2eh0ol1d s9urvey rep rt - jdpc ijebu-ode · 2020. 1. 20. · vi do not leave us behind 7.1 access...

REP RT OGUN-STATE, NIGERIA

HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

2019

DO NOT LEAVE US

BEHIND

2019HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

JU N

OS IT SIC SIE MD ME

V O

E C L EO CP AM EEN PT &

01DO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND DO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND

REP RT OGUN-STATE, NIGERIA

DO NOT LEAVE US

BEHIND

iiDO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND

© Justice, Development and Peace Commission, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. 2019

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Printed by:

JDPC Printing and Publishing Unit.7, JDPC Street, Bishop Emeritus Compound, Off Eruwon Road, G.R.A. P. O. Box 1923,Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. Tel: +2348060027751, +2348033512299, +2348038261236e-mail: [email protected]

iiiDO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND

List of Figures ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ivList of Tables ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... vPreface ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... viiiExecutive Summary ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... x

Introduction ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1Localizing SDGs; The Important Role of the Sub-National ... ... ... ... 1 Government (Excerpt from the UN document on roadmap for localizing the SDGs: implementation and monitoring at the sub-national level) ... ... ... 1Ogun State Profile ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 SDGs Baseline Survey Objectives ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 02SDGs Household Survey Questionnaire ... ... ... ... ... ... 03SDGs Baseline Survey Design and Methodology ... ... ... ... ... 03

SECTION A: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC 7CHARACTERISTICS1.1 Occupational Status of the Respondents ... ... ... ... ... ... 051.2 Age Range of the Respondents ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 051.3 Educational Status of the Respondents ... ... ... ... ... ... 061.4 Disability Status of the Respondents ... ... ... ... ... ... 06

SECTION B: REPORT ON THE OUTCOME OF THE SDGs 13 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ... 07SDGs Goal One: End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere ... ... ... ... 08SDGs Goal Two: Zero Hunger ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 11SDGs Goal Three: Good Health and Well Being ... ... ... ... ... 14SDGs Goal Four: Quality Education ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19SDGs Goal Five: Gender Equality ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22SDGs Goal Six: Clean Water and Sanitation ... ... ... ... ... ... 25SDGs Goal Seven: Universal Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable, and Modern Energy ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 29SDGs Goal Eight: Promote Inclusive and Sustainable 32Economic Growth, Employment and Decent Work for All ... ... ... ... 32SDGs Goal Nine: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure ... ... ... ... 35SDGs Goal Eleven: Make Cities and Human Settlements, Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 39SDGs Goal Thirteen: Take Urgent Action to Combat Climate Change and Its Impacts 44SDGs Goal Sixteen: Promote Just, Peaceful and Inclusive Societies Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 46

CONTENTS

ivDO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND

Introduction1.1 Ogun State Map

Section A1.1 Occupational Status of the Respondents1.2 Educational Background of the Respondents

Section B2.1 Food Intake Adequacy4.1 Ogun State Budget6.1 Access to Water16.1 Nigeria Corruption Scores from 2012- 201816.2 Government Effectiveness in Handling the Fight against Corruption16.3 Most Corrupt Public Institutions in Ogun State16.4 Rate of Delivery of Justice by Institutions16.5 How Government Responds to Citizen's Concerns and Needs16.6 Complaint raised to any Level of Government Over Poor Public Service Delivery16.7 Knowledge on the Right to Vote16.8 Local Government Elections; 2017 and 2019 Responses

vDO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND

Section A1.1 Position of the Respondents in the Family1.2 Types of Settlement1.3 Age Range of the Respondents1.4 Disability Condition of the Respondents1.5 Income of the Respondents

Section B1.1 Income Range of Respondents1.2 Vulnerable in the Household1.3 Government Special Assistance to the Vulnerable1.4 Ogun State Citizens Awareness on SDGs Goal 11.5 Awareness Rating

2.1 Reason for Moderately Adequate or Inadequate Food Intake2.2 Citizens Awareness on SDGs Goal 22.3 Awareness Rating

3.1 Number of Illnesses in the Household since January and Health Facility where last Treatment was Held

3.2 Health Facility Proximity and Doctor's Availability3.3 Rating of Qualified Staff and Sufficiency3.4 Services to be covered by Health Insurance3.5 Amount willing to pay for Insurance Scheme

4.1 School Facility and Infrastructure Rating4.2 Accessibility of Computer and Internet in Schools4.3 School Fee Paid Per Term4.4 Awareness and Rating of SDGs Goal 4

5.1 Leadership Roles for Women and Voting a Woman Candidate5.2 Awareness on Ogun State Policy on Violence Against Persons5.3 Victims of Violence and Actions taken by Victims5.4 Justice Served for Victims of Violence5.5 Awareness on SDGs Goal 5 and Rating6.1 Source of Water Supply6.2 Water Supply Adequacy and Frequency6.3 Alternate Sources of Water during Dry Season6.4 Amount Paid for the Purchase of Water6.5 Level of Satisfaction of current Water Supply6.6 Types of Sewage Access6.7 Level of Satisfaction of the Current State of Sewage Services6.8 Awareness Rating on SDGs Goal 6

LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES

viDO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND

7.1 Access to Electricity and Adequacy7.2 Affordability, Reliability of Electricity and Amount Spent on Monthly Basis7.3 Source of Energy for Cooking7.4 Awareness on SDGs goal 7

8.1 Unemployment in the Household and Awareness on Government Employment Opportunities

8.2 Outcomes of Government Programme Applications8.3 Bank Accessibility8.4 Awareness on SDGs Goal 8 and Rating

9.1 Ownership of Mobile Phones9.2 Accessibility to Good Road Network9.3 Modes of Commercial Transportation9.4 Rating of accessibility to transportation9.5 Percentage of Income Spent on Transportation9.6 Satisfaction of the Current Transport Fare9.7 Awareness and Rating of SDGs Goal 9

11.1 Housing Affordability, Typology and Tenure Status11.2 Availability of Public Places such as Parks11.3 Awareness on Ogun State Town Planning Policy11.4 Effects of Flooding on Property, and Satisfaction with the Present Drainage System11.5 Levels of Damage Caused by Flood11.6 Modes of Waste Disposal11.7 Frequency and Cost Incurred on Waste Disposal11.8 Level of Satisfaction on Waste Disposal in Ogun State11.9 Amount Willing to Pay for Waste Disposal11.10 Awareness and Rating on SDGs Goal 11

13.1 Climate Change; Awareness and Experience13.2 Most Mitigating Measures against Climate Change

16.1 Extent of Corruption as a Problem in this Country16.2 Rate the Performance of Public Leaders16.3 Federal and State Legislative Independency of the Executive16.4 Respect for Human Rights in Nigeria16.5 Awareness on the Rights to Justice16.6 Rate of Delivery of Justice in Ogun State16.7 Level of Trust in the Delivery of Justice16.8 Citizen's Participation in Social Services Delivery Decision Making16.9 Government Inform Citizens on How Public Funds are Utilized16.10 Awareness in Monitoring Government Activities in the Delivery of Services16.11 Policy that Governs Access to Information16.12 Awareness on Rights to Access Information

viiDO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND

16.13 Access to Public Information16.14 Main Source of Public Information16.15 Citizens Perception on 2019 Election Malpractices16.16 Participation in the next LG Elections16.17 Reasons for not Voting in Local Government Elections

viiiDO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND

he 2019 Ogun State SDGs Household Survey (OGHS) is the second series of SDGs Surveys that Justice, Development and TPeace Commission has undertaken. The present survey

collected information on socio-economic characteristics and citizen's perception on the SDGsat household level ensuring “NO ONE IS LEFT BEHIND”.The main objective of the survey still remains the same “to collect high quality of citizens' baseline data based on Agenda 2030 and Sustainable Development Goals for monitoring and tracking SDGs performance of key indicators in the various sectors at the sub national government”. The 2019 OGHS comprised of two sections:

SECTION A: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

SECTION B: REPORT ON THE OUTCOME OF THE SDGs HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

In the last edition of survey, only eight (8) SDGs goals were covered, these goals are stated below:

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved

nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all

ages.Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and

promote life-long learning opportunities for all.Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and

girls.Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of

water and sanitation for all.Goal 8: Good Job and Economic Growth.Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable

development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

However, in this second edition, 4 SDGs goal was added into the survey cluster.

ixDO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND

Goal 7: Universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy.

Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure.Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,

resilient and sustainable.Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its

impacts.

This is JDPC’s contribution to ensure availability, and intensive citizens based data knowing fully well that NO ONE SHOULD BE LEFT BEHIND. For this notion the Ogun State 2019 Household Survey is tagged “DO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND”.

We are grateful to the Independent Think Tank group for their technical input that made the survey worthwhile. Special gratitude goes to Professor Kayode Oyesiku who again has spared his effort to supervise the entire process.

Our gratitude is also extended to all the field staff who worked hard to successfully implement the data collection phase of the survey; and to the survey respondents who relentlessly continue to provide the information on which this report is based.

We are greatly indebted to you all for the invaluable cooperation.

Rev. Father John Patrick Ngoyi; cicmExecutive Director, JDPC Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria.

PREFACE

PR

EFA

CE

xDO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND

n 2017, Sustainable Development Goals Household Survey was initiated by Justice, Development and Peace Commission, Ijebu Ode, Ogun State. This Isurvey is to gather citizens' voices for a better state with respect to the

implementation of SDGs by the Sub-National Government.

The focus on the Sub-National Government is because they are closer to the people and it could be agreed that leaving the implementation of SDGs to the National Government might be burdensome due to the expanse of the SDGs. Therefore, a more decentralized implementation process becomes imperative. The second edition of the Ogun State SDGs Household Survey was undertaken in September 2019 and was supervised by a renowned professor with UN research-based experience and also a group of academia and development experts. The survey was self-sponsored by JDPC. The survey was designed to cover all the twenty (20) Local Government Areas (LGAs) with 2600 respondents. One individual per household was selected for the interview. A total of 2475 respondents were interviewed from an initial sample size of 2600. The difference is the result of logistics challenges. Data collection was carried out by 60 youths, and the use of e-survey was adopted for this edition. Data was captured and processed electronically.

Breakdown of the demographic characteristics of respondents shows that 73.13% of the family head of the respondents are male headed. 49.58% of the respondents were head of their family, 35.07% were house wives, and 12.81% and 2.55% were children and other members of the family respectively. Youth comprises the largest respondents (25 - 45 years). A majority of the respondents lives in the rural centers of the state. About 37.45% of the respondents were self-employed and 36.02% have been educated up to secondary school level.

The data also showed that 5.65% of the respondents were disabled and majority of the respondents (34.06%) have monthly income within the income range of less than 18,000 naira. From the outcome of the survey, three difficulty concerns and priorities was revealed. The most prioritized difficult faced in daily life is food, followed by children education, and health. These priorities of the citizens indicate that more need to be done to achieve the SDGs, especially Goals 2, 3 and 4. Above all, the results of the survey indicate the growing impact of corruption, accountability and transparency.

01DO NOT LEAVE US BEHIND

Localizing SDGs; The Important Role of the Sub-National Government(Excerpt from the UN document on roadmap for localizing the SDGs: implementation and monitoring at the sub-national level)

“Localizing” is the process of taking into account sub-national contexts in the achievement of the 2030 Agenda, from the setting of goals and targets, to determining the means of implementation and using indicators to measure and monitor progress. Localization relates both to how the SDGs can provide a framework for local development policy and to how local and regional governments can support the achievement of the SDGs through action from the bottom must be at the heart of the 2030 Agenda.

All levels of government should work to build a national consensus that places the SDGs at the center of national, regional and local development. Sub-national governments should be proactive in resisting top-down approaches that reduce their role to implementing priorities decided unilaterally by their central governments. Local and regional governments should seek to ensure that the process is bottom-up, and that local needs, priorities and expectations frame national strategies. Where there is no integrated planning process in place, local and regional governments can call for the opportunity to participate in the definition of national priorities, strategies and institutional frameworks.

In the advocacy process, subnational governments should provide evidence to back up their messages and arguments. Local and regional governments will be more influential ifthey contribute to the debate with a consolidated political message based on their knowledge and experience. If possible, local and regional governments should collaborate with universities and research institutes to gather the necessary evidence to support their advocacy work.

Having the understanding of the value, the sub-national government is adding to the implementation of SDGs, Justice, Development and Peace Commission, Ijebu Ode, Ogun State took it upon her shoulders to carry out the second edition of the Ogun State Household Survey.

Ogun State ProfileOgun state was created on the 3rd of February, 1976. It was carved out of the old Western

State of Nigeria and named after the Ogun River which runs across it from North to South. Abeokuta, the capital and largest urban center, is about 90 kilometers from Lagos and 740kilometers from Abuja, the capital of Nigeria.

The state is strategically located, bordered to the east by Ondo State, in the north by Oyo and Osun States and in the south by Lagos State and the Atlantic Ocean and in the West by Republic of Benin, which makes it an access route to the expansive markets of the Economic Community of West African State (ECOWAS).

Ogun State is peopled predominantly by the Egbas, Ijebus, Yewas, Remos and Aworis who belong to the main Yoruba ethnic group. It also has sub-groups, namely, Ketu, Ikale, Ilaje, Ohori, Anago and Egun. There are also significant numbers of Nigerians from other parts of the country as well as foreign nationals.

1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXEC

UTI

VE S

UM

MA

RY

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

1https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/commitments/818_11195_commitment_ROADMAP%20LOCALIZING%20SDGS.pdf


The state has abundant natural resources that include forest and water bodies as well as large quantities of mineral deposits, such as limestone, phosphate, granite stone, gypsum, bauxite, bitumen, feldspar, clay, glass sand, kaolin, quartz, tar sand, gemstones and crude oil are available in commercial quantities. The State is the largest producer of cement in the country with 13 million metric tonnes per annum.

Ogun State is the cradle of education in Nigeria and has very high literacy rate coupled with a skilled workforce. There are 21 tertiary institutions both public and private, in the State, making it the highest in the country. Out of the State’s total projected population of 7.1 million people as at 2014, fifty-seven (57) percent are of working age. Its people are very industrious and are found in all walks of life.

The state is a major economic hub. It has one of the largest concentration of industries in the country and serves as the major corridor for transportation of goods, services and people between the nation's commercial center Lagos, and the rest of the country as well as the large West African markets.

SDGs Household Survey Objectives?To solicit the views of Ogun State citizens in all parts on their priorities for the implementation

of SDGs.?To provide an entry point for ordinary citizens to engage in tracking the implementation of the

SDGs at the state level. ?To promote citizens' participation in the influencing of the state development priorities as

they relate to SDGs.?To assist the State Government in shaping policy planning and implementation.


SDGs Household Survey QuestionnaireThe Household Questionnaire was developed with guidance by the SDGs goals and their targets. Only 12 SDGs goals were captured. These goals are:

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable

agriculture.Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning

opportunities for all.Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.Goal 7: Universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy.Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure.Goal 8: Good Job and Economic Growth.Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to

justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

SDGs Household Survey Design and Methodology Training and Field WorkA training was organized for the 60 enumerators who were selected from all the Local Government Areas at JDPC Conference Hall, Ijebu Ode. The training session was to allow the enumerators understand and familiarize with the contents of the questionnaire. Immediately after the training session, the enumerators were posted to different wards in the state to administer the questionnaires. The administration of the questionnaires took two weeks and each enumerator administered at least 4 questionnaires per day.

Questionnaire Administration?The Household Survey was supervised by a renowned professor with UN based research

experience which covers 24 states in Nigeria. ?The survey took into consideration the homogeneity of Ogun State and targeted to administer

questionnaires to 2600respondents distributed across all the wards in Ogun State.?60 enumerators were trained for 2 full days to examine, pre-test and familiarize themselves with

the questionnaire.?The questionnaire was pretested and analysed.?The modification of the original questionnaire based on the outcome of analyzed pre-test

questionnaire.?After the training, the enumerators were distributed to different wards in the state.?The enumerators spent two weeks to administer the questionnaires on daily basis.?2600 respondents in 236 wards in Ogun State were targeted but 2475 respondents were reached

in 93% of the wards.

Fig.1.1: Ogun State Map.


Data was gathered via the e-survey module and has been so efficient and reliable in that:?There is instant synchronization of data into the database.?Since all data are backed up in the cloud automatically, data safety is assured.?GPS feature of the mobile app software ensures genuineness of data location and strict

adherence of the enumerators to their respective local government or wards. It is integrated with Microsoft Live Maps and Google Maps to show the Enumerator's route through the place the interview is being conducted.

?Remote video and voice recording feature as a security measure to data and enumerators.?The app syntax and that of the control base is done in such a way to ensure user friendly

interface.?Valid scripting of questionnaire using relevant logic syntax ensure the smooth running of the App

and control station without unauthorized interference pre, during and post-field survey exercise.

?Quick error detection at any stage of the data gathering is assured for prompt correction.?With expertise and measures in place, you are assured of 0.05% level of significance i.e. 95%

confidence level in the data captured.


he Ogun State Household Survey targeted a total of 2600 families of which 2475 Tfamilies were reached. For those that were

interviewed, majority (about 49.58%) were heads of their households, an indication that they have responsibilities to meet and are expected to have a reliable source of income to meet up with the family demands. 35.07% were housewives, 12.81% were children in their families while the remaining 2.55% are classified as others (relatives to the family) see table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Position of the Respondents in the Family

With respect to the settlement area of the respondents, the outcome of the survey shows that 56% of the respondents are from the rural settlement while 44% are from the urban area. In compares to the baseline study in 2017, the respondents were from the urban areas. It was a deliberate effort to ensure more responses are from the rural areas because there are more rural communities than urban in Ogun State.

Table 1.2: Type of Settlement

1.1 Occupational Status of the RespondentsRegarding the occupational status of the respondents surveyed, majority (about 37.45%) of the respondents are self-employed followed by artisan, the chart below gives more details.

1.2 Age Range of the RespondentsIn the same vein, 48.16% of the respondents were of the age range 25 to 45 years. This shows that majority of the respondents were youths, in their active age, and an indication of availability of active labour force in Ogun State. This is an expectation as youth constitutes about 70% of the Nigerian population(see table 1.3 for details).

SECTION A: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Family Head

Frequency

Percentage

Female Headed

665

26.87%

Male Headed

1810

73.13%

Total

2475

100.00%

Position in the Family

Head

1227

49.58%

Housewife

868

35.07%

Children

317

12.81%

Others

63

2.55%

Total

2475

100.00%

Source: Ogun State Household Survey (2019)


Fig. 1.1: Occupational status of the respondents.


Type of Settlement Frequency Percent age

Rural

1386

56.00%

Urban

1089

44.00%

Total

2475

100.00%

9.05%

12.89%

5.33%

8.61%

37.45%

19.96%

6.71%

0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00%

None

Agriculture

Daily Wage Labourer

Public Worker

Self Employed

Artisan

Private

FrequencyAge Range

Below 18 years

18 – 25 years

25 – 45 years

45 – 55 years

55 – 75 years

Above 75 years

Total

63

842

1192

613

247

18

2475

2.55%

13.82%

48.16%

24.77%

9.98%

0.73%

100.00%

Percentage

(N18,000) naira per month (see table 1.5).

Table 1.5: Income of the Respondents


FrequencyIncome

Less than N18,000

N18,000 – N48,000

N48,000 – N68,000

N68,000 – N88,000

N88,000 – N108,000

N108,000 – N200,000

Above N200,000

Total

843

871

427

188

85

35

26

2475

34.06%

35.19%

17.25%

7.60%

3.43%

1.41%

1.05%

100.00%

Percentage

1.3 Educational Status of the RespondentsMajority of the respondents about 36.02% were secondary school certificate holders while 9.60% are with no formal education. The figure1.2 gives more details on the educational background of the respondents.

1.4 Disability Status of the RespondentsThe persons with disability were not left out in this survey. The report shows that majority of the respondents 94.34% have no form of disability, 3.27% physical disability, 0.65% visual, 0.48 hearing, 0.89% speech, while 0.16% of the population are mentally disabled(see table 1.4 for details).

Table 1.4: Disability Condition of the Respondents

With respect to income, 34.06% percent, which forms part of the majority of the sample population earns below eighteen thousand



9.60%

15.09%

4.99%

36.02%

11.32%

19.31%

2.05% 1.61%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

m

in

NoF oral

Educa

t oPrim

ar S

ho

yc

ol

oe

ayS

ol

Juni

r Sco

ndr

cho

end

S

o

Sco

ary

cho

lo

i

c

Vca

t onal S

hoolG

dua

ra

tePost

Gra

duate

rf

s o

Po

esi

nal

Fig. 1.2: Educational background.

FrequencyAge Range

Physical

Visual

Hearing

Speech

Mental

None

Others; Please Specify

Total

81

16

12

22

4

2335

5

2475

3.27%

0.65%

0.48%

0.89%

0.16%

94.34%

0.20%

100.0%

Percentage


SECTION B: REPORT ON THE OUTCOME OF THE

SDGs HOUSEHOLD SURVEY


ccording to a recent report from the World Poverty Clock, Nigeria has been declared the poverty capital of the world having taken over from India. This absolutely is worrisome. The Areport further considered that Nigeria’s SDGs status has “poverty raising” as 86.9 million

Nigerians now living in extreme poverty represents nearly 50% of its estimated 180 million people.

One of the outcomes of the UN analysis on SDGs Goal 1 states that “the majority of people living on less than $1.90 a day live in sub-Saharan Africa. This corroborates the outcome of the Ogun State Household survey as 69.25% of the respondents falls into this category. The outcome of the analysis shows that out of 2475 respondents, 1714 representing 69.25% earns an income between the range of less than N18,000 and N48,000. It was further observed that half (49.58%) of the respondents are heads of their families who has responsibilities to cater for their family. The table below gives more details.

Table 1.1: Income Range of Respondents

and enhancing their capacity to manage economic and social risks, such as unemployment, exclusion, sickness, disability and old age.

From the outcome of the household survey, it was observed that majority of the respondents have vulnerable people at home such as the unemployed, the aged, pregnant women, persons with disabilities etc. the table below gives the details. However, further analysis revealed that 96.28% of the respondents agreed that the vulnerable have not received any assistance or support from the government (Federal, State and Local) in the last five years.


Table 1.2: Vulnerable in the Household

Table 1.3: Government Special Assistance to the Vulnerable

Regarding the Ogun State Citizens awareness of the SDGs, the outcome of the analysis shows that the level of awareness of SDGs Goal 1 is low as only 23.35% agreed they have an understanding of the goal. Further analysis also revealed that respondents with understanding of SDGs goal 1 were rated poorly (see tables 1.4 and 1.5 for more details).

Table 1.4: Ogun State Citizens Awareness on SDGs Goal 1

Table 1.5: Awareness Rating

1.2 SDGs Goal One in Ogun State; Two Years After!!!In compares' to the SDGs Baseline Survey carried out in 2017, it could be adjudged that there have not been any changes in the level of poverty from the citizens' perspective. The parameter used in the baseline was the income of the respondents and access to loan. However, the outcome of the baseline shows that 43.5% of the respondents are earning between N18,000 and N48,000 while 30.1% earn less than N18,000. In total, 73.6% of the respondents earn between less than N18,000

END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE

SDGs GOAL ONE


FrequencyIncome

Less than N18,000

N18,000 – N48,000

N48,000 – N68,000

N68,000 – N88,000

N88,000 – N108,000

N108,000 – N200,000

Above N200,000

Total

843

871

427

188

85

35

26

2475

34.06%

35.19%

17.25%

7.60%

3.43%

1.41%

1.05%

100.00%

Percentage

Another aspect of poverty captured in the household survey is the social protection systems. By definition according to United Nations Research Institute For Social Development, Social Protection is concerned with preventing, managing, and overcoming situations that adversely affect people's well-being. Social protection consists of policies and programmes designed to reduce poverty and vulnerability by promoting efficient labour markets, diminishing people’s exposure to risks,


FrequencyPeople in the Household

Persons with disability

Unemployed persons

Older persons

Pregnant persons

Work – Injury persons

None

Total

172

942

976

460

90

735

3375

5.10%

27.91%

28.92%

13.63%

2.67%

21.78%

100.00%

Percentage


FrequencyAwareness Rating

Poor

Fair

Good

Very Good

Total

458

59

51

10

578

79.24%

10.21%

8.82%

1.73%

100.00%

Percentage



FrequencyGovernment Special Assistance

Yes

No

Total

92

2383

2475

3.72%

96.28%

100.00%

Percentage

FrequencyAwareness on SDGs Goal 1

Yes

No

Total

578

1897

2475

23.35%

76.65%

100.00%

Percentage


and N48,000. This class of respondents is considered poor because they are within the scope of the poverty rate per day knowing well that majority of the respondents are family heads.

Two year after, the trend still remains the same as 69.25% of the respondents are within the income cluster of less than N18,000 and N48,000. This shows that there has not been any improvement in the earnings of the citizens. To further buttress this analysis, from the baseline study the major occupation status of the respondents were; self-employed, artisan and farmers, this took 71.6% of the total respondents also in the 2019 household survey, these groups of occupation status takes 70.30% of the respondents.

This is a pointer that for the Ogun State government to improve the poverty rate in the State, there is the need for interventions for citizens that are self-employed, artisans and small scale agro producers.

1.3 Suggestions and Recommendations(1) Special Economic and Financial Intervention Programme for Self-Employed, Artisans and

Small Scale Agro Allied Producers.(2) The collective efforts of all levels of government in eradicating poverty becomes imperative

most especially at the State and Local Government Level as it is the government closer to the people.

(3) Systematic approach backed by legislation by the Ogun State House of Assembly in eradicating poverty in Ogun State. It is however noted that there are interventions the new administration has put in place to reduce poverty; it is thereby recommended that these interventions should be backed by legislation for continuity.

(4) Generate political commitment to social protection at the state and local government level.(5) Allocate resources to finance the scaling up of social protection programming.(6) Specifically, it is recommended that the proposed persons with disability bill is revisited and

implemented.(7) Construction of geriatric centers for Old Men and Women possibly at each federal

constituency in the state.

Works Consulted(1) https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7324.pdf(2) https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/(3) http://www.ng.undp.org/content/nigeria/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-

1-no-poverty.html(4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_protection(5) https://qz.com/africa/1313380/nigerias-has-the-highest-rate-of-extreme-poverty-globally/(6) Citizens Voices for Better State; A Report on SDGs Household Baseline Survey, 2017


griculture is being adjudged the single largest employer in the world, providing livelihoods for 40 per cent of today's global population. It is the largest source of income and jobs for poor Arural households though it is yet to be invested on especially at the State and Local

Government Level.

Ogun State is considered an agrarian state with over 70% of arable land. The question is, has this potential fully harness and positively impact the state economy? Considering the agriculture budgetary allocation in the state, in the last six years, the sector has not gone beyond 5% of the total budget of the state. Also the farmers' population in the state are of small scale and have major stake in the food security of the State and the nation at large, this is in accordance with the UN facts and figures report stating that “500 million small farms worldwide, most still rain-fed, provide up to 80 per cent of food consumed in a large part of the developing world. Investing in smallholder women and men is an important way to increase food security and nutrition for the poorest, as well as food production for local and global markets.

However, the Ogun State Household Survey 2019 did not capture more on this content but believe that there is a need to carry out a comprehensive farmers' household study which will be useful in shaping the state agriculture policy thrust which have not been fully reviewed since 1986. JDPC, Ijebu-Ode is currently engaged in this process and the report will be made available as soon as it is ready.

In the OGSHS 2019 analysis report, the adequacy of respondent daily food intake was observed and the outcome revealed that 47.43% of the respondents were of the opinion that their food intake is moderately adequate while 31.07% and 21.49% agreed that their food intake is adequate and

NOHUNGER END HUNGER, ACHIEVE

FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

50.00%

FOOD INTAKE ADEQUACY

Adequate Moderately Adequate Inadequate

31.07%

47.43%

21.49%

Fig. 2.1: Food intake adequacy

inadequate respectively. The chart below gives more details.

A further observation revealed that 68.70% of the respondents said finance was the reason for their moderately adequate and inadequate food intake.

SDGs GOAL TWO


Table 2.1: Reason for Moderately Adequate or Inadequate Food Intake

With respect to Ogun State Citizens awareness of the SDGs, the outcome of the analysis shows that the level of awareness of SDGs Goal 2 is low as only 26.18% agreed they have an understanding of the goal. Further analysis also revealed that respondents with understanding of SDGs goal 2 were rated fairly and good respectively(see tables 2.2 and 2.3 for more details).

Table 2.2:Citizens Awareness on SDGs Goal 2

Table 2.3: Awareness Rating

2.2 SDGs Goal Two in Ogun State; Two Years After!!!For SDGs goal two, the only aspect covered in the SDGs Household Survey is the indicator which provides internationally-comparable estimates of the proportion of the population facing moderate or severe difficulties in accessing food. The Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) produces a measure of the severity of food insecurity experienced by individuals or households, based on direct interviews. The indicator measures progress towards SDGs Target 2.1.

Subjecting the FIES for analysis, the outcome shows that in the baseline survey, 41.7% and 13.2% claimed their food intake adequacy is moderate and inadequate, with compares to 2019 Household baseline, there are no positive changes as the citizens (47.43% and 21.49%) are still claiming their food intake is moderately and inadequate.

In furtherance to the outcome of the surveys, specifically, the survey captured the most prioritized difficulties faced on daily basis. It is quite alarming that the outcome of the Baseline survey and the


2019 Household survey produce the same result as food to be the most prioritized difficulty faced on a daily basis. Based on this outcome, it means there is the need to increase agriculture production by investing more in the small and medium agro businesses in the State.

2.3 Suggestions and Recommendations(1) Invest in the small and medium agro business via provision of agriculture loans with less

strenuous administrative works and at a reduced interest rate, various agriculture inputs.(2) Carry out comprehensive state wide agro-based study.(3) Develop and implement a new holistic Ogun State Agriculture Policy Thrust.(4) Increase investment on Agriculture by increasing budgetary allocation.(5) Create an up-to-date Farmers' Database for effective planning.

Works Consulted(1) https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/(2) https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-2-

zero-hunger.html(3) Citizens Voices for Better State; A Report on SDGs Household Baseline Survey, 2017



FrequencyReason for moderately adequate or inadequate food intake

Finance

Time related

Health reasons

Any Other (Specify)

Total

1172

356

106

72

1706

68.70%

20.87%

6.21%

4.22%

100.00%

Percentage

FrequencyCitizens Awareness on SDGs Goal 2

Yes

No

Total

648

1827

2475

26.18%

73.82%

100.00%

Percentage


FrequencyRate of Awareness

Poor

Fair

Good

Very Good

Total

45

288

254

61

648

6.94%

44.44%

39.20%

9.41%

100.00%

Percentage


Huge strides in reducing child mortality, improving maternal health and fighting HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases has been made. Since 1990, there has been an over 50 percent decline in preventable child deaths globally. Maternal mortality also fell by 45 percent worldwide. New HIV/AIDS infections fell by 30 percent between 2000 and 2013, and over 6.2 million lives were saved from malaria.

In Ogun State, the maternal health profiles show that Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) of 179 per 100000 live births, with 5728 women dying of pregnancy related complications annually. Similarly, the total fertility rate in Ogun State is 4.5 which is closer to the national average of 5.8. This means that women in Ogun State will have on the average 4.5 children each during their entire childbearing years.

From the Ogun State Budget perspective, the health budget lines for the past four years have little focus on the secondary and tertiary health centers expect in the 2018 budget were specific budget line was proposed to rehabilitate and renovate to 57 public healthcare centers out of the 474 PHC. The lip service to the primary healthcare system for years shows the systemic weaknesses and long term neglect of PHC and have left the secondary healthcare in comatose. The available data revealed that 70 percent of ailment could be treated at the primary care levels and just 20 per cent of ailment need to get to the secondary level and 5 percent to the tertiary level if only the primary healthcare is strengthened. There will be no pressure on the general hospitals and the teaching hospitals.

From the outcome of the Household Survey 2019, it can be deduced that 76.93% of the respondents have between 1 and above 5 illnesses from January till August 2019 but it is quite worrisome that the most of the respondents (23.96%) engages in self-medicationtreatment, while the government hospitals and PHCs are also visited by the citizens for treatment. The table 3.1 below gives the details.


Table 3.1: Number of Illnesses in the Household since January and Health Facility where last Treatment was Held

Further examination shows that 63.39% respondents agreed that the location of healthcare centers is less than 30 minutes to their house, while 49.23% were of the opinion that doctors are available at these healthcare centers. Generally, the respondents have placed the qualified staff sufficiency and rating on Average. With respect to healthcare equipment, the respondents were of the opinion that there are no healthcare facilities and equipment in the healthcare centers.

Table 3.2: Health Facility Proximity and Doctor’s Availability

GOOD HEALTH AND WELL BEING

SDGs GOAL THREE


Frequency

Frequency

Number of Illnesses in the household since January Percentage

Percentage

1

2

3

4

5

Above 5

None

Total

Health Facility where last treatment was held

No treatment

Traditional healer

Home, TBA or traditional midwife

Community health

Primary health center

Private clinic

Government general hospital

Self-medication

Mission clinic/religious house

Total

523

691

360

172

58

100

571

2475

415

309

114

151

533

524

380

778

43

3247

21.13%

27.92%

14.55%

6.95%

2.34%

4.04%

23.07%

100.00%

12.78%

9.52%

3.51%

4.65%

16.42%

16.14%

11.70%

23.96%

1.32%

100.00%


FrequencyHealth Facility Proximity

Less than 30 mins

31 mins – 60 mins (1 hour)

1hour – 2hours

Above 2 hours

Total

Doctor's Availability in the

nearest healthcare center

Yes

No

Don’t know

Total

1569

751

130

25

2475

63.39%

30.34%

5.25%

1.01%

100.00%

49.37%

20.20%

30.42%

100.00%

1222

500

753

2475

Percentage

3.1 Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Wellbeing for all at all Ages

Table 3.3: Rating of Qualified Staff and Sufficiency

For the best services by the Private and public healthcare centers in Ogun State, the respondents (54%) give it to the private health centers while 46% gave the public healthcare centers a pass mark.

One of the target of the SDGs “achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all”, was captured in the OGSHS 2019 and the outcome of the analysis shows that only 37.13% are interested in Health Insurance Scheme. It was further observed that many of the respondents do not fully understand the importance of the scheme while some said their experience with the last health insurance scheme (Araya) was not good. However, for those that are interested in the scheme shared their opinion on the services to be covered by the scheme. The table 3.4 gives the details.

Table 3.4: Services to be covered by Health Insurance



The respondents further agree to make financial commitment to this scheme and also determine the period of the year for contributing to the scheme; table 3.5 below gives the details of the commitments.

Table 3.5: Amount willing to pay for Insurance Scheme

3.2 SDGs Goal Three in Ogun State; Two Years After!!!Comparing the outcomes of the household baseline survey 2017 and the household survey 2019on SDGs goal 3, it shows there were changes in respect to where citizens undergo treatment. The result shows that in the last two years, most people engages in self - medication and the usage of the primary healthcare centers was on the rise compared to the private healthcare centers. However, this might be as a result of the differences in the population cluster of the surveys. In 2017, most of the respondents were in the urban area of the state while the 2019 survey captured more respondents in the rural areas.

This could further be viewed as that the citizens in the urban areas have alternative to the public healthcare services compare to the rural areas where they are limited to primary healthcare centers or traditional healers. The question is how effective and efficiency is the PHCs in the State? The essence of asking this question is as a result of the rating of the private sector higher than the public sector in outcomes of the survey conducted in 2017 and 2019.

One of the targetsof the SDGs Goal 3 focused on Health Insurance, the outcomes from the survey shows that only few people are interested in health insurance. In 2017, only 39.4% were interested while in 2019 37.13% shows their interest. However, health insurance has been classified as one of the scheme that could assist in advancing the accessibility of all citizens to quality healthcare services, hence the need to increase the awareness on the importance on health insurance.

Following through the main three priorities difficulty faced on the daily basis, Health and medicines have been adjudged the third priority by the Ogun State citizens.



FrequencyHealthcare Sufficient and Qualified Staff Rating

Very good

Average

A little

Very bad

Do not know

Total

Healthcare Staff Rating

Very good

Average

A little

Very bad

Do not know

Total

662

997

260

44

512

2475

26.75%

40.28%

10.51%

1.78%

20.69%

100.00%

24.65%

42.18%

10.42%

1.94%

20.81%

100.00%

610

1044

258

48

515

2475

Percentage


Frequency

584

371

185

129

239

101

208

248

189

183

222

72

13

2744

21.28%

13.52%

6.74%

4.70%

8.71%

3.68%

7.58%

9.04%

6.89%

6.67%

8.09%

2.62%

0.47%

100.00%

PercentageServices to be covered by Health Insurance

Medicines

Common diseases

Consultation at Health Care Center

Consultation at a Private Clinic

Consultation at a Government Hospital

Hospitalized at Private Clinic

Hospitalized at a Government Hospital

Delivery (Normal)

Surgery

Delivery (Complicated)

Laboratory

Radiology

Others

Total

Frequency

Frequency

Amount willing to pay

Less than N1,000

N1,000 – N5,000

Above N5, 000

Total

Period of the year for contributingto Health Insurance

391

422

106

919

42.55%

45.92%

11.53%

100.00%

6.75%

44.50%

17.63%

4.68%

26.44%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

62

409

162

43

243

919

Every week

Every month

Quarterly

Bi-Yearly

Yearly

Total


3.3 Suggestions and Recommendations(1) For quick and effective intervention by the government, the need to have a separate budget line for Primary Health Care is imperative.(2) With respect to reducing maternal mortality in Ogun state, specifically, basic emergence obstetric and new born care services should be provided(3) Create awareness on the importance of health insurance(4) Develop an inclusive and well-accepted health insurance scheme

Works Consulted(1) https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/(2) http://www.ng.undp.org/content/nigeria/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-

3-good-health-and-well-being.html (3) Citizens Voices for Better State; A Report on SDGs Household Baseline Survey, 2017.


t is a known fact that education is the bedrock of sustainable development. The human Imind makes possible all development

achievements, from health advances and agricultural innovations to efficient public administration and private sector growth. For countries to reap these benefits fully, they need to unleash the potential of the human mind. And there is no better tool for doing so than education.

In Nigeria, the population growth rate is exponential and however putting pressure on the nations' resources. With children under 15 years' age accounting for about 45% of the nation's population, the burden on education and other sectors has become overwhelming.

In Ogun State virtually all the levels of education are established, therefore can be considered as an Education Hub. However, the public schools which almost 70% of the children attend are being considered comatose. In the last eight years, the education budget has received the lion share of the state budget but the impact has not been felt as most of the schools are in a deteriorating state.

From the outcome of the household survey, it was observed that the respondents agree to the deteriorating state of the public schools as they rated school facility and infrastructure fairly also the analysis captured one important facility that is useful in the 21st century which is computer and internet, the outcome shows that 78.30% of the respondents said their children and wards do not have access to computer and internet.

Table 4.1: School Facility and Infrastructure Rating

QUALITY EDUCATION

SDGs GOAL FOUR

4.1 Ensure Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and Promote Lifelong Learning Opportunities for All

18.5%

19.0%

19.5%

20.0%

20.5%

21.0%

21.5%

22.0%

22.5%

23.0%

23.5%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Education Budget

Total Ogun State Budget

% of Education to Total Ogun State Budget

Fig. 4.1: Ogun State budget


FrequencySchool Facility and Infrastructure Rating

Good

Fair

Bad

Worse

Total

809

1382

188

96

2475

32.69%

55.84%

7.60%

3.88%

100.00%

Percentage


Table 4.2: Accessibility of Computer and Internet in Schools

Despite the fairly rated school facility and infrastructure, the respondents agreed that there is financial commitment on their part. The table 4.3 gives the details of the amount paid by respondents on term basis.

With respect to deteriorating school facility and infrastructure, reports show that Ogun state is yet to access the UBEC funds within the period of 2013 – 2017. The total fund for this period amounts to 4.16billion, the neglect of this funds has great negative impact on the education sector in the state.

The awareness on SDGs Goal 4 was not left out as only 27.03% agreed to be aware of the goal. The table 4.4 gives the details.

Table 4.4: Awareness and Rating of SDGs Goal 4

4.2 SDGs Goal Four in Ogun State; Two Years After!!!In the 2017 Household Baseline Survey, the outcome of the survey only captured and reported that education is the second most prioritized difficulties faced in daily life. Two years after, the education of children and wards also maintain the second the most prioritized difficulty faced by the citizens of Ogun State.


4.3 Suggestions and Recommendations(1) Provision of state counterpart fund to access the UBEC funding.(2) Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of primary and secondary school buildings to accommodate the current numbers of pupils and students in the State.(3) From a third party monitoring report carried out on National Social Investment Programme in Ogun Stare, it was stated clearly that there are no enough teachers in the secondary schools. The N-teach beneficiaries complained, most especially those taking core subjects like Mathematics, English, Physics, Chemistry among others; that they were the only one taking these subjects as no teachers is available. We therefore recommend for the full absorption of these beneficiaries into full employment by the State Government.

Works Consulted(1) https://punchng.com/amosun-budgets-n221bn-2017/(2) https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/250176-2018-education-gets-

23-ogun-governor-presents-n345-billion-budget.html(3) https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/education-is-fundamental-to-development-and-

growth4) https://www.proshareng.com/admin/upload/reports/OgunStandardEducation

TheWayForward.pdf(5) https://yourbudgit.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Education-financing.pdf(6) https://www.proshareng.com/admin/upload/reports/FundingversusResult.pdf


FrequencyAccessibility of Computer and Internet in Schools

Yes

No

Total

537

1938

2475

21.70%

78.30%

100.00%

Percentage


FrequencyAge Range

279

639

397

1160

2475

11.27%

25.82%

16.04%

46.87%

100.00%

Percentage

Table 4.3: School Fee Paid Per Term

Less than N1,000

N1,000 – N3,000

N3,001 – N5,000

Above N5, 000

Total



Yes

No

Total

SDGs Goal 4 Awareness Rating

Poor

Fair

Good

Very Good

Total

669

37

286

295

51

669

1806

2475

Frequency

27.03%

72.97%

100.00%

5.53%

42.75%

44.10%

7.62%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage


In a patriarchal society, like Nigeria and by extension, Africa, women issues are likely taken slightly but in the last decade, series of engagement have been carried out at the international, national and sub-national level. These engagements have produced results in terms of women taking leadership positions, recognizing the impact of womanhood in the society and many more.

However, recently in Ogun State, the House of Assembly passed a resolution to allow 35% women representation in governance space. This is a giant stride by the OGHOA in ensuring gender is mainstreamed. This commendable effort is in cognizant with the SDGs Goal five, target 5.5 and 5.6which states that “ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision making in political, economic and public life; adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels”.

The perspective of the citizens is however imperative so as to encourage and sustain this agenda. From the outcome of the Ogun State Household Survey 2019, it was observed that 70% of the respondents allow and accept that women should take leadership roles in the community and in every space. It was further examined that over 80% of the respondents agreed to vote for a woman of any political party. Table 5.1 gives the details of the outcome.

Table 5.1: Leadership Roles for Women and Voting a Woman Candidate


One major women issue identified by the goal is the violence against women and girl child. Of a truth, the rate of VAWG is on the increase, these ranges from wife battering, raping, gang raping among others. From the outcome of the analysis, it was examined that 49.58% of the respondents agreed they are aware of violence against women in their communities in Ogun State, this shows the high rate of violence in the State. This report commensurate with Justice, Development and Peace Commission –Alternative Dispute Resolution report were it is stated that major complains from the citizen's ranges from wife battering, girl child raping (even girl child with disability) to child welfare and so on. This menace calls for intervention at all levels of government, however, the Ogun State Government has taken a giant step in enacting a law called “violence against person act”. This act explicitly defines every aspect of violence but the awareness of this law from the outcome of the survey shows that 67.27% of the respondents are not aware of the existence of the law.

Table 5.2: Awareness on Ogun State Policy on Violence Against Persons

The survey further captures those that have experienced violence or any members of their family, the responses show that out of the 2475 respondents, only 271 have been a victim of violence and they are all women. Only 79.70% report their cases while 20.30% do not. Table 5.3 gives the details.

Table 5.3: Victims of Violence and Actions taken by Victims

From the 271 respondents that are victims of violence, 50.92% claimed that justice was not served with respect to the violence. This is a signal for the increase in the awareness on the VAP bill especially to the enforcer of the law.

5.1 Achieve Gender Equality and Empower all Women and Girls

GENDER EQUALITY

SDGs GOAL FIVE


Frequency

Frequency

Leadership Roles for Women

Yes

No

Total

Voting for a woman candidate of any

political party

Yes

No

Total

537

1938

2475

2141

334

2475

86.51%

13.49%

100.00%

21.70%

78.30%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage


FrequencyAwareness on Ogun State Policy on Violence Against Persons

Yes

No

Total

810

1665

2475

32.73%

67.27%

100.00%

Percentage


FrequencyVictims of Violence

Yes

No

Total

Action taken by Victims

Report to the police

Report to family and friends

Did not report it

Report to leaders in the community

Total

271

95

73

55

48

271

2204

2475

Frequency

10.95%

89.05%

100.00%

100.00%

76.84%

57.89%

50.53%

285.26%

Percentage

Percentage


Regarding the awareness on SDGs goal 5, the awareness level of the goal was viewed and the outcome shows that only few respondents (28.08%) knows about it. Table 5.5 gives the detail.

Table 5.5: Awareness on SDGs Goal 5 and Rating

5.2 SDGs Goal Five in Ogun State; Two Years After!!!For SDGs Goal 5, the data collection instrument was reviewed to accommodate the awareness on the Ogun state violence against person act and women leadership in the community. For 2017 focus was on citizens’ decisions in incorporating gender into their daily activities hence, no subject of comparativeness.

5.3 Suggestions and Recommendations(1) Create awareness on the Ogun State Violence Against Person Act through production and

distribution of simplification of the act, radio jingles, live radio and television programme.(2) Provide safe homes for victims of rape to curb stigmatization and pressure from the

community.(3) Provision of VAWG desk in all the police station for quick legal intervention.(4) Implement the resolution passed at the Ogun State House of Assembly on the 35% female

representation.

Works Consulted(1) https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/gender-equality/(2) JDPC – ADR report 2017; 2018(3) https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg5(4) Ogun State Violence Against Person Act


ater scarcity affects more than 40 percent of people, an alarming figure that is projected to rise as temperatures do. Although 2.1 billion people have improved water sanitation Wsince the 90s, dwindling drinking water supplies are affecting every continent.

In the Nigeria context, provision of water has been left in the hands of the citizens as over 70% provide their water through drilling of boreholes. This development has been classified as dangerous as expert have declared that the indiscriminating drilling of boreholes could "cause earthquake and over abstraction of ground water with attendant negative consequences"; “there is a limit to the number of boreholes you can have within a locality, you have to obtain a permit before you sink borehole and sinking boreholes here and there has too many negative effects just like sachet water; you can see nylon polluting the environment”.

With the report of causing of earthquake through indiscriminating drilling of boreholes, there is the need for urgent intervention as 53.49% of the respondents sourced their water from borehole while only 5.25% get their water from government (public) water. Table 6.1 gives details.

Table 6.1: Source of Water Supply

It can be however concluded that the government have failed in the provision of water to it citizenry. With respect to adequacy of water supply, high percentage of the respondents agreed to adequate water supply and also the supply is on daily basis (see table 6.2).

Table 5.4: Justice Served for Victims of Violence


FrequencyJustice served for victims of violence

Yes

No

Total

133

138

271

49.08%

50.92%

100.00%

Percentage



Yes

No

Total


Poor

Fair

Good

Very Good

Total

695

36

305

304

50

695

1780

2475

Frequency

28.8%

71.92%

100.0%

5.18%

43.88%

43.74%

7.19%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

SDGs GOAL SIX


FrequencySource of Water Supply System

Government water

Open well

Borehole water

Private vendors

River/ponds

Rain water

Total

130

628

1324

275

103

15

2475

5.25%

25.37%

53.49%

11.11%

4.16%

0.61%

100.00%

Percentage


Table 6.2: Water Supply Adequacy and Frequency

During the dry season, water scarcity is tending to happen, but from the outcome of the analysis, 68.97% of the respondents agreed that there is no water scarcity during dry season. This can be accepted as majority of the respondents are provider of their own water through drilling of boreholes.

Table 6.3: Alternate Sources of Water during Dry Season

For those who do not have access to water during dry season, the outcome shows they result into purchasing water and spent above 100 naira on a daily basis.


Regarding the level of satisfaction of the current state of sewage in Ogun State, table 6.7 gives the details.

Table 6.7: Level of Satisfaction of the Current State of Sewage Services

The awareness level and rating for SDGs goal 6 was captured and the result shows that there is still the need to increase awareness on this goal as well as other goals. See table 6.8 for more details.

Table 6.8: Awareness Rating on SDGs Goal 6

SDGs Goal Six in Ogun State; Two Years After!!!As for SDGs Goal 6, from the baseline survey outcomes, the result shows that most of the respondents did not rely on public water provided by the government but have access to borehole water provided for private use. The outcome in the 2019 household survey shows that there has been an increase in the access to borehole water and the access to public water have reduced as the


FrequencyAdequate Water Supply

Yes

No

Total

Frequency of Water Supply

Daily

Weekly

Monthly

Total

669

1799

65

11

1875

1806

2475

Frequency

27.03%

72.97%

100.00%

95.95%

3.47%

0.59%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage


FrequencyAlternate Sources of Water during Dry Season

Purchase of water

Public Sources (wells)

Hand Pumps

Any other, please specify

Total

434

234

16

84

768

56.51%

30.47%

2.08%

10.94

100.00%

Percentage


FrequencyHow much do you pay per day

Less than 100-naira daily

Above 100-naira daily

Total

213

221

434

49.08%

50.92%

100.00%

Percentage

Considering the level of satisfaction, it was revealed 50.99% are dissatisfied with the level of water supply while 13.98% and 34.02% are satisfied and moderately satisfied with their current state of water supply. Only 1.01% agreed to be highly satisfied with the state of water supply. Table 6.5 shows the details.



Frequency

Frequency

Level of Satisfaction for the current level of water supply

Types of Sewage Access

Highly satisfied

Satisfied

Moderately satisfied

Dissatisfied

Highly dissatisfied

Total

Open defecation

Public toilet

Private toilet

Any other

Total

25

346

842

891

371

2475

210

724

1339

202

2475

1.01%

13.98%

34.02%

36.00%

14.99%

100.00%

8.48%

29.25%

54.10%

8.16%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

Table 6.5: Level of Satisfaction of current Water Supply

Table 6.6: Types of Sewage Access

Aside water supply, the issue of sanitation is another aspect of the SDGs goal 6, from the outcome of the survey, the result shows that majority of the respondents (54.10%) owned private toilet however, 8.48% still engages in open defecation. Subjecting this rate to the overall population of Ogun State, it means the open defecation will be an issue in the coming year most especially at the rural settlement. Table 6.6 gives more insight.


FrequencySatisfaction for the current level of Sewage Services

Highly satisfied

Satisfied


Dissatisfied

Highly dissatisfied

Total

132

788

772

659

124

2475

5.33%

31.84%

31.19%

26.63%

5.01%

100.00%

Percentage



Yes

No

Total


Poor

Fair

Good

Very Good

Total

596

1879

2475

148

1066

095

166

2475

Frequency

24.08%

75.92%

100.00%

5.98%

43.07%

44.24%

6.71%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage


sources of water (see fig. 6.1)

This downward trends in the access to public water and increase in private water (borehole) shows that there might be a catastrophe in the making as it has been declared that excessive drilling of boreholes could cause earthquake as there are limit to numbers of borehole in a locality.

With respect to sewage, reports from the surveys shows that the issue of open defecations is quite low and the most of the respondents have access to their private toilets.

Suggestions and Recommendations(1) For water supply intervention in the State, there is the need to carry out a comprehensive

access to water supply assessment for effective water management.(2) Regulations should be placed on the drilling of boreholes in the state and rapidly invest in

providing public water to the citizens of Ogun State.(3) The open defecation should be discouraged through awareness creation.

Works Consultedhttp://www.ng.undp.org/content/nigeria/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.htmlhttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/index.php/fnews/4720-expert-warns-against-indiscriminate-sinking-of-boreholes

(1)

(2)


Affordability and Clean EnergyEnergy is essential for any economic and social development. However, the SDGs goal 7 and it target are summarized into four categories:

(1) Access to electricity(2) Access to clean cooking(3) Renewables(4) Energy efficiency

The household survey only captured access to electricity, clean cooking, and renewables. From the result of the survey, it was observed that 80.69% of the respondents claimed to have access to electricity but in terms of adequacy, the response was poor as 70.76% of the respondents said they do not have adequate electricity. Table 7.1 gives the details to the outcome of the analysis. Not having adequate electricity supply could also be classifying as another level of inaccessibility to electricity.

According to International Energy Agency, the number of people without access to electricity in sub-Saharan Africa continues to decline, it is declining slowly. Over 200 million people have gained access since 2000, but this is less than population growth over the same period. As a result, there remain more than 600 million people without access, despite an increase in the access rate to 43%. Furthermore, recent efforts have been uneven, with around 60% of the progress seen since 2011 concentrated in just four countries (Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Nigeria).These countries together account for only 31% of the population without electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa.

Table 7.1: Access to Electricity and Adequacy

UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE, RELIABLE, SUSTAINABLE, AND MODERN ENERGY

SDGs GOAL SEVEN


FrequencyAccess to Electricity

Yes

No

Total

Electricity Adequacy

Yes

No

Total

1997

478

2475

584

1413

1997

Frequency

80.69%

19.31%

100.00%

29.24

70.76

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage


With respect to reliability and affordability of electricity, the respondents were of the opinion that electricity is not reliable and affordable, the outcome also captured amount of paid on a monthly basis on electricity, it was shown that the majority (44.89%) of the respondent pays between N2,000 and N5,000 while 36.57% and 18.55% pay less than N2,000 and above N5,000 respectively. Table 7.2 gives the details.

Fig. 6.1: Borehole water

46.00%

47.00%

48.00%

49.00%

50.00%

51.00%

52.00%

53.00%

54.00%

2019 2017

Borehole Water

https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/

https://punchng.com/amosun-budgets-n221bn-2017/


Table 7.2: Affordability, Reliability of Electricity and Amount Spent on Monthly Basis

Further to the affordability and reliability of electricity, the source of electricity was asked and the result shows that 57.37% of the respondents uses gas as their source of cooking followed by kerosene stove (21.25%); wood stove 20.04%, electric cooker, 1.33%.

Table 7.3: Source of Energy for Cooking

The awareness on SDGs Goal 7 and it awareness rating was observed, the result shows that over 70% are not aware of the goal also for those that claimed they have knowledge of the goal, the awareness rating is consider fair (44.79%) while 40.95% consider their awareness to be a good one. Table 7.4 gives the details.

Table 7.4: Awareness on SDGs Goal 7


Suggestions and Recommendations(1) Open up the Energy Governance Space for private partnership.(2) Make provision for transformers or solar energy for communities that lack access to

electricity. (3) Adopt the GIZ rural electrification model prototype in Gbamugbamu, Ijebu North-East.(4) Support small and medium enterprises that have invested in the renewables business.

Works Consulted(1) https://www.iea.org/sdg/(2) http://www.ng.undp.org/content/nigeria/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-

7-affordable-and-clean-energy.html#targets(3) https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/

22877UN_FINAL_ONLINE_20190523.pdf


Frequency

Frequency

Electricity Affordability

Yes

No

Total

667

1330

1997

667

1330

1997

33.40%

66.60%

100.00%

33.40%

66.60%

100.00%

Percentage

PercentageElectricity Reliability

Yes

No

Total

Monthly Amount Spent of Electricity

Less than N2, 000

N2, 001 – N5, 000

Above N5, 000

Total

Frequency

730

897

370

1997

Percentage

36.55%

44.92&

18.53%

100.00%


FrequencySource of Energy for Cooking

Gas

Electric cooker

Kerosene Stove

Wood fire

Total

1420

33

526

496

2475

57.37%

1.33%

21.25%

20.24%

100.00%

Percentage



Yes

No

Total


Poor

Fair

Good

Very Good

Total

547

1928

2475

38

245

224

40

547

Frequency

22.10%

77.90%

100.00%

6.95%

44.79%

40.95%

7.31%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage


Decent Work and Economic GrowthAccording to the SDGs Fund, to tackle inclusive growth from a multi-sectoral perspective, the following dimensions should be addressed;

?Create opportunities for good and decent jobs and secure livelihood.?Support inclusive and sustainable business practices.?Promote better government policies and fair and accountable public institutions.

In the Nigeria context, creating opportunities for good and decent jobs and secure livelihood have been channeled towards entrepreneurship. In recent times, the unemployment rate has become holocaust to the Nigerian economy. However, to solve this issue, the government has introduced interventions to support entrepreneurship. The accessibility of these interventions by the most affected persons becomes imperative.

From the survey, the outcome on unemployment shows that 62.30% of the respondents agreed that there are people unemployed in their household. The outcome also covered the awareness on government employment generation opportunities but the result was negative as 79.23% of the respondents said they are not aware of any government employment. Table 8.1 gives the details.

Table 8.1: Unemployment in the Household and Awareness on Government Employment Opportunities


For those that applied for programme, they claimed that they were aware of the programme through electronic and social media and not all that were aware applied for programme. For those that applied, the outcome of the application was largely negative as 81.91% agreed to it. Table 8.2 gives more insights.

Table 8.2: Outcomes of Government Programme Applications

One of the targets of the SDGs goal 8 is to strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all. This was captured by asking the respondents on their accessibility to bank through having a bank account. The outcome shows that 76.04% have a bank account (see table 8.3 for more details).

PROMOTE INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT AND DECENT WORK FOR ALL

SDGs GOAL EIGHT


FrequencyUnemployment in the Household

Awareness of Government employment generation opportunitiesYesNoTotal

Yes

No

Total

1542

933

2475

514

1961

2475

62.30%

37.70%

100.00%

20.77%

79.23%

100.00%

Percentage

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Unemployment in the Household

Awareness of Government employment

Government Employment Opportunity Application

Result of Government Programme Application

Source of Information on the Employment Opportunity

generation opportunitiesYesNoTotal

YesNoTotal

YesNoTotal

NewspaperFriends/RelativesPolitical LeadersReligious InstitutionsElectronic MediaSocial MediaNon-Governmental OrganizationOthers (specify)Total

51419612475

206308514

93421514

58173298122103417514

20.77%79.23%100.00%

40.08%59.92%100.00%

18.09%81.91%100.00%

11.28%33.66%5.64%1.56%23.74%20.04%0.78%3.31%100.00%

Yes

No

Total

1542

933

2475

62.30%

37.70%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage


Table 8.3: Bank Accessibility

The level of awareness on SDGs goal 8 is low as only 21.98% agreed they are aware but awareness rating shows that most of those that are aware are rated fairly and good. Table 8.4 gives the details.

Table 8.4: Awareness on SDGs Goal 8 and Rating

8.2 Suggestions and Recommendations(1) Currently the Ogun State Government is embarking on series of interventions to curb

unemployment; it is therefore recommended that no fee should be attached so as to allow no one to be left behind.

(2) These interventions should be advertised frequently and possibly use the local chiefs in the communities to inform their community members.

Works Consulted(1) http://www.ng.undp.org/content/nigeria/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-

8-decent-work-and-economic-growth.html#targets(2) https://www.sdgfund.org/goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth(3) https://businessday.ng/opinion/article/sustainable-development-goals-8-and16-is-nigeria-

on-the-right-track/


For the purpose of this study, outcome of the analysis on SDGs goal 9 will focus on the following indicators:

(i) Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology.(ii) Proportion of the rural population who live within 2km of an all-season road.(iii) Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport.

In Ogun State, it can be said the majority of the populace have access to mobile network as 93.66% of the respondents own a mobile phone.

Table 9.1: Ownership of Mobile Phones

Table 9.2: Accessibility to Good Road Network


Frequency

Frequency

Do have bank account?

Number of family members with bank account

Yes

No

Total

1

2

3

4

5

Above 5

Total

1882

593

2475

744

863

417

150

92

209

2475

30.06%

34.87%

16.85%

6.06%

3.72%

8.44%

100.00%

76.04%

23.96%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage



Yes

No

Total


Poor

Fair

Good

Very Good

Total

544

1931

2475

40

248

213

43

544

Frequency

21.98%

78.02%

100.00%

7.35%

45.59%

39.15%

7.90%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE

SDGs GOAL NINE


FrequencySource of Energy for Cooking

Yes

No

Total

2318

157

2475

93.66%

6.34%

100.00%

Percentage

With respect to accessibility to good roads, the outcome shows that 53.33% believes the roads in the State are not accessible, 70.83% of respondents also were of the opinion that there have not been any road construction or rehabilitation of roads in the last two years and also the present roads are not conducive for PWD and the elderly (see table 9.2 for details).


FrequencyCommunity Road Accessibility

Yes

No

Total

Yes

No

Total

Yes

No

Total

Construction or rehabilitation of roads in the last two years

Present road network conducive for PWD and elderly

1155

1320

2475

722

1753

2475

681

1794

2475

27.52%

72.48%

100.00%

Frequency

Frequency

46.67%

53.33%

100.00%

29.17%

70.83%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage


However, there have been commitments of the government with the support of the international agencies to improve the roads most especially the rural roads. This was captured under the Ogun State Rural Access and Agricultural Marketing Project which is sponsored by the World Bank, French Development Agency and the Federal Government of Nigeria. The RAAMP is a window of opportunity opened by the World Bank, the French Development Agency and the Federal Government to ensure prosperous lives for farmers and people in the hinterland through access and value addition to farm produce.

This opportunity has not been seen by the citizens as majority of the respondents are from the rural settlements. This calls for a review of the programme.

With respect to transportation, 70.99% claimed they use commercial transport as their mode of transportation and motorbikes (Okada) happens to be the most frequent mode of transportation. This means that the government should place measures in place to stop accidents through motor bikes.

Table 9.3: Modes of Commercial Transportation

Table 9.4: Rating of Accessibility to Transportation

In terms of the percentage of income spent on transportation, 37.58% of the respondents spent between 5% - 10% of their income followed by 11% -20% (32.24%) (see table 9.5 for the details).


Table 9.5: Percentage of Income Spent on Transportation

The outcome also captures the level of satisfaction of the current state of transportation fare, the results shows that 68% of the respondents are not satisfied. This fare could be as a result of multiple taxes paid by the commercial transporters especially the Okada riders who are clamoring for a reduction of the daily tax collected by the unions in the State. This calls for government intervention and responsiveness to citizen's needs.

Table 9.6: Satisfaction of the Current Transport Fare

In the same vein on the awareness of the SDGs Goals, Goal 9 is not an exemption as 78.42% of the respondents are not aware of the goal and for those that know, majority rated themselves fair and good (see table 9.7).


FrequencyType of Commercial Transportation Modes

Bike (Okada)

Tricycle (Maruwa)

Taxi

Bus

Rail

Water Ferry

Total

1501

783

623

417

34

15

3373

44.50%

23.21%

18.47%

12.36%

1.01%

0.44%

100.00%

Percentage


FrequencyPercentage of Income Spent on Transportation

5-10%

11-20%

21-30%

31-40%

41-50%

Others, specify

Total

930

798

442

158

80

67

2475

37.58%

32.24%

17.86%

6.38%

3.23%

2.71%

100.00%

Percentage


FrequencyRating of accessibility to mode of transportation

Very easy

Easy

Dificult

Extremely difficult

Total

239

1363

738

135

2475

9.66%

55.07%

29.82%

5.45%

100.00%

Percentage

In rating the accessibility to modes of transportation, 55.07% of the respondents said it is easy, while 9.66% said the access is very easy. The details of the outcome are shown in table 9.4. Source: Ogun State Household Survey (2019)

FrequencySatisfaction of the current transport fare

Yes

No

Total

792

1683

2475

32.00%

68.00%

100.00%

Percentage



Yes

No

Total


Poor

Fair

Good

Very Good

Total

534

1941

2475

32

257

207

38

534

Frequency

21.58%

78.42%

100.00%

5.99%

48.13%

38.76%

7.12%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage


Suggestions and Recommendations(1) There is the need to invest public funds on road networks mostly in the rural settlement.(2) Carry out a detailed transport study in Ogun State for effective decision making.

Works Consulted(1) http://www.nigeriawatch.org/media/html/WP6VitusV6Final.pdf(2) http://ogunraamp.com(3) http://news.ogunstate.gov.ng/ruraltownship-roads-set-for-rehabilitation/(4) https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-9-

industry-innovation-and-infrastructure.html(5) https://medium.com/sdgs-resources/sdg-9-indicators-37abf502a1ce


ccording to SDGs compass, by 2050, 70% of the world’s population will live in Acities, making cities critical in achieving a

sustainable future for the world. This already is happening in Nigeria as there has been an increase in rural-urban migration.

For the purpose of the study, focus was centered on Housing, Public Parks, Policies, Drainage and it impact; and waste disposal.

HousingIt can be concluded from the outcome of the survey that housing is affordable in Ogun State as 64.16% agreed to it. However, the housing affordability cannot be generalized in all the local government of the state as some of these LG share boundaries with high intensified city like Lagos.

The results also confirmed that 52.93% of the respondents reside in a face to face housing typology followed by flats (24.97%). See table 11.1 for more details. The outcome of the housing typology shows that most of the respondents will be temporary owner (tenants). This fact supported as 60.81% of the respondents are temporary owners of the house they occupy. Table 11.1 gives the details.

For house-owners, following due process is paramount to organizing the housing scheme to achieve sustainable cities, one of the due process is for house owners to get approval by the town planning before engaging in the development of their house, the result of the survey shows that 48.76% did not get approval from the town planning office while 54.85% of the respondents said they have not been consulted or contacted by the town planning agencies.

MAKE CITIES AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS INCLUSIVE, SAFE, RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE

SDGs GOAL ELEVEN

FrequencyHousing Affordability

Yes

No

Total

Housing Typology

1588

887

2475

Frequency

64.16%

35.84%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage


Individual

Flats

Face to face

Duplex

Slum

Mud house

Others (please specify)

Total

Tenure Status

Owner

Tenant

Total

297

618

1310

44

22

147

37

2475

Frequency

970

1505

2475

12.00%

24.97%

52.93%

1.78%

0.89%

5.94%

1.49%

100.00%

Percentage

39.19%

60.81%

100.00%

Sustainable Cities and CommunitiesTable 11.1: Housing Affordability, Typology and Tenure Status

For those that experienced flooding, the table 11.5 below gives the details of the level of damage caused.

Table 11.5: Levels of Damage Caused by Flood

11.4 Waste DisposalRespondents’ mode of waste disposal is through burning. This action calls for government intervention as the impact of burning waste has negative impact on the climate.

Table 11.6: Modes of Waste Disposal

Solid waste including everyday waste from households, schools and shops, contains biodegradable organic matter such as kitchen waste, garden waste, and paper. Biodegradation of these materials generates a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane. If air is present during waste biodegradation, more carbon dioxide is produced, whereas in the absence of air, anaerobic digestion takes place. This is a biological process that produces methane from organic materials. This is important as methane is a much more potent greenhouse gas (GHG) than carbon dioxide, and minimizing its release slows increasing global warming. Collection of waste also produces greenhouse gases from collection vehicle emissions. The uncontrolled burning of waste, which is a common occurrence on dumpsites, also generates greenhouse gases including carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

Furthermore, the outcome of the survey also shows the frequency of disposal and the amount paid by respondents for those that incur expenses. Table 11.7gives the breakdown of the outcome.


11.2 Public Parks and Ogun State Town Planning PolicyA “public park” shall mean a public playground, public recreation center or area, and other public areas, created, established, designated, maintained, provided or set aside by the City, for the purposes of public rest, play, recreation, enjoyment or assembly, and all buildings, facilities and structures located thereon or therein.

From the outcome of the analysis, 76.23% of the respondents agreed that there are no public parks in their communities and local government.

Table 11.2: Availability of Public Places such as Parks

Table 11.3: Awareness on Ogun State Town Planning Policy

11.3 Drainage and It ImpactOne major factor that contributes immensely to sustainable cities is an effective drainage system. This is to ensure safety during raining period. From the outcome of the survey, it was observed that 80.20% of the respondents are not affected by flooding but when it comes to the level of satisfaction, 52.48% of the respondents are dissatisfied and highly dissatisfied.

Table 11.4: Effects of Flooding on Property, and Satisfaction with the Present Drainage System



FrequencyAvailability of Public Places such as parks

Yes

No

Total

586

1889

2475

23.68%

76.32%

100.00%

PercentageSource: Ogun State Household Survey (2019)

FrequencyLevel of damage caused

Mild

Average

Severe

Total

156

210

124

490

31.84%

42.86%

25.31%

100.00%

Percentage


FrequencyAwareness on Ogun State Town Planning Policy

Yes

No

Total

721

1754

2475

29.13%

70.87%

100.00%

Percentage


Frequency

Frequency

Flooding affects Property

Highly satisfied

Satisfied


Dissatisfied

Highly dissatisfied

Total

Yes

No

Total

Satisfaction with the Present Drainage System

490

1985

2475

48

441

687

936

363

2475

19.80%

80.20%

100.00%

1.94%

17.82%

27.76%

37.82%

14.67%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

For the town planning policy, the level of awareness on the policy was examined and the result reflected a negative response as 70.87% of the respondents are not aware of any town planning policy (see table 11.3 for details).


FrequencyMode of disposal

Household collection (compost)

Dispose in nearby dustbins

At an identified place in locality

Along the road

Burning

Government refuse collector

Any other

Total

257

364

471

272

747

251

113

2475

10.38%

14.71%

19.03%

10.99%

30.18%

10.14%

4.57%

100.00%

Percentage

Table 11.7: Frequency and Cost Incurred on Waste Disposal

As per the level of satisfaction on the current state of waste disposal, the percentage margin among the option satisfied, moderately satisfied and dissatisfied is slightly low. Table 11.8 gives the details on the level of satisfaction on waste disposal in Ogun State.

Table 11.8: Level of Satisfaction on Waste Disposal in Ogun State



For the general awareness on the SDGs goal 11, the outcome still reflects the result of other SDGs goals. The result shows that 78.78% are not aware of the goal and for those who know the goals, majority (46.18%) rated themselves fairly (see table 11.10 for more insights).

Table 11.10: Awareness and Rating on SDGs Goal 11

11.5 Suggestions and Recommendations(1) The need to invest in waste recycling is highly imperative; this could also be in partnership

with private sectors.(2) Invest in the construction and rehabilitation of drainage system in all the local government.

There is the need to specifically create a budget line for this purpose so as to encourage citizen’s tracking.

(3) The need to educate the citizens through continuous and intensive sensitization on cleanliness and waste management control in the communities.

(4) Improve the waste disposal services.

Works Consulted(1) https://sdg-tracker.org/cities(2) https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-

sustainable-cities-and-communities.html(3) https://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/SDG-11-Targets-and-Indicators.pdf(4) https://sdgcompass.org/sdgs/sdg-11/(5) https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/16029Nigeria.pdf(6) https://www.sprep.org/attachments/Publications/FactSheet

/PMCCT/CC_and_waste_FS3.pdf

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency of disposed waste collection

Expenses incurred on solid waste disposal

Expenses incurred on solid waste disposal

Daily

Alternative days

3-4 times a week

Irregular

Monthly

Total

674

685

317

640

159

2475

419

2056

2475

Yes

No

Total

Less than N2,000

2,000 – 5, 000

5, 000 – 10, 000

Above 10,000

Total

356

52

4

7

419

223.90%

32.70%

2.52%

4.40%

263.52%

27.23%

27.68%

12.81%

25.86%

6.42%

100.00%

16.93%

83.07%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage


FrequencyLevel of Satisfaction for the current level of waste disposal

Highly Satisfied

Satisfied


Dissatisfied

Highly dissatisfied

Total

154

722

706

641

252

2475

6.22%

29.17%

28.53%

25.90%

10.18%

100.00%

Percentage

One of the most important opinions of the respondents as it regards waste d i s p o s a l , i s t h e w i l l i n g n e s s o f respondents to pay for improved services as 72.44% agreed to this. The analysis further captured the amount they are willing to pay per week and it was observed that majority (82.95%) of the respondents are willing to pay less than N1,000 for waste disposal. See table 11.9 for more details.


Frequency

Frequency

People in the Household

Amount willing to pay for improved waste disposal service

Yes

No

Total

<1000

1000 – 2000

> 2000

Total

1487

264

42

1793

82.93%

14.72%

2.34%

100.00%

1793

682

2475

72.44%

27.56%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

Table 11.9: Amount Willing to Pay for Waste Disposal



Yes

No

Total


Poor

Fair

Good

Very Good

Total

523

35

242

205

41

523

1952

2475

Frequency

21.13%

78.8%

100.00%

6.69%

46.7%

39.20%

7.84%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage


limate change refers to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural events and human activities are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures. This is Ccaused primarily by increases in greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Nigeria is

experiencing adverse climate conditions with negative impacts on the welfare of millions of people. Persistent droughts and flooding, off season rains and dry spells have sent growing seasons out of orbit, on a country dependent on a rain fed agriculture.

However, for the purpose of the household survey, the citizen's awareness on climate change and the understanding of climate change within the Nigeria context.

On the awareness of Ogun State citizens on climate change, 78.06% of the sampled households did not know what climate change is all about. For those that know, on further questioning on their experience in the last two years, the responses show that they have been experiencing excessive heat and some agreed that there have been changing in rain patterns. Table 13.1 gives details on the outcome of the analysis.

Table 13.1: Climate Change: Awareness and Experience


Further examination shows that the respondents know some of the measures in mitigating climate change which are expressed in the table 13.2 below.

Table 13.2: Most Mitigating Measures against Climate Change

In ensuring the full support of all, the respondents agreed that the government needs to intensify the awareness on climate change; causes and mitigation.

Suggestions and Recommendations(1) Develop a State Policy on Climate change.(2) Continuous and Intensive sensitization on climate change; causes and mitigation.(3) Incorporate the study on climate change into all stages of educational system in the State.

Works Consulted(1) https://environmentalsynergy.wordpress.com/2011/04/18/the-effects-of-climate-change-

in-nigeria/(2) https://fmic.gov.ng/climate-change-nigeria-brief-review-causes-effects-solution/(3) https://medium.com/sdgs-resources/sdg-13-indicators-88f3cd6fd315(4) https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-13-

climate-action/targets.html

TAKE URGENT ACTION TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS

SDGs GOAL THIRTEEN


Frequency

Frequency

Awareness on Climate Change or Global Warming

Flooding

Excessive heat

Changes in raining patterns

Drought

Total

Yes

No

Total

Which of the following have you experienced in the last two years?

904

1571

2475

192

408

282

22

904

36.53%

63.47%

100.00%

21.24%

45.13%

31.19%

2.43%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage


FrequencyThe most mitigating measures against climate change

Tree planting

Drainage

Recycling of waste

Others

Total

376

286

224

18

904

41.59%

31.64%

24.78%

1.99%

100.00%

Percentage


The report on the outcome of SDGs 16 is in phases.Phase One: Corruption, Transparency and AccountabilityPhase Two: Human Rights and Access to JusticePhase Three: Inclusive, Popular Participation and ResponsivenessPhase Four: Access to InformationPhase Five: Elections

Corruption, Transparency and Accountability: Citizens’ Perception Index of Corruption (CCPI)In the last 7 years, Nigeria have been considered one of the most corrupt country in the world, this report is according to the Transparency International. From their report, Nigeria have not gone beyond score 28 out of 100. The chart below gives the details of the Nigeria rating on corruption.

16.1 PHASE ONE


However, the result of corruption is suffered mostly by the citizens and they often stand on the front line against corruption. It is citizens who face demands for bribes to access public services; they are also faced with deteriorating service delivery by the government. It is a belief that people's experience and perceptions of corruption are key for understanding corruption risks around the world.

The negative impact of corruption facilitates the need to have citizens' perception on; corruption, the effectiveness of government in handling fight against corruption and to determine the key institutions seen as corrupt.

To determine the CCPI for Ogun State, the output of the household survey revealed the perception. From the result, it was very glaring that the citizens still believe that corruption is a major problem in this country. The outcome has not differed from the baseline result in 2017.

Table 16.1: Extent of Corruption as a Problem in this Country

Citizens’ Perception on Government Effectiveness in Handling Fight against CorruptionIn 2017, the outcome of the household baseline survey shows that that every seven out of ten people believe that the government is doing poorly, while only three out of ten thought the government is effective.

In the same vein, the report still remains the same as 78% of the respondents believe the government is doing poorly in the fight against corruption.

PROMOTE JUST, PEACEFUL AND INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS

SDGs GOAL SIXTEEN

23.5

24

24.5

25

25.5

26

26.5

27

27.5

28

28.5

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Nigeria Corruption Scores from 2012-2018

Fig. 16.1: Nigeria corruption scores from 2012- 2018.

Fig.16.2: Government effectiveness in handling the fight against corruption.Source: Transparency International


FrequencyExtent of Corruption as a problem in this country

Not at all

Slightly

Somewhat

Very much

Total

132

244

291

1808

2475

5.33%

9.86%

11.76%

73.05%

100.00%

Percentage

78%

22%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Not Effective

Effective

Government Effectiveness in handling the fight against corruption


However, despite the campaign against corruption the perception from the citizens is negative, this may be as a result of citizens not feeling the impact of the government and also means that dishonesty or fraudulent conduct is the order of the by those in power, illegitimate use of power to benefit a private interest, embezzlement of public funds for personal use.

The Most Corrupt Public InstitutionsThere are many public offices within the level of government and they are supposed to meet and work for the interest of the people. In carrying out their tasks the citizens expect fairness, transparency and accountability. This survey took a further step to ask the citizens on how corrupt they considered various key influential groups and institutions in compare with the baseline study carried out in 2017. This is note if the citizens believe there have been changes in these public institutions.

From the report is observed that, the police are the most corrupt public office followed by the office of the governor, followed by the House of Legislatures, then, the Civil Servant and the Judges and Magistrates. The chart below gives the details.

Citizens’ Performance and Accountability Rating (CPAR)According to the World Bank, the notion of accountability is an amorphous concept that is difficult to define in precise terms. However, broadly speaking, accountability exists when there is a relationship where an individual or body, and the performance of tasks or functions by that individual or body, are subject to another's oversight, direction or request that they provide information or justification for their actions.

Therefore, the concept of accountability involves two distinct stages: answerability and enforcement. Answerability refers to the obligation of the government, its agencies and public


officials to provide information about their decisions and actions and to justify them to the public and those institutions of accountability tasked with providing oversight. Enforcement suggests that the public or the institution responsible for accountability can sanction the offending party or remedy the contravening behaviour. As such, different institutions of accountability might be responsible for either or both of these stages.

Having shared their perception on the extent of corruption in the country, the most corrupt public institutions, and the extent of the government effectiveness in handling the fight against corruption, respondents were asked to rate the performance of public leaders in all tiers of government. The results are not far-fetched since the outcome on corruption is on the negative side. Table 16.2 displays these results.

Table 16.2: Rate the Performance of Public Leaders

1143

1851

1096

1326

1573

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Civil Servants Police Judges, Magistrates,

Judicial Officials

Members of Legislative

Governors

MOST CORRUPT PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS

Figure 16.2: Most corrupt public institutions in Ogun State


Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Rating of Past Leaders at the Local Government Level

Rating of Past Leaders at the State Government Level

Rating of Past Leaders at the Federal Government Level

Rating of Past Leaders at the National Assembly

Rating of Past Leaders at the State House of Assembly

Rating of Past Leaders at the House of Representative

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

Total

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

Total

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

Total

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

Total

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

Total

Very good

Good

Fair

Poor

Total

67

386

909

1113

2475

106

475

934

960

2475

100

500

1093

782

2475

48

295

992

1140

2475

62

346

1026

1041

2475

51

295

1010

1119

2475

2.71%

15.60%

36.73%

44.97%

100.00%

4.28%

19.19%

37.74%

38.79%

100.00%

4.04%

20.20%

44.16%

31.60%

100.00%

1.94%

11.92%

40.08%

46.09%

100.00%

2.51%

13.98%

41.45%

42.06%

100.00%

2.06%

11.92%

40.81%

45.21%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage


From table 16.2 above, the respondents believe the three tiers of government have performed poorly. To further confirm the result on the poor performance of government most especially the legislative arm, the extent to which citizens agree to the independency of federal and state legislature from the Executive in carrying out their functions was requested. The results revealed that 48.44% of the respondents disagree with legislative independency from the Executive arm of government. See table 16.3 for further details.

Table 16.3: Federal and State Legislative Independency of the Executive

Human Rights and Access to JusticeHuman rights and justice are very fundamental parts of the law and development of any society. An aim of the law is to maintain order in any given society, and these laws are given for the benefit of everyone, from those in power to the common everyday man and the end of the law is justice. Justice should be assessed by all citizens. However, respect for human rights in Nigeria have been considered to be none as 67.31% of the respondents disagreed.

Table 16.4: Respect for Human Rights in Nigeria

The outcome further captured the awareness level of the respondents on the rights to seek for justice, the result shows a positive response has 60.20% agreed they are aware of the rights to seek justice. The remaining 39.80% is still significant and the need for sensitization is paramount. This outcome also reflected in the responses of respondents towards different institutions where citizens can seek justice, it was observed that 55.10% do not know institutions they can seek justice from. This is an indication that their awareness rate is still very low. Table 16.5 gives the details.

16.2 PHASE TWO


Table 16.5: Awareness on the Rights to Justice

Citizens Rating on the Delivery of Justice There are various public institutions charged to deliver justice, the need to get the perspective of the citizens on these institutions is quite important so as to determine the worth of these institutions. The chart below shows how poorly the institutions were rated.

Level of Trust in the Delivery of JusticeHaving captured the responses on the citizens' rating on delivery of justice, the level of trust in the delivery of justice by some justice institutions was also examined. Focusing on the Nigeria Police Force, the 68.53% of respondents rated the institution low while 48.40% of the respondents believe the level of trust in the delivery of justice by the of vigilante group is moderate (see table 16.7).


FrequencyFederal and State Legislative are independent of the Executive in carrying out their functions

Strongly agree

Agree

Disagree

Strongly disagree

Total

114

909

1199

253

2475

4.61%

36.73%

48.44%

10.22%

100.00%

Percentage


FrequencyRespect for Human Rights in Nigeria

Yes

No

Total

809

1666

2475

32.69%

67.31%

100.00%

Percentage


Frequency

Frequency

Awareness on the right to seek Justice

Awareness on different institutions where citizens can seek Justice from

Yes

No

Total

Yes

No

Total

1490

985

2475

669

821

1490

60.20%

39.80%

100.00%

44.90%

55.10

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

1361

613

725

968

703

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Nigeria Police Force

Vigilante Group

Civil Defence

TRACE

Court of Law

Fig. 16.4: Rate of delivery of justice by institutions.


Table 16.7: Level of Trust in the Delivery of Justice

Inclusive, Popular Participation and ResponsivenessPeople get left behind when they lack the choices and opportunities to participate in and benefit from development progress. All persons living in extreme poverty can thus be considered 'left behind', as can those who endure disadvantages or deprivations that limit their choices and opportunities relative to others in society.

Five key factors to be assessed if no one is left behind; these factors are as follows:(1) Discrimination(2) Geography(3) Governance(4) Socio-economic status(5) Shocks and fragility

People are left behind when they lack the choices and capabilities that enable others to participate in or benefit from human development. This can be due to their experience of:

?Absolute deprivation, where they live in multidimensional poverty or below other minimally-accepted standards of security, income, public services, infrastructure or well-being; and

?Relative disadvantage, where they face exclusion, discrimination and/or entrenched

16.3 PHASE THREE


inequalities; are less able to gain influence, get an educated, survive setbacks, acquire wealth, access job markets or technologies; have shorter, riskier lives; rank below median in SDGs outcomes and opportunities.

Three sectors have been identified to be key players in good governance which are; Government, Private Sector and the Citizens (Civil Society) but in the Nigerian context, the citizens are somewhat left out in making decisions that will affect their lives. The outcome of the analysis of SDGs Household Survey asserted this fact. On the survey questionnaire, questions relating to citizens' participation were asked and the results were negative. 79.03 percent of the respondents said they have not participated in any meeting for social services deliveries. This is to believe that the government is absolutely shaving the heads of the citizens behind their backs. The outcome further captured if government consults the citizens before taking any decisions, the result shows that only 1.78% agreed that they consult the citizens. Table 16.8 gives more details.

Table 16.8: Citizen's Participation in Social Services Delivery Decision Making

In terms of responsiveness of government to population's concern and needs, the respondents were asked what their take on this issue is. The results clearly show that government is not responding to the population's concerns and needs. This means most of the acclaimed projects and policies by the government are merely for propaganda. The main function of government is to deliver services in the public interest and not in the interest of the public office holders. This result is totally against the principle of Sustainable Development Goals.


Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Level of Trust in the delivery of Justice by the Nigeria Police

Level of Trust in the delivery of Justice by the Vigilante Group

Level of Trust in the delivery of Justice by TRACE

Level of Trust in the delivery of Justice by Civil Defense

High

Moderate

Low

Total

High

Moderate

Low

Total

High

Moderate

Low

Total

High

Moderate

Low

Total

73

706

1696

2475

143

1198

1134

2475

231

1318

926

2475

106

1038

1331

2475

2.95%

28.53%

68.53

100.00%

5.78%

48.40%

45.82%

100.00%

9.33%

53.25%

37.41%

100.00%

4.28%

41.94%

5378%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage


Frequency

Frequency

Citizens Participation in Planning Meeting for Social Services Deliveries

Government consulting Citizens on decisions

Yes

No

Total

Yes always

Yes sometimes

No

Total

519

1356

2475

44

681

1750

2475

20.97%

79.03%

100.00%

1.78%

27.52%

70.71

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

48.00%

33.74%

16.48%

1.78%

Responsiveness to citizens’ concerns and needs

Not at all Slightly Somewhat Completely

Fig. 16.5: How government responds to citizen's concerns and needs.


The most acceptable good governance practices by the supply side of demand (government) are to consult the demand side of governance (citizens) before any decisions and policies are made.

Another aspect where the opinion of the citizens was sought is in the area of government informing the citizens on how public funds are utilized. The result shows that 78.06% of the respondents were not informed on how public funds are utilized (see table 16.9). This citizens’ reaction is not building public trust and not believing in the spirit of accountability and transparency.

Table 16.9: Government Inform Citizens on How Public Funds are Utilized

With respect to awareness on citizens monitoring government delivery of services in the community, 67.88% of the respondents are not aware that they can monitor government activities most especially in the delivery of services. This shows that the level of awareness is low and this might have deterred the level of participation of citizens.

Table 16.10: Awareness in Monitoring Government Activities in the Delivery of Services

In furtherance of monitoring of government deliveries of services, respondents were asked whether they have raised complaints to any level of government over poor public service delivery. The outcome of the analysis shows that 85.45% of the respondents did not raise any complaints. The question that comes to mind is, “does the government have a platform were complaints could be submitted? However, the result on government consulting the citizens on decisions validates this result. If government does not consult, how does the government get feedback? If they do consult, do they respond to the citizen's concerns' and needs? (see figure 16.4).


16.4 PHASE FOURAccess to InformationAccess to information is however not new within the Nigeria context, this birthed the Freedom of Information Act with almost 11 years of struggle before the enactment. The implementation of this act became another struggle for the organized civil society in terms of using the act.

In the last few years, MDAs at the Federal Government Level are gradually subjecting to the principles of the FOI and this was reflected in a recent report ranking compliance level of MDAs, 191 public i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d 1 2 s e c u r i t y a g e n c i e s w e r e ra n ke d . S e e t h e f u l l r e p o r t https://dgroups.org/?8v2nftw0.0. This shows there is gradual improvement in the application of the Act.

At the sub-national government, most of the public offices are still adamant in the adoption and the application of the act with the notion that the act is not applicable to the Sub-national government, however, a recent court judgment by the Federal High Court in Ondo State and Oyo State negate this ideology. The matter awaits the final judgment by the highest court of law in Nigeria “The Supreme Court of Law”.

Another major problem about the FOI act is the citizen's awareness on the power given to them in engaging the State actors. It is quite unfortunate that many citizens do not know that there is a policy on freedom of information. This was asserted by the outcome of the household survey. The result shows that 78.14% are not aware of the policy that governs right to access information.



Frequency

Frequency

Government inform citizens on how public funds are utilized

Monitoring Government Activities in the delivery of services

Yes often

Yes sometimes

No, never

Total

Yes

No

Total

1.21%

20.73%

78.06%

100.00%

32.12%

67.88%

100.00%

30

513

1932

2475

795

1680

2475

Percentage

Percentage

14.55%

85.45%

Yes No

Fig. 16.6: Complaints raised to any level of government over poor public service delivery.


Table 16.11: Policy that Governs Access to Information

Although, the awareness on the rights to access information is on the average, as 55.03% agreed they are aware on their rights to access information but their awareness of the policy is still very low.

Table 16.12: Awareness on Rights to Access Information

Lack of information continues to frustrate people's ability to make choices, participate in governance and hold governments accountable for their actions. This unfortunate fact is especially true for the poor and marginalized who need information the most. In particular, the lack of easily accessible information continues to prevent people from being aware of their human rights and demand that governments turn them into practical realities.

The questions further asked whether Government openly shares the necessary information with the public and the result shows that 52.81% (see table 16.13) of the respondents disagree that government does not share necessary information and also does not give access to public information.

Table 16.13: Access to Public Information


From the survey, it is also clear that government has failed in the sensitization of citizens on access to information as 89.49% agreed to this fact. Since the citizens are not aware of the policy on access to information, denied access to information, and believe the government does not openly share information with the public, this means that access to knowledge on how public funds are utilized will be denied. This was supported by 70.59% of the respondents.

For easy passage of information to the citizens, the outcome of the survey shows that radio is the best form of media as 56.63% agreed to this. Table 16.14 gives the details.

Table 16.14: Main Source of Public Information

ElectionsElections have been adjudged one of the main determinants of successful democracy. Based on this, the SDGs household survey examined citizens' opinion on elections related issues with emphasis on the 2019 general elections.

Respondents were requested to state if they know that they have the right to vote. The result of the survey expressly shows that the knowledge of the right to vote is on the high side. From the analysis report, 91.27% says they know that they have the right to vote while 8.73% says NO.

16.5 PHASE FIVE



Frequency

Frequency

Policy the governs access to information

Awareness on rights to access information

Yes

No

Total

Yes

No

Total

541

1934

2475

1362

1113

2475

21.86%

78.14%

100.00%

55.03%

44.97%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage


FrequencyGovernment openly share information with the public

Strongly agree

Agree

Disagree

Strongly disagree

Total

Access to Public Information

Yes

No

Total

73

618

1307

477

2475

Frequency

613

1862

2475

2.95%

24.97%

52.81%

19.27%

100.00%

Percentage

24.77%

75.23%

100.00%

Percentage


FrequencyMain Source of Public Information

Newspapers

Radio

Television

Mobile phones

Internet

Word of mouth

Others, specify

Total

132

1399

238

151

276

195

84

2475

5.33%

56.53%

9.62%

6.10%

11.15%

7.88%

3.39%

100.00%

Percentage

0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00%

Yes

No

Fig. 16.7: Knowledge on the right to vote


The need to examine the 2019 General Elections from the citizen's perspective is imperative to the organization of elections in the future. The respondents were asked if they freely express themselves during the last general elections. The response was indeed positive as 76.78% of the respondent says they expressed themselves freely while 23.22% did not express themselves freely.

There are some malpractices that are usually associated with elections; the Household Survey captured three issues in order to get the reactions of the respondents. One of the issue is citizens finding out that someone had vote for them, this was captured and the result shows that only 3.09% has such issue, furthermore, respondents were asked if they were offered items in kind or cash, the result also gave a positive one as 77.95% agreed they were not offered any items. The pressure to vote was also captured, the outcome also was positive as 89.62% agreed they were not pressured (see table 16.15 for details).

Table 16.15: Citizens Perception on 2019 Election Malpractices

Local Government Elections The citizens’ view was not limited to the 2019 general elections extended to local government council elections. The result of the survey shows that 63.56% agreed to vote in the next local government elections.

Table 16.16: Participation in the next LG Elections


For respondents that did not vote during the local government elections, the reasons for not voting was asked and majority (64.63%) were of the opinion that they are not interested in voting at the local governance level (see table 16.17). The outcome of the survey is unfavourable to the implementation of SDGs. However, it could be admitted that the influence of the state government on the administration of local government has undermined the effectiveness of their operations to the extent citizens do not have confidence in the local government council. If the respondents believe that voting in the local government elections does not make any difference, it may be classified into two categories;

(1) The citizens may be of the opinion that the influence of the state government on the local government administration has negative impact on the local government elections.

(2) The opinion may be that if they vote, the undue influence of the state government will not allow the elected officers function to their utmost capacity as financial strength of the local government has been shredded by the state government.

On this basis, the recent call for local government autonomy needs urgent attention so as to restore the confidence to citizens and also foster peoples' participation and also expedite the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals.

Table 16.17:Reasons for not Voting in Local Government Elections

16.6 SDGs Goal Sixteen in Ogun State; Two Years After!!!Citizens' Perception Index of Corruption (CCPI)The perception of the citizens on corruption have not changed since the 2017 household baseline survey as over 70% of the citizens believes corruption is a major problem in this country. As per rating of public institutions in the State, the police still take the lead while the governors still maintain the second position.

In rating of the performance of public leaders from the citizen's perspective, all the public leaders are still rated poorly after the baseline survey in 2017. There happens to be a change in the citizen's perception on respect for human rights in Nigeria as there was a drop in rating. In 2017, 52.9% agreed that human rights are respected but the rating as drop as only 32.69% agreed that human rights are respected.

In rating the delivery of justice in state, the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) still maintain the poor status, however, the institutions rated in 2019 differs from the 2017 household baseline only the NPF was retained. Citizens' perception on the level of trust in the delivery of justice, the NPF is still rated low.

A Review of the 2019 General Election: Citizens’ Perspective


Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

During the last General Elections, did you find that someone had already voted in your name?

Yes

No

Total

Yes

No

Total

357

1262

2475

168

1451

1619

22.05%

77.95

100.00%

10.38%

89.62%

100.00%

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Yes

No

Total

50

1569

2475

3.09%

96.91%

100.00%

Were you offered any goods in kind or otherwise to vote during the last elections

During the last General Elections, were you pressured to vote in anyway


FrequencyLocal Government Elections

Yes

No

Total

1573

902

2475

63.56%

36.44%

100.00%

Percentage


FrequencyReason for not voting in the Local Government Elections

Voting does not make a difference

Not interested in Local Governance

Total

319

583

902

35.37%

64.63%

100.00%

Percentage


With respect to citizen's participation in planning meeting the citizens maintained non-participation. On information on the utilization of public funds and citizen's awareness on monitoring government activities in the delivery of services, the result still shows a negative one after two years of conducting the household baseline survey in 2017.

With regards to awareness on policy that governs access to information, no changes have been effected as most citizens are still not aware on the policy that governs access to information, and also, the high percentage of the citizens still maintain that they disagree on government openly sharing necessary information with the public.

For dissemination of information, radio has been adjudged the best medium as the results for the 2017 Household Baseline and the 2019 Household Survey.

In comparing the 2017 Household Baseline survey outcome and the 2019 household survey on Elections, it was observed that most of the respondents acknowledged that elections was conducted well but there were changes in the response to voting during the local government elections.

The outcome shows in the baseline study that over 50% of the respondents said they did not vote in the LG elections and agreed that the reason is because voting during the LG elections does not make any difference. However, from the 2019 household survey, there was a positive increase as respondents; over 60% agreed to vote during the next local government elections. See the chart below.


16.7 Suggestions and Recommendations(1) Adopt Open Government Partnership in order to enhance citizen's participation in

governance.(2) Domesticate the Freedom of Information Act 2011.(3) Make public documents in public domain.(4) Sensitize the citizens on access public document for accountability and transparency.

Works Consulted(1) https://soapboxie.com/world-politics/Corruption-in-Nigeria(2) https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/

Sustainable%20Development/2030%20Agenda/Discussion_Paper_LNOB_EN_lres.pdf(3) https://www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/democratic-

governance/dg-publications-for-website/access-to-information-practice-note/A2I_PN_English.pdf

Fig. 16.8: Local government elections; 2017 and 2019 responses.

43.00% 63.56%

0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00% 120.00%

Local Government Elections

2017 2019

2eh0ol1d s9urvey rep rt - jdpc ijebu-ode · 2020. 1. 20. · vi do not leave us behind 7.1 access...

Documents