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Read each slide then use the red or some underlined

words to complete the organizer.

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S6E1. Students will explore current scientific views of the universe and how those views

evolved. • a. Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basic

historical scientific models (geocentric, heliocentric) as they describe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes the formation of the universe.

• b. Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Way galaxy and the universe.

• c. Compare and contrast the planets in terms of • Size relative to the earth • Surface and atmospheric features • Relative distance from the sun • Ability to support life • e. Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in

the solar system. • f. Describe the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteors.

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Did it start as a bang!

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The Expanding Universe

A. The Big Bang Theory:

Idea that all matter began in an infinitely small point and exploded out in all directions

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Galaxies: _____________________ ___________________________________________________________

Billions of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity

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UNIVERSE

Let’s start out big and work our way down

VIRGO SUPER CLUSTER

LOCAL GROUP

GALAXY: BILLIONS OF STARS, DUST AND GAS

HELD TOGETHER BY GRAVITY

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Universe

ALL space and everything that is in it.

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Supercluster

Virgo

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• ________________ was an astronomer in the 1920s who gathered many pictures of galaxies

Who knew?

• noticed they all didn’t look alike

• decided to classify them by the way they looked into 3 types

• “E” or _____________________

• “S” or _____________________

• “SB” or ____________________

Spiral

Barred Spiral

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Galaxies

• Galaxies are grouped together in clusters.

• The cluster the Milky Way belongs to is called the Local Group.

•Three types of galaxies:

• Cluster of galaxies

Elliptical Spiral Irregular

Three types of galaxies:

The Hubble Tuning Fork

Where do we live? Earth’s Galaxy—and Others

• Galaxies are grouped together in clusters.

• The cluster the Milky Way belongs to is called the Local Group.

• Cluster of galaxies

Spiral Galaxies• Spiral Galaxies: Circular

galaxies that have arms curve outward from a central hub.

–Arms are made up of stars and dust

• Two spiral galaxies!!

Illustration/draw and label:

Spiral Galaxy

disk

bulge

halo

Elliptical Galaxies Most common type of galaxy; large three-dimensional football shaped galaxies.

-Contain mostly older and dimmer stars.Vary in shape from completely round to extremely

elongated ovals. Unlike spiral galaxies

No bright nucleus at their center. Elliptical galaxies are represented by the letter E

Divided into seven subgroups according to their shape. These subgroups are labeled E0 to E7. E0 galaxies nearly circular in shape while E7 galaxies are extremely elongated or stretched out.

Illustrate / Draw Elliptical

Irregular Galaxies

• Come in many different shapes and are smaller and less common

• Irregular Galaxies - No regular shape, includes nebulas, with no central bulge or spiral arms.

Illustrate/ Draw:

Earth’s Galaxy

• Galaxy: A large group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity.

• Milky Way: Our galaxy which contains about 200 billion stars and many nebulas

• Spiral Galaxies

The Milky Way Galaxy• The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar

System which is just one of the several galaxies of the universe.

• . This name derives from its appearance as a dim "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky, in which the naked eye cannot distinguish individual stars.

• 100,000 light years in diameter• Our sun orbits the center of the galaxy once every 240

million years

• A barred spiral galaxy• Contains over 200 billion stars

• Its where we live!!!!!

Solar System

Our star (Sun), the planets, many moons, and other small bodies that

ALL travel around the Sun

Solar System

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What do we see in the sky?• The stars move in the sky but

not with respect to each other• The planets (or “wanderers”)

move differently from stars– They move with respect to the

stars– They exhibit strange

retrograde motion• What does all this mean?• How can we explain these

movements?• What does the universe

look like?

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The Great Debate! •Heraclides (330 B.C.)

developed the first Solar System model, beginning of the geocentric versus heliocentric debate

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Timeline

Copernicus

1473-1543

Tycho

1546-1601Kepler

1571-1630

Galileo

1564-1642 Newton

1642-1727

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Geocentric (Ptolemaic) System

•The theory (in Greek, geo means earth), which maintained that Earth was the center of the universe, usually referring to the system of Claudius Ptolemy.

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Geocentric (Ptolemaic) System

•The accepted model for 1400 years

•The earth is at the center•The Sun, stars, and

planets on their spheres revolve around the earth: explains daily movement

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Geocentric (Ptolemaic) System cont’…

•To account for unusual planetary motion epicycles were introduced

•Fit the Greek model of heavenly perfection – spheres are the perfect shape, circular the perfect motion

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Illustrate/ Draw model:

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Heliocentric (Copernican) System•The word "helios" in

Greek means "sun." Heliocentric means that the sun is at the center. A heliocentric system is one in which the planets revolve around a fixed sun.

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Helio- continued

•Thus Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn all revolve around the sun. The moon is the only celestial sphere in this system which revolves around the earth, and, together with it, around the sun.

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Heliocentric (Copernican) System

•Sun at center (heliocentric)

•Uniform, circular motion–No epicycles (almost)

• Moon orbited the earth, the earth orbited the sun as another planet

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Heliocentric (Copernican) System

•Planets and stars still on fixed spheres, stars don’t move

•The daily motion of the stars results from the Earth’s spin

•The annual motion of the stars results from the Earth’s orbit

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Please Illustrate/ Pick one!

Our Solar System

A Write On Activity

Our Solar SystemOur solar system is

made up of: Sun Nine planets Their moons Asteroids Comets Meteoros

Inner PlanetsThe inner four rocky / Terrestrial

planets. These planets have hard rock crusts, and dense rock and metal cores are:

Mercury Venus Earth Mars

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Mercury• Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun.• Mercury rotates the Sun in only 88 days.• Mercury rotates very slowly on its axis

with one day taking 58 Earth days.• Mercury barely has any atmosphere, but

does have glaciers.• Called a morning star. This is because

Mercury shines brightly in the early morning just before the sun rises. It has also been called an evening star for the same reason. Mercury is often visible for a brief period of time just after the Sun sets.

Venus Sister planet to Earth Size and

structure is VERY similar to Earth, often called "Earth's Twin"

Has no moons or r ings Hot, thick atmosphere Brightest object in sky besides sun

and moon (looks l ike bright star) Covered with craters, volcanoes, and

mountains

Earth Third planet from sun Only planet known to have l ife and

liquid water Atmosphere composed of composed of

Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), and other gases (1%).

Mars Fourth planet from sun Appears as bright reddish color in the

night sky Called "the Red Planet" because it surface is covered with iron oxide- RUST! Proves that Mars once had free oxygen molecules in its atmosphere.

Surface features volcanoes and huge dust storms

Has 2 moons: Phobos and Deimos

Outer Planets

A gas giant (sometimes also known as a jovian planet after the planet Jupiter, or giant planet) is a massive planet with a thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium

Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

Jupiter Largest planet in solar system Brightest planet in sky 60+ moons, 5 visible from Earth Strong magnetic f ield Giant red spot Rings have 3 parts: Halo Ring,

Main Ring, Gossamer Ring

Saturn 6 t h planet from sun Seven thin, f lat rings not solid but

made up of particles of ice, dust and rocks

31 moons Largest moon, Titan, Easily visible in the night sky A lightweight planet and it spins so

fast Voyager explored Saturn and its

rings.

Uranus 7 t h planet from sun Has a faint r ing system 27 known moons Covered with clouds Sits and spins on its side with

the north and south poles sticking out the sides.

Neptune 8 t h planet from sun Discovered through math 7 known moons Triton largest moon Storm called the "Great Dark

Spot" because it appears as a dark oval shape on the surface of the planet.

Great Dark Spot thought to be a hole, similar to the hole in the ozone layer on Earth

Pluto our dwarf

Pluto, the outermost planet, is a small, icy "dwarf planet“ it is smaller than the Earth's Moon.

Pluto 9 t h planet from sun (usually) Never visited by spacecraft Orbits very slowly Moon, Charon, is very

close to Pluto and about the same size

Comet- chunks of ice and dust

• Has an elliptical orbit around Sun• Has a head (nucleus and coma) and

tail.• Tail always points away from sun.

Comets: Orbit

Asteroids-

Larger chunks of rock Vary in size and shape In Asteroid Belt between

Mars and Jupiter Revolve around sun in 3-

6 years

Asteroids: I l lustrate /draw

Meteoroids- smaller chunks of rock and dust in space.

1. randomly move about space ; no specific orbit

2. come from remains of comets and asteroids

• Meteor- a meteoroid that burns in the atmosphere- produces a streak of light.

nickname: “Shooting star”

•MeteoriTe- a meteoroid that doesn’t burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere. It Touches Earth.

Solar SystemActivit ies

Order the Planets  Fun with Planets Constellations of the Northern

Sky Planets Solar System