralfigurativetensioninclusiveintegrative

31

Stalin

In 1929, he commanded [that all agriculture in theUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics be collectivized, byforce if necessary].

[that ~] commandedAnyone [resisting or attempting to store food] was

arrested, and this artificially generated famine resulted inthe starvation death of as many as 11 million Ukrainianpeasants [who were forbidden to leave the country insearch of food].

[resisting ~] Anyone [who ~]11 million Ukrainian peasants

faminedestabilizerebelliousnationalismUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics

collectivize

imposequotaseizestarvation deathpeasantforbidwithhold ~ from starve outopposition

32

Stalin

1929

1980

Eritrea

90

The moods of happy people improved when they gotpositive feedback and worsened when they got negativefeedback, but [whether they heard or didnt hear thefeedback {given to their partner}] made no difference.

[whether ~] butwhether A or B A B

{given ~} the feedbackBetter [to be told {that youre a pretty bad teacher}

but {that others are even worse}] than [to be told {thatyoure a pretty good teacher} but {that others arebetter}].

Better It is[to be ~] [to be ~]

{that ~} be told [tobe ~] {that ~} be told

videotapealongsidemoodmake no differencein comparison to

33

(A)(A)

(A)In fact

(B)(B)

(B)Moreover

The alternatives to reason have always been a bitsuspect, as if they were both inferior to, and lesslegitimate than, [the appeal to reason].

as ifthey [the ~]

In fact, there is nothing irrational or unreasonableabout appealing [to your own character] or [to theemotions of your audience].

appeal to toor

Nor is it necessarily desirable [to do so].Nor is it

it [to do ~]

inferior tolegitimateirrationalcontextsentimentno less ~ than persuasiveargumentpartake ofadvocate

3416

16 Parma

Prague

(C)

Caravaggio

(A)

(B)

91

(C)Caravaggio (A)

Caravaggio (B)Caravaggio

It outraged some of the old guard, [who saw him as{attacking beauty itself and reducing the grandeur ofpainting to merely portraying the everyday and low life}].

[who ~] some of the old guard{attacking ~} as attacking

reducing and[What seemed for so long to be a noble ideal of

{transcending earthly beauty for something better}]was beginning to look like a shallow stylistic trick.

[What ~] {transcending~} a noble ideal

turn againstaestheticcharacterotherworldlyoutrageold guardreduce ~ to grandeurlow lifeidealtranscendearthlyshallowstylisticreact againstconvention

35

(B) GordonDenton (C)

(A)

If the stripes are placed close together, they perceivethat they are traveling faster than they really are; theytherefore overestimate their speed.

they really are traveling

He reasoned [that {if underestimation of speed wascausing the accidents}, overestimation of speed wouldautomatically reduce them].

[that ~] reasoned {if ~}

interstateunderestimateperceivetrick ~ into automatically

36

(B)

Gordon Denton

(C)

1995 7 24

New York Times

New York

(A)

Denton

92

As painful as hard economic times have been forhospitals, some good things have come of the ferociouseconomic competition.

as as

Some New York hospitals are going so far as tosend fruit baskets and champagne to new mothers andfathers, and offering tea, snacks, and live piano music intheir atriums.

going offering are and

come offerociousfacilityrefineunprecedentedpublic relationsarticleadoptconditiongo so far as to do

37

He often does so in symbolic ways [that are hard foreven him to understand], as he is reacting to innerprocesses [whose origin may be buried deep in hisunconscious].

[that ~] symbolic waysfor even him to understand[whose ~] inner processes

[Efforts to assist him in his struggles], [while well-intentioned], may divert him from seeking, andeventually finding, [the solution that will serve himbest].

[Efforts ~] [while ~]while they are

divert from -ingseeking finding and

[the ~] seeking finding

competentinsurmountablecope withsymbolicunconsciousill-advisedserveimmediateinterferebe engrossed inwell-intentioned

38

Krebs Davies

Dawkins

93

They chicks

After a few minutes, however, they started to detectand to eat the prey more quickly, [suggesting that thechicks had formed an appropriate search image].

[suggesting ~]started

had formed

preyidentifypredatoralternativelyinvolveattentional processchickconsist ofgrainappropriate

39

All of a sudden [the tree {that was next to thebench}] started dancing.

[the ~] {that ~} the tree

A woman stopped her car in the middle of theintersection and got out screaming, [thinking {that hercar was going to blow up}].

stopped got out and [thinking~] {that ~} thinking

work overtimeintersectionblow upshaketuckride outcollapsetremendousdevastation

40

Oakland The Planet

7 45

Cypress Structure

Berkeley

TCypress Structure Cypress StreetViaduct Oakland 1.62

ips

Klucharev

94

(A) follows(B) handle

While their brains were being scanned, subjects[were asked to rate the attractiveness of different femalefaces {presented in random order}] and [were theninformed about group ratings of the same faces].

[were ~ order] [were ~ faces] and{presented ~} different female faces

Klucharev shows [that failure {to conform to groupjudgments} is treated in the same way as a predictionerror on a purely individual task].

[that ~] shows [that ~]failure ~ judgments {to conform ~}

failure

scaninduceconformismratein random ordertwistconcernneuraldiscrepancyhypothesizebear(-bore-borne) out

41~42

41

42

~ we find that these events and their rituals convey asense of collective identity, [which mainly exists in thecontext of these events].

[which ~] a sense of collective identity

However, we need to bear in mind [that aconsumers distinctive personal identity can also beconveyed through rituals {associated with communalevents such as birthdays, puberty rites and other rites ofpassage, including death}].

bear ~ in mind [that~] bear {associated ~}rituals such as ~

Wallendorf Arnould

Klucharev

95

communal events

ritualconsumption ritual

temporalcommunalfeastcollectiveinstillwherebyprivilegeobligationprescribedfastingenacttogethernesspuberty riterite of passagekin

43~45Zachary

43(A)

Zachary(C) Zachary Seth

(B) Zachary Seth

(D)Zachary

44(e) Seth (a) (b) (c) (d) Zachary

45Zachary Seth

Zachary ZacharyHad their

teacher prevented Zacharys way of thinking by ~ Zacharywould have been deprived of his opportunity to bounceback the way he did.

[Searching for a way to satisfy both himself andSeth so that their needs would coincide instead ofconflict], he said, Ill help you with the rocks!

[Searching ~] so that

Had their teacher prevented Zacharys way ofthinking by [demanding that Seth let Zachary have thewagon because he already had his turn], or [suggestingthat the boys play together or take turns], or, as someteachers and parents might, [taking away the wagon soneither boy would have it], Zachary would have beendeprived of his opportunity to bounce back the way hedid.

If had p.p. have p.p.Had their teacher

(A) James Mac Mac

Mac James

Sarah Abbie Abbie

Abbie Sarah

Zachary

(C) Zachary Seth

Seth

Zachary

Seth Zachary

Seth

Seth

Seth

(B) Zachary

Seth

Seth

Zachary Seth

Zachary

(D) Seth Seth

Zachary

Zachary Zachary

96

prevented If their teacher had prevented ~ If[demanding ~]

[suggesting ~] [taking ~] by

walk awayalternativecope withbounce backcoincidewagonpreventdeprive ~ of

01

M: Honey, the computer froze up again. The screen is justblue.

W: Really? Thats the fourth time this week. M: I think we need a new computer. This one is too old.W: Unfortunately, we cant afford to buy a new one.

freeze upbroke

02

W: Honey, we need to go grocery shopping. How aboutgoing this weekend?

M: Well, I have to work this weekend. W: I see. Then, what about going on Monday evening? M: Great. The grocery store isnt crowded then, so its

01 02 03 04 05 0607 08 09 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 3031 32 33 34 35 3637 38 39 40 41 4243 44 45

19~31

97

better.

grocery

03

W: Good morning, parents. Im Martha Grandell, managerof Evergreen Community Center. As your childrengrow up, they leave behind many childrens books.Evergreen Community Center is going to hold a bookexchange event where the books can find new youngowners. Itll take place on November 11th, but youshould register on our website in advance. Please sendus the list of books that youd like to give others andthe types of books that youd like to receive in return.Then, we can match the lists and find the best ones forthe exchange. If nobody is looking to receive yourbooks, you can just donate them to us, too. I hopemany of you will participate in this fun andcooperative event.

Evergreen Community

Center Martha Grandell

Evergreen Community Center

11 11

registerin advancein returncooperative

04

M: Today, Id like to briefly mention a microwave ovensafety tip. Using your microwave oven with aluminumfoil in it causes sparks which may make anyflammable materials catch fire. But even if you seesmoke coming out around the door of your microwave,dont panic. Just turn the oven off by hitting the stopbutton and unplug the oven. This will stop the fan andkeep oxygen from getting into the oven. Keep themicrowave oven door closed. This will keep any smokeand flames in the oven and will cut off air that feedsthe flames. When the microwave oven door is coolenough to touch, open it and remove the materialinside.

mentionmicrowave (oven)aluminum foilsparkflammable

98

material

05

M: Tracy, what is that photo of?W: Its from my family trip to Nepal. Check it out. M: Wow! This house is decorated with flowers. W: Yeah. It was the festival season, so the villagers

decorated their houses with flowers. The housebelongs to this woman in front of the house.

M: I like her hat. Its beautiful. W: I like it, too. And the boy wearing sandals and carrying

a water container is her grandson. Hes standing nearher.

M: Really? She doesnt look that old. W: Shes only forty years old, but shes already a

grandmother. M: Interesting. Hmm... You and your dad look great in the

photo.W: Thanks. We were wearing checkered jackets. M: Thats cool. Hey, I thought you were afraid of dogs, but

theres a dog in front of you. W: Im scared of dogs, but that was a really nice one.

belong tocontainerbe scared of

06

[Cell phone rings.]M: Hello. Phil Jackson speaking. W: Hello. I saw the pictures of your mountain bike online.

Can I ask you some things about it?M: Sure. Go ahead. W: When did you buy it?M: I bought it last year, but since Ive been extremely busy

at my work, I havent ridden it very much.W: I see. M: Its basically as good as new, but the seat isnt very

soft, so it may take some time to get used to it. W: Thats no problem at all. Can I pay with a credit card?M: No. Im not a shop owner, so I can only accept cash. W: All right. My office is on 4th Avenue. Would it be

convenient for you to meet me there with the bikesometime this week?

M: Sure. Actually, how about tomorrow at noon?W: Perfect. Ill text you the address after this phone call.

Id like to try riding it before buying it. Is that okay?M: Yes. See you tomorrow.

basically

Tracy

40

Phil Jackson

4

12

99

get used toconvenienttext

07

W: Eddie, can you help me?M: Sure, what can I do for you?W: Pop-up ads keep appearing on my computer screen.

Theyre really annoying. M: Let me see. Well, do you use a file-sharing program?W: No. I downloaded several programs a few days ago,

though, and since then the computers been really slow.M: I think some bad adware that automatically opens ads

got onto your computer. W: Oh, no! What should I do?M: First of all, you should delete all unnecessary programs

including the adware. W: But I dont know which programs to delete and which

ones to keep. Could you delete the unnecessaryprograms for me?

M: All right. After that, Ill run the vaccine program foryou.

W: Thank you. There are two vaccine programs on mycomputer, so you can use either of them.

pop-up adadwareautomaticallyunnecessary

08Salvador Dali

W: Hi, Henry. Did you end up seeing the Salvador Daliexhibition yesterday?

M: Unfortunately, I couldnt.W: Why is that? Did you get there too late?M: No. Actually, the art museum is open until 9 p.m. every

Wednesday. W: Then, what kept you from seeing it? Was the exhibition

for adults only? I heard that some pieces of Dalisarent for teens.

M: Well, theres a section for adults, but we can see therest of the exhibition.

W: Oh, then, something must have happened to you. M: Yeah. I suddenly got a terrible stomachache after

school, so I had to go see a doctor instead of theexhibition.

W: Thats too bad! Are you okay now?M: I had to stay in bed all evening, but Im feeling much

better now.

end up doingexhibitionsection

Henry Salvador Dali

9

Dali

Eddie

100

09Yesterday

W: Isnt that the song Yesterday by The Beatles?M: Yes. Its the original version. W: You know what? Ive never understood what the song

is about. M: The lyrics are about a sad break-up. The man in the

song is regretting what he did.W: It sounds very emotional. Whos the composer?M: Paul McCartney. The melody struck him in his dream,

and he used it for the song when he wrote it. W: Thats amazing!M: Actually, he spent a whole month to make sure it

wasnt the same melody as any other song. W: It was original, right?M: Yeah. So The Beatles recorded the song in 1965. The

song were listening to now is on this album. W: Its one of their most popular songs, isnt it?M: Definitely. I heard there are more than 2,500 versions

of it all around the world.

versionbreak-upregretemotionalstrike

10

W: Hello. Im looking for a pair of headphones.M: All right. We have a wide selection of headphones.

Come and look around.W: Okay. These ones look fabulous.M: Theyre made of Jamaican wood, and they have a built-

in MP3 player. Theyre $100. W: But I already have an MP3 player.M: Then how about these? Theyre last years models, but

theyre really high quality. W: I like the design. How much are they?M: Originally, the white pair was $80 and the pink one was

$70, but theyre 50% off right now. W: Thats a real bargain! Ill take a white pair. And can I

use this $10 gift certificate?M: Yes. Ill take off $10. Then you just pay the difference. W: All right. Ill pay in cash. [Pause] Here you go. M: Thank you. Here are your headphones and receipt.

80 50%10

MP3

100

MP3

80 70 50%

10

10

T ips

The Beatles Yesterday

Paul McCartney

The Beatles 1965

2,500

101

$30

a wide selection offabulousJamaicanbuilt-inThats a real bargain!gift certificatedifference

11

M: Good morning, students! The City Volunteer ServiceFair is just around the corner! This annual event servesas a bridge between high school students and localnon-profit organizations. This year, the fair will beheld on Saturday, September 13, from 11 a.m. to 3p.m. Itll take place on the Greentown College soccerfield. More than 100 non-profit organizations areplanning to participate. High school students will beable to find service opportunities that match theirinterests and career goals. For groups of more than 5, aguide is available if you register in advance. Theadmission is $2 per person, and the money will bedonated to the non-profit organizations that areparticipating in the event. Come and explore volunteerservice opportunities!

localnon-profitparticipate

9 13

11 3

Greentown College 100

1 2

register

12

W: What are you looking at on the Internet, Brian?M: Im thinking of buying one of these tumblers. W: Why do you want to buy another one? You already

have one. M: It was broken last week, so I need a new one. W: I see. Hmm... Theres a big price range among the

models. M: Yeah, but I dont want to spend more than $30.W: Then you wont get this one. What size do you want?M: I think a 24-ounce tumbler would be too large for me. W: Then you should choose among these three models.M: These ones come with a silicon lid so theyd be more

convenient to use. Ill take one with a silicon lid.W: Then youre left to choose between these two.M: Right. Its hard to decide. W: Personally, if I were you, I wouldnt buy a tumbler

made of plastic. M: Youre right. Ill order this one made of stainless steel.

30 24

tumblerouncelid

Brian

30

24

102

personally

13

W: Minsu, I saw you practicing some martial art in the park.M: Really? When was that?W: Last Saturday around 7:30 a.m., when I was on my

way to work. I saw you near the pond. I didnt want todisturb you, so I just passed by.

M: I see. I was practicing taekwondo. I started takinglessons last month.

W: Thats great. So, hows it going?M: Pretty good. But all the moves and forms are hard to

get used to. The instructors are really kind, though. W: Sounds like youre enjoying it a lot. M: I am. And since Im a Korean, I feel proud whenever I

go to class. Next week I have a test for the yellow belt.I hope Ill pass.

W: Well, the color of the belt means a type of rank, Iguess.

M: Right. The yellow one is the second lowest.

1

Minsu

7 30

martial artforminstructorrank

14

W: James, its been such a long time since I came to anamusement park.

M: Same here. I cant wait to go on some rides. W: For sure. So what pass do you think we should get?

The one for all the rides?M: Lets do that. Then we can ride as many as we want. W: We can also ride the same one again and again if its

fun. M: Sure thing. Lets get in line. By the way, what do you

want to ride first?W: How about the bumper cars? And we can ride the roller

coaster and the boats after that.M: Sounds good, but how about riding the roller coaster first?W: But theres probably going to be a long line for the

roller coaster. M: Right. But the line is going to be longer later. So if we

ride the bumper cars and the boats first, well have towait longer for the roller coaster. What do you think?

W: Okay. Lets ride the roller coaster first to save time.

James

103

amusement parkride

15

W: Walter is a childrens book writer. Hes working on abook about a group of aliens that try to invade theEarth. He finishes the manuscript and sends it to theeditor. A week later, when hes waiting to get a haircutat a barber shop, he gets a phone call from the editor.She says there are several illustrators who are interestedin his book and that she has just emailed him theirsample pictures. She wants to know as soon as possiblewhich illustrator Walter wants to work with. Waltersphone is not a smartphone, so he cant look at thesamples at the barber shop. He wants to tell her that hecan check the sample pictures when he arrives homeafter he gets his hair cut. In this situation, what wouldWalter most likely say to the editor?

Walter: Ill call you after I check the samples at home.

Walter

Walter

1

Walter

Walter

Walter

Walter

alieninvademanuscriptbarber shopillustrator

16~17

M: Do you want to start a fitness program but have nomoney to join a gym or to buy fitness equipment?Dont worry. Running or walking to and from yourwork can make great aerobic exercise. Also, tostrengthen your muscles, you need to lift weights.Fortunately, there are many household items you canuse for this. For example, use a water bottle as adumbbell. And for a greater challenge, trade in yourwater bottles for large milk bottles or large laundrydetergent bottles. You can make a barbell with twoshopping bags and a broomstick, too. Just make surethe two bags are the same weight. Also, any doorframe works great for strengthening arm muscles. Justhold the top of the frame and try to bend your arms!For standing pushups, use a table or a wall. Thisexercise really helps you keep your stomach musclesstrong. Finally, to strengthen your leg muscles, just runup and down some stairs. Remember that fitness is apart of staying healthy, and it can be improved usingordinary household items.

104

16

17

fitness equipmentaerobic exercisedumbbelltrade in ~ for detergentbarbellbroomstickdoor framepushup

18

After a few thousand years of continuous interchangebetween the external uses of mathematics and its internal

structure, these two aspects of the subject have becomeso densely interwoven that picking them apart is almostimpossible.

them these ~ subject so~ that

As with all branches of science, [what givesmathematics its power] is the combination of abstractreasoning and inspiration from the outside world, {eachfeeding off the other}.

[what ~ ]is {each ~} each

interchangeexternalinternaldenselyinterweave -interwove-interwovenreadilyclassificationdefensiblerough-and-readydescriptionat bestat worstmisrepresentbranchabstractreasoninginspirationfeed off

19

105

This is [because of the normal rotational curve inthe legs of a newborn] and [because the crampedquarters in the womb often force one or both feet intoodd positions].

This is [because of ~] [because ~]because of the

normal ~ newborn because

Which is probably why these treatments, [most ofwhich are now deemed to be completely ineffective],usually appeared to cure the problem.

[most of which ~] these treatments

rotationalcurvecrampedquarterscrawlroutine treatmentdeemineffective

20

Ohio

Richard Steckel

Steckel 9 11

1750

Steckel

16

19

But [measurements of human skeletal remains fromacross the ages made by Richard Steckel, at Ohio StateUniversity], tell a different story.

[measurements ~] tellHe speculates that the differences may be due to a

period of warm climate during the Early Middle Ages,which made food plentiful, followed by the Little IceAge between the 16th and 19th centuries [when it wouldhave been scarce.]

due to a period of ~ Ages [when~] the Little Ice Age ~ centuries wouldhave been

be the caseskeletalremainsgradualevolutioncounterpartthe Industrial Revolutionindicatoroverallprosperityspeculateplentifulscarce

21

T16

1560 1750 1850

ips

I have reviewed all of the information [you sent meabout the restaurant {you plan to open in town}].

[you ~] the information {you ~}the restaurant

You certainly seem to have put a great deal ofthought into this new venture.

seem It certainly seemsthat you put[have put] a great deal of thought into thisnew venture.

venturebe flatteredfinancialbe impressed withenthusiasmambitiousundertakingcurrentestablishment

22

106

This is because it is grown in vast monoculturalplantations.

This is becauseOrganic cotton clothes are still between 20 and 50

percent more expensive than regular pesticide-growncotton products, but you can occasionally get them onsale, [which can bring them down to more usual prices].

[which ~] which and it

cropapproximatelypesticideartificial fertilizervastmonoculturalplantationoccasionallybed linenenvironmentally soundalternative

23

She also had deep laugh lines around her eyes andother assorted wrinkles [that the artist thought gave heran interesting character].

[that ~] other ~ wrinklesthat the artist thought

70

2%

25%

Texas

20% 50%

107

However, when she showed the sketch to her subjectfor approval to use it in a painting, it was obvious [thatthe woman wasnt seeing either exoticness orcharacter.]

it [that ~]

randomexoticmarvelousfull lipslaugh lineassortedgypsydrapedanglesubjectapprovalliterally

24Cyrene

After many vicissitudes and another visit to theoracle, Battus arrived on the Libyan mainland and wastaken by the local inhabitants to high ground. Springsissued from various points of the high ground.

the highground which

the greatestone of

was toldOn protesting

his protestingthe god Apollo oracle

whose

Cyrenaica Cyrene

Herodotus

485 ~425 Thera Grinius Delphi Apollo

(Grinius)

Battus

Battus

7

Apollo

Kyrana

Cyrene

After many vicissitudes and another visit to theoracle, Battus arrived on the Libyan mainland and wastaken by the local inhabitants to high ground, [fromvarious points of which issued springs].

[from ~] high ground from~ which springs issued

colonyrelateconsultoraclemainlandinhabitantissue fromspringfertiledesertsustainexpeditionnymphnourish

25

(A) sensitive insensitive

T

60020

ips

2010 2012

The gap between the percentage of proficientseventh-graders of Wayne County and that of MacombCounty became wider from 2010 to 2012.

the percentage ~ seventh-gradersthat

deemproficientstandardizedslight

27

Many children go hungry during the summer with

108

sensitive(B) appealing invisible

invisible(C) static dynamic

static

This explains why its so difficult to sit through thecollege graduation video where your friend set thecamera on the tripod, pointed it at the stage, and let itrun.

set, pointed, let your friendand

Try as we might to pay attention, our eyes wander,seeking wildebeests or lions, or anything that moves.

asseeking ~ our eyes

evolveplainfreezeframesit throughtripodwildebeest

267

Wayne Macomb 7

7 2010~2012

2010 2012

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7 2010 2012 2012

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109

the absence of school lunches. go hungry

They will be used to purchase food gift cards.be used to do

drivereserveannualdonatenonperishablemacaronihygienelaundry detergentdish detergentdrop-off locationmonetarygift card

28

Alcoholic beverages, food, firearms, and pets arenot permitted on park grounds.

be not p.p.

interactsea lionturtleaccompanypermitstrollermain entrancebeveragecash

29Moche

Dense populations centered on the Moche, Chicamaand Viru valleys in [what is now Peru], surviving onirrigation agriculture combined with abundant offshorefishing.

[what ~] surviving ~Dense populations

Moche artisans mastered the arts of textile weaving,metallurgy and ceramics, and much of this artisticproduction was devoted to depicting the ritual activities[that took place against a background of {pyramids,temples and compounds adorned with beautifulfrescoes}].

be devoted to to

SEA ADVENTURE PARK

Dolphin Cafe

10 30 5

12

Sea Adventure Park

Sea Adventure Park

Sea Adventure Park 808-234-9876

www.seaadventurepark.com

T1

ips

Moche 100 700

6 Moche

250

Moche Chicama

Viru

Moche

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110

depicting [that ~] the ritual activities{pyramids, ~} a background of

hold sway overterritorydenseirrigationabundantoffshore fishingtextile weavingceramicsdevotecompoundadornfrescoglimpserulercommonervesselsurpassdepiction

30

Two of your kids have never been to Mexico, andthe oldest was last there when she was four years old.

have never been to

[Asking your child {whether shed like to go toMexico} if shes never been there] is like asking her{whether shed like curried chicken when shes neverhad it before}.

[Asking ~] is {whether ~Mexico} {whether ~ before} Askingasking

phrasedisciplinerefer tohorizonspousevote fordemocracycurriedmaximizeobjectivecoincideauthority

31

TMochica

AD 300~700

ips

111

For each of these situations, one must carefullydefine the problem, determine what data is needed,select a sample, gather data, summarize data, and thenmake inferences and decisions based on the datacollected.

define, determine, select, gather, summarize, makeand

uncertaintystatisticsaccountantauditfinancial investorfluctuationportfolio investmentexecutivepreferencedefineinferenceinitialdefinitionrandomsamplingstatisticalabstractreasoning

32skill

A B

skill

As readers will be aware, however, the term skill isalso used quite loosely to refer to carrying out verybroad tasks (e.g., flying a passenger plane from A to B)or activities that can only with difficulty be described astasks (e.g., parenting).

very broad tasks activities or

The argument is [that these examples of conceptualinflation, while not always resulting in overt nonsense,are in fact {examples of covert nonsense which can leadto both conceptual and practical confusion}].

[that ~] thatthese examples of conceptual inflation

are {examples ~} not always

conceptexclusivelyhand-eye coordination

manualdraw a bowovertarithmeticalcalculatione.g.explicitlyargumentinflationcovertnonsenseprofessionalcontextprunecorestandardizeddirectapplication

112

33

Chicago Tribune

For women, the road to the boardroom may welllead through the locker room, ~.

well may might couldmay well

Volleyball, soccer, basketball and any other schoolsport certainly do teach the values of [discipline,teamwork and working toward a goal] ~.

do teach doteach [discipline~] of

executiveboardroomlocker roomcorrelationcross-genderequalitycompetitiondiscipline

2002 4 Chicago Tribune

Oppenheimer Funds MassMutual

Financial Group 401

34

(B)

(C)

(A)

[Among the most important determinants of thepsychological demands of any sport] are its nature andstructure.

[Among ~] itsnature and structure are

Whereas the former is a timed, physical contact,team game, the latter is an untimed, non-contact,individual sport.

the former soccer thelatter snooker

determinantpsychologicaldemandnaturestructurewin backopponentpotrequirementposeplausible

(B)

(C)

(A)

113

motivationanticipatevitalcognitiveconcentration

35

(B)

(C)(A)

Humanizing other animals as well would lead to stillmore knowledge.

stillBut we know too little about [what those genes do],

[what variations in them mean], and [what beneficialnew variations are possible].

whatabout

significantextenthumanizeintelligentvariationadvancedlaboratory

(B)

(C)

(A)

36

Remember, any job advertisement [that says {thatyou need a current bank account to process payments}]is probably a money laundering scam.

[that ~] any job advertisement{that ~} says

After deciding to work from home to avoid a loudcubicle, you may find [it is still hard to focus].

[it ~] find it tofocus

bank accountmoney launderingjob postingapply forstart-upkitcubiclerevolve aroundinitialeffectivelypyramid scheme

T ips

114

37

It is possible to distinguish several key drivers [thatdetermine the level of a societys greenhouse gasemissions].

It to distinguish[that ~] several key drivers

Another distinction can be made between [a worldeconomy structured on global competition and openmarkets] and [an economy with greater governmentcontrol and oriented towards (regional) trading blocs].

between A and B A [a ~]B [an ~]

distinguishdriveremissionconsumptiondesirabledistinctionprioritysocially-orientedtrading blocvariableutilizeenergy carrier

38

these delusionspeoples delusions of grandiosity

~, but if we all paid attention just to ourselves andlacked interest in anyone else, then wed be condemnedto a selfish and isolated life.

if

Indeed, the more narcissistic people are, the moreunrealistic their expectations will tend to be; and themore unrealistic your expectations are, the more likelyyou are to end up being depressed when you finallycome to terms with the fact that you cannot achievethem.

thethe

delusionreverse effectclose tounattainableinflatedself-viewnormcondemnenticegrandeurnarcissisticdepressed

1990

2000 3% 7%

1 2

115

come to terms withdepressionsoarcurrent estimate

39

It took me a second to remember [that there were adozen or so steps up to the stage] and she was walkingup them.

[that ~] remember them a dozen orso steps

~ and then stopped myself just in time from staringinto the dazzling safety lights [that marked the edge ofthe stage].

that ~] the dazzling safety lights

mental practiceshaky

make it tofall on ones facedazzlingsafety lightmarkedge

40

(A)more independence (B)

exceed

Being able [to tie your shoelaces, make your ownlunch, and speak to a store manager to get an after-school job] these are essential skills for independentliving that we should be developing in kids at differentstages of development.

tie make speak to these[to ~] to

Our job as parents is to make ourselves redundant,so we need to do less for kids so (that) they can domore.

Brown

Lula

Tnarcissus

NarcissusNaecke 1899

ips

116

to make toso (that) can ~

that

independenceself-helptie ones shoelacesessentialbuilding blockconfidenceredundantrelativelynavigateinvolveelementscarysecureeliminateoverprotectindicationexceedoverlook

41~42

41

42

Judges are prevented from doing this work wellwhen they are required to pick one of the multiple aimsof sentencing, like retribution, and prevented frombalancing it with other important aims, likerehabilitation.

and prevented they areprevent ~ from

But its not only rigid rules like mandatorysentencing laws that discourage the wisdom to balanceand interpret.

not only rigid rules like mandatory sentencing lawsIt is ~ that

sentenceretributionrehabilitationrigiddiscretionmandatorysecurityautonomydumbnuancecontextpractice

43~45

117

43 Dan

(A)(C) Dan

(D) Dan(B)

44(a) (c) (d) (e) Dan (b)

45(D) ~ how was I to know there was a club for their fans?

(A)

Dan

(C)

Dan

herpology

herpetology Dan

(D) Dan

Dan

Minnesota Minnesota

Dan Dan

(B) Dan

Dan

10 Dan

Monica

I was not prepared, however, for the request [Danmade when he was ten years old].

[Dan ~] the request

I asked [if it would be okay if we sat in].[if ~] asked

There are all sorts of activities and options forkids interests as they get older.

as they kids

It looked legitimate, so I promised Dan [Id takehim to a meeting].

[Id ~] promised Idthat

sit inbrochuretalk ~ into rangeimmediatelyreptilelet aloneinvestigationlegitimatecreepycreep

118

01

M: Sandra, I dont think well be able to go hiking thisSaturday.

W: Why not? Did something important come up?M: No. The weather forecast says that its going to rain a

lot this weekend.W: Then lets put it off until next week.

weather forecastput offwalking stick

02

W: Minsu, how is your preparation for the English SpeechContest going?

M: Hi, Ms. Anderson. Ive just finished writing a roughdraft of my speech.

W: Then, can I take a look at it? I can give you somecomments on it.

M: Sounds great. Im sure that would be really helpful.

1

preparationrough draft

03

M: Hello, Im James Brown, host of Green Life. Mostpeople celebrate birthdays with a birthday cake withbirthday candles. After the party they just throw thecandles away, which is a waste. Surprisingly, usedbirthday candles have a variety of practical uses. Forexample, these tiny candles work wonders for stickylocks. Simply rub the candle on the key and insert thekey in the lock several times. It really works! Also,kids can use the used candles for invisible ink. Haveyour child write a message with some candles on apiece of white paper, and paint over their message withcolored paint. The message will magically appear.Used birthday candles can also be used as wonderfulcampfire starters. So, after blowing out the candles,store them in a bottle for later use.

01 02 03 04 05 0607 08 09 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 3031 32 33 34 35 3637 38 39 40 41 4243 44 45

32~44

Sandra

Anderson

Green Life James Brown

119

hostthrow awaya variety ofstickyrubinsertinvisibleblow out

04

W: Hey, David. Peter acted kind of rude today.M: What do you mean, Cathy?W: Well, I gave him a surprise gift today, but he didnt

seem happy about it.M: What did you give him?W: I saw the musical Cats with my family last night, and I

loved it. So I bought two tickets and gave them to him. M: Oh, as far as I know, Peter doesnt really like musicals.W: Really? I didnt know that. M: Well, I think first you shouldve checked what he likes. W: I thought the musical was something that everybody

would like.M: Peter likes to watch sports. If you had given him

baseball tickets instead, he wouldve been happy.W: I see. Next time Ill consider that.M: Yeah, one mans music is another mans noise.

Peter

kind ofrude

05

M: Honey, I have a big surprise for you and our future baby.W: What is it? M: While you were at your parents house today, I

furnished and decorated this room.W: Wow, I like the pretty curtains on the window.M: Thanks. How do you like the mobile hanging from the

ceiling?W: Oh, its so cute. I can imagine our baby smiling at it.M: Yeah, thats why I put the bed below it. W: I see. The rocking chair under the window is from the

living room, right?M: Thats right. I moved it here because I think itll be

useful when we put the baby to sleep. W: Great idea. M: And I brought up the fish tank from the basement and

put it next to the door to keep the room humid. Whatdo you think?

W: I love it, honey. Our baby will enjoy watching the fish.

Cats

Peter

Peter

David. Peter

Cathy

120

furnishdecoratemobilehangceilingrocking chairfish tankhumid

06

W: David, are you okay? M: Linda, this is the third time that I have fallen down. W: I know its not easy to balance, but youll get used to it

soon.M: I hope so. My body is starting to hurt from falling.W: Youve already improved since we got here. Just stay

positive. M: Okay. Thanks.W: Take my hand, and Ill lead you to take steps forward. M: Thank you. Wait! My gloves are wet. Id like to take

them off.W: Thats not a good idea. The gloves protect your hands

from burning on the ice when you fall down. I have anextra pair in my locker. Do you want me to go getthem?

M: No, thats okay. There are only a few minutes until theyclean the ice. Lets try to do one more lap around therink before they start cleaning.

W: All right. And then lets grab a bite to eat. M: Good idea.

fall downbalancepositivetake a step forwardburnlapgrab a bite to eat

07

M: Hello, Ms. Collins. How is the preparation for theschool marathon going?

W: Hi, Mr. Taylor. So far so good, but I still have a fewthings to do.

M: Like what?W: I need to get bottled water and order T-shirts.M: You mean for the participants? W: Yes. Every participant will get one bottle of water and

a T-shirt. M: I see. If you need any help, feel free to ask me. W: Thank you. Actually, I need someone to give out the T-

shirts to the runners. Can you do that for me?M: Sure. How many students are going to run in the

marathon?

David

Linda

121

W: More than 100 students are registered for it.M: All right. When should I be there by?W: Please get to the marathon starting point an hour

before the race starts.M: Okay. Ill be there.

participantfeel free to doregister

08

[Cell phone rings.]M: Hey, honey. Its me.W: Hi, honey. What time are you going to be home

tonight?M: Unfortunately, Ill be late.W: Really? Do you need to work overtime again?M: No. Actually, Ive already left the office, but I ran into

a little trouble on my way home.W: What happened? Is it serious?M: Kind of. My car stopped while I was on the highway,

so I had to get it towed to a mechanic shop.W: Oh, my! Do you know what the problem is?M: The mechanic says the car has an engine problem. Itll

take at least a day to get it repaired. W: I see. Then how are you getting home now? Are you

going to take the subway?M: Yeah. The mechanic will drop me off at the nearest

subway station.W: Okay. Well, Ill see you when you get home.

run intoon ones waytowmechanicat leastdrop off

09NT Sky Tower

W: Jack, what magazine are you reading?M: Its an architecture magazine. Look at this tower. Its

the NT Sky Tower. Have you heard of it?W: No, I havent, but its beautiful. I like it because its

white. M: Yeah, me, too. The reason its famous is because of its

unique spiral design.

Collins

Taylor

100

122

W: Interesting! M: And its one of the tallest towers in the world. Its 634

meters tall.W: Oh, it must have taken a long time to build it.M: Yes, almost four years. The construction started in July,

2008 and was completed in February, 2012. W: Wow! M: And it has an environmentally-friendly lighting system.

Theyve installed only LED lights in the building tosave energy.

W: Great! I hope to see it in person someday. M: Youre telling me.

NT Sky Tower 6342008 2012

architectureuniquespiralenvironmentally-friendlyinstallin person

10

W: Hi, welcome to Lakeside Rail Bike Rentals.M: Hi, Id like to rent some bikes.W: All right. How many people are in your group?M: Ten. Six adults and four children. W: Okay. We have two kinds of bikes: a four-person bike

and a two-person bike. How many of each would youlike to rent?

M: I think the children should share a bike with theirparents. So, Id like to rent two four-person bikes andone two-person bike.

W: All right. The four-person bike is $30 a day and thetwo-person is $20.

M: Sounds good. I heard you offer a discount for LakesideCounty residents.

W: Thats right. If youre a resident of Lakeside County,you can get a 10% discount on them.

M: Great. Im from this area.W: All right. Please show me your ID to confirm that.M: No problem. Here is my drivers license. And Ill pay

by credit card.

30 4 20 210

72

discountresidentconfirm

11

M: Good afternoon, everyone. Do you want to show yourspecial talent for dance to the public? Now in its 9thyear, the NJ Dancing Contest continues to offer

Jack

NT Sky Tower

634

4 2008 7 2012 2

LED

Lakeside Rail Bike Rentals

4 2

4 2

4 30 2 20

Lakeside County

Lakeside County 10

123

dancers an opportunity to perform at their best. Bothindividual and team registration is possible, but theteam size limit is four members. The performance timeis ten to fifteen minutes. All dance genres are allowed,and there will be awards for the best dances regardlessof genre. A panel of five professional dancers willjudge the contest based on technique, difficulty,showmanship, and overall effect. All winners will begiven a chance to perform their dances on a specialstage at the Redwood City Festival. For moreinformation, please visit our website atwww.NJdance.com. We look forward to seeing lots ofnew faces this year. Thank you.

NJ Dancing Contest

registrationperformanceregardless ofprofessionaljudgeeffectlook forward to

12

M: Welcome to TJ Plaza.W: Hi, Im looking for a washing machine.M: Okay, we currently have five different models. Please

look at this catalog. How about this one? Its the mostpopular one these days.

W: It seems good, but $1,000 is too expensive for me.

M: Then what do you think of this small one? Its thecheapest model in our store.

W: Well, I usually have really big loads of laundry, andthis one only holds up to 6kg. I need one with a largercapacity.

M: All right. We have three models that meet your needs.And what kind of loading type do you prefer?

W: I dont like bending down to put in and take out mylaundry, so Id like to get a top-loading washer.

M: I see. Would you like one with allergy care, too?W: Whats that?M: It helps to remove small traces of bugs and dust. This is

especially important if you have sensitive skin.W: Oh, I have really sensitive skin. Ill take the one with

that function.

1,000 6

holdup tocapacitybend downtracesensitive

13

NJ

Dancing Contest

10

15

Redwood City

Festival

www.NJdance.com

TJ Plaza

1,000

124

[Telephone rings.]W: Hello?M: Hi, Ms. Sanders. This is Eddie Johnson. W: Hi, Mr. Johnson. How is Amys piano?M: Actually, Im calling to ask you a question about it. It

has a dull tone nowadays. W: Oh, it probably needs tuning. M: You just tuned it last year, though. Does it need to be

tuned again?W: Yes. Pianos usually need to be tuned at least once

every six months. Summer humidity can really affectpiano strings.

M: I see. Then would you be able to come and tune thepiano this week?

W: Well, Im afraid I cant this week. My schedule is sopacked.

M: Oh, since Amy is practicing for a piano competitionnext week, Id like to get it tuned as soon as possible.

W: Then, I can introduce another piano tuner to you. Hesvery experienced.

M: Id appreciate that. Can you tell me his phone numbernow?

Amy

6

dulltunehumidityaffectstringpacked

14

W: Hey, David. Who is the boy in that picture? M: Hes the boy I support through an aid organization. He

lives in Ecuador.W: Oh, great! Hes cute. How long have you been

supporting him?M: For almost five years. Ive watched him grow into a

teenager through the pictures he has sent me. Imgoing to visit Ecuador this summer to see him.

W: Thats great!M: Yes. I really want to meet him and see his life in

person.W: I dont think most donors do that. What made you

decide to do that? M: I read an article which said that many donors and

recipients feel their bond isnt very strong because theynever actually meet in person.

W: That makes sense. M: For me, I really enjoy exchanging letters with the boy,

but I feel something is missing.W: Now I know why you want to visit him.

Sanders Eddie Johnson

Johnson Amy

6

Amy

David

Ecuador

5

Ecuador

125

Ecuador

supportaid organizationin persondonorrecipientbond

15

W: Mary and Jack are classmates and on student counciltogether. At their school, every student councilmember has to help clean the school. Mary and Jackwere assigned to vacuum the library together everymorning. They made a promise to meet and vacuumbefore school every morning. However, Jack hasntshown up for the past two days, so Mary has had toclean the library by herself. When she asks him why hedidnt show up, he says he just forgot. She wants toremind him of their vacuuming responsibilitytomorrow morning. In this situation, what would Marymost likely say to Jack?

Mary: Dont forget to come and clean with me tomorrow.

Mary JackJack

Mary Jack

student councilassignvacuumresponsibility

16~17

M: Interestingly, humans sometimes get inspiration forarchitecture from natures animal builders. Theseanimals build their homes in different ways. The mainreason they build them uniquely is for protection. Forexample, beavers, the kings of animal architects, areflood-control experts. They are able to construct damsin rivers to create their own private ponds. Also, robinsare birds known for making strong mud plaster. Robinskeep their helpless chicks safe by creating a heavilyplastered cup-shaped nest that provides protectionfrom every direction. Of the birds that build their nestsby weaving, the Baltimore oriole is one of the best. Forprotection from predators, orioles choose incrediblydangerous building sites for their nests, such as the endof a skinny branch overhanging a rushing river. Lastly,spiders use very small amounts of silk thread to makelarge, durable webs. Spider webs are so strong thatthey can endure heavy winds. Now lets watch a videoshowing how some of the animals build their houses. Mary Jack

Mary Jack

Jack

Mary

Mary Jack

Mary

126

16

17

inspirationarchitecturearchitectfloodpondplasterhelplessweavepredatordurable

18

Experiments by Tversky and Kahneman have shownthat thinking is easily anchored to a matter [that mayhave little relevance to the eventual judgment], simplyby the fact of its being mentioned.

that have shown[that ~] a matter

being mentioned of its beingmentioned

Levinthal and March have called attention to anumber of such examples of cognitive myopia, whichas by-products of learning often act as traps.

which and theythey a number of such examples of cognitive

myopia

evaluationanchorcontradictorypersistby-productsalientat handcompetencyirrelevantMandarin

19

Tversky Kahneman

Levinthal March

127

Over time, the gene [that produces collagenase]increases its expression, and the gene [that producescollagen] lowers its expression, reversing the balancethat gave the skin its fresh, youthful look.

[that ~ collagenase] [that ~ collagen]the gene andincreases lowers reversing ~

up-regulateexpressionconverselybreak downdown-regulatereverseyouthful

20

In his book SuperSense: Why We Believe in theUnbelievable, Hood argues [{that humans are born withbrains structured to make sense of the world}, and thatoften leads to beliefs that go beyond any naturalexplanation].

[that ~ explanation] arguesthat {that ~ the world}

This way of thinking is unavoidable, and it may bepart of human nature [to see ourselves connected toeach other at this deeper level].

it [to see ~]see ourselves

connected

be inclined to dounavoidablesacredtranscendmundane

21

Bruce M. Hood

Hood

Hood

Tcollagen

1/3

collagenase

ips

128

Many of my students and several of the instructors[with whom I have worked] have suggested [that I putdown in writing these helpful hints {that I shared withthem}].

[with whom ~] with whomwhom the instructors [that ~]

have suggested {that ~}these helpful hints

I have written this book with the hope [that it maydevelop an awareness of {human factors principles} and{how to utilize the knowledge of human factors in thetraining and evaluation of pilots}].

[that ~] the hope {human ~}{how ~} of

instructorprocedureawarenessinvolved insuggestput ~ down in writingprincipleevaluation

22

Most of us still have the bulk of our files saved inhard copy written in barely legible handwriting, ~.

the bulk of our files saved

But [what makes us different] can make us achallenge for doctors [who dont know anything aboutus] if we lucklessly, unexpectedly land in theiremergency room or office someday.

what [what ~][who ~] doctors

the bulk ofhard copybarelylegiblearchaicimploreabnormality

23

Los Angeles

Steven Spielberg

Paris Review

USB

129

his Steven Spielberg

The Paris Review had a long-running series [inwhich it asked famous writers how they wrote with apen or a pencil, on paper with or without lines, early inthe morning or late at night, at a desk or at a table in anattempt to reveal a secret trick, an alchemy, {that wouldhelp the readers to extract their own creative capital}].

[in which ~] a long-running series{that ~} a secret trickOf course, they couldnt, just as the young film

producer could not become more creative simply bysitting where Spielberg sat.

they the readers couldntextract their own creative capital

generateconfessalchemyextractcapital

24

Numerous examples

Julius Lipsproviding were provided

callwhat

new ways toconceiving of depicting the human

figureso

borrow did

Numerous examples from all over the worldshowing [how the art of subject peoples reflected theirviews of their colonial masters] were provided in JuliusLipss book The Savage Hits Back.

showing Numerous examples from all over theworld [how ~]the art of subject peoples how

reflected

primitivecolonycarvingconceive ofnumeroussubject peoples

25

approvaldisapproval

Spielberg

20 Vlaminck, Matisse Picasso

Julius

Lips The Savage Hits Back

130

Justice, at least in most cases, pertains to [howindividuals are treated by other people, {whether asprivate persons or legally empowered authorities}].

[how ~] pertains to {whether~} individuals

Strong social disapproval of such practices[maybe because of their general adverse impact onhuman character and relationships] is [what is calledfor], rather than violent revenge.

Strong social disapproval of suchpractices is [maybe ~]

what[what ~]

pertain toempowerauthoritycriminal lawthe accusedprudencecharitybetrayalstinginesscall for

262012

Britain20% more less

In Portugal, the youth unemployment rate accountedfor 36.6 percent, [which meant the rate was more thantwice the total unemployment rate].

[which ~] which

and it

labor forceaccount for

27Auburn

1

This event will showcase the amazing talents of ourstudents with a visual arts exhibition and liveperformances by the Auburn Jazz Band as well as aspecial dance performance.

will showcase A as well as B BA

showcaseexhibitionfeaturepurchasein advanceadmission ticket

Auburn

Auburn 5 20 6 30 8 30

3 Auburn

Auburn

8

Auburn

10

8 10 5

5 3

10 1

2012

2012

8

36.6%

10%

10.2%

Britain

20%

TThe United Kingdom of Great Britain

and Northern Ireland England Wales ScotlandNorthern Ireland Britain England WalesScotland Great Britain

ips

131

29Atropa belladonna

The fruit are glossy purple-black berries thatare the most poisonous part of the plant; ingesting onebitter-tasting berry can lead to death in some humans anddomestic animals.

The species name, belladonna, is Italian forbeautiful lady, [referring to the 16th-century use ofthe plant by women in Venice as an eye ointment toenlarge the pupils].

[referring ~] and it refers ~to enlarge the pupils to

The fruit are glossy purple-black berries [that arethe most poisonous part of the plant]; {ingesting onebitter-tasting berry} can lead to death in some humansand domestic animals.

[that ~] glossy purple-black berries{ingesting ~}

perennialreferenceeye ointmentpupilornamentalalternate leaftubularglossyingest

2014 BS

2

BS

8 14

9

2

8 30

10

11

8 15 19

9 11 8 17

6

5 12

www.BSflowercarpet.com

28Flower Carpet

Panoramic view: Balcony at City Hall will be open forvisitors, for 5 euros; children younger than 12 enter forfree. 12 5

Allow me to thank the designer, the horticulturists,the numerous artists and artisans [who participated increating this new carpet], and all the volunteers [whoworked for two days to carefully place the hundreds ofthousands of flowers that make up this masterpiece].

[who ~] the designer thehorticulturists the numerous artists and artisans

[who ~] all the volunteersthank

artisanparticipate ininaugurationpanoramic view

Atropa belladonna belladonna

belladonna

16

2 6

132

30

People with strong opinions often have difficultybeing creative because they are inclined to short-circuitthe creative process by making premature judgments.

have difficulty -ingmaking by

For example, Wilson and Schooler found [that{when people were made aware of the reasons for theirchoices}, they adopted nonoptimal strategies,presumably because their attention shifted away fromthe more global problem at hand].

[that ~] found that{when ~}

synthesisbe inclined to doshort-circuitprematuremindlessnessset asideself-referentself-reflectionintrospectiveinterfere with

adoptspontaneouslyconstraintrun ones coursesuspend

31

It becomes difficult [to learn from experience if thesample size proves so limited].

It [to learn ~]become prove

difficult limitedWith respect to the field of aviation, these scholars

explained that [Information on near-accidentsaugments the relatively sparse history of real accidentsand has been used to redesign aircraft, air traffic controlsystems, airports, cockpit routines, and pilot trainingprocedures.]

[Information ~] Information on near-accidents augments has been used

problematic

James March, Lee Sproull Michael Tamuz

Langer

Hobson

Wilson Schooler

133

meageraviationovergeneralizewith respect toaugmentsparsecockpitclassifiedcompensation

32

[Even if the curator cannot tell the differencebetween the original and the copy], that does not prove[that noticeable differences will never emerge and, lateron, appear glaring not only to the curator but to moreinnocent eyes as well].

Even if[that ~] prove

emerge appearGoodmans idea is [that aesthetic perception, {in

becoming more informed by artistic knowledge over

time}, can sharpen and mature].[that ~] {in becoming

~}

provokeingeniouscall ~ into questiondiscerniblenoticeableglaringinspectionrule outaesthetic

33

(A)For example (B)

however

That is, sellers of products believe that they can sellas much as they like at the current price and cannotinfluence the price [they receive for their product].

as much as [they~] the price

Boeing therefore knows [that {if it produces moreaircraft}, it will have a significant effect on the totalsupply of planes in the world and will thereforesignificantly drive down the price of airplanes].

Nelson Goodman

Goodman Boeing

Airbus

Boeing

134

[that ~] knows {if ~}will have will drive down

representthat iswheatfractionsharesignificantsupply

34

(B)(A)

(C)

Its even all right to give a different answer [everytime the child asks the same question]!

It to give[every time ~]

If you think that [what Im suggesting] is equivalentto lying, ~.

[what ~] that[In them] are fantastic creatures and trees that talk

and all manner of impossible things.[In them] are

be typical ofrequestas long asequivalent totoddlerpeek-a-bootermencyclopedia

351

ForbesForbes

Next we included those 100 copies with a letter to100 dream prospects with a Post-it flagging the pagewith our full-page ad.

with a Post-it flagging the page with

The salespeople also got copies of the magazine sothat they could flip open the magazine and showprospects the full-page ad in Forbes.

so that flip show

on a budgetcredibilitywith the condition thatprospect

(B)

(A)

(C)

100

Forbes 1 100

100

Forbes

Forbes

Forbes

135

flagflipbanner

36

Even the best ~ an extreme event, [althoughretaining walls and other structures {that defend slopesfrom landslides} have generally been successful whenwell designed].

[although ~]{that ~} retaining walls and other

structuresThese have limited impact on the environment but

are necessary [where construction demands thatartificial cuts be tunneled] or [where unstable slopesaffect human structures].

[where ~]demands that should

should

landslidelavaseawall

erosionpropertyadequatelyretaining wallcasualhilly

37

FijiSingapore

Fiji

Trade is absolutely vital for economic development,both to import advanced technology and to exportgoods and services to pay for the imports.

both A and B A Bto import to export

A ship going from Osaka, Japan, to Rotterdam, theNetherlands, will pass by Singapore [as it traverses theStrait of Malacca].

[as ~] ita ship

vitalenormousfacilitatehinderremoteprofoundtraverseexoticreputation

Fiji Singapore

Singapore

Osaka Rotterdam

Malacca Singapore

Fiji Fiji

Fiji

T1917

2the Forbes 400 list of billionaire

ips

136

38

These assertions are reflected in basic tendencies toapproach and avoid various real-life phenomena.

approach avoid basic tendencies totoFor instance, it seems unlikely [that the dislike of

bitter foods and the dislike of physical pain emergefrom one and the same avoidance system].

it [that ~ ]that the dislike of bitter foods and

the dislike of physical painemerge

classification schemedimension avoidanceaffectivecognitivepresumablyassertionevolutionrecessesmammalian

39

Quashie Rich

The amber light bulbs standing along the streetflickered in the dark, [illuminating the apartmentbuildings].

[illuminating ~]The amber light bulbs

Then she [let go of his hand], [held onto his arm],and [tried to rest her head on his shoulder].

[let ~], [held ~], [tried ~] and

stick toamberflickerilluminatelonelylet go ofhold ontofabricslippery

40

Archimedes

Sicily 3

Archimedes

Quashie Rich

Rich

137

(A)philosophies (B) practical skills

The social and scholarly landscapes of ancientGreece were dramatically different from those familiartoday.

those the social and scholarly landscapes

Broadly speaking, two sectors of Greek societyinfluenced [what would later become science].

[what ~] influencedOnly individuals [belonging to the smaller group]

were celebrated the wealthy philosophers [whothought profoundly about the universe and its occupants,but generally felt that hands-on experimental researchwas beneath them and irrelevant].

[belonging ~] individuals [who ~] thewealthy philosophers

stereotypearmchairlandscapesectorcelebratedprofoundlyoccupanthands-onirrelevantvitaloriginateprivilegedexpertisetextile

41~42

41

42

Surely this modern, highly educated man did notmean [he was disappointed in our discovering {thecomposition of a human chromosome}; or {that theuniverse is expanding}; or {the reasons birds can fly}; or{the circulation of the blood}; or {the microbial cause ofinfectious disease}].

[he ~] mean mean hethat {the composition ~}

43

(D) (B)(C)

44(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

45

~, it was determined [that the goose would needsome salt], ~.

it [that ~]~ she told me [how she knew {I had been involved

with the goose caper}].[how ~] told {I ~} knew

~ we couldnt keep the fire hot enough for longenough for the goose to get totally cooked.

for the goose to get totally cooked

driftwoodsizzlebarnrock saltbe involved withwitnessThou shalt not steal.

impressive

138

{that ~} {the reasons ~} {the circulation ~} {themicrobial ~} discovering

[To be disappointed that our progress in understandinghas not remedied the social ills of the world] is alegitimate view; ~.

[To be ~][To argue {that knowledge is not progressing

because of the African or Middle Eastern conflicts}]misses the point.

[To argue ~] {that ~} argue

ponderdismisscirculationmicrobialillsabolishstarvationamoralassumefurtherflawremedylegitimateinherentdictate

43~45

(C)

(A)

(D)

(B) Rex

139

01

W: Honey, dont you think Tony spends too much time onthe Internet these days?

M: I agree. How about setting up a password on thecomputer that only you and I know?

W: Then we can control the amount of time he spends onthe computer.

M: Yes. Hell have to ask us to log in before he uses it.

Tony

Tony

set uppasswordcontrolamount

02

M: Mom, Ive heard that your favorite singer, OliviaJohnson, is having her last concert next week.

W: Yeah, shes been performing for a long time. Imactually going to the concert.

M: You must feel sad that shes retiring.W: Yeah, I cant believe shell never perform on stage

again.

12

performretireair

03

W: Good morning, everyone. Today Id like to talk aboutwhat customers consider when shopping for books. Ofcourse, they consider the author and the genre. Butthey actually consider more factors too. Above all,customers tend to be attracted to an interesting title. Ifits interesting, theyre more likely to open the bookand check the table of contents. Of course, the title ofeach chapter should be interesting as well. Anotherfactor is the praise given by other authors or famouspeople that is written on the back cover. How positivethe praise is can affect a customers purchasing

01 02 03 04 05 0607 08 09 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 28 29 3031 32 33 34 35 3637 38 39 40 41 4243 44 45

45~57

Tony

Olivia Johnson

140

decision. Whether every customer considers all ofthese factors or not, they typically influence bookshoppers at least a little bit.

authorgenrefactortable of contentsaffectpurchasetypicallyinfluence

04

W: Honey, what are you reading?M: Its an article about children who refuse to eat

vegetables.W: Not eating vegetables is a serious problem.

Unfortunately, children typically love eating meat andprocessed foods like ham, sausage, and bacon.

M: Thats true. Such eating habits can lead to serioushealth problems in the future.

W: Actually, Im worried about our Mary. Shes crazyabout eating meat, but she doesnt like vegetables.

M: She probably doesnt know how important it is to eatvegetables.

W: Well, I told her many times that she needs them for herhealth.

M: I dont think thats good enough.

W: Really? What do you suggest then?M: I think itd be better if we showed her a video about

how vegetables work in our body. Visual materialshave the power to catch childrens attention.

W: That makes sense. M: Honey, Ill go search for a video clip on the Internet to

show Mary. W: Okay. I hope this will work.

MaryMary

articleprocessedsuggestvisualmaterialsearch for

05

M: Oh, Emily. Is this a picture from your familys summertrip?

Mary

Mary

141

W: Yes. We