2º eso unit 1 living beings nutrition

1. The living beings unita. Levels of organization of living beings

b. The cellb. The cell

2. Living beings nutrition

3. Cellular metabolism

Authotrophic nutrition4. Authotrophic nutrition

5. Heterotrophic nutrition

� Living beings have important common characteristics:

1. They all are made up of the same chemicalsubstances: biomolecules

2. They all are made up of one or more cells. A cell isthe basic structural and functional unit in allorganism: it is the smallest unit that can carry outorganism: it is the smallest unit that can carry outthe 3 vital functions: nutrition, interaction and reproduction

3. They carry out the 3 vital functions.

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1. The living beings unit (cont.)1. The living beings unit (cont.)1. The living beings unit (cont.)1. The living beings unit (cont.)1. The living beings unit (cont.)1. The living beings unit (cont.)1. The living beings unit (cont.)1. The living beings unit (cont.)a. Levels of organization of living beingsa. Levels of organization of living beingsa. Levels of organization of living beingsa. Levels of organization of living beingsa. Levels of organization of living beingsa. Levels of organization of living beingsa. Levels of organization of living beingsa. Levels of organization of living beings

1. 1. ATOMATOM◦ The smallest unit of an element that has the ◦ The smallest unit of an element that has the

chemical properties of that element.

◦ It’s made up of subatomic particles: neutrons, protons and electrons.

�Ex: A hydrogen atom

2. 2. MOLECULEMOLECULE2. 2. MOLECULEMOLECULE◦ Two or more atoms that are joined by chemical

bonds.◦ Molecules that made up living beings are called……

… BIOMOLECULES! … BIOMOLECULES! ☺☺☺☺ and there are two types:1.1. Inorganic:Inorganic:We can find them in living things but also,

in no living things.in no living things.1. WATER: Livings being are made up of a high

percentage of water. (63% of our body’s mass)

2. MINERAL SALTS: They have different functions in the body

� Structural � Bones (Calcium: Ca)� Structural � Bones (Calcium: Ca)

� Allow organs to function correctly� Muscles (Potassium: K)

� Cell regulation

… BIOMOLECULES! … BIOMOLECULES! ☺☺☺☺ and there are two types:2.2. OrganicOrganic: : We can find them ONLY in living beings. They all

have a carbon skeleton (some carbon atoms bonded tohave a carbon skeleton (some carbon atoms bonded tohydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms)

a. CARBOHYDRATES:a. CARBOHYDRATES:� Basic unit: monosaccharides

� Functions: To store “energy” (starch & glucose) and structural(cellulose)

MONOSACCHARYDESMONOSACCHARYDES Ex. Glucose

CARBOHYDRATES

Or GLUCIDES

MONOSACCHARYDESMONOSACCHARYDES Ex. Glucose

DISACCHARYDESDISACCHARYDESEx. Sucrose

Lactose

POLYSACCHARIDESPOLYSACCHARIDESEx. Starch

Cellulose

1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. TheTheTheTheTheTheTheThe living living living living living living living living beingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeings unitunitunitunitunitunitunitunit (cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. LevelsLevelsLevelsLevelsLevelsLevelsLevelsLevels of of of of of of of of organizationorganizationorganizationorganizationorganizationorganizationorganizationorganization of living of living of living of living of living of living of living of living beingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeings (cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)

BIOMOLECULES! BIOMOLECULES! ☺☺☺☺2.2. OrganicOrganic::

b. LIPIDS:b. LIPIDS:b. LIPIDS:b. LIPIDS:

� Basic unit of some of them: fatty acids.

� Functions: To store “energy” (fats), structural (cholesterol),

hormones, etc…

� Ex: Fats, cholesterol & oils.

c. PROTEINS:c. PROTEINS:c. PROTEINS:c. PROTEINS:

� Basic unit: amino acids.

� Functions: structural (collagen), to carry oxygen (haemoglobine),

metabolism (enzymes), etc…

� Ex: Collagen, haemoglobine, enzymes, antibodies...


BIOMOLECULES! BIOMOLECULES! ☺☺☺☺2.2. OrganicOrganic::

d. NUCLEIC ACIDS:d. NUCLEIC ACIDS:d. NUCLEIC ACIDS:d. NUCLEIC ACIDS:

� Basic unit of some of them: nucleotides.

� Functions: To store the genetical information

� Ex: DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) & RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)


3. 3. ORGANELLESORGANELLES◦ Specialized subunit inside a cell that has a specific

function, and is usually surrounded by its own Specialized subunit inside a cell that has a specific function, and is usually surrounded by its own membrane.

◦ Ex: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, vacuoles…

… ◦ … you’ll you’ll you’ll you’ll stydystydystydystydy it in the next point it in the next point it in the next point it in the next point The cellThe cellThe cellThe cell


�� ALIVE LEVELSALIVE LEVELS4. CELL4. CELL◦ The smalles unit that can perform the three vital ◦ The smalles unit that can perform the three vital

functions of all organisms: nutrition, interaction and reproduction.◦ There are 2 types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.


5. TISSUE5. TISSUE◦ Is a set of the same type of cells from the same origin and with specific function.origin and with specific function.◦ There are only tissues in Plants and Animal kingdom.


6. ORGAN6. ORGAN◦ Is a group of tissues that perform a common

function.function.

ANIMALANIMAL PLANTSPLANTS


7. ORGAN SYSTEM7. ORGAN SYSTEM◦ It’s a group of organs that perform a common

function.function.◦ Ex: digestive system, circulatory system, nervous system…


8. ORGANISM8. ORGANISM◦ Any complete living being

BACTERIABACTERIA

ALGAEALGAE

PLANTPLANT

ANIMALANIMAL

PROTOZOAPROTOZOA

FUNGIFUNGI

� Robert Hooke-1665◦ Coined the word “cell” ◦ Looked at cork cells

Coined the word “cell” ◦ Looked at cork cells

� Robert Brown -1831◦ Discovered the "nucleus"

� Theodor Schwann - 1838◦ Cells are unit of biological structure

� Mattias Schleiden – ca. 1850◦ Cells are the fundamental basis of lifeMattias Schleiden – ca. 1850◦ Cells are the fundamental basis of life

� Virchow -1858◦ All cells come from cells

1. Every living organism is made up of at least one cell.least one cell.

2. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of organisms.

3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

CELLCELL

PROCARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC

- Smaller, 1—5 µm

- No organelles

- No nucleus

- DNA in circular loop

- Larger, 8—100 µm

- Membranous organelles

- Nucleus

- DNA in linear chromosomes

� It’s the most primitive type of cell.

� It hasn’t got nucleus, so genetic material isdispersed throughout the cell’s cytoplasm.

� BACTERIA are prokaryotic single-celledorganismsorganisms

� They’re more complicated and evolved

� They have a nucleus, surrounded by a membrane.

� ANIMALS, PROTOZOA, ALGAE, FUNGI and PLANTS are made up of eukaryotic cells.

� We’re going to study 2 differents types of eukaryotic cells:

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

� All Eukaryotic cells have those estructures:

◦ Plasma membrane◦ Plasma membrane

◦ Cytoplasm with organelles

◦ Nucleus (with DNA)

PlantPlantPlantPlantAnimalAnimalCellCellAnimalAnimalCellCell

PlantPlantCellCellPlantPlantCellCell

1. Plasma membrane� The cell membrane surrounds the cell� The cell membrane surrounds the cell� Isolates cytoplasm from environment� Regulates molecular movement into and out

of cell

2. Cytoplasm2. Cytoplasm� This is a gel inside the cell membrane, which

contain all the organelles.� It’s made up of water and

mineral salts.

1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. TheTheTheTheTheTheTheThe living living living living living living living living beingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeings unitunitunitunitunitunitunitunit (cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. TheTheTheTheTheTheTheThe cellcellcellcellcellcellcellcell -------- EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.) EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.) EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.) EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.) EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.) EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.) EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.) EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.)

3. Nucleus� It’s a structure usually located in the center of the � It’s a structure usually located in the center of the

cell.

� It’s a home to the cell’s chromosomes*, surrounded by the nuclear membrane.

* Chromosomes: They are genetic structures that contain information to make new cells. Basically, the instructions for how to make new cells, the DNA. They are made up of DNA with information to make new cells. Basically, the instructions for how to make new cells, the DNA. They are made up of DNA with proteins.


4. Endoplasmatic reticulums: Smooth and RoughRough

� These 2 structures work together producing important products for the cell.� Smooth E.R�� Synthesize lipids� Rough E.R. �� Synthesize proteins (thank to

the Ribosomes)


5. Ribosomes�Site of proteins synthesis�Site of proteins synthesis

�Dark granules, (usually drawn as small circles)

6. Golgi complex� It packs products in the cell to be carried through

the cell in vesicles.the cell in vesicles.


7. Mithocondria� They take the “food” the cell took in (glucose & � They take the “food” the cell took in (glucose &

fatty acids) and turn them into energy. � The energy is needed to carry out activities.� It’s called cellular respiration

NUTRIENTS + O2 �� ENERGY + WASTE + CO2 + H2O


8. Vacuoles� These are fluid-filled structures used to store � These are fluid-filled structures used to store

different substances.

� In animal cells there are often many small vacuoles.� In plant cells there is usually only one vacuole, but

it is larger than, even, the nucleus.


9. Lysosomes• They carry out the digestion of nutrients.• They carry out the digestion of nutrients.

• They are similar to vacuoles, but they have enzymes to do digestion inside.


… and ONLY in PLANT CELLS:10. Cell wall10. Cell wall� A rigid layer, outside the cell membrane

� It’s made up of cellulose

� It provides these cells with structural support and protection

11. Chloroplast� It’s the organelle where photosynthesis takes place.� It’s the organelle where photosynthesis takes place.

� It has chlorophyll inside, that helps to capture the energy from sunlight.

2. Living 2. Living 2. Living 2. Living 2. Living 2. Living 2. Living 2. Living beingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeings’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ nutritionnutritionnutritionnutritionnutritionnutritionnutritionnutrition

� All living beings carry out NUTRITION.

� They do this in order to get the nutrients they need …

1. … to renew and maintain their cells, tissues and organs. � They need matter

2. … to get the energy they need to carry out vital functions, move, produce heat, and allow their functions, move, produce heat, and allow their organs to function and their cells to make the biomolecules that they need.

2. Living 2. Living 2. Living 2. Living 2. Living 2. Living 2. Living 2. Living beingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeingsbeings’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ nutritionnutritionnutritionnutritionnutritionnutritionnutritionnutrition (cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)HUMAN NUTRITION HUMAN NUTRITION HUMAN NUTRITION HUMAN NUTRITION HUMAN NUTRITION HUMAN NUTRITION HUMAN NUTRITION HUMAN NUTRITION

� Humans take food from the environment, but also, they take water and O2.

What human systems do take part in the��What human systems do take part in thenutrition?

� Only the digestive systemFALSE

� Digestive system: to get nutrients from the foodby means of the digestionby means of the digestion

� Respiratory system: to get O2 and throw out CO2

� Circulatory system: to transport nutrients and gases

� Excretory system: to expel waste products.


1. 1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEMDIGESTIVE SYSTEM

2. 2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM2. 2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM


3. 3. CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM

4. 4. EXCRETORY SYSTEMEXCRETORY SYSTEM4. 4. EXCRETORY SYSTEMEXCRETORY SYSTEM

3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. CellularCellularCellularCellularCellularCellularCellularCellular metabolismmetabolismmetabolismmetabolismmetabolismmetabolismmetabolismmetabolism

� METABOLISM: is the set of chemical reactions that happen inside the cell. There are 2 types:

CATABOLISM: Chemical reactions to get more1. CATABOLISM: Chemical reactions to get moresimple molecules and energy by means ofbreaking out biomolecules.

2. ANABOLISM: Chemical reactions to get largermolecules, to renew cell structures and to growstructures. Those reactions need energy.molecules, to renew cell structures and to growstructures. Those reactions need energy.

3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. CellularCellularCellularCellularCellularCellularCellularCellular metabolismmetabolismmetabolismmetabolismmetabolismmetabolismmetabolismmetabolism (cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)(cont.)

1. CATABOLISMCATABOLISM� Is the set of metabolic pathways that break down

molecules into smaller units and get energy.molecules into smaller units and get energy.* ATP is the energy-coin of the cell� Large molecules such as polysaccharides, lipids and

proteins, are broken down into smaller units suchas monosaccharides, fatty acids, and amino acids, respectively.

Ex: Cellular respiration (with O2) & Fermentation(without O2)

NUTRIENTS + O2 �� ENERGY (ATPATP) + WASTE + CO2 + H2O

3. 3. CellularCellular metabolismmetabolism (cont.)(cont.)

1. 1. CATABOLISM: CELLULAR RESPIRATIONCATABOLISM: CELLULAR RESPIRATION

� It happens inside the� It happens inside themitochondria .

� This process is alsocalled aerobicrespiration (withoxygen)oxygen)

4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITIONAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITIONAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITIONAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITIONAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITIONAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITIONAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITIONAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION

� Autotrophic living beings canmake their own “food” togrow.grow.

� They make organic matterfrom inorganic matter, by…

�� PHOTOSYNTHESIS: PHOTOSYNTHESIS: They�� PHOTOSYNTHESIS: PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Theyuse the energy fromsunlight.

�� ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis: : They use the energy from otherchemical reactions.

� Autotrophic nutrition occurs in plants, algae and some bacterias.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (cont.).).).).).).).)

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: PHOTOSYNTHESIS: � It has the following stages:

1. Nutrients are taken in from the environment. Theyare inorganic molecules: � water and mineral salts (absorbed through the

roots) � RAW SAP (transport by the xylem)roots) � RAW SAP (transport by the xylem)� Carbon dioxide (CO2) which plants take in

directly through the leaves.


2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

� It takes place in the chloroplasts ofthe plant cell, where the chlorophyllcaptures the energy from sunlight.captures the energy from sunlight.

� The water, mineral salts & the CO2

are used to produce organic matterare used to produce organic mattersuch as glucose.

� Oxygen is realeased to the air(through stoma)


3. ORGANIC MATTER IS USED:

� The organic matter is:• used in the same cell orused in the same cell or

• transported to other organs � ELABORATED SAP (through the phloem)

� The organic matter is used: • To renew their structures.

Ex. To make cellulose (Cell wall)Ex. To make cellulose (Cell wall)

• To grow• To carry out the cellular respiration in the

mitochondrion, to release energy (ATP).� http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/tooncell.htm

� http://www.sinauer.com/cooper5e/animation1401.html


�� GREENHOUSE EFFECTGREENHOUSE EFFECT

4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (contAUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (cont.).).).).).).).)�� GREENHOUSE EFFECTGREENHOUSE EFFECT

5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION

� Heterotrophic living beings use to feed on organic matter from other living or dead living beings.

Heterotrophic nutrition occurs in animals, fungi, � Heterotrophic nutrition occurs in animals, fungi, protozoas and some bacterias.

� They use the organic matter from other living beings to:� Renew structures and grow� Renew structures and grow� Get energy

5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:AnimalsAnimalsAnimalsAnimalsAnimalsAnimalsAnimalsAnimals nutritionnutritionnutritionnutritionnutritionnutritionnutritionnutrition


� The digestive process include 4 stages:1.1. Ingestion: Ingestion: To take in the food2.2. Digestion:Digestion: to break the complex molecules of the 2.2. Digestion:Digestion: to break the complex molecules of the

food in simpler molecules of nutrients. It can be:

DigestionDigestion

IntracellularInside the cells of the digestive system.

Ex: Sponges

ExtracellularOutside the cells of the difestive system

Ex: HumansEx: Humans

DigestionDigestion

InternalInside the body

Ex: humans

ExternalOutside the body, with chemical substancesreleases from the body. Ex: fungis, spiders


� The digestive process include 4 stages:3.3. AbsortionAbsortion: : Nutrients go inside the blood through

the capillary walls.the capillary walls.

4.4. Faecal Faecal egestionegestion..


� There are different types of digestive systems. It depends of how evolved the animals are.

Digestive tube Digestive tubes Digestive tube of a carnivore

Digestive tubes

Digestive tube of a non-ruminant

Digestive tube of a ruminant

herbivore

a non-ruminant herbivore

gastrovascular cavity

5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:

� There are different types of living beings, depending on what kind of food they take in.

1. HERBIVORES:1. HERBIVORES:1. HERBIVORES:1. HERBIVORES:• They only eat plants, flowers, fruits… • Ex: Cow, koala, bees

2. CARNIVORES:2. CARNIVORES:• They only eat animals• Ex: Lion, cocodrile

3. OMNIVORES:3. OMNIVORES:• They eat animals and plants• Ex: Humans, pigs

5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:NUTRITION:

4. SAPROPHYTES:4. SAPROPHYTES:• They take in substances from dead organisms or decaying organic

matter… matter… • They “recycle” the organic matter into inorganic matter, and it’s

available again for plants' nutrition.• Ex: Fungi, bacteria

55. PARASITES:. PARASITES:• They live in or on another living being and feeds on it.• They live in or on another living being and feeds on it.• Ex: Worms, fungi, bacteria.

2º eso unit 1 living beings nutrition

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