,2,”)-’@SERIAL NO. SSC-33

3 ,.y,,,COPY No. --*u

PROGRESS REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF IMPROVED MATERIALS AND METHODSOF FABRICATION FOR WELDED STEEL SHIPS

BY

R. W. BENNETT, R. G. KLINE, M. FORMAN,

P. J. RIEPPEL AND C. B. VOLDRICH

BatteKeMemorialInstitute

UnderBureauof ShipsContractNObs-a543

T,mmnitted ihmwh

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL’S

COMMITTEE ON SHIP STEELAdimw to

SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEE““de,

Bureauof Ships,Navy DepartmentContractNObs-5014S

Divisionof Engineeringand IndustrialResearchNationalResearchCouncil

Washington,D. C.

Noyember15,1949

L..,.,

....

,,‘;

,.

$

.’.

,:,,,

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—

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL2101CONST1TUTIONAVENUE,WASHlNGTON25,D.C,

COMMITTEE ON SHIP STEEL

November15, 1949

Chief,Bureauof ShipsCode 343Navy DepartmentFaehington25, D. C.

Dear Sir:

Attachedis ReportSerialNo. SSC-33entitled‘tEvaluationof ImprovedMateriaisand Methodsof Fabricationfor WeldedSteelShips.“ !l!his reporthas been submittedby the contractoras aProgressReportof the work done on ResearchProjectSR-1OOunderContractNObs-45543betweenthe Bureauof Ships,NavyDepartmentand BattelleMemorialInstitute.

The reporthae been reviewedand acceptancerecom-mendedby representativesof the Cormnitteeon ShipSteel,Divisionof Engineeringemd IndustrialRessarch,NRC, inaccordancewith the termsof the cent ractbetweenthe Bureauof Ships,NaTJDepartmentan& the NationalAcademyof Scienoes.

V’erytrulyyours,

Rm:mh R. F. Mehl,ChairmanCommitteeon ShipSteel.

. —-

Aduisovg$.theSIIIPSTRUCTURECOMMITTEEu umwdleompnwnhizgflwcombinedshipbr’ildingresearchacliuitkoflh~

memberagemies l;.S.Army,1.7.!3..V,m,y,C,S,CoastGuard,U.X.hfrmilimeCommissionandtheAmericanBwwu ofShipping,

JT!E4w ~~The Navy Departmentthroughthe Bureauof Ships is distrih]tingthisreport

for theSHIP STRUCTURECOMMITTEEto thoseagenciesand individualswho were active-ly associatedwith the researchwork. ‘Thisreportpresentsresultsof part of theresearchprogramconductedunderthe ShipStructureCesssittee!sdirective?!toinvestigatethe designand methodsof constructionof weldedsteelmerchantves-sels.~

The distributionof thisreportis as followsI

Copy No. 1Copy No. 2

- Chief,Bureauof Ships,lJavyDepartment- Dr. D. W. Brenk,NationalReeearohCouncil

Ship StructureCommittee

Copy No. 3 - RearAdmiralEllisReed-Hill,USOG - ChairmanCopy No. 4 - RearAdmiralCharlesD. Wheelock,USN, Bureauof ShipsCopYNo. 5 - ErigadierGen. Paul F. Yount,USA, Department~fn~-Copy !fO. 6 - 0 —\f7’ -CopyNo. 7 - D. P, Brown,AmericanSureauof Shi~ping~ J&7’/ &ak4-S3

Ship StructureSutdommittee ,..

Copy No. 8 - CaptainC. M. Tooke$USN, Bureauof Ships - ChairmanCOPY No. 9 - CaptainR. A. Hinners,USN,DavidTaylorModelBasinCopy No. 10 - CommanderR. H. Lembert,USF, Bureauof ShipsCopyNo. 11 - CommanderR. D, Schmidtmen,USCG,U. S. CoastGuardHeadquartersCopy No. 12 - W. G. Frederick,U. S. MaritimeCommissionCopy No. 13 - HubertKempel,Office,Chiefof Transportation,Dept. of the ArmyCoPyNo. 1.4- I, R. Kramer,Officeof NavalResearchcopy 1!0.15 - MathewLetich,AmericanBureauof ShippingCopy No. 16 - JamesMcIntosh,U. S. CoastGuardcopy,yo.11 - V. L,,Russo,D. S. MaritimeCommissionCopyNo. 18 . R. E. Wiley,Bureauof Ships,U. S. i\JavyCopy No. 19 - J. L. Wilson,AmericanBureauof ShippingCopy No. 20 - Finn Jonassen,LiaisonRepresentative,NRCcopy Ro. 21 - E. H. Davidson,LiaisonReprea~~tative,AISIcopy NO* 22 - W. PaulGerhart,LieisonRepresentative,AISIcOpY ~Oo 23 - Wm, Spraragen,LiaisonRepresentative,WRC

Committeeon ShipSteel

COpY NO. 24 - R. F. Mehl,ChairmanCopy No, 25 - C. H. Herty,Jr., ViceChairmancopy No. 26 - Wm. M. Baldwin,Jr.copy No. 27 - Chae.S. BarrettCOpy No. 28 - R. M. BrickCOpY NO. 29 - S. L. HoytCopy No. 11+- I. R. KramerCopy No, 30 - M. If.Lightnercopy No, 31 - T. S. WashburnCopy No. 20 - FizuiJonassen,TechnicalDirectorcopyNO. 32 - ~

. . ,#.%.cz&a A,)zv&. -- J+(~.=--Copy No. 33 - R. H. Raring,TechnicalSecretary /L 6/.sz

,.”fi* ./+-’~./i:&>’

“%~, ~“%+ a+ - ‘m

- w,by~ Q

ProjectAdvisoryCommitteesSR-98,SR.99,SR-1OOand SR-11O

COpy No. M - ,R.H. AbornCOPY NO, 26 - Wm. M, Baldwin,Jr.Copy NO. 35 - Leon C. BibherCOPY NO, 36 - M. Gensamercopy No, 37 - M. F. HawkesCOPYNo. 38 - W. F. HessCOPY No. 29 - S. L. HoytCopyNo. 39 - C. E. JacksonCopy No. 40 - P. E. KyleCoPy No. 30 - M. W. Lightner.Copy No. 41 - J. R. Low,Jr.Copy No. &2 - J. T. NortonCopyNo. 43 - HarryPierceCopy No, 44 - W. A. ReichCopy No. ,?+5- C. E. SimsCopy No. 46 - R..D. stoutCoPy No. 31 - T, S. WashburnCopy No. 47 - A. G. Bissell,Bur6auof Shipe,LiaisonCopy No. 21 . E. H. Davidson,AISI,LiaisonCopyNo, 12 - W. G. Frederick,U. S. MaritimeCommission,LiaisonCopyNo. 22 - W. Paul Gerhart,AISI,LiaieonCOPY No. 48 - BruceG. Johnston,WeldingResezrchCouncil,Lj.aisoncopy No. 13 - HubertKempel,Departmentof theArmy,LinisonCopy No, 10 - Comdr.R. H. Ls.mbert,USN, Bureauof Ships,LiaisonCopy No. 11 . Comdr.R. D. Schmidtman,JJSCG,U. S. CoastGuard,LiaisonCoPyNo. 49 - J. E. Walker,Bureauof Ships,LiaisonCopy No, 19 - J. L. Wilson,AmericanBureauof Shipping,LiaisonCopy No. 50 - W. H. Wooding,PhiladelphiaNS.VQ1Shipyard,Lisison

l!a~ Department

copy No. 51 - Corsdr.R, S. Mandelkorn,USN, AimedForcesSpecialWeapons‘ProjectCOPY NO. 52 - A. Amirikian,Bureauof Yardsand DocksCopy No. 53 - J. W. Jenkins,Buteauof ShipsCoPy No. 54 - NoahKahn,New York NavalShipyardCopy No. 55 - E. M. Maocutchebn,Jr.,David‘TaylorModel BasinCopy No. 56 - W. R. Osgood,DavidTaylorModelBasinCopy No. 57 - N. E. Prumiself Bureauof AeronauticsCoPy ~Oe 58 - John Vasta,Bureauof ShipsCopies59 and 60 - U. S. NzvalEngineeringExperimentStationcopy No. 61 - PostGraduateSchool,U. S. Nuv~l AcdewcopyNo. 62 - NavalResearchLaboratory,MetallurgicalSectioncopy I?os 63 - NavalResearchLaboratory,MechanicalSectionCOpyNo- 64 - }JewYork NavalShipyard,MaterialLaboratoryCopy No. 65 - IndustrialTestingLaboratory,PhiladelphiaNaval‘S~~pyardCopy No, 66 - PhiladelphiaNavalShipyardcopy NO. 67 - San FranciscoNavalShipyardCopy No. 68. DavidTaylorModel Basin,Attn:LibraryCopies69 and 70 - PublicationsBoard,iJavyDept.,via.Bureau”Of Ships,Code 362Copies71 and 72 - TechnicalLibrary,Bureauof Ships,,’Code 364

U. S. CoastGuard

copy No. 73 - CaptainR, B. Lank,Jr., USCGcopy No. 74 - CaptainG. A, Tyler,USCGCopy No. 7’5- Testingand DevelopmentDivisioncopyNO. 76 - U. ~. CoastGuardAcademy,New London

U. S0 MaritimeCommission

Copy No. 77 - E, E. Ilartina&

Representtivesof AmericanIron and SteelInstituteCommitteeon ManufacturingProblems

copy No. ?tl- C. M. Parker,Secrstary,Ganera,lTechnicalCommittee,AmericanIron and Steel Institute

copy NO. 35 - L. C. Bibber,Carnegie-IllinoisSteelCorp.Copy No. 25 - C. H. Herty,Jr., BethlehemSteelCompanyCopyNo. 79 - E. C. Smith- RepublicSteelCorporation

WeldingResearchCouncil

copy No. 80 . C. A. Ad~s cOpy No. 82 - Lah!otteGroverCOpy No. 81 - HarryBoardmen COPY No. 23 - Wm. Spraragen

copy No. 83 - C. R> Soderberg,Chairmen,Div. Engineeringand IndustrialRes.,NRCCopY No. 24 - R. F. Mehl,Chairman,Committeeon ShipSteelcopy No● 20 - FiM Jonassen,TechnicalDirector,CommitteeonShip Steelcopy NO’ 8J+- R. W. Bennett,Investigator,ResearchProjectSR-1OOcopy No. ’85- R. G. Kline,Investigator,ResearchProjectSR-.1OOcopy No. 86 - M. Forman,Investigator,ResearchProjectSR.-1OOcopy Ro. 87 - P. J. Rieppel,Investigator,ResearchProjectSR-1OOCopy No. 88- C. B. Voldrich,Investigator,ResearchProjectSR-1OOcopy No. 89 - S. ‘f.Carpenter,Investigator,ResearchProjectSR-98Copy No. 90 - L. J. Ebert,Investigator,ResearchPrejectSR-99Copy No. 91 - L. J. Klingler,Investigator,ResearchProjectSR-99COpy No. 92 - C. H. Lorig,Investigator,ResearchProjectSR-11Ocopy No. 93 - E. !$.Suppiger,Investigator,ResearchProjectSR-113copy No. 94 - CarloRiparbelli,Investig-.tor,Reseerch.ProjectSR-113Copy No. 95 - E. R. Ward,Investigator,ResearchProjectSR-113copy No. 96 - ClarenceAltenburger,GreatLakesSteelCompa~copy Noa 97 - A. B. Bagsar,Sun Oil CompanyCopyIJo.98 - BritishShipbuildingResearchAssn.,Attn:J. C. Asher,Sec.CopyNo. 99 - E. L. Cochrane,MaasachusetteInstituteof TechnologyCopy No. 100 - GeorgeEllinger,NationalBureauof St,@erdscopy No. 101 - 0. J. Horger,TimkenRollerBearingCompanyCopy No. 102 - N. M. Newmark,Universityof IllinoisCopy No. 103 - L. J. Rohl,Carnegie-IllinoisSteelCorp.copy No. 104 - W. P. Roop,SwarthmoreCollegeCopy No. 46 - R. D. Stout,Lehi:hUniversityCopy No. 105 - SaylorSnyder,Carnegie-IllinoisSteelCorp.COpYNo. 106 - WatertownArsenalLaboro.tory,Attn$ J. F. Wallace

Copies107 thru131 - Sir Chas.Wright,BritishJointSarvicesMission(NavyStafdCopyNo. 132 - CarlA. Zapffe,CarlA. ZapffeLaboratoriesCopy No. 133 - InternationalNickelCo., Inc.Attn:T. N. ArmstrongCopy No. 134 - TransportationCorpsBoard,Brooklyn,New YorkCopies135 thru 139 - Libraryof Congressvia Bureauof Ships,Code 362Copy ifo.140 - File CopyjCommitteeon ShipSteelcopyNo. 1.41- NACA~ Attn: lfaterials ResearchCoordination,U. S. Navycopy No, 142 - MetallurgicalResearchand DevelopmentCompanyCopiesIJ+3thru 3.47-Bureauof Ships

i~.$.m+~,v,lm

z:>~;:m’’z;{,~i~ 7~;.z4.,~L?’* p ?&* +qz-

+&4atG> --copy No. L@ -~+~f,,>.f fla ~’~ _.?%y&’ti&5f7- ?~4<’

copy No. 149 - W,lf.

Y-LKLZXKL :X;:”:;’.,, J-,

::% M R ~L“z+.w ~ C%gfi-# 3/ /5-/cOpY NO. 152 - +,. c- -, - G/w,/>.;Copy No. 153 -copy No. 154 -Copy No. 155 -Copy No. 156 -Copy ITo,157 -Copy No. 158 -copy NO. 159 -copy No. 160 -CoPy”MO. 161 -GOpy No. 162 -copy NO. 163 -Copy iio.164 -COpy No. 165 -copy No. 166 -COpy No. 167 -Copy No. 168 -COpy NO. 169 -Copy No. 170 -copy NO. 1’71-Copy NO. 172 -copy No. 173 -

PROGRESSREPORT

on

CONTRACTiVObs-45543

EVALUATIONOF IMPROVEDMATERIAIS MI) NETRODS OFFABRICATIONFOR WF.LIJ@STEELSHIFS

to

Bureauof Snips,Pavy Department

by

R. W. Bennett,R. G. Kline,M. Fonnan,P. J. Rieppel,and C. B. Voldrich

BATTELLENEXKJ$IALIi~STITUTE

E?&

ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...”. 1

INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . .,. .,$. .otoa, ~,~

MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Electrodes . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 7

DEFINITIONAND INTEF,PmTATIONOFTMMSITIONTENPERATURE. .. . . ., . . . . . . . . . . ...7

INFLUENCEOF SPECIMENDETAILSAND pREpf&AT1O]TOi!TRANSITIONTENPMIATUREOF fiBrllAN~ ‘C’7STEELS. . . . . . . 11

Transition-TemperatureStudiesWithModifiedKlnzel-TypeSpecimene. . . . . . , . . , . . .. 13

Preparationof Specimens.. . . , . , . . . . . . . 1A

TestingProcedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1L

Influenceof WeldMetal onTransitionTemperature. . . . , . . . . . . . . . 16

Influenceof SpecimenWidthon TransitionTemperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Influenceof NotchDepth onTransitionTempere.ture. . . . . . , . . . . . . . 19

Transition-TemperatureStudiesWithi!!odifiedTee-BendSpecimens. .“. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Influenceof WeldingScheduleon TransitionTemperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Influenceof SpecimenWidthon TransitionTe~rature , . . . . . . . . . . . , 25

TFUiNSITION-TE!TEIblTURETESTSUSINGN0TC~D~k[510N SPECIhhNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..O .0 26

TeneionSpecimen, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..27

TestingTensionSpecimens, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Resultsof TensionTests . . . . . . . . . , . . . 29

TRA1,I5ITION-TEMPERATURESTUDIESOFE6010ANDE692,01!ELDMETAL... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Preparationand Testingof Specimens . , . . . . . . . . . .

Resultsob tests.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PRELIMINARYFRACTUREINITIATIONSTUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

SUML’URY., . . . . . , , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .

FVTUREWOBX . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDIXA(TABLESA-lto A-20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

APPENDIXB(FIGURIZSB-lAtoB-8C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPE}!DIXC - BIBLIOGRAPHY.. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPEYDIXD - S{JMMRYCHART... . ...”... . . . . . . . . . .

Pas

34.

3Ji

36

38

43

45

A-1 to A-n

B-1 to B-11

c-1 to c-l&

D-1

PRCGRESSREPORT

on

CONTRACTNObs-L5543

EVALUATIONOF IMPROVEDMATERIALSMD METHODSOFFArHICATIONFOR WELDEDSTEELSHIPS

to

Bureauof Ships,Navy Department

from

BATTELLEMEMORIALINSTITUTE

by

R. W. Bennett,R. G. Klins,M. Forman,P. J,.Rieppel,and C. B. Voldrich

AESTRAC~

This reportcoverswork done duringthe

December30, 1948. ,.

periodFebruary1, 1948,to

Duringthe earlypart of this investigation,a surveywas made of

publishEdand unpublishedreports,,to appraise,.thevariouskindsof testsused to

studystrength,ductility,and..t,ranaitiontemperaturesof weldedjointsin strustur-

al steels, On the basisof this survey,thqProject,AdvisoryCommitteeeelected

the”tee-bendtest,‘thelongitudinallyweldedand transverselynotchedbead-bend

tests(Kinzelsnd Lehightypee),and the transverselyweldedand transversely

notchedbad-bend tests(NqvalResearchIq@ratory high constraintand Jackson

typee). The ‘Br” and “Cn steelswhichwereknown to be differentin behaviorwere

to be used in studiesof thesetests. The resultswere to be comparedwith those

obtainedfrem the hatch-cornertestsmade at the Universityof Californiaon the

came steels. It was thoughtby the Committeethat$shouldone of thesesmall-scale

-2-.

tests givethe same transitiontemperaturesfor ‘Brnand ‘Cn steelsas were

obtainedwith the hatch-cornertestswith thesesteels,thenthe %st wouldbe

worthyof furtherstudyae R possibleacceptancetest of steelsfor shipplate.

In work describedby the firstreport(1~)*, the transitiontemperatures

of unweldedand welded‘Brfiand ‘Cn steelswere obtainedby usingthe vsrious

epecimensmentionedabove. Transitiontemperatureswere obtainedfor thesesteels

whichwere bath aboveand belowthoseobtainedfrom the hetch-cornertests;however,

thoseobtainedby the Kinzel@ype and tee-bendapecimenewere closerto the hatch-

cornertrensitiontempernturesthan thoseobtainedby otherspecimens.

On the basicof theseresults,the Proj,ectAdvisoryCommitteerecommended

that furtherstudieswith variousmodificcit,ionsof the Kinzel-typeand tee-bend

specimensbe conductedin an attemptto matchthe hatch-cormerteet of the ‘Brnand

‘Cltsteelswith a small-scaletest. Also, it was decidedto make transition-

temperaturetestswith the two steelsusingnotchedtensionspecimens.

The mcdificstionsof the Kinzel~typespecimenusedwere$ (a)E@20

electrodeswere used insteadof E6010;(b) specimens1-1/2and 6 Incheswide were

used insteadof the standard3-inchwide specimen;and (c) a notchdepthof 0.090

inchwas udod insteadof standard0.050-inchnotch. The changein weld metalhad

littleeffeetupon the transitiontemperature.The 6-inchspecimensand the stand-

ard 3-inchspecimensgave the same transitiontemperature,but the l-1/2-inch

specimenhad a transitiontemperatureabout40 F lowerfor the ‘Bro steelthanwas

obtainedby standardspecimens.The increasein notchdepthto 0.090inchraised

the transitiontemperaturefor the V+.n steelabout60 F, but had littleinfluence

on the transitiontemperatureof the ‘CW steel. In additionto beingdeeperthan

stmdsrd, the O.090-inchnotchleftvery littleor no weld metalat the root of

the notch.

* See bibliography

-3-

Modificationeof the tee-bendspecimenused were: (a) modificationof

weldingprocedure,and (b)modificationof specimenwidth. The modificationof

weldingproceduredid not changethe transitiontemperai.urefrom that obtained

with standardspecimens. The increasein widthof specimenfrom1-’7/8inchesto

3 inchesraisedthe transitiontemperaturesof both the rl+.fland ‘lCnsteels. For

the ‘Bro steel,it waa raisedaboutzOF, and for

about@F.

Testswith the modifiedKinzel-typeand

the ‘Cm steel,it was raised

tee-bendspecimensshowed,

generally,that the transitiontemperatureof a singlesteel

or down by modificationsof the specimen. However,the ‘Brw

usuallynot influencedin the sameway or tm the samedegree

couldbe shiftedup

and flCnsteelswere

by any givenmodi-

ficati.on.Therefore,if the hatch-cornertransitiontemperatureof @Br” steel,

for example,shouldbe matchedby a certainmodificwbionof theKinzel-typeor

tee-bendspecimens,therewouldbe no assurancethat the hatch-cornertransition

temperatureof ‘C’tsteelor any othersteelwouldbe duplicatedby the came teet

spacimen. On the baeis of theseresults,it seemsdoubtfulthatspecimenssuch

as the Kinzel-typeand tee-bendwouldbe of much value in predictingthe transition

temperatureof largeweldmentssuchas a hatchcornermade of varioustypesof

eteel.

Testsmade with notchedtensionspecimensdifferentiatedbetween‘Brn

and ‘!CWsteelin aboutthe samemannerthat all othertestshave. The transition

temperatureobtainedfor the two steelswere

by tinehatch-cornertests. This type of test

advantage, for thiswork,over the bend-test

perhaps,thatit gave sho.rpertransitions.

considerablybelowthoeeobtained

specimendid not have any di.etinct

specimensused previously,exceptj

-4-

A studyof the all.wel.d-metalspecimens(Kinzel-type)showedthat

E601O and E&720meld metalhavea much lowertransitiontemperaturewhen tested*

alonethanwhen testedas in a standardKinzel-type(beadon plate)epecimen.

A few preliminarystudiesof fractureinitiationin weldedbend

specimensshowedthatfracturestartedin the weld area at a littleabavetine

yieldpointof the specimenand usuallyfar belowthe maximumload. Further

etudiesalongthis lineare beingconducted.

INTRODUCTION

This is the secondprogressreporton the investigationentitled,

eEvalustionof ImprovedMaterialsand Methodsof Fabricationsfor WeldedSteel

Shi.pslt,beingconductedfor the Ship StructureCommittee, underNavyDepcrtment,

Bureauof Ships,ContractlTObs-L55&3(ProjectSR-1OO).

The principalobjectiveof this projectis to evaluatethe usefulness

of variousmechanicaltestsof smsllweldedsteelepecimensfor indicatingthe

performanceof largeweldedstructures.Anotherobjectiveis to studyfundamental

factorscontributingto the performanceof suchweldedlaboratoryspecimens.

The firstprogressreporton thisprojectcontaineda summaryof a

surveyof publishedand unpublishedreportswhichwas made to appraisethe varioue

kinde of testsused to studystrength,ductility,and transitiontemperatureof

weldedjointsin structuralsteele. Also, the detailsof the test specimens

selectedfor use in etudyingthe propertiesof projectsteels*, the welding

and testingprocedure used,and reeultsobtainedfrem the initialphasesof the

experimentalwork were described.

---

* The variousheatsof steelused in the investigation?sponsoredby the ShipStructureCommittee,havebeen designatedalphabeticallyand are termed‘projectsteelsn.

This report

modificationsof the

-5-

coverstestsmade on the projectsteelsusingvarious

testspecimensemployedin the work describedby the first

progressreportand with notchedtensionspecimens.It was the objectOf these

modificationsto obtainthe same transitiontm.peraturesfor the projectsteels

(‘~” and “C!) thatwere obtainedfrom the full-scalehatch-cornertest specimens

studiedat the Universityof California(~3). Othertestsof all-meld-metal

specimensand specimensweldedwithE6020 electrodesare included. A few prelimi-

nary observationson the initiationof fracturein the test specimensused are

described. ‘

A bibliography

pertainsto the subject

of all literaturestudiedup to December30, 19L8jwhich

of this investigationis includedin the Appendix.~:

However,the firstprogressreport,datedMarch30~ 1949,is also listed.

MATERIALS

Two semi-killed,as-rolled,medium-carbonship steeisjdesignatedas

‘tB=m and ‘?CK~ were ussd in thisphaseof the investigation.Thesesteelswere

selectedfor this work becausetheypreviouslyexhihiteddifferingproperties

when used in the full-scalehatch-cornerand otherteststo determinetheir

mechanicalproperties.A supplyof the two etaels}3/4 inch thick,was received

fram the Universityof California.The mechanicalpropertiesand cl?e!hioalcompo-

sitionsof thesesteelsare as follows:

MechanicalPmn?erties(1)(2)Steel ~ Yield ultimate Elongation Red. in HardnessCode steel Point, Strength,

Letterin 2 Tn,, in 8 In., Aras, Rockwell

Steel Condition psi psi % % % B

Br Semiki.lled As rolled 32,200- 55,&lo. l&..&%;&lo

35-33 71-5858;.600

58-63

c Semikilled As rolled 3&50fl- 61,500. 4+25 32-2837*600 68,@o

63-50 66=69

.—— ——

I0

—. -L

SteelCode ChemicalComposition,Per Cent(1)Letter c Mn Si P s Cr Ni Do Cu Al Sn N

0.18 0.73 0.07 0.008 0.030 0.03 0.05 0.006 0.07.0.015 0.012 0.005

0.24 O*43 0.05 0.012 0.026 O*O3 0.02 0.005 0.03 0.016 0.003 0.009

—

(1) Boodberg,A,, H. E. na~is>E= R. parker>and G. E. Tro=ll~ fiCau,seSof CleavageFracturein ShipPlate- Testsof ~ide NotchedPlates’!,Weldink?~ourna~, April 1948.

(2) The data for the mechanicalpropertiesare the lowestand hi[hestvaluesobtainedfor each steel.

-7-

LLectrde s

The electrodesused throughoutthisphc.seof the investigationwere

3/16-inch-dinmeterClassE601Oand E6320 electrodes.The weldingschedoles

used for the varioustestswill be discussedlaterin thisrepert.

DEFIlJITIONANB INTERPRETATION

The term ‘transitiontemperaturehas beenbroadlyused to mean that

temperatureat whichthe behaviorof a givenmaterial,in the shapeof a specific

test specimen,chmges from ductileto brittlebehavior. Since,in most cases,

this changein behavioroccursgraduallyovera temperaturerange,it is not

possibleto assigna specifictemperatureto representthe change,exceptby

usingan arbitrarydefinition.The use of differentcriteriafor determining

the trensitioatemperatureinfluencesthe actualnumericaltransitiontempera-

ture obtainedfor a materialand a givenspecimendesign. Also, in usinga ~~

certain criterion,differentmethodscan be used to locatethe tr?nsition

temperature,Becauseeach criterionrepresentsa clifferentaspectof the

behaviorof a specimen,no singlestandardcriterionhas been chosenfor

universaluse in determiningtransitiontemperature.

‘l’hemost commonlyused criteriaused in the determinationof the

trms itiontemper..tureare listedas followsJ

1. Energyabsorbedby specimen.

a. Energyabsorbedto maximumload.b. Energyabsorbedaftermaximumload.c. Totalabsorbedenergg.

~2. Bend angleof specimen.

a. Bend angleb. Bend angle

c. Totalbend

at maximumload~aftermaximumload.angle.

3. Lateralcontractionof

L. Fractureappearance.

.8-

sp.6cimenat rootof notch.

Some definitionacommonlyused for ntrcnsition temperaturefollows:

Type 1.

Type2.

Type 3.

Type4.

Figures

The highesttempere.tureat whichthe firstsignificantdecreaseoccursin the measurem-ents of abaorbedenergy,bendangle,lateralcontraction,etc..~ obtainedby testingaseriesof specimensof a givendesignandmaterialat varioustemperatures.

The temperature‘on’th&’‘ivei~gecu&e at themidpointbetweenthe upperand lowerlimitsof the curve.

The temperaturecoordinateof the pointona transition-temperaturecurvewhichrepre-sentshalf of the maximumvalueof the’c-we.

The temperatureat which the frscturechangesfrom a fibrousductileto a brightcrystalline(brittle)structure.

1 throughL illustratethe variationsin transitiontemperature

that are obtained,whenthe samedata are analyzedon the basisof the various

definitionsof transitiontemperaturegiven above.

The transitiontemperaturedeterminedfrom the curvein Figure1 ranges

from -90F to 20 F depandingupon whichdefinitionis used. The Tyjk 1 transition

couldnot be e.ccuratelylocatedbecausethe limitednmber of testsdid not proper-

ly establishthe scatterin the plQtteddata that indicatethe’beginningof the ‘”

ductile-to-brittletranai tionof a material. ~.

The bend angle(atmaximumload)vs. temperstuiectu’veof *Bro steelfor

unweldedKinzelspecimens,shownin Figure ?, d- the =@ general v~ri~i”ns in

transitiontemperaturewhen different,definitiQnsare used. Dependingon the,,,.,

definition,the transitiontemperaturesvary from+75 F to 20 F. AlthOugh the

accuracyof the Type 1 transitionis restrictedby the small”amountof test data,

it can be reasons.blylocatadat 20 F. .. !,. ,,,

.,

22.FractureAppearance

1

Transition ~ ( Type 4J—m 50% of

Max. Energ)1,,8 Transition + J

(TyPe s) ~;o

16 j~/

1

14

l.?

10 —-0 1

8

6— —— — —J

4

2

00-80 -40 0 40 80 120Temperature, De~ees F.

● tOO % Ductile <roctureo Partially Duct! Ieo O% Oucti[e Fracture

FIGUREI. LOCATION OF TRANSITION TEiWPER-ATURE FOR UNWELDED KIAIZEL-TYPESPEClh4ENS OF ’br ’’STEEL DETERMINEDBY VARIOUS METHODS AND USINGABSORBED ENERGY AS THE CR/ TERION

7&Type fond Type4Transitions 4b

60 I

2!

Type 3? Transition ~ / ‘1 :&mmQ {o

<)-40 0

* —~

—— —

~ 30 0k ~ Type 2 Tron sition ,zQ.?o 1

3 / — —_ ___ ___ __ . _J$

10

00

’80 -40 0 40 ea 120Temperature, Degrees E● 100% Ductile FractureO Partially DuctileO 0% Duci[18 Frocture

FIGURE2. LOCATION OF TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR

uNwELDED K/NZEL-TYPE SPECIMENS OF %r”STEEL DETERMINED 8Y vARIOUS ME THOOSAND USING BENO ANGLE AS THE CRITERION

,.,,..., )4,.0,,,, ,.s7,,.,,

0-12152B.mrl,. MEMO.,.. ,.s,,, ”,.

0-12153

<2Co% IQ

50s

G.0

$-80 -4o 0 40 80 120 160 200

Temperature, Degrees ,?b. “C” Steel

● foo % Ductile FrcwfweO POrfiOIIy DucfifeO O% DuctjJe Frocfure

F/GuRE3. TRANSITION TEhfPEflATuflES OF uNWELDED

K/NZEL-TYPE SPECIMENS OF %r”o”d “c”STEEL DETERMINED BY vARIOUS ME THOOSANO uSINGFRACTU@E APPEARANCE AS

THE CRITERION

.. HE.LE MCMO.!.L IMT,W,,

0- 121s4

‘-”-””-~/6

~T)’Pe ) Tr*risitionType 4 fiansition

66 .’2X

ifI

> #4

i? s

& &2I

?Q I ,Type 3

: ~-,1

~:~1&??8

v .5 1

&&

;* ,,JR

4

2 a ~tiglly Ducfile

O O% Ouciile fracture

o-40 0 40 80 1.?0 160 200 240

Teweroture, oegrees E

fJGU@E4. LOCATION OF TRANSITION TE,UPEMATURE OF

UNWELDEO KINZE.L-T YPESPEC/MENS OF?”STEEL OETE,QhflNED BY VAfl/OUS ME THOOSANO u9NGABSORBED ENERGYAS THE CRITERION

I.AUELW MESIO. IAL INSTITUT=

0.12155

.l~-

The transitionrangeshewnby the curvein Figure3, whichwas basedon

fractureappearancevs. temperaturefor the came type specimenand steel,was

considerablynarrowerthan thoseshownby the curvesin Figures1 and 2, which

were establishedon the basisof absorbedenergyand bend angle. From a practical

standpoint,howsver,the transitiontemperaturefromthe curvesin Figure3 would

be the sambregardlessof the methodused for determiningit.

Figure4 showsan absorbedenergyvs. temperaturecurvefor unwelded

Kinzelspecimensof ‘rCl!steel. In thisparticularcase,the Type1 and Type2

transitiontemperaturescoincide. The transitiontemperaturedeterminedby

fractureappearance(Type4) is quitedifferentfromthoeeobtainedby other

methodsof establishi~transitiontemperature.This indicatesthattransition

temperaturedeterminedby fractureappearancealonemay be misleading. It is

significant,however,that the fracture-appearance(Type4) tr.ensitiontempera-

ture is usuallyhigherthan thatobtainedby the othermethods. The transition

temperatureof the fractureappearanceVS. temperaturecurvefor the unwelded

:!c,!steelis the samewhen determinedby all methods,8S shO~wby Figwe 3 (b).

In lightof the abovediscussion,the transitiontemperatureby Type 1

definitionis used as extensivelyas possiblethroughoutthis reportfor con-

sistency. The Type 2 and Type 4 transitionsare used when supplementarydata are

requiredfor correlationwith othertests. Type 3 transitionis not used in the

report.

I T~-wma

~ IT17N AND ‘iCnSTEELS

In tha firstprogressreport‘172),the transitiontemperaturesof “Br”

and ‘Ci)shipplatefor severallaboratory-sizeepecimenswere comparedwith re-

sultsof the hatch-cornertestsmadeat the Universityof California,as shown

in Figure5. The testsof weldedand unweldedspecimensratedthe two steelsin

-12-

HotchCorner

.90ndordKinzef

StondordLehigh

No VOI

ReseorchLobofotor)

StondordTee -Bend

FIGURE 5.

~

o

0

0

) 160

Temperature, Degrees F.

A “ffr “SteelO “C” Steel

TRANSITION TEMPERA TuRES OF NOTCHED-

BEAD 6END SPECIMENS, TEE -BEND

SPECIMENS, AND HATCH- CORNERWEL OMEN TS OF “Br “AND “C” STEELS

ON THE BASIS OF TOTAL ABSORBEDENERGY ( TYPE I TRANSITION)

BA7TELLE MEMORIAL lNgTITuT

0-12156

-13-

th~ same quali~tive orderas the hatchcornore,i.e,, the mBrn

transitiontemperature than the ~Cilsteel. On the basisof the

thesetests,the ProjectAdvisoryCommittee,.sked

of variousmodificationsof lon~itudinallywelded

bend (Kinzelor Lehigh)and“tee-bendspecimensof

steel.hai n lower

resultsfrom

ths.tfurtherstudiesbe made

and transverselynotchedbead-

‘~” and “C” steelsin an

attemptto find a smallspecimento mstch thetransitiontemperatwes of hst&-

cornerweldmentsmadewith the same steels.

The Kinzelspecimenwas chosenfor furtherstudy,becausethe transition

tempemturefor the ‘iBrnsteelobtainedwitinit~ as shownby Figure5, vms cloeer

to the hatch-cornertransitiontemperaturefor ‘Brn steelthan that obtoinedby

the Lehighspecimen.Furthermore,the weld on the Kinzelspecimenwas deposited

undernormalconditionsthatproduceda l.nrgerand more typics.1weld with slightly

deeperpenetrationthan the weld on tlieLehighspcimen. For the ~!Ctisteel,how- ,

ever,the transitiontemperaturesdeterminedby the Kinzeland Lahighspecimens

were the same and,thus,did not influencethe

The immediateobjective,then,was to

attemptto raisethe tro.nsitiontemperatureof

and lowerthe ‘Cm steeltransitiontemperature

The tee-bendspecimenwas e.lsochosen

specimenchoice.

modifythe Kinzelspecimenin an

the ‘~m steel.from20 F to 40 F,

from150 F to IZO F.

for furtherI?orkbecausethe

transitiontemper?turesfor the ‘lBrnand ‘Ch steelsobtainedwith themwere

both lowerthan the respectivehatch-cornertransitiontemperatures,as shown

by Figure5. Thus,it seemedfee.siblethat a modification

specimencouldbe made so thatthe hatch-cornertrmsition

be duplicated.

Variousmodificationsof the Kinzel-typespecimen

of this type of

temperaturescould

wereused in attempts

-14-

tO find conditionsby whichtransitiontemperaturesobtainedfrom thehatch-corner

tests couldbe duplicatedwith this typeof testsp@men. The modifications

were in the type of weldmetalu8ed, width of e~cimeri,and depthof noti. The

detailsof the mcdificatiomein the weldingproceduxrQnd the speoimendesign,

and theirinfluenceon the transitionterspmatureof S%w and fiCWsteelsare,,

discussedin followingsectionsof the report.’

Preuarationof Soeci~n~

“Thecouponsfor the test

Snd ‘!C”steeland the surfacewas

specimenswere saw cut from the platesof ‘Br”

cleansd by gritblasting.

The weld beadswere depositedon the couponsby automaticweldingusing

3/16-inch-diameterE601Oor E6020electrodes.All of the specimenswerewelded

at room‘temperatureand cooledin air. The agingtimefor R1l specimensbetween

weldingand testingwas eightdays at room tesiperatu.re;

Duringthe agingperiod,”the finishingmachiningof the specimenswas

doneaccordingto the

‘festine ProceUur~

A cdxtureof

sketchsho,n”in Figure6.

alcoholand’dry ice was used to obtoin testingtemfieratures

doun to “-m. Lowertsinperattieawere attainedby coolingmethyl

liquidnitrogenintroducedthrougha heat exchangercoiledaround

bottomof the tank containingthe test specimenand bendingjigi

cyclbhexanewith

the inside and

Temperatures

aboveSO

heaters.

F were obtainedby heatings wateror oil bath with‘resistanceimmersion

The loadwas ?.ppliedto the bend specimensat a rate of one inchper

minute,freedispl”cementof..‘dieplaten, LQadJdeflectioncurves,laters.1con-

tractionmeasurements,and fractureappearanceappraisalswere mode for all

specimens,

-15-

06? A AT

w

/J

4“ —‘Edges Saw Cut and Finish Machined

*iSection AA

3=Length,

Design L

A* /2

8 f2

c f2

D 12

BEIVD SPEC/MEAI W/TH rLOIVG/ TUD/IVAL

BEAD AND TRA/VSVERSE NOTCH(BAS/C K//VZEL DES/GN)

Surfoceof P/ofe

Detail B

=HWidth, Notchw Depth,

Iv3 .050”

=H1$ .050”

6 .050”

3 .090 “I I 1 I JiFSfondord Kinzel Design

WELDF/GURE 6

BATTEUE MEMORIAL lNSWWTE

0-12157

The varioustestsand summaryof the resultsfrom eachseriesare

discussedin the followingsections.

Influenceof Weld Metol on.TraneitionTemDeratu.T&

A seriesof standardKinzeI-typespecimens,as shownby DesignA, Figure

6, was made usingE6020 electrodes,to determineif the transitiontemperntu’e

wouldbe changedfrom that obtainedwhenE601O electrodeswere used, The data

from standardKfnzelspecimensweldedwith E601Oelectrode and thosefrom

unweldedKinzel-typespecimenswere reportedpreviously(172). Thesedata are

repeatedin this reportfor comparisonwith thoseobtainedfrom specimenswelded

with E6920electrodes.

The weldingscheduleused for the previousseriesof specimenswelded

with E601O electrodesand thatused for specimensweldedwith E6020are shown

belowfor comparison

EJQQ 13$3Q?Q

Electrodediameter- in. 3/16 3/16Amperes 175 198Arc vo~tage 27 33Speed- in./min 8-1/.4Arc time- seconds 4$ 29Lengthof weld bead - in. LHeat input- joules/in, 44;750 4,752

As shownby the abovetable,the heat inputper inch of depositedweld

metalwas made the samefor specimensweldedwith the two typesof eleotrOdes.

This variable was controlledcloselyso that transition-temperaturechanges

couldbe attributedto differencesin type of weld metal.

The transitiontemper~turesof unweldedKinzelspecimensof ‘Br”

steel,the standardKinzelspecimensof ‘Br”steelweldedwith E@lO~

and thoseweldedwithE6020electrodesare shownin Figure7. The de-

taileddsta fromthesetestsand thoseused for comparisonare givenin

Hatch Corner(Absorbed Energy

Ab=orbed Energyro Max. Load

Totol AbsorbedEnergy

Bend AngleAt ‘$fOX. Load

Tofa/ BendAngle

LoterolContraction

FractureAppeoronce

Welded – E6010 Electrodes Welded - E6020 Electrodes

c) LL

~ , 0A,

A● A (z]

A o dA ● A (2/

ii o AA ● A (21

A o AA ● A (2/

A (> AA {b A (2/

A o AA ●

A /2)

-80 -40 0 40 80 120160 -80 -40 0 40 80 La 160Temperature, Degrees F.

“Br” Steel ‘(C’’Steel Type Transition

A o TypeI (First Significo”t Orop)A ● Type 2 (SO % of Difference .9efween UPper and Lower

Value)

F/GUi?E Z TRANSITION TEhfPERATuR.CS (TYPEs land 2) OF’@r’’and’’S TEELSELS DETEf?IW/NE.9 BY STA/VDAE’D

KINZEL – TYPE SPECIMENS, UNWELDED AND WEL OED WITH E6010 AND E6020

[’hr “ STEEL ONLY) ELECTRODES, uSING VARIOUS CRITERIA. (HATCH- CORNER

TRANSITION TEMPERATURES SHOWN FOR COMPARISON)

(1) rYPe I Transition Is Considered IO be not Very Reliable

(2) “C” Steel Was Not Testeal

B,ITTELLE MEMORIAL ,“,,1

0-12158

-18-

AppendixA, TablesA-1, A-a, and A-5$ and are compared

B.lA and B-JB. In general,the tr~nsitiontemperature

havingE6020weldbeads

E601O weld beads. This

significat.

E6020

stock

Testswere not

weldmetalon the

of

that the

than for

in AppendixB, Figures

for ‘Brnsteelspecimens

was about10 to 20 F higherthan for specimene having

differencewas so smallthat it was not considered

madewith ‘Cw steelbecaueeonlya smallinfluenceof

transitiontemperatureof ‘~n steelwas noted,and the

nC” steelwas limited.

FromFigure7 and AppendixB, FiguresB-1A and H-lB,it is apparent

tranaitiontemperaturesfor ,pnwelded‘B# steelare considerablylower

the specimensweldedwithE601O and E6020electrodes.Type 1 snd Type 2

transitionsare shownfor unweldedWBr~ apeimens, bnt Type 1 trineitionis not

consideredveryreliablebecausethe ,curvesshowno sharpdrop off in absorbed

energy. FiguresB-lA and B-lBalso show thatthe amountof absorbedenergyand

the ductility(bendangleand lateralcontraction)are considerablyhi~herfor

the unweldedspecimensthanfor both seriesof weldedspecimens. However,the

trs.nsitiontemperaturesof the unweldedand weldedspecimenson the basis of

fre.ctureappearancewere higherthanby any othercriteria. This furtherconfirms

the statementmade at the bottomof page11, thattransitiontemperaturesdete~

minedby fractureappearanceere usuallyhigher.

Jnfluenceof S12ecimenWiwgn TransitionTemperature

Two seriesof modifiedKinzel-typespecimenswere preparedand tested

to determinethe influenceof variationsin specimenwidthon transitiontempera-

ture. The specimensof one serieswere 1-1/2incheswide and the otherswere

6 incheswide,as shownby Figure6, DesignsB and C. All of the specimenswere

-19-

made from m+n steeland were weldedwithE601Oelectrode. The weldingschedule

was the same as used for standard3-inchKinzel-typespecimens.

The transitfontemperaturesof stc.ndard3.inch-wideKinzelspecimensand

the modifiedspecimens1-1/2inchesand 6 incheswide of ‘Br!~steelare shownin

Figure8. The detaileddata fromthesetesteare givenin AppendixA, TablesA-6

and A-7, and the comparisonof tram itioncurvesis givenin AppendixB, Figures

B-.22I,B-2B,(andB-2C. A ~,rease in widthfrom 3 inchesto 1-1/2incheslowered

the transitiontemperaturefrom #20 F to -20 F for the ‘Brn steelwith the three

wcriteria?with othercriteriaj the effectwas smaller. Tiietransitiontemperature

by fractureappearance,however,was 10 degreeshigherthanshownby the bther.’.

criteria. This furthersubstantiatesan earlierstatem.ent(page11 ) thQt tran-

sitiontemperaturedetermined”& fractureappearanceis usually above’ thtitob-

tainedby the othercriteria”used.

The increasein specimenwidthfrom 3 inchesto 6 incheshad littleor

no effecton the tro.neitiontemperatureof the‘nBrwsteel. It was easierto teet

the 3-inchspecimenthan the 6-inchspecimen, and betteruniformityin testre-

sultswas obtsine”dwith it than either1-1/2”or 6-inchspecimens. Therefore,no

furthertestsof the 1-1/2and 6-inchspeciskniwere plannedb6causeno apparent,.,,

advantagema obteinedfr6m‘thefruse.

Q.ZLwwa Or ~otcb Depth on‘l&@tton Temperature

The thirdvariableconsideredto have an influenceon the behavior.of a

notched-bead-bendspecimenwas notchdepth. Kf.nzel-typespe’cirnens3 incheswide..

of nI+.”and ‘C* steelshaving a notchdepthof 0,090inchwere prepdred,as ShOW!I

* Totalabeorbedenergy,totalbend angle,and Ieteralcontraction.

++$+dbs~rbgd energy to mnximm load, absorbedenergyaftermaximumload,bend angleto maximumload,and fractureappearance.

-20-

Hotch Corner(Absorbed f%erg~

Absorbed Energy

TO hiox.Lood

Toiol AbsorbedEnergy

Bend AngleTO MOX Lood

?btol BendAngle

Lot erolContraction

Frocf ureAppeoronce

FIGURE 8.

(I)

I I

m -A I o 40 m 120 160Temperature Degrees E

~ 1$ -Inch Kinzel-Type Specimen

A 3- Inch Stondord Kinzef Specimen

A 6- Inch Kinzel- Type Specimen

TRANSITION TEMPERA TuRES OF WELDED “Br”STEEL DETERMINED BY STANDARD ANDMODIFIED KINZEL -TYAE SPECIMENS .USIIVGVARIOUS CRITERIA. f TYPE I TRANS1 TION)

“C “Steel Was Not Tested

t3ATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE

0-12159

-21-

in Figure 6, DesignD. Thesespecimenswere weldedwith 3/16=tlnchE601Oelectrodes

usingthe weldingscheduleshownon page16. It was dssiredthatthesespecimens

h~.vea notchsufficientlydeep to eliminatethe weld metal,but not to penetrate

belowthe fusionline and intoheat-affectedzonesat the bettomof the weld.

Macrosectionsof severaltypicalweldeindicntedthata notchdepthof 0.090inch

belowthe platesurface wouldbe satisfactoryfor thesespecimens.

The transitiontemperaturesof the modifiedKinzelspecimensof ‘Brnand

tlCnsteeldetetined by variouscriteriaare givenin FigUZW9. The detaileddeta

from thesetestsare givenin AppendixA, TablesA-8 and A-9, and the transition

curvesare comparedwith thosefrom standardspecimensin AppendixB, Figures

B-3A,E+-3B,B-4A,and B-LB. A comparison,as in Figure9, shewsthat the increase

in notchdepthraisesthe transitiontemperaturefor both steels. The transition

temperatureof the ‘tBr!jsteelwas raisedfrom the O F to 40 F rangeto the LO F

to 100 F range. The ~lC1lsteel,however,did not changeso much as the !lBrnsteel,

and the transitiontemperaturewas increasedonly slightly.

The acoumcy of the transitiontemperaturesfor the ‘!Brl]steelis

questionedbecauseof greatscatterin the tiet data,as shownin AppendixB,

FiguresB-3Aand B-3B. The scatterin the plotteddata showsthatthe transition

characteristicon this type specimencovera temperaturerangewhich is quite

wide. The etatteris greatestfor the absorbedenergyva. temperaturecurves.

The transitiontemperaturefrom thesedata establishedby the Type 1 definition

is 100 F. A possibleexplanationfor the scatterin absorbedenergy measuredfor

this steeland specimenis the normalvariationin the locationof the root of the

O.090-inch-deepnotchwith respectto the fusionzone. Thismighthavean inflw

ence on the amountof energyto initiatefracture.

On the basisof lateralcontractionsnd fractureappearance,the

transition temperaturefor the *BrN steelwas lowerthnnshownby the other

criteriain Figure9.

-.7...C, , e ..e.. -m.. , ...=-..., ,-=

-23-

Trmeition-TeroueratureStudiesF~Modified‘fee-BendSpec&se~

The tee-bendtestwas used previouslyduring

determinethe transitiontemperaturesof ‘Br!land ‘Cn

and cbataof thesetestshave been reported(172)~ The

this investigationto

ship steels. The details

transitiontemperatures

for both the IIBrm and flCnsteelsdeterminedby’the standardtee-bendtestswere

lowerthan thoseof the hatch-cornertests,as shownby Figure5. The objective

of this phaseof the investigation,then,was to modifythe tee-bendspecimenin

an attemptto raisethe transitiontemperaturesof the steelsto thoseof the

hatch-cornertests.

Two typeeof modificationsto accomplishthis objectivewere considered.

The firstwas a modificationof the weldingprocedureand the secondwas a modifi-

cationof the widthof the epeciman. The generalprocedureused in preparingand

testingtee-bendspecimenswas followedfor all of the testsof modifiedspecimens.

The platesfor the specimenswere flamecut to the size shownin Figure10. The

platesurfaceswere grit blastealpriorto weldingto removemill scale,rust,or

othercontaminators.All specimenswere manuallyweldedand then cooledin air

to room temperature.The aging

Influenceof WeldinrSchedule&Transition TemDeraturq

Previousexperienceon

Limebetweenweldingend testingwas eightdays.

thisproject has indicatedthat the greatest

disadvantageof the tee-bendtestover some othertestswas the difficultyin

adheringto the weldingrequirements.It was not easyto producethe size of

welds requiredwith the 5/32-inchelectrodespecifiedfor the test. Consequently,

a 3/16-inch-diameterelectrodewas used insteadof a 5/32-inch-diemeterelectrode,

and a weldingschedulewas set up that woulddeposita 3/16-inchfilletwith

Increments To Be Deposited

‘Y k ‘equenceshown

/n The Flat Position In

10 II 12 f3

—

//2] 314 516171819’

-L++-+ +-+-L+ L+L+L-

Oirection of Wekfing

A Ii Increments* 1

I ““~

\

Discord

--9 —

Increment Length, L

Std Tee Bend-2 ~ InchesMod II 8/ -4 ,8

FIGURE /0, WEL D/IVG DE TAILS FOR TEE-BEND SPEC/MEIV MADE Ft?OIW $’ PLATE

0-12160 “

-25-

slightlylessheat

electrode. It was

the

the

,.,

inputper inchof,weld thanthat depositedby the emaller

e~cted that this changein,weldingprocedurewouldinfluence

transitiontemperaturesof the steelsbeingtesteal.The

standardand modifiedtee-bendspecimensfolkws:

weldtngschedulefor

Electrode’classElectrodediameter- in.Averageweldingcurrent. ompAveragearc voltsAverageweldingspeed- in./minArc time- secondsLengthof weld Increment- in.Heat”input- joules/in.

Stand~d~

E601O5/32U5252.8572q7

76,5oO

Modified&A&&@

E601O3/1618027&o

6a4

73,000

A weldmentwas made from~Brn steelusingthe modifiedmeldingprocedure.

It was cut intostandard.sizespecimens,1-7/8incheswide,and testedat vmious

temperaturelevels. The transition temperaturefor the ‘Br]tsteelobtainedwith

the modifiedspecimenswas about10 degreeslowerthanfor the standardtee-bend

specimens,as slIownby Figureq. The detaileddatafor thesetestsand thoeeused

for comparisonare givenin AppendixA, TablesA-10 andA-12, and are plottedin

AppendixB, FiguresB-5A and B-5B.

Thesetestsshowedthatthe changein the weldin~schedulehad only a

minor influenceon transitiontemperature.Thisdid not accomplishthe desired

Increasein transitionteqpera.ture,but it wss decided,on the baeieof the re-

sults,to use the IRodified weldingschedulefor tee-bend

widths.

. ,,.

Jnfluenceof S~ecimenWidthon TransitionTemDera’ture

Other investigatorshave shownthat an increase

specimensusuallyraisesthe tr?.nsitiontemperatureof a

specimensof different

in the widthof bend

steelbecauseof the

-z6-

addedconstraint.Therefore,tee-bendspcdimens

made in whichthe widthwae increasedfrom l-7/g

increasethe tram”itiontemperature.The modifiedweldingschedulewaa also

‘Illw steelswere

in an attemptto

used for thisseriesof testsratherthan the standardschedule. A “comparative

seriesof testsusingspacimens3 incheswide &d meldedwith the standard

schedulemight,@ve been desirableto determinethe influenceof specimenwidth

aloneon transitiontemperature.However,the relativelysmall.influenceof the

modifiedweldingon tho ‘Brn stepldid not warrant.thosetestssincethe supply

of ‘Cn steelwas very limitede

The transitiontemperatureof the ‘~!l.,ateelfrom the.medifie~ tee-., :.,

bend specimens(3 ‘incheswide)wasabout ~20 F, as shownin Figure11: “Thiswas

decidedlyhigherthari‘theO F obtainedpreviouslywith the standardtee-bend

specimensof ‘Ernsteel;‘butwas stillbelow the transitiontemperatureof the

‘Br” steelhatchcornero The #C1’steel,however,was influencedmore by the

modifiodweldingand increasedwidththan the‘“~!~”Steel. The transitiontempera-

turewas 160 F, whichis 1,0degreeshigherthanthe tr&siti& temperatureof the

‘Cw steelhatch corner. Thesetestsindicated”that the transitiontemperatureof

‘Cn steeltee-bendspecimensis more susceptibleto variations in specimendesign,.:.,

and possiblyweldingprocedure,than that of the ‘B# steelspecimens.The,,

detaileddatafrom these%s ts are givenin AppendixA, TablesA-10,A-n, A-12,

A-13, and A-U+,’and are comparedin AppendixB, FiguresB-5AYB-5B,B-@, and

B-6B.

TliAiXSITION-TEMPERATUSE TESTSUSINGNOTCHEDTENSIONSFECIWEhB

Transverselynotchedtensionspecimensrangingin widthf,rern3 to’ ~“” “““

incheshave beenusedby investigators(79, 101,~1, 125) to &&rmine the,.

- 26+-

Hotch Corner(Absorbed Energy)

[

TotolStandard AbsorbedTee -Bend EnergySpecimens To,ol

I; Inches BendlAngle

[

TofolTee -Bend AbsorbedSpecimens EnergyModifiedWelding, Totol

i +InchesL

BendAngle

[

Tee-Bend ~$~bedSpecimensModified Energy

Weldingond TofolWidth, Bend3 Inches Angle

FIGURE 11.

L\

LI

A

A

1 -40 0 40U_.127-8(

Temperature, Degrees [

A “Br” Steel

O “C” Steel

TRANSITICIV TEMPERATURES FOR WELDED ‘&r” AND ‘tit’

STEELS, BASED ON TOTAL ABSORBED ENERGY AND

BEND ANGLES OF STANDARD TEE-BEND SPECIMENS,TEE-BEND SPECIMENS MADE BY MODIFIED WELDING

SCHEDULE, AND TEE-BEND SPECIMEN 3 INCHES

WIDE (TYRS I TRANSITIONS)

(I) ‘~” steel Was Not Tested

❑ATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE

0-12162

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trsnsition temperaturesof variousmild-steelshipplates. It has been suggested

that the tensiontest is more representativethanthe short-radiusnotchedbend

test of the conditionsthat takeplacewhen a shiphull,deck,or hatchcorneris

loaded. Therefore,it was recommendedby the ProjectAdvisoryCommitteethat

transitiontemperaturesof weldedand unwelded~~w and ‘Cn shipsteelsshould

be determinedby usingnotchedtension specimenssimilarin designto thoseused

for the bend tests,.md the resultscomparedwith the bend-testresultsend the

hatch-cornertestresults.

$ensionSoecimen

h tensionspecimen,as shownin Figure12, was used for thesetests.

Its designwas the sameas theKinzel-typenotched-beadbend specimens(Kinzel

type)exceptthe widthwas reduced‘cm?.-3/L+inchesto accommodatethe testing

equipmentand to preventthe possibilityof failureaway from the notchedsection.

The electrodesand weldingprocedurewere the same as thoseusedwith the standard

Kinzel-typebend specimen. Adapterbars were weldedto the ends of the project

steelsto redwe the amountof the ‘JBr@and ‘C” steelsrequired. Theseadapter

barsmade the tensionspecimenslongenoughto reducethe influenceof eccentric

loadingat the notch.

TestinaTensionSnecimene

The specimenswere cooledby meansof copperheat-exchangerblocks

clampedtightlyagainstthe surfacesof the test specimen,as shownin Figure13.

A shallowgroovewas machinedin one blockto accommodatethe weld bead. Cooling

on the edgesof the testpiece,exceptwhers the straingaugeswere attached,

helpedto maintaina constanttemperatureecrossthe entirespecimen. The

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—.

T3 “

1

n Line

Yi45”

.050” TOP

n

Surface---— —

[

Tof Plate

Root Rodius.01 “

Section A-A Detoil B

(on ~ of Weld Beod)

FIGURE 12. TENSION SPECIMEN WITH LONGITUDINAL

WELD BEAD AND TRANS VERSE NOTCH

BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE

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desiredtemperaturewas obtainedby pumpingthe coolant or heatedsolution

throughthe heat exchanger. The specimentemperaturewas measuredby a cooper-

constantanthermocoupleweldedto the specimen1/8 inchbelowthe surfaceadjscent

to the beadand slightlyabovethe notch,as shownin Figures13 and 14.

Testsshowedthat,at a temperatureof -80 F, therewas onlyan 8 degree

differencein temperaturefrom the centerto the outeredge at the notch. This

differencebecameless as the temperaturewas rsiaed,and, at about50 FI the

specimentemperaturewas completelyuniform,

The tensionspecimenswere pulledin a 200,000-poundBaldwin-Southwark

hydraulictestingmnchineloadedat the rate of 0.02 inchper minute. The amount

of energyrequiredto breskthe specimenswae obtainedby load-deflectioncurves

plottedfrom strain-gaugemeasurements.Detailsof the clip-typecompensating

straingaugesare shownin Figure15, (Thismethodof measuringstrainin tension

spec~.menswas obtainedfrom the Staffof theEngineeringMaterialsLaboratoryat

the Universityof California.) The clipswere fastenedto tinnerfsrivetswhich

were soft solderedto each side of the test specimen,as shownin Figwres13 and

14. The leadsfromSR-4 straingaugeswere connectedto two Baldwinstrain-gauge

indicators.The indicatorreadingswere takenat successiveload incrementsuntil

the specimenfailed. The load-elongationcurveswere plottedfrom thesereadl.ngs,

-s of TensionTests

The criteriaused for determiningthe tr.nsition-temperaturecurveswere:

energyabsorbsdto maximumload,la.terelcontraction,and fractureappearance.

The transitiontemperatureso.fthe weldedand unweldednotchedtension

spec~ens of WBrl!and I}CN Steels determined by the variouscriteriaare shOwnin

Figure16. Ths detaileddataand transition-temperaturecurvesfor the welded

and unweldednotchedtension testsare conteinedin AppendixA, TablesA-15,

-30-

FiGURE13. APPARATUSUSED FOR TESTINGTENSIONSPECIMENS

-31-

,. ./i ,.:.,,!.. . ,. ..)

FIGUiiE14. FRONIVIEWOF TENSIONSPECIMEN.INTESTJN(:zMACHINEWITHSTRAINGAUGLLSATTP.C1iZO

jff}~,

mSide of Tension

FIGURE 15 DE TAILS OF CL IF - TYPE COMPEAfSA T\NG

S TRAIN GAUGE SHOWING ATTACHMENTTO TENSION SPECIMEN. (DEVELOPED ATUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA)

.ATT.L.. MEMORIAL I..T IT . r.0-12164

(

-200-l&o-L@ -m -40 0 40 m Im wTemperature, Degrees E

A %r “Steel,WeldedA ‘8Br“Siee 1, Unwelded● “C” Steel, We Ided

o “C “Steel,L@welded

FIGuRE 16. TRANSI TIDN TEMPERA lURES OF UNWELDED

AND WELDED ‘8Br “ and “C” STEEL DETERMINEDBY NOTCHED TENSION SPECIMENS USING

vARIOUS CRITERIA f T YPE I TRANSITIONS)

BATTELLE MEMORIAL ,MSTIT”7E

0-12165

$

:

I

-33-

A-16,A-17,and A-18,and.AppendixBg FiguresB.7A,B-7B,B-7C,and B-7D. These

transitiontemperatureswere considerablylowerthan thoseshownby Kinzel-bend,

Lehigh-bend,

steels. The

same.

The

tee-bend,and hatch-corner

qualitativeorderof their

testsof specimensmade from the same

transitiontemperatures,however,was the

transition-temperaturecurvesshownin AppendixB, ?’l@?esB-7A,

B-7B,B-7C,and B-7D, are of sufficientinterestto warrantsomediscussion.

The ‘lBrnsteelin all testshas showna’moreabruptchangein transitionproper-

ties thanthe.‘lCnsteel. In the tee-bendand notched-beadtensiontests,however,

this conditionwas most pronounced.The “Cm steeltransitionwas more gradualand

wae aboutthe sameas for the,Jmndtestsin general.

The maximumload vs, temperaturecurve,AppendixB, FigureB-7B,showed

a verysignificiantdrop in thestrengthpropertiesof the welded‘Brnsteelat

tbe transitiontemperature.Thispropertywas not so ~pparentfrom the bend

testsof ‘iBrftsteel,becnuaein bend teststhe specimenis loadedin an entirely

differentmanner(AppendixB, FiguresB-lA,B-lB,B-2A,B-2B,and B-2C). This

also indicatesthatthe over-allpropertiesof tha ~}Brl’steelare betterthan

tinoseof the ‘Cilsteelonly to a certiin temperature,beyondwhichtheyabruptly

chcngeto atputthat shownby the more notch-sensitive‘Cn steel. For the “Cn

steelnotch-beadtension tests,the curvewae not welldefinedand the average

curve.indicmteda more gradualdrop in load.

The lateralcontractionvs. temperaturecurvesfor the tensiontests

reflectedthe ductilitypropertiedof the steelin the samemannaras the bend

specimensdid, i,.e., ae t,hetemperaturedecreasedthe ductilitydecreased.AS

with some of the.bend specimens,it was not possibleto determinea definite

transitiontemperaturefor *!Cssteel,weldedor ~eldod, by the use of this

criterion, The testingtemperaturesused were not low enoughin all caeesso

-34-

that the transitiontemperaturecouldbe determinedby the 1 per cent lateral-

contractioncriterion.

In general,it seemsthmtthe notched-beadtensiontestmay h?.vesome,.

advontageeover“itsbend-testcounterpart.The most app&ent disadventage at

presentis the low temperaturesrequiredfor testj.ng,whichare well belowoperat-

ing temperaturesof ships.. Ll, ,,.:”. ,,

TFtANSITION-TEMPERATUFLESTUDIESOFE601.O AND E6020WELD METAL.—

,.;

Durihg the earlier phase of this investigation,therewere”indicatlone

th&t the weld metaland heatiaffectedzone in the longitudinallyweldedAnd

transverselynotchedspecimenshad a transitiontemperatureindependentof that

(lm). “Onthe basisof theseobservations,thePro-exhibitedby the base”metal

ject Advisorycommitteerecoinmendedthat furtherstudiesbe made to deteimine

the transition-temperaturepropertiesof mil+steelweldmetaland theirinfluence

on bead-weldedand transverselynotchedbend Specimens.

Preparationand Te~tingof Specimcmg

The designof the specimensused for thesetests’is illustratedin

Figure17. The weld’”metalwas depositedby 3/16-inch-diametcm,ClassE601Oand

E6020Alectredeson’‘E$.ltsteel’in accordancewith the requirementsset fOrthin

the Navy DepartmentBureauof Ships InterimSpecifice.tion.L6E3,datedNovember1,

1945. Thisprocedureconsisted’of heatingthe tackedjointid boilingwater for

5 minut& priorto“weldingj Within1’minuteafterthe”tiotipletionof”each layer,

includingthe last layer,the essemblywas immersedin boilingwd,erand,within

one minute”afterthe boilinghad subsided,the specimenwas removed from the

wwte~ and the subsequent1:.jervi% ‘startedimmedietely. The firstthreelayer&

-35-

I------------4Posses:-’

8 Split Weove

Specimens Welded According ToNovy Dept. Bureou of Ships Spec.

FIGURE IZ ALL-WELD-METAL BEIVO SPECfMENS(KIAfZEL TYPE) HAVING A IWULTIPA SSS/fVGL.E - VEE BUTT JOINT AND ATRA NS VERSE NOTCH

BATTELLE MCMORIAL INSTITUTE

0-12166

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were weavedthe ful.1widthof the jointand the netifour layersconsisted of

two splitpasseseach,

Afterwelding,the weld.reinforcementwas machinedflushwith the plate

surface and a notch (Kinzeldesign)was cut in the weld metel transverseto the

longitudinaldirectionof the specimen,as shownin Figure17. In most of the

cases,the root of the notchwas in columnargrainsof weld metel.

The specimenswere testedin the samemanneras previouslydescribed

for the notched-beadbend tests. The lowertestingtemperaturesrequiredfor

thesetests,however,wera obtainedby usingliquidnitrogenand a heat exchanger

in the coolingbath.

Resultsof Tests

A comparisonof the transitiontemperaturesof the bead-weldedand all.

weld-metalnotched-bendspecimensis shownin Figure1S. The detaileddataare

givenin AppendixA, TablesA-19 and A-20, and in Figure18. The changefrom

ductileto brittlepropertiesfor bothE6Q1O end E&120weld metaloccurredat a

lower temperature and covereda considerablywiderrangethan the notched-bead

bend testsof ‘E$.mand RCW eteel. Both kinds of specimeneweldedwith E601O

electrodes,however,had a lowertransitiontemperaturethan similarspecimens

weldedwithE6020electrodes.

Beforetheseresultscouldbe correlated,it was necessaryto determine

the causefor the wide transition-temperaturerangefor the all-weld-metal

specimensillustratedin AppendixB, FiguresS-8A,S-8B,and E.&. Microsections

of a sufficientnumberof representativespecimens,cut throughthe weld metal

transverseto the notch$showed‘thatvariationsin the grainstructureat the

root of notchwere responsiblefor the wide transitionrange. Specimenshaving

the notchcut in a heat-refinedgrainstructure,as shownby Figure19, showed

-77-,,—

HfftCh Cof ~e~(Absorbed Energy

Sfondord Kinze/E601(3

.90ndord Kjnze~E6020

All- Weld -hfetolE601O

All ‘Weld-Meio/E6020

I emperofure, Degrees E

A “Br” Sfeel With Bead Weldo “C” Sfeel With Beod Weld❑ All-Weld-Metal Specimens

FIGURE 18. TRAJvSITION TEMFERA TURE, 8A SED

ENERGY, OF BEAD- WELDED AND ALL -WELD -

METAL KINZEL - TYPE SPECIMENS

ON ABSORBED

BAUELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE

0-12167

higherenergy

the notchcut

I-38-

ahsorptionand ductilityfor a giventemperaturethanthosehaving

in the coar6ecolumnar,as-deposited,weld metal,ae shownby

Figuz-e20. The specimenshavinga fine-grainstructurealsohad a lowertran-

sitiontemperaturethan the coarse-ginin specimens.Figure21 furtherillustrates

the signi.ficantinfluencethat grain stmcture has on the fracture or behavior of

nOtched-bendspecimens. This all-weld-metalbend specimenwas notchedin the heat-

refinedgrainstmcture, but failedin the unnotchedcoarse-columnarweld metal

midwaybetweenthe notchand the base metal.

This suggeststhatat low temperaturesthe coarsecolumnarstructure

‘as-depositednweld metalwithouta notchmay be more susceptibleto fracture

than the heat-refinedweld metalcontaininga notch. In notched+eadbend

specimens,initialfractureoccursin the weld beadat the root of the notch.

of

The

coarse-grainweld metal(alongwith otherfactors),in all probability,contributes

to the locationof initialfractureand the tra.nsitiontemperatureof the specimen.

This phsseof the work is beinginvestigatedfurtherin fractureinitiationand

propagationstudies,alongwith studiesof impuritieswhiohmay make the columnar

structureparticularlysusceptibleto the initiationof a brittlebreak.

PRELI1lINARYFRACTUREINITIATION S’ITJDIES

A considerableamountof effortand timehas been expendedby many

investigators

of a material

attemptingto

to developa Iaboratoxg-sizespecimenfor predictingthe performance

used in largeweldedstructures.The criteriagenerallyused for

establishQ qualitativerelationshipbetweenlaboratoryspecimens

of differentsteelsand fieldstructuresare! fractureappearance?transition

temperature,ductility,and the smeuntof energy requiredto breakthe test

specimen. Load-deflectioncurveshave been widelyused to determinenumerical

-39-

Mag. lox 57301

Msg. loox57243

FIGURE19. SECTIONOF AN ALL-WELO-METALNOTCHEDBENDSPECIMENHAVINGTHE ROOT OF THE NOTCHIN THE REFINEDGRAINSTRUCTUREOF THE

AS-DEPO.SITEDE601oWELDMErAL. COMpAW ~TH *lGITRE~

-40-

Pkg. lox

,,.

,.. ~

57300

Mig. 100X57242

FIGURE~ . sJ+UfIUNO: AN ALL-MELo-METWNOTCHEDBEND SPLCIMENHAVINGTHE:~~’rOF THE NOTCH IN TRE COARSECOLIJI@ImsTRucTU[~o~THE ~S-DZPOSIrEDE6010WELDMETAL. ~MpARE ~TH ~IWM 19

-L.l.-

56825..

-42-

Wdl.les fOr thesecriteriaso thatthe behatiorof differentsteelstestedat

definitetemperaturelevelscouldbe correlated.In analyzingthe test results

up to now, ‘the maximum load has been used as the point at which the specimen or

structurefailed. Consequently,the deflectionat maximumload and the absorbed

-energyweraused for eval~ting the ductilityand resistanceof the materialto,,,.:

initialfailure,kspectivelye Likewisejthe energyabsorbedby the specimen“,:.

aftermaximumloadhae previouslybeen regardedas”the energyrequiredto

propagatethe fractureto completefailuro.,, .. ...

Previousnotched-beadbend testsindicatedthe possibilityof the

depositedweld metalshavinga transitiontemperatureindependentof that of the

heat-affectedzoneor basemetalof the epecimen.Furthermore,the geometryof

the specimen(locationof bei’d’“andreinforcementof meld)was thoughtto be a

fActorthd might‘influencefractureinitiationand”propagation.A limited

number of bend testswere made,therefore,to obtaina betterunderstandingof..

the mode of failureof this type of““specimengo that a more acc~ate interpretation

couldbe made of the testdata,

The Kinzel-types,pecimenwas selectedfor thesepreliminaryteststo

studyfractureinitiationand propagation,becausethis typeof specimenhas been

used most duringthis inyostigation,and it waa hopedthat the informatio~gained

frcnnthesestudiescouldbe applied% the hiterpretatlon of previoustest data.

Furthcirmoro,th~ establi.sbcdechedulbfor depositingthe weld beadwas normal,

whilethe O;050-inch-de6pnotchwde mff icb!t to f.npoeethe noeeesaryetrass

ooncontrationand at the sametimeleavesome“weldmetalbelowthe notch.

A seriesof 18 weldedKinzel-typespecimenewas preparedfrom ‘Br” steel

by the standardweldingand machiningproceduresused in precioustestswith this,..

sPecimen, Sincethe nBr\lstielexhibitedductilepropertiesat“@ F and brittle. ,,

propertiesat O F, two seriesof nine speoimenswere bent variousamountsat the

-43*

twO temperatures.The specimenswere eachbent a predeterminedamoumtranging

from belowthe observedyieldpointto the pointof maximumload, The loadwas

releasedand the specimenswere removedfrom the testingjig and examinedfor

cracks.

These testsshowedthatfractureinj.tiatedin the ~~eldmetaland heat-

affectedzoneat the root of the notchand at a very low bend angleranging from

3 h 6 degrees, This occurredat, or slightlyabove,theyieldpointof the

specimenand far belowthe maximw load of the specimen. At maximumload,the,,

fracturehad propagatedthrougha cowiderablepart of the crosssectionof the

specimen.

On the basisof theseresults,it was proposedthat a thoroughstudybe

made of the initiationand propagationof fracturesin the varioustest specimens

selectedfor studyon this project, The resultsof thatstudywill be the subject

of a subsequentreport.

A

studiedis

summaryplot containing

Includedin AppendixD.

investigationar? as followsi

the transitiontemperaturesof all specimens

The importantpointsof the findingsof this

1. Gensrally,modificationsof the variousspecimensshiftedthe transitiontemperatureof the two steelsup or down dependingupon the modification.However,the same changein specimendesignor procedursofproducingthe specimensdid not produceshiftsofsimilarmagnitudein the transitlontemperatureofthe ‘B ‘1and ‘Cn steels. Therefore,it appearsquiteunlikely,on,thebasisof informationavailable,thatany one type or designof emallspecimenwill givethe sametransitiont&mperaturefor ‘~Brl)and !lCHsteels,and othersteelsthatwas or mightbe obtainedby largespecimens,suchas the hatch-cornerspecimens,

2. The transitiontemperaturesfor Kinzel-typeunweldednotchedspecimensof ‘B “ and “C” steel,teatedfi

%tension,were considersly lowerthanthosefor similar

-44-

!? ~~eel h~~ ,*10W’a~ trWls i-weldedspecimens. The nBrtion thanthe ‘!Cl)steel,~,sin all othertes”’csused,‘Me transitiontemperattiresobt?.inedfrom thewelded‘“ ‘“IIBrnand flCJlsteeltensionppecimens wereconsiderablylowerthan the transitiontemperaturesof hatch-cornerspecimens.

3. Transition-temperaturestudiesof E601Oand.E6020weldmetals,whichwere made with all-weld-metalspecimenssimils.rin designto Kinzelepecimeneand testedinbending,shewedthatthe transitiontemperaturesofthesemeld metalswere much lowerthanthoee,obtainedwith standard(bead on plate)Kinze~+pe specimens,~The trensition temperatureof the E6Q1Oweldsrangedfrom -130F to -LO F and variedwith the loce.tionof.the n~tch;i.en, if notchwas in .colummarstructure,the tr.msitionwas high,and if it YJaS in tine normalizedstructure of the weldmetal,it was low. The transitiontemperatureof E6020weld metal re.ngedfrom -70F to OF,

&. weldedKinzel+ype epecimenaof.‘lE@ steelweldedwithE6020 electrodeshad s tr:naitiontemperatureabout10 F~~to 20 F higherthan that of similarspecimensweldedwith E601O electrodes.Testswere not made on ‘Cn steel.with theE6320 electrode becauseonlya smalldifferencewas obtainedon the ‘Brm steel.

5. WeldedKinzel-typespecimensof nBrn eteel,1-1/2incheswide,had a transitiontemperatureof about-20 F,comparedto 20 F obt?.inedwith st.ndarcl3-inchKinzel~type specimens. (Hatch-corner transition tempero.turefor “F&R steel was /+0F.)

6. WeldedKinzel-typespecimensof WDrflsteel6 incheswidehad very nearlythe same tr:nsitiontemperature(20F)as the standard3-inchspecimen. (Hatch-cornertransi-tiontemperaturefor nBrn steelwas,40F.)

7* WeldedKinzel-t.ypespecimensof ‘Brn steelwith 0.0%)-inch-deepnotchhad a considerablyhighartransitiontemperature,40 F to 100 F, than standardKinzel-typ?s~ecimene(transitiontemperatureO F to 20 F) of theeehe steelwith.a standardO.050-inch-deep-notch.,Aeimilar@ange in notchfor ‘Cw steelepecimenzhad varylittleinfluenceon transitiontem~rature}whichw%..140 F to 160 F, (Hatch-cornertransitiontemperattiefor IIc1lsteelwas 120F.)

,8. Tee-bendspecimensof standardsize (1-7/8ineheewide)made of ltBrnsteelwith n modifiedweldingprocedurehc+dabout$he same transitiontemperatureas.etandardtee-bendspecimens.

-45-,

9. ‘lee-bendspecimens,3 incheswide,of ‘Brn and ‘Cnsteelshad highertransitiontemperaturesthanst-ndardl-7/8-inch-widespecimens.For ‘~BrNsteel,the transi-tiontemperaturefor 3-inchspecimenswas about20 Fcomparedto -10 F forstandardspecimens,but was lowerthan the 40 F tmnsition temperatureof hatoh-cornerspecimens.For the ‘C~fsteel,the trnnsition tempera-turefor 3-inchspecimenswas aboutI@ F comparedto110 F for standardspecimenBand 120 F for hatch-cornerweldments.

10. A few preliminarytestsof fractureinitiationandpropa~ationin theKinzel-typespecimenshowedthatfractureappearsto startIn the weld metaland heat-affectedzoneat the root of the notchof.the specimenslightlyabovethe yieldpeintof the specimeQtand,at maximumload,it has propngatadthrougha pert ofthe cresssectionof the specimen.

11. The studyof publishedend unpublishedliteratureonthe variouskindsof testsused to studystrength,ductility,and transitiontemperaturesof weldedjointsin structuralsteelwas continued.Literatureon thissubject published~ or otherwiseobtc.ined,and studiedsincetihedateof the firstrepertwas addedto thebibliography,and a completeb~bliographyis includedin thisreportfor convenience.

~TURE FQF.K

This reportdescribeswork recommendedby the ProjectSR-1OOAdvisory

Coxmnitteeat its meetingof February26; 1948, and presentedfor the cOmirtttee$s

aPP~val at its meetingDecember7, 1948.

The followingprogramof futurework at BattelleMemorialInstitutewas

discussed and approvedby the AdvisoryCemmittee~

1. Studiesara to be made to determinethe effeot ofpreheatand ostheaton Kinzel-typebend specimens

Pof nBr”and ‘CHsteel. Thesestudiesare to includethe following;

a.

b.

Preheatsof 10, 70, 150,Z50, and 400 F onboth llBrnand ‘er~steels.

Preheatof 70 F and postheatof 1150F on‘Cn and ‘~” steel.

-f46-

C. Preheatof 400 F and postheatof 1150F onllBrfl steel.

2. Tests are to be made on unweldedandwelded‘An and‘W steelsto determinetheirtransitiontemperatures.

3. Fmcture initiationand preparationstudiesare to bemade of Kinzel,Lehigh,and tee-bendspecimensof ‘B#and ‘CM steels, Thesestudiesare to determinewhereand when the fracturestartsand how it propagatesthroughthe vnriouetypesof specimene. In addition,testsare to be ms.deto determinethe effectof thefollowingfactorson fractures

a. Type of weld metalb. Multipassweldsc. Powerinputd. Agingafterweldinge. Geometzyof specimen

—

Data givenin thisreportare recordedin BattelleLaboratoryBookNO. 3856, pp. 1 to 38, and BookNo. 321+0,pp. LO tO 100.

RWBiRGK:ltFZPJRtCBV/vmSeptember16, 1949

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Mlmber F Failulw1)~ ~~ Emmy

. .% In. Irdb

f+cm-1 70 13,’(W 57 m.WKM? 3

43L4,foo 72

7.2 16,3m 6.128

13,S20 13.33.8

29,9X7

,1ciO-3 0 l,i,2cC 5322,@2

l,: 3.W 6.8!+.4 9,9X 14.2 31,W3

.&cm+15,3cu 6.4

-10 13,602 57I&y 13.2 29,W

12,3.m ;7.2 16,1m

AC7O-10 -10 0 4$7.2 16,1w

5.L :AlHo% -20 13,sca 59

L2,1m 5.4 L2,102

Mm+ -@7.6

M,m 42 ;17,m 1.0

22:Ca 6.6

5.7 12,s0019,4CKJ

W70-5 -&l 1L,4C.3 0 m0 0

.IC’M-7 -@8.1 M,lm

5.7 12,.sOJ

13,4!30 zo

420 8.1 18J20

AC-7a-6 -m 3-2,ecm 285.5 12,3m

:0

285.5 12,3w

3.4 7.700 0 : 3.LD 7,733

(2) .Mmrbed emr.gy. ume.sh areatier tbe loadd.fle.tim - time.2,250inchpads.

TABLEA-13.lUEXILTSOFSLOW-SENDTFSTSOF3‘INCH-WIDETZS-BENDSPEC’IMRWMADEFROM‘Br”STEELMO USING.kMODIFIEIISCHSDUIS

~Test%

Abs.rbedlber~(z)Ener~ti EnergyAfter Total

Specimm Temp, ndmumnsxhurl COmpleIhlmbar F Load,u ? ~ ~

Failure1) SqIn. SqIn.~Sq b. .-

AC95&AC9.4-1AC%-3AC95+A095-2iic95-5AC94-2AC95-3AC95-1AC9.4+AC%.+AG9&6

120 21,10D21,1Do

$ 22,900@ 22#yJo20 Z?,tiao20 23,9CQ

24pmo-: 22,m-20 22.900-$ 24;W

24,51Wa 24,1ca 46

“oo

2100000

1151..1511511.5

2%Q.54a

.&

IA.LW

2%12.so16.3oI.&@1720I-2.IQ1024I13.7111.9010.00

33,4002s#lJ33,XQ2%,7Q0

%$3S,72027,’W224,XQm ,WQ26,60322,503

I.1.lo12.8Q13.20u.?

o000

25,00028,$3329,7C031,m

o0

I.&p

o000

25.9325.X28.0026.5016.3o24.4023.7T312.4010.8013.iflI.1.xl10.CM3

5g,Io3

:;:%

%%x?,4@I53,wI27,%IJ2@?om ,$?0326,FlX22,503

(1) IfSPWWM didnotpart,thiemeae.urement w takenatthepointonthelond+eflectioncurvewherethelosdhaddroppadto%JJDpoundsaftarp-w?dngmaximuxload.

(2) Absorbed energy = measwwi area under the load+iefleetion curve ti ., 2,255inchpocmds.

TABLEA-I.4.FJ13UL’fSOFSLW-BENDTESTSOF 3 INCHWIDETEE-BENDSPECIXT!NSM&DEFROM‘iCtiST=L ANDUSINGA MODIFIEDWLDIHCSCdEDULE

BendAn@e, Demwes Absorbed.Erer,qr(z)Testing 4t After At Ener~~to Ener~ .kfter Total

Spcimen Temp, Mlximum MaximumUaximum COmple?

?.k@nunhad kxiuumLad EnernNumber F Led, Lb Lead, Lead Failure1) Sq In. In..Lb So.In. In.-Ik Sq In. In.-Lb

:ic9~AC97-1.ic97+2AC9+-5AC97-3A@7-6AQ974AOV4

A696-1A096-QAC96-3

2C0 ?1,720190 21;WCK?il ?l,m160 21,730WI 20.602l@ 20;(mUo 20.&N1

21;700$ 23,1C0o 22, XCI

6L6872mn’70646759555650

51

o00

1.I.5 12.@ 27,9Cfl 11.5 25,W ~3.90 53,S33115 12.93 29,m 11.2 25,2m 24.10 54,200115 14.20 31,m 10.XI 2/,,100 2L.9085

56,~013.’TJ 31,333 4.00 9,030 17.7C g,g

115 13.61 32.m Q.7iI 21.m 23.37 .115

$!13:10 ti;40c lo.@ 23;EIJJ 23.’FJ “53*U.-m 26+ 7,% 17,800 19*6I12.&l

$ytg28,330 11.10 25,000 23,?2

11.20 25#00 2.&J 5,800 13.KI I@309.93 22.330 0 0 ?-M ~-yy-J

11.ti 24; ixJ o Ii:&) 24;ia39.50 21,400 0 : 9.X3 21,33)

(1) If specbma didnotyrt, thismeasurementwas taken atthepointcm thelnad-deflectioncurve..,fieretheleadbaddroppedto 9020poundsafterpassingmaximun10SX3..

(2) Absorbed energy. measuredareaundertheload<eflection curve times 2,250inchoovnds.

.?/.

TABLE A-15. SEWLTS OF TEsTs OF NU2CHEDTEWION sPECIWSW OF DNNWJN2DT+# STEEL

Elongation EnergyTesting at Max Atmorbedto lateral Fracture

SP. i.en TemP, Maxmlun Load, (1) Area, Maximum had, (2,Number ?

Contraction\3)I,xd, b

A;wrerl: ,% Sq In. In.-Lk %

Ac118-16 -Zllo w, 20Q 0.031 10.8M118-u

L,3fxl 0.29 0-220 135,1Kx3 0.0311 11.a

AC116-17k,m 0.29 0

-2C6 127,6CQ 0.061 18.50AC118-7

7,@3 1.38~:g 150,coo 0.337 116.20

AC118-9L6,5cx2 8.50 ;

lU3,mo 0.253 85.30 311,Km 11.ml 2AC118-13 -170 1.L2,0X 0.280 89.30AC118-8

35,7ca 8.05 h-170 U2,0X 0.2h2

AC118-1277.30 30,Wl 10.70 11

-163 l!13,m O.3L6AC118-11

115.62 46,2c0 10.80-160 til,ooc

150.L03 127.30 51,CQ0 10.50 25

AC118-6 -ll+o 136,6$0 0.328 97.6.3 39,COJ 10.20AC118-3 - 63 135,000

13’30.3L0 8L.70 33,900 12.20 Km

Aolle-11 - I+o 135, m 0.290 83.5oAc118-5

33,Loc 11.90- 20 132,030

lCO0.3M 97.20 38,800 11.30 100

AC118-2 - 0 129,&l 0.305 85.m 31L,oa3 10.ko 10CA0118-1 + 20 128,000 0.32h 89.CK3 35,m 10.80 lCC

(1)

(2)

(3)

Elongationtaken .“ 1-3/b-inchgauge length.

Absorbedenergy - measuredarea underl.ad-iefIe.tioncurve in inchestim=s i@ inch pounds.

Ueasurenmntmade at point of maximumcontraction(ueuallyl/32 inchbelow the notch root,on bothsidesof fr.cturewith pointadmicrommt.nr.

TASLE A-16. RW,ULTSOF TESTS OF NOTCHED TENS1ON SPECIl~NSOF ‘wXLOED‘Br)aSTEEL

AC1ll-2AC1ll-15AC1ll-11AC1ll-16AC1ll-1AC1ll-14AC1ll-4AC1ll-17AC1ll-10AC111-12AC1ll-8AC1ll-13AC1ll-20AC1ll-3AC1ll-9AC1ll-18AC1ll-6

-50

::-30-30-30-30-20-20002020406075

72-8U

0.029L0.05680.06780.03900.1650.21650.2300.1920.19450.19350.1940.2050.1750.1660.21250.2100.2025

6.0511.L515.ca7.5045.ti61.cQ63.LO52.2U53.4052.5052.6055.146.643.456.754.753.0

2,420& 5806,oQ03,CW

1.S,CCJI24,4CQ26,2cQ20,80021,40’221,0cm21,CCQ22,CKC18,(GC17,4@c22,6CX321,t%o21,200

0.871.531.740.911.469.1!38.768.188.%9.3a8.538.648.4o8.509.058.258.15

00?15

lcb103

wMO100lCQKm100100lWKm

(1) Elonge.tie”take. o. l-3/L-inchgauge length.

(2) Absorb4 energy. maasuredarea under load-deflectioncurve in inchestimes 4CQ inch pound..

(3) Ueaaure!r.entmade at lx.intof maximumcontraction(usually1/32 inchbelow the notch rcot) on bothsides of i’raetmwwith pointedmicrometer.

/0 A

~ABLSA-17. RESULTSOFTESTSOF NOTCHEDTENS1ONSPECIMXS w UNUELJED.!7.SIXE1

V3atingEnergy

SPclmenElorwtim .4E.sw+d 60 Fr?.otm

TemP, MdmlJs at him‘?

Ares,Numtw F bad, u had, ~ 1) Sq In. =+W’ GJ%Wn, Z(3)%%%

AC117-19 -163 134,8cQ 0.130 37.0 L4,euo 3.82.!C117-18 -120

0133,f,Ci7 0.139 38.3 15,300 3.71

AC117-17 -Mm :132,LCO O.I.@ 38.0 15,2ftl 3.6/.AC117-16 - w 139,5ca 0.236 70.6 28,2&3 u4AC117-15 - !!4 132,2cX2 0.177AC117-13 - I@

48.0 19,X0 L47 :132,4C0 0.181 48.6 19,41Y3 4.8/. 0

AC117-10 0 130,9C0 0.165 44.2AC117-7 20

17,703 8.42 0127,em 0.167 L3,3 17,3S.3 8.62

AC117-8 40 128,7tC 0.224AC117-9

67.5 27,0xl 6.30a

;125,W3 0.199 51.3 20,m 5.90 6

AC117-12 60 133,2m 0.182AC1l’LIL 70

49.6 19,903 4.953.28,W2 002CK 52.5 21,m 6.u 1:

Ac117-11 80 125,@3AC1174

0.234 61.8 24,9W 6.80m

100125,W 0.227

AC1l?-16006 24,2LX 6.a7

1U3lCO

122,tm 0.192 49.6 19,803AC117-4 120

6.70124,m

AC11’7-20.224 59.3

w23,@3 ;%

1% m 0.M-9AC117-3

L9.O 19,633 %162

lCWI125,E03

AC117-50.1% 52.1 20,&c 6.87

1s0100

3.64,m O.w 38.9 15,6C0 Not Fs,fble Kc

(1) Elcmgatieutakencm 1-3/4inch.@uze lem@.

(2)

(3)

Abaorted.nersY- measuredare,underload<.sflwtioncurvei“ inohestiws &XI inchpounds.

% &@me withn.int,addercpmier.a urementmadeat pointof maximumcontraction(usually1/32inchbelowthe.otchroot)on bothsides

ThdLI A-18. 2E21J13SOF T3,.5TSOF NmCliZDTENS1ONSFZCIWNSw KSI.C%D‘Cn STEE1

C - MOT(XXD TEIW1O?J- WELDEZ

Ac10&14 0 104,6cu2 0,0464 10.45 L,lm 1.3~AC104-16 O

1107,4CO 0.0557 12.85 5,3A0 1.8

AC104-12 201

130,&xJAc104-13 20

0.0446 11.15 $@&11O,WO

1,42 00.0617 lL.7C 14W

AC1OL-10 40 8;2& ;119,403 0.0788 zl.toAC104-11 40

1.8127,6C0 0.1037 2?.90 11,150 3,1

AC1OI.-8 107,6C.3 0.587 13.50AC104-9 %’

5,4C0 2.0 ;0.C922 23.20 9,280

z%3.1

AC104-2 ~ 0.1C9W 27.$0 11,150 3,1 :AC104-3 ill L19,@x 0.1021 26.T5 10,703 2.0AC1OL-1 Km lzl,ccc

50.1131 2.3.10 11,6CC

AC104-5 lW3.7

3.19,6ca15

0.L286 33.50 13,4W — 8!+CILX-4 m m, m 0.1384 31&.30 13,7CQ 5.57AC104-6 120 l19,uc

1W30.12843 31.90 12,802 5.6

AC104-7 I.@ L20,4a3100

0.1213 23.40 11,ecoAC104-2O 16o

— Kclzl,cc.z O.O%O 2L.20 9,703 3.48

AC104-17 1?0 135,0W102

0.C780 20.X3 8,100 5.23 lca

(1)

(2)

(3)

Elongationtakenon 1-3/L.inchgaugelength.

Abm#bC4 ener2y. meeeuredareaunderIoad-defier.tl.ncurveinin.hes tire.LOO inch-pcmads.

fieasurem.tmadeat pint of maximumcontraction(.SUS1lY1/32inchbelowthe notchrood o. I,otisides.f fracturewitipaintedmi.romnter.

120mo

a.-9-40~

4

-95a-UJ5-m5-lzo.-w-u-w-165

0.039o.ino.mo.C950$980z%0.0$20.lm0.031

0.Ro.@mO.uo0.W9O.lccO.lm,.@a3O.LW,.Ou0.0330.W

IMIJ A-X. P1311LI?0, 75. ~ U,L4mn.. .-m ,.m+m or

Weal m m.

[

SWm6 g

,4,C70

,*GCO -

acco

,%?OC —–-

tin

,- .—.

ZQ!

,4,000 -

/

L?,CC4

a,

IO,cco —

80C0

c7m ——

I.Czw -

20’22.

0./2!=%

TLied —

‘1 .-i”:4--1--t . .&—.J—

‘L-L&zl J._

!“-“~~~‘“-‘Wwded %,-s/../, Welded %“Stwe,, _E6010 E!eet,o&

._ .-_.,k - : ‘T.m z ‘n

.~- - ‘1+

.1.+ -+ -J- !, -,q/~- ~

;~- .!-)..–.1

Temr.m,”re, Degrees6

A T.,., F“,,gy A&o,Ded A Energy Abs.xoaci to ,Wm;,num LO.ZdA 5CU%7Y AOso@ed o?,., ,!fox,mtim LCUC7

F(GIJRE 8-M LZWH4RISLW w Tfww rKI-rEMffRATLJRE cuwffi OF ,17r,, STEEL, mSED m

E7iERGr 4%90R@27 BY KINZEL -TYPE SPECIMENS, UN)+? LOED AND WELDED WITHE6010 AND E60P0 ELEOTROOES

0–,,69.

WeldSd ,,B,,, S!,,,:

55!$J–+ ;“1 ~~’~q’* ‘-”

I — 1/’ I I

“F”““tdY’Ywtt H“” +,+-H*=Z$=+

,

F/GUflE B-(B, fW,WPAR,SON OF TR’IW,T,O”. TEMPEh?ATU,?E CUR”. N %,,, STEEL, msmON BEND ANGLE, L4Tc7AL CONTRACTION, AM? FRACTURE APPEARANcE CTKINZEL -TYPE SPEG,MENS, UNWELDED .4ND WELDED WITH E6010 .4ND E60f0

ELEc ThVDES 0-,,..0

.28-

z$ox

24m

%/.zxJ

maw

: ,8,CYV

/,6,0CC

:

. . )4,m

?

; )2,CU7

‘tt ,O,CCOj

‘ 8.UW

6,(ZW

WcO

z,m

o

-m-4oow m-@-40040m -W.wow.% -9-uoowm,m

Tempwo?”,e, Degree, F

A 70,./ E“c+,w Abso,bao A Energy At.swbad to hfcwim.m LOOd Z, Emrqy Absorbsd of,., ,!foxi,num Loan’

FIGURE B-2A. COMFMR,5CW c%= TRANS, T,~-TLwER,?TU,E GUMS OF ,8,,, STEEL BASED ON ENER’Y A6SOR.?EL7 BY

srAriD5mI KImZEL 5PEGIMENS, Ii INGIiES AND 6 INCHES WIDE, WELDED wmt E6010 ELt77rnDES

0-!!700

:~$

$.

:

2$

Temwumtum> O#qmes F

A 70/0/ Send ,4,74,8 A Bend Angle b ,Uo,im..n LOOd

FIGURE B 2B, C0,WE4R,SON F THAN5, T,oI-TEMPERATURE GLJFV,.S 0,= %,,, STEEL, BaSED ON BEND A,IGLE ~STAND*MD KINZEL SPECIMENS AND MOOIFIED KIN2EL spEcIMENs, ii hW7HE5 ANO 6 ,NCHE5 WIDE,WELDED w TM E60!0 ELEC m-00,5

>(,70/

. .-5D-

9

8

7

?~s

$,~.

.

:3

F:.?s

,

0

~~j$’;

-/

r.mgem,.,e. Degree, F

FIGURE B-2c. CUMPAR/SW# w TRANS,T,ojwrE,,ER/IrueF UIW,S OF ~,>, &L ~sE,= ~ ‘ATEHAL~NrRACT/ON AND FRACVJRE APPEARANCE OF 5T4NDARD KiNZEL spEoJIEN5 AND MOOIf/EOK/NZEL SPEC,ME,S, ,; AND 6 INCHES WIDE, WELDED WITH E6010 ELECTRODES

0-),70,

$

j

*

$&

2

$

T.mwro,”m, Degrees F

A ToM 4J,ti@d Emqy .9 t%rgy Abmded ,0 Mnx,,num bad a Enemy as-d 4f/8r M.”/mum bad

F,&JRF B-38. COW,WR,50N G= TR4NS/7,0N TEMPERATURE CLIRVES OF ,8,, STEEL 9/lSID LW EVERYABm .w s7AfiD4.9D KIN7EL 9ECIMENS AND SOEOMENS NOfCHED 0090 we+EEE wELDED W,W E60,0 FL.5GT,S

0. !/.704

—— ——. _. ~— __

—_.

-i

]

.+

I

rawer.,”,,, m,.., F

. T.,., Absorbed E,,ergy o merry @5@,4d ,. MommwnZo.d O E.ergyA&orbed Aft.. ,%rim.m bxm

FIGURE 8-4A ~PAR/SW F TR4MJn0N TEMPERA?~E CURVES OF& =EEL , &45& w ENE,,W /w$o/?~D o ySTA,VD#fiD h’,,?,?EL PFG,MFr(S AND SPEC,,UENS NOTCHED 0090 iNG/+ mEP, WELMD W,T/, E60,13 ELECT-S

0-,,70.

-5 B-

Tmper.,.,o, Degree,Fo #e,,d A@. * ,%.m’un Lad● TOM 8md Ang,e

FIGURE 8-48 COMPAWSC/? F ~ANS/mON T,,MPEflAT”RE c21RVE5 0= Y S~EL ,L?4XD * END ~GL.qL4r~AL GOY7RACT,0N, AND mAGnJh-E APPEA*A,VE (F 5Ta,qD,4m K,.EL ~’,M.r~*AND P.G,M.?7N5 NOTCHED 00.90 ,UGH C&FP, w’D55 W, 7?/ E6c2’o EMGTflm3

0.,,,05—

F)GWE B-5A.cZWP,,B,SCW0= mAriS,T,O,vTEM=FRATw?E CURVES F7X %,” STEEL, BASED ON ABSG?8E0E,wRGv w WANOARD AND w/FtED rfE-L7END 50ECIMENS

0-/,7.%

-t?8-——_

.—_. 0-,,70,

f~ ‘Sto~dord 1Tee- end Shim~nsSfandard Welding Ptycedure

120 ‘& ’’Steel

1101

●

ILYJ

90 UTron. 2 —

eo

70 -

606 1

50

Troll I Ral’1(w40 * o-—

0

30 - 0‘ ~w

Jron. $.20

/0

o 0 Y040eo 120 160

‘Mo~ified Tee-Bend Sj7ecim n —I I

—M+ified Welding ProsedureC Steel

— -o—Q04Q 80120 160 Zz29

Temperature, Degrses F

● Total Bend Angle O Bend Angle io Maximum Load

O Bend Angle after Maximum Lood

F[GUREL9-6L3 COMPARISON OF JRANSI TION- TEMPH?A TURE CURVESFOfl ‘ti “ STEEL BASED ON BEND ANGLE OF STANOAROANO MODIFIED TEE-BEND SPECIMENS

o-lt710

-7.

I

““1

II ‘‘—— –

I

IL—__ ....,,, J

-/08-

24,000

8200.

~

j

:~

,2-,000 —:

i$

~ .,.0.

j

.

~

t

@ 4,000 —.

.- .,.. .,- -m .40 0 40 m ,,0 .m .,s4 .,20 .80 .46 0 40 w

1.”,,,,.!”?., O..yee, ,

F!G”REB-8A. TR4NS, T/ON ,EMPFRA TL18E CURVES 9dsFD CW T07aL ABSOR8EU ENF,QG”OF ALL wE’ D M.f TAL K,,”/zFL . T “PE .5PEC,MENS MADE F#OM [6010AND F6020 WCL o METAL.5

0. //7,5

24,0LW

*,,CCW

: eo,m

$ ,8,000

a~

~. J6.~@

:: M,cwo

g ,,@o

s~ ,O,ccc

a8/230

~

~ 6,000

j ~om

.,

P,ocw

o

Tmlwrolure, Deq,e.$ F

FIGURE B-88. TRA NS, T,ON- TEMPERA nJRE CURVES BASED c3V A8SOR8FD ENERGY 70MA X/MUM LOAD OF ALLWELD -METAL K,IVZEL- TYPE SPEG,MENS ,WADE

FROM E60,0 AND E60P0 WE1 D METALS

o -,)7,7

30 I d I E6020’ We/d’ ,$fetajTotal Bend Ang/e

40

T&. (NotDeierminsd) : ~

30Tran.z A A

Maximum Load20 Tron. 2

A

10 m

o

l-ran. I AA

3

Tron. I

.? (NOt lXi6rm@7)

A/tA/

o-

100- — — — — — .

50

‘.ZCK7 -160 -120 -6Q -40 0 40 80 120 -S00 -160 -120 -60 -40 0 40 80

Temperature, Degrees F

A Bend Angle to Maximum Load A Total Bend Angle

FIGURE B-8C. TRANSITION -rEMPERA TURE WRVES BASED ON BEND ANGLE, LA TERALWNTRACTION, AND FRACTURE APPEARANCE OF ALL-WELD-METAL KINZEL-TYPESPECIMENS IWADE FROIW E&OIO AND E6020 WELD METALS

O-t1716

1

:

al

APPEIJDIxc

&PPmDIx c

,.,’f&w?+2&.,

1. Bursts.11,A, F,, eTest8of Weldingand WeldMetal and TheirInterpretationw,jlletalIndusk (London)j VO1.40, 1932, PP.153, 175, 195.

2. Henry,O. H., KStaticand ImpactTensilepropertiesOf Some We~sat Ordfna~ ar.dLow Temperaturesn, WeldingJournal, October1937,PP. 41-46.

3, Larson,L. J., ‘WeldMetalag en Engineering.Materialand SomeMethodeof Testingo,~o$ the ASTM, 19?7,p. 22.

4. Schuster,L. W., ‘TheRelationBetweenthe IiechanioalPropertiesofFerrousWaterialaand the Liabilityto Breakdownin Service, w&?tellur a,) vol. 17, January1938,pp. ~1-~,

5. Denaro,L. F., tiFatigueResistanceofWeldedJointsn,-cmof the Instituteof Welding,Vol.1, January1938,pp. 52-58.

6, Swinden, T., and L. Reeve,:IltietalltigicalAspectsof theWeldingOfLow AI1oYStructuralSteelsn,Trahsact$ansQf the Instituteof-, VO1.1, Je.n~ry 19389 PP. 7-24.

7. Gardner,E.P.S.,llRe@atiOnsand Specificationsfor WeldedSteelwofiw,ransactions~fthe @s tituteof 3- , Vol..ly.April1938,p. 10A.

8. Henry,O. E., ‘TensileImpactTests on Weldsat Low TemperaturewjWelding Jour!@, August1938,pp. 23-26.

9. Spraragen,W., and G. E. Clausse”njllImWctTestsof WeldedJoints”,A Reviewof Literaturefrom January1, 1936,to JanWry 1, 1938,$TeldimJoWna~, September1938,pP. @-27.

10. Stecker,W. W., ‘Effectof Eccentricityon the Strengthof WeldedJointsti,WeldineJournal, November1938,pp. G-n

11. Kl~ppel,Dr. I%. K., I:TheBehaviorof LongitudinallyStressedWeldsand the Combinationof Load and ShrinkageStresses{t,Translatedfr~Der Stshlbau,1938,Nos. l.,?+and 15, by ,theAmericanInstituteof SteelConstruction,Inc.,June 1941.

12. Gardner,E.P.S.,WBehaviorof Side and End FilletWelds UnderLoad and TheirUltimateStre:,gthn,‘baneactionsof the lnstit~of Welding,Vol.29”Janua~ 1939,pp. 45-59. .,,

13.

U+.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23+

24.

25.

26.

c-2

Rosenthal,D., and P. Levray,‘ElasticBehaviorand StrengthofSideFillet~elds~!,WeldingJournal,April 1939,pp. 1.40a-l.49s,

Schuster,L. W,, !Emination and Testsfor FusionWeldedBoilerDrunsfl,Transactionsof the Instituteof,-, Vol.2, April.——1939,pp. 151-161.

—

He,pry,O. H., and G. E. Claussen,uTeatingthe Physi“calprOp@i~S,of ~al,dsti,We~din~Jou@, May 1939,pp. 288-294,

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Some WeldedSteelsn,meldingJournal,September1939,pp. 31.2s-318s.

Houdremont,E,,,K, Schd~ock~ “ind’H’.”Pjie&ter,‘TheBead-BendWeld,Test and Its Suitab,Ciityf,orTestingStructuralSteals!!;StahlandJk “(47),1939,pp. 1268,1273.

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hnd J. F. Ennis,‘Investigationof the FatigueStrengthof Weld Met.,1,andWelded ButtJointsin the As-Weldedand Stress+elie~ed ConditionwiWeld~~g.Journal,February19L0,pp. 61s-64s.

Wilson,W. M.~ ‘FatigueTestsof WeldedJointsin StructuralPl$tesH,~ldinz Journal,March1940,,pp. 100s-IOSS. .......,.,

Godfrey,H. J., and E. R. Mowt, ItPilot Test,s on Covered Electrode

Welds!!, Welding Jo~~, April 1’)40;pp. 133s-I.36s;.:...’:.

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Jackson,C. E., and G. G. Luther,nA Comparisonof TestsforTleldabilityof TwentyLow-CnrbonSteelsu,WeldingJournal,October1940,pp. 351s-364s.

Dearden,J., and Hugh O!Neill,‘A Guide”.to the SelectionandWeldingof Low AlloyStructuralSteeln, &Q~ actionsof the InstituteofWeldinu, Vol. 3, October1940,pp. 21?3,2~.

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Spraragen,W,, ?nd G. E. Claussen, ‘Weldsbility;CracksandBrittlenessUnderExternalLoad,Part II - Testsfor CrackingUnderExternalLoad;BendTestsn,~~ldinflJournal,September1.941,PP. 369s-401s.

Hess,Wendell,‘EvaluatingWeldedJointsn,~eldinzJourna~,October1941, Pp.”L+53s-458s.,.

Jackson,C. E., and G. G. Luther,“NeldabilityTestsofSteels,‘IWeldingJournal,Cctober1941, pp. 437s-452s~

Spraragen,W., and G. E. Cle.uesen,‘Weldability;CracksnessUnderExternalLoad,Part III - Impactand Tensile=ng Jou.rIM~1, Novembsr1941,pp. 522s-552s.

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Bruckner, W. H,, ‘TheWeldabilityof Steelsn,~eldinaJournel#January1942,pp, 55s-59s.

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WeldingReeearchCommittee,~Calcu.lationand GraphicalRepresent~.tionof theFatigueStrengthof St~ctVral JointsU, WeldingJournal.,Februery1942,pp. 85%-93s.

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Ellinger,G. A,, A. G. Bissell,and M. L. Williams,‘TheTee-BendTest to ComparetheWeldingQualityof Steelsw,WeldinpJourn~,March 19L2, PP, 132s-160s.

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.41. HarderjO. E., and C. B. Voldrich,~Neldabilityof Carbon4tanganeseSteelsn,WeldingJournal,October1.942,pp. 450s-464s.

42. Jackson,“~.“E.? M; A. Pugacz$and G. G. Luther,‘WeldabilityTestsof Carbon-!knganeseSteelsm,,WeldinQJournal, October‘1942,..PP. 477s -J+~4s .

43. Bibber,L. C., and JuliousHeuschkel,‘Reportof Tee-BendTestsonCarbon-ManganeseS+,eelsfi,WeldingJo-, October1942, pp. 485s-490s.

44. Wilson,:W, M., nFatigueStrengthof Commercial3uttWelds inCarbon-SteelPlatesn,WeldingJournal,October1942,ppi 491s-496s.

45. Huge,E;:C., ‘Fatigue Testsof Full ThicknessPlatesTJithandWithoutButt Weldsm,.WeldinzJourna&,October1942,pp~.507S-~.S.

46. WeldingRandkmk, American$?eldinpSociety,1942 EditionjCliapter33.

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48. Ferguson,H. G., ‘Strengthof lWeldedT-Jointsfor Ships!PulkheadPlatesn,Weldi.nEJQm alg February1943, pp. 5?s.62s.

49. Doen,G. E., and R. Z. Stout,ItGuidetO Foldabilityof Steeh”,Na$ional Research Comcilj OSRD Report IJo. 1276,SerialNo. M-53s,March 11, 1943,Find ,~port. AISO ‘~w ‘- ~ August1943,pP. 333s-352s.

50. Hess,W. F., L. J. Merrill,E. F.“Nippes,and A. P. Bunk,‘Evaluationof Weldabilityby DirectMeascrernentof CoolingRates;The Measure-ment of CoolingRatesAssociatedWith Arc Weldingand TheirApplicationto the Selectionof OptimumWeldingConditionsw$CkSRDReportNo. IJ+05SerialNo. M-68,April 1943. Also ~dirw! Journal,September1943,pp. 377s++22s.

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52. WeldingResearchCouncil,‘FatigueStrengtInof ButtWelds inOrdina~ ,Brid,ge.Ste.?.~m~ WeldingJournal,May 1943,PP. 189s-211s.

53. Henry,O. H., and.A, Stirba,r~TheEffecton the EnduranceLimitofSubmergingFatigueSpecimenein a ColdChambern,~din~ Journal,,August1943~p. 372s.

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5A. Stout,R.,D., S. S. T&, andG, E,.Dean,‘A TentativeSystemfor“PreservingDuctilityin Weldmentsft,&&&~O_, July 1943.pp. 278s-299s,and September1943,pp. 423s-L33sa

55. Wilson,W. M., W, H. Bruckner,T. H. McCrackin,Jr”:,and H. C.Beede,.“FatigueTestsof CommercialButt Welds in StructuralSteelPlatesm,Universityof IlliqoisEngineeringExperimentStationBulletin,SeriesNo. 344, October1943.

56. Maliaiue,R., ‘Increasein Efficiencyin NavalCOnst~ctionbyMeans of New Methodsof Weldingw;Pre aredtitFineterwalde,Main

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57. Voldrich,C. B., and R. D. Williams,‘WeldabilityTests of AircraftStructuralSteels~l,WeldingJourn~, November1943,pp. 51+5s-554s.

5S, Wilson,W. M., !lTheFatigueStrengthof Fillet-WeldJOintsCo~ecting,SteelStructuralMembers‘t,Weldig Jo-, December1943;pp. 605s-612s.

59. Zeyen,K. L,, ‘The ?WeldCrackabilit@,lWeldSensitivity!,~WeldedSearnCrackabilitfl,qnd the TestMethodsfor Determinationof TheseDefectsff,Luftfahrt-Forschung,Vol.20, 1943,pp. 231-241.

60. Mueller,R. A., 1. H. Carlson,and E. R. Seabloom, ‘~~eldabilityof ,2m ChromeSteel Tibin@l,~eldingJo22s.’,

urm~, J=maT 1944, Pp. ~S-

61. Jackson,C..E., G. G. Luther,end K. E. Fritz$‘WeldsbilityTestsof Sil~.con-ManganeseSteelsn,~~dim? Journal%Janua~ 1944$PP.33s-.42s*

6~$ Herres,s, A., SDiScusSto~of !j]ea~~fOr Eval~ting WeldabilityofAlloySteels~l,WeldingJo~~, January1944, pp. AsSmL%5 o

63. Spraragen,W., and M, A. Cordovi$‘BehaviorOf WeldedJoints atLow Temperaturesw,WeldingJo~a~fi Feh~ry 1944,Pp. 97s-I.20s.

64. Dean,G. E., R,,D. Stout,and S. S. T~r, ‘Evaluationof Weldabilityby DirectWeldingTestsn,OSRDRe~rt No. 3537, Serial No. n~-201?April7, 1944,Supplementto FinalRepoti.

65. Bissell,A. G., ‘A Test of LongitudinalWeldedJoints”in Mediumand Hj.gh-TensIle Steeln~ Weldhz JOurna~,April194L,pp. 185s-19iIs.

660 Sew, Wartin,nWeldabilitYof Steel!!,UeldingJournal,AP~fI1944$pp. 200s-205s, ,

67. Dean,G. E., L. J. MoGeady9R, D, Stout,and S. S. T~r, %ilethd+of TestingWeldabilityof SteclPlatesand She.pesn,OSRDReportNo. 3702,SerialNo. M-243,Nay 25, 1944,FinalRepOrt~Part I.

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69. He5s,W. F., E. F. NipPas,L. L. Merrill,and A. P. Bunk,‘Determina-tion“ofCoaling~tes of Butt and FilletWeld6 as a’Resultof ArcWeldingWith VariousTypesof Electrodeon Plain,CarbonSteelti,WeldincJo’ui%a~,August19Ut pp. 376s-391B.

70. Brooks,W. B., and A. G. ‘h’aggoner,‘SomeObservation on theWeldingof ManganeseSte+lim~ WeldingJournal,October1944,p. 511s..

71. Jackson,C, E., and‘G.G, Luther,‘TheBead-Weld,Nick-Bendl’eetfcm Weldabilityn,WeldingJournal,October1944,pp. 523@35s.

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73.’ Reeve,L,j ‘FactorsControllingtheWeldabilityof Steelr),Weldiug,Vol.12, November194.4,pp. 521-530,

74. Bibber,L. C., and JuliusHeusohkeS?.?!The,bl~surementof‘EnergyAbsorptionfinthe Tee.BendTest~,WeldfigJQurr@, November1944$pp. 609sA632~.

75. Stout,R. D.;’S. S. T~r, L. J, RlcGeady,and G~,E.,Dean,n~ethodsof TestingWeldability”of SteelPlatesand ShapesF, OSRDReportNo. 4529,SerialNo. M-398,January2, 1945,FinalReport$Part Z.

76: nFatigueStrength.Of ButtWelds in.ordina~E~idgeSteel- M=imum,Stress CompressiteW;WRC CommitteeReport,WeldingJournal,January1945,pp. 7S-9S.

77. DeForest,A. V., and.?.R. Shepler,‘!Investigationdf FactorsReducingtheEffectiveDuctilityof WeldedSteelMembersn,CSRDReportNo. 4674,.SerialNo. M.-432,,Februaw6, 1945,Fir@lReP~.

78. Herree,S, A., Weldsbilityn,Wel152s.

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79. Bibber,L. C., ‘A‘Stidyof the TensionPropertiesof Heavy,LongitudinallyWeldedPlateSpecimensSimulatingDeck and ShellJoints}!,Weldin~Jour!@, April 1945, pp. 193s-22~s.

’80. Hollomon,J. H., l!The~otched-BarImpactTestw,WeldingJournsl,April1945,pp. 230%-%4s.

81. Luther,G. G., F. H. Laxer,and C. E. Jackson,‘tWeldabilityofManganese-SiliconHigh TensileSteelsn,WeldingJourna~,April 19f+5,PP. 245s225ke

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Eckel,JohnF., and R. J. Raudeba~.h,‘The ImpsctStrengthof SomeMetallicArc Weld-MetxJ.Depositsat ElevatedTemperature,Oleldi~Journal,July 1945,PP. 3’72s-3~e.

WeldingResearchCouncil,‘FatigueStrengthof Fillet,Plug,andSlotWelds in OrdinaryBridgeSteel~,- Journa1, J~Y 1945,pp. 378s-400s.

Gensamer,M., 17i.T. Lsnkford,T. A. prater$ E. P. Klier,J. T.Ransom,and J. Vajda, flCorrelationof LaboratoryTestsWithFullScaleShip PlateFractureTestefi,OSRDReportNo. 620f+,Seriall?o. M-613, October24, 1945,Fins.1Report.

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Davis,H. E., G. E. ‘Iroxell,E. R. Parker,and N. P. OtBrien,‘CleavageFractureof Ship Plateas Influencedby DesignandMetallurgicalFactorss Part 11, Flat PlateTestsm,OSRDReportNo. 6452, SerialNo. M-638,Janue.zy10, 1946?FinalRepOfi.

Hollister,S. C., and J. Garcia,‘FatigueTeste of Ship Weldsn,OSRD ReportNo. 65.44,Se,rialNo. M-606, January17, 191!+6,FinalReport.

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O\Neill,Hugh, ‘MetallurgicalFeaturesin WeldedSteelsn,_-@ions of the Instituteof Welding~ Vol.9, February19L69 Pp. >9

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95. Norton,J. T., D. Rosenthsll,and S. B. Meloof,iX-RayDiffractionStudyof Notched-BendTest”,WeldingJournal,May 1946, pp. 269a-276a.

96. Stout,R. D., L..J.McGeady,C. Pi,.Sun,.“J.F. Libach,and G. E.Doan, ~Effectof Weldingon Ductility”and,NotchSensitivityOfNavalSteelsfl,FinalReport,NavyContractNo. 6s-31220(1721),June 30, 1946.

97, Shepler,P. R., IiDeForestBrittle TemperatureReaea.rch”,Welding

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98. Lu~h6r,G.’G., C.”E. Jackson~and C. E. Hartbower$‘A ReviewandSummaryof WeldahilityTestingCarbonand Low AlloySteelsn,WeldingJour@, July19,!+6,pp. 376s-396s.

99= ‘Effectof Metallurgical”Ghangeb‘Dueto WeldingUpon the FatigueStrengthof Carbon-SteelPlatesn, WRC CommitteeReport,WeldingJournal,August1946, pp. &25e-450s.,

100. Busch,H., and W. ‘Reuleke,‘Inv6atigbtionof Failuresin ~ WeldedBridgen,WeldingJournal;August19/+6, pp..463s-L66s.

101, Davis,H. E., G. E. Troxell,A. Boodberg,E. R. Porter,and M. P.01Brien,!rcauBe,qof CleavageFrac’mire.,inShipplfl.te~,Fl~-tpleteTestsn;Bureauof ShipsReport,SerialNo. SSC=2,Augwst23, 1946.

102, Stout,Ii.D., S. S. T8r,L. J. Mcoea,dy,and G. E. Dean,‘Qusntita-tiveMeasurementof the CrackingTendencyin Weldsm,Tieldin~Journe~,september19/+6, pp, 52%- 531s.

103. Hollomon,J. H.’,~!The Problem‘ofFracturen,Weldin~Jwr@~Sepkember1946,pp. 53Ls-583s.

10L, Gerahenow,H. J., and G. G. Luther,‘An Investigationof thePhenomenonof CleavageTypeFrscturesin Low-A11oYStmcturalShip Steels’t,Weldiru?Journal, October1.946~ pp. 611s-615a.

105, Luther,G. G,, C, E. Hartbower,R. R. Metiue,and F. H. Lsxar,‘AnInvestigetionof the Effectof Weld?.ngon the Tra.nsitionTempera-ture of Navy High-TensileLow-AlloySteelsn, WeldingJournal,October1946,pp. 634s-645s.

106. Nippes,E. F.; and !?.F. Savage,‘The!Teldabilityof ShipSteelrl,WeldincJowna~, November19,?+6, pp:”“776s-787s.

107, Anderson,A, ~!, and,A,G. Waggoner,‘tInfluenceof GeometricalRestrtilntand“Temperatureon the Toughnessand Mode of RuptureOf st~ctwal Steel!l,WeldingJournal,Woveniber19.46, pp. 789s-801a.

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Davidenkov,N., E. Shevandin,and F. Wittman,IiTheInfluenceof Sizeon the BrittleStrengthof Steelfl,Journalof A~uliedMechanics,vol. IA, No, 1, March1947.

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122. ‘Graf,Otto,‘TheEvaluationof MechanicalPropertiesof High-TensileSteelfor WeldingStructuresn,WeldingJOVITIa1, June 1947,pp. 367s-368s.

123. Grossman,“N.,and P. SF,epler,‘TheEffeetof WeiclingTechniqueonBrittleTransikionTemperature!!,WeldinzJourrk.1,June 1947,pp321s-331s.

124.,Stout,R. D., L. J. !lcGeady,C. P. Sun,J. F. Libsch,and G. E. DQ,an,‘.Effectof Weldingon Ductilityand NotchSensitivityof Some ShipSteelsh, Weldin~Joti, June 1947, pp. 33%-35%.

125, Wilson, W. IJ!., R. A. He~cbman,and W. H. Bruckner,!!CleavageFraCtureof Shiy Platesas I@ltiencedby Si’zeEffect~,Fjureatiof Shi@Oontrsct~-j1224, F!lngl“’”wti-,SerialNO.-S9C-10,J-turn12, 1947.

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127. Krefeld,W. J., and E. C, IngaHs, sAn Investigationof BeamswithButteTeldedSplicesUnderImpaati!~ Weldiw JOurrra~,July 1947,pp.372s-400eo

128. Martin,H., I)Testsfor WeldMetaln,~e,~d~, JulY 1947~P. 317.

129. Gensamer,M., E. Saibel,a.nciJ. .T.Ransom,‘Reporton the Fre.ctureof Metalsil,WeldinaJourriEl,August1947,pp. M3s-484s.

130. Graf,Otto,‘TheStrengthof WeldedJointsat Low Temper~.turesandthe Selectionand Treatmentof SteelsSuitableforWeldedStructuresn,WeldingJournal,September1947, pp. 508s-517s.

131. Kahn,N. A., and E. A, Imbembo,‘Reportof Investigationon theApplicationof the TearTest to the Eve.luationof Susceptibilityof Medium”SteelShipsPlateto’CleavageFracture”,ReportNo. 4936-6,BuShipsSP.DNo. 926147,September18, 1947,FinalReport.

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%rr, Vi.$ and A. J. K. Honeyman,‘Effectof tiie Carbon+anganeseRatio on theBrittle’F’nctwe “ofMild Steeln,Journaiof the IronQ@Stee~ j-ns,t,i,t~,~,.October1947,pp. 239-242.

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Ship Plate$HatchCorner DesignTeets’!,BurccIu‘ofShim “Cor&Xs&tibe.3~2~,‘FinalRcpor%,$t%K1.all~o.S~-~~~ D@~~r 4;”l%?.

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G-12

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159. l~ac~regor,C. W., and NU GrossmanYllFati~eOi Metalsas Affectedby BrittleTransitionTemperatureTestsfr,IVeldinrJournal,Vol.27,No.,3;March1948,pp. 132s-143s.

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162. Wagner,C., and E. P. Klier$llco=e~tionof Labor,~to~TestsWithFullScaleShip PlateFracturoTestsn,BurccuOf $kiPSCOn~rtict:22ifus-31217,‘ProgressRoport$sc~~alNo. SSC~lfJt‘a7 12* k9h8P.

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1670 ‘TechnicalProgressReportof the Ship Structure“’&mmitteo~T?eldincJournal,Vol.2’7,JUIY 1948, PP. 37’7s”%4s.

~&je ~elter, Georges, !l~!!~t~h Tests Of AN weldedButt Jcin+,s of MildSteelm,‘icldh.gJournal,Vol.27, No. 7, July 1948,pp. 321s-369s.

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169, Wilson,WilburM., and JamesL. Burke;~Ta,tigueCracks,I?e.tcofPropagationin SteelPlates‘Uith‘SevereGcometrico.1Stress-Raisersn,Winz Jourm~, Vol.27, ib. 8, Al+gust1948, pp. 405s-408s.

170$ I]eck,R., ItThepre~entpositiOnOn Rc~id~l Stressesin WeldedStructuresfl, l!rzumaciion~of the Instituteof We- , vol.11/August1948,pp. 1.42?~7.

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APPEJfDIX D

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