The Periodic Table

Alabama Course of Study Standard

3.) Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and the mass of an element using the periodic table.

• Locating metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and noble gases on the periodic table

• Using data about the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom to determine its reactivity

Bell Ringer Give the elemental symbol for the elements below:

1 Hydrogen2 Sulfur3 Flourine4 Helium5 Silicon6 Boron7 Carbon8 Nitrogen9 Sodium10 Calcium

Bell Ringer Give the elemental symbol for the elements below:

1 Hydrogen H2 Sulfur S3 Fluorine F4 Helium He5 SiliconSi6 Boron B7 Carbon C8 Nitrogen N9 Sodium Na10 Calcium Ca

You are going to create a seating chart for the

students in this class. The purpose is to organize the class in rows or groups. You can group them any way that you want, but

you must have a reason for placing each student where you place them.

Write the name of each of your classmates in the place that you think they should sit.

Now, explain why/how you grouped the students the way that you did.

Start-Up Activity

Suppose that you

went to a movie store and all the dvd’s were mixed together. How could you tell the comedies from the action movies? If the dvd’s were not arranged in a pattern, you wouldn’t know what kind of movie you had chosen!

Arranging the Elements

I need 3 volunteers! Two stand that the front next to each other. Let’s list characteristics that they share. Swap one student out for the third. Let’s list characteristics that they share. Now, let’s compare the two lists. What are the similarities and differences?

Demonstration

The Puzzle

Jot Notes

Scientists in the early 1860s had a problem. At that time, scientists knew of some of the *properties of more

than 60 elements. No one had organized the elements according to these properties. Organizing the elements according to their properties would help

scientists understand how elements interact with each other.

*property-An attribute, characteristic, or quality

1869….Dmitri Mendeleev

(Russian teacher and chemist) Discovered a pattern in the

elements Wrote the names and properties of

the elements on cards Arranged them in many different

ways (density, appearance, melting point, etc.)

After much thought, he arranged them in order of increasing atomic mass

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Mendeleev had arranged elements based on

increasing atomic mass.

How had Mendeleev arranged elements when he noticed a pattern?

Mendeleev saw that when the elements were arranged in

order of increasing atomic mass, those that had similar properties occurred in a repeating pattern.

This is the pattern that was periodic. Periodic means “happening at regular intervals”

Example: The days of the week are periodic. They repeat in the same

order every 7 days. Similarly, Mendeleev found that the elements’ properties

followed a pattern that repeated every 7 elements. His table became known as the periodic table of the

elements.

Periodic Properties of the Elements

The Genius

Jot Notes

He called this element eka-Aluminum.

Later it was renamed Gallium after its

discovery in 1875

Mendeleev’s first try at arranging the elements.

In approximately twenty words, explain what

we discussed today.

GIST

Who was credited with the

development of the periodic table?

Bell Ringer

The question marks show gaps in the pattern. Mendeleev predicted elements that had not been

found yet. He used the pattern he found to predict their

properties. By 1886, all of the gaps had been filled. His predictions were right.

Predicting Properties of Missing Elements

1914, Henry Moseley

British Scientist Determined the number

of protons –the atomic number-in an atom

Redesigned the periodic table to be arranged by atomic number

“Periodic” - Repeating patterns

Listed in order of increasing number of protons (atomic #)

Properties of elements repeat Periodic Law- when elements arranged by

increasing number of protons, properties repeat in pattern

The Modern Periodic Table

Turn to page 338-339 in your book. You are going to work in a small group to answer the following

questions.

1. What information does each square on the periodic table show?

2. How many elements are liquid at room temperature? 3. How many elements are gases at room temperature? 4. How many elements are metals? 5. How many elements are metalloids? 6. How many elements are nonmetals? 7. How many groups are the elements divided into? 8. How many periods are the elements divided into?

Co-op Learning Activity

Worksheet

What are periods in regards to the periodic

table?

Who came up with the modern version of the periodic table?

What did he do differently?

Exit Slip

What is the atomic number for Chlorine?

How many protons are in an atom of Na?

Bell Ringer

At first glance, you might think studying the periodic table

is like trying to explore a thick jungle without a guide– you can easily get lost! However, the table itself contains a lot of information that will help you along the way.

Elements are classified as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids, according to their properties.

The number of electrons in the outer energy level of an atom is one characteristic that helps determine which category an element belongs in.

The zigzag line on the periodic table can help you recognize which elements are metals, which are nonmetals, and which are metalloids.

The Periodic Table and Classes of Elements

Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids

Foldable Create a 3 Panel Flip

Chart Fold your paper hot

dog style Make two cuts on one

side only Label the flaps Metal,

Nonmetal, and Metalloid

Most elements are metals.

They can be found to the left of the zigzag line on the table.

Atoms of most metals have few electrons in their outer energy level.

Most are solid at room temperature. Mercury is a liquid at

room temperature.

Metals

Metals are usually shiny (luster).

Mirrors have a thin coat of silver

Ductile-can be drawn into thin wires

Conductors- good for electricity and thermal energy

Malleable-can be flattened with a hammer and will not shatter

Properties of Metals

Found to the right of the zigzag line on the table

Atoms of most nonmetals have an almost complete set of electrons in their outer level.

Atoms of the elements in Group 18, the noble gases, have a complete set of electrons.

More than half of the nonmetals are gases at room temperature. (low boiling point)

Properties are generally opposite of metals

Non-Metals

Poor conductors of heat

and electricity Low boiling points Many are gases at room

temperature but can be found in solid or liquid form also

Not Malleable -Solid, non-metals are brittle (break easily)

Not Lustrous- not shiny Chemical properties vary

Non-Metals

Also called Semiconductors conduct electric current more

easily than nonmetals but less easily than metals

Border the zigzag line on the table

Have a bout half of a complete set of electrons in their outer energy level

Have properties similar to metals and non-metals

Metalloids

Tellurium is shiny, but it is

brittle and can be easily smashed into a powder.

Boron is almost as hard as a diamond, but it is also very brittle. At high temperatures, it is a good conductor of electrical current.

Metalloids

Decoding the Periodic Table

Element Key

Important information about an element is given in each square of the periodic table: its atomic number chemical symbol element name average atomic mass

6

CCarbon12.01

For example:Carbon has atomic # 6 (or has 6 protons), an average atomic mass of 12.01 and a symbol of C

One Pager

You have one page to summarize what we have learned today.

Be accurate.

Bell Ringer What is the atomic mass for Boron?

How many electrons are in an atom of Cl?

Periods vs. Groups

Physical and Chemical properties of elements in a row follow a repeating or periodic pattern as you move across the period.

Metallic properties decrease as we move to the right Ability to lose an electron decreases Ability to gain electrons increases

Variation Across a Period: Left to Right

-horizontal (left – right)-called a period-properties change greatly across

period-first element in period is very active

metal-last element in most periods is noble

gas-7 periods (number them on your

periodic table)

Rows in the Periodic Table

-vertical (top to bottom) -called groups or families-numbered 1-18 or 1A through 8A-elements in same family have

similar properties

Columns in the Periodic Table

Mendeleev developed the first periodic table

by listing the elements in order of increasing atomic mass.

He used his table to predict that elements with certain properties would be discovered later.

Summary

Properties of elements repeat in a regular, or

periodic, pattern.

Summary

Moseley rearranged the elements in order of

increasing atomic number.

Summary

The periodic law states that the repeating

chemical and physical properties of elements relate to and depend on elements’ atomic numbers.

Summary

Elements in the periodic table are classified as

metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

Summary

Each element has a chemical symbol.

A horizontal row of elements is called a period.

Physical and chemical properties of elements change across each period.

Summary

A vertical column of elements is called a group

or family.

Elements in a group usually have similar properties.

Summary

Complete the worksheet.

Directed Reading B Worksheet

Bell Ringer

How do you know that a bird is a bird, that a kangaroo is a kangaroo, and that a shark is a shark? What characteristics of each animal help you to tell the animal apart?

Write what you know about how the groups on

the periodic table are organized.

Write what you would like to know more about.

K-W-L chart

You probably know a family with several

members who look a lot alike. The elements in a family or group in the periodic table often—but not always—have similar properties.

Grouping the Elements

outermost e-’s Responsible for chemical properties Elements in same group have same # of VE ALL atoms want full outer energy level (usually 8 VE) To get full outer energy level, some elements:

lose e- (metals) gain e- (non-metals) share electrons (some non-metals & metalloids)

What exactly are Valence electrons?

Atoms will often take, give, or share electrons with other atoms in order to have a complete set of electrons in their outer energy level. (We called these ions.)

Elements whose atoms undergo such processes are called reactive and can combine to form compounds.

Introducing the 18

major groups (families) on the modern Periodic

Table:

Alkali Metals (1)

-Group Contains: metals -1 valence electron (VE)-very reactive because they

like to give electron away soft, silver-white, shiny

metals Low density never found pure in nature When in their pure form,

they are stored in oil to keep them from reacting with water and oxygen in the air.- *Although the element

hydrogen appears above the alkali metals on the periodic table, it is not considered a member of Group 1.

reactivity increases

potassium

Label the Alkali Metals to your PT

Alkaline-Earth Metals (2)

-Group contains: metals -2 Valence Electrons Very reactive but not as

reactive as alkali metals Color of silver Higher Density than Alkali

metals It is more difficult for

atoms to give two atoms than to give one when joining with other atoms.

often mixed with Aluminum- forms strong/light weight

alloys

magnesium

Magnesium

Used to make steel (light metal w/o losing strength)

photosynthesis (chlorophyll)

Calcium bones & teeth Chalk, limestone,

pearls, plaster

Label the Alkaline Earth Metals to your PT

Write what you have learned today about how

the groups of elements on the periodic table are grouped?

K-W-L

Boron Family (13)

Group contains: one metalloid and 4 metals

3 VE Reactivity: reactive Solids at room

temperature

Boron (metalloid) Hard/brittle never found pure in

nature in borax...used to make

detergents & cosmetics

Aluminum Most common most abundant

metal in earth’s crust

important metal for industry light, strong, slow

to corrode

A coating of aluminum oxide is what makes us able to use this highly reactive metal

Boron Family

13

Al

Aluminum26.9

8

Aluminum

Label the Boron Family on your PT

Carbon Family (14)

- Group contains: one nonmetal, two metalloids, and two metals

- 4 VE- Can gain 4 e-, lose 4

e-, or share e-- Reactivity: varies- Can be found

uncombined or in compounds

silicon

Most compounds in the body contain Carbon

The metalloids Si and Ge are used to make computer chips.

Si 2nd most abundant element in Earth’s crust

Si used to tip saw blades

The metal Tin (Sn) is useful because it is not very reactive.

For example, a tin can is really made of steel coated with tin.

Because the tin is less reactive than steel is, the tin keeps the iron in the steel from rusting.

Label the Carbon Family on your PT

Nitrogen Family (15)

- Group contains: two nonmetals, two metalloids, one metal

- 5 VE - Tend to gain 3 electrons- Reactivity: varies- Solids at room

temperature except for Nitrogen

- N and P used in fertilizers- P on tips of matches

Arsenic

Nitrogen makes up 80% of the air you breathe.

Nitrogen is not very reactive, however, Phosphorus is.

Label the Nitrogen Family on your PT

Oxygen Family (16)- Group contains: three nonmetals, one metalloid,

and one metal- 6 VE- Tend to gain 2 e-- Reactivity: Reactive- All but Oxygen are solids at room temperature- O very abundant element- S used in fertilizers- O makes up 20% of air we breathe

sulfur

Label the Oxygen Family on your PT

Halogen Family (“salt-former”) (17)

-Group contains: nonmetals-7 VE-Reactivity: very reactive

-they only need to gain one electron-poor conductors-violent reactions with alkali metals to

form salts-never in uncombined form in nature-F most active halogen-Although the chemical properties of

halogens are similar, the physical properties are quite different.

F compounds in toothpaste Cl kills bacteria I keeps thyroid gland

working properly

Halogens cont… bromine

Label the Halogen Group on your Periodic Table

The Noble Gases (Inert Gases) (18)-Group contains: nonmetals

- Reactivity: non-reactive 8 VE They are full so they do not

need to lose or gain any electrons.

Normally, they do not react with other elements.

colorless, odorless gas at room temperature

In “neon” lights- in earth’s atmosphere (less

than 1%)

Neon

Label the Noble Gases on your Periodic Table

Hydrogen

Electrons in the outer level: 1 Reactivity: reactive Colorless, odorless gas at room temperature Low density Explosive reactions with oxygen

They properties of hydrogen do not match the properties of any single group, so hydrogen is set apart from the other elements.

It is above group 1 because atoms of the alkali metals also have only one electron in their outer level.

Atoms of hydrogen can give away one electron when they join with other atoms.

It’s physical properties are like those of nonmetals. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the

universe.

Transition Metals (3-12)

Group contains: metals Electrons in the outer level: 1 or 2 Reactivity: less reactive than alkaline-earth

metals Shiny Good conductors Higher density and melting points than Groups

1 and 2 (except for Mercury) Fe, Co, and Ni produce magnetic field

mercury

Groups 3-12 do not have individual names. Instead they are called transition metals. They do not give away their electrons as

easily as Group 1 and Group 2 do. Transition metals are less reactive than alkali

metals and alkaline-earth metals.

Label the Transition Metals on your periodic table

Lanthanide series (period 6) Actinide Series (period 7)

Separated from table to make easy to read/print

silver, silvery-white, or gray metals. Conduct electricity

Rare Earth Elements

uranium

1st row Shiny, reactive metals Used to make steel

Lanthanide

Label the Lanthanide Series on your PT

2nd row All are radioactive or unstable These can be made in labs. Some of these do

not exist in nature.

Actinide

Label the Actinide Series on your PT

Alkali metals (Group 1) are the most reactive

metals. Atoms of the alkali metals have one electron

in their outer level.

Summary

Alkaline-earth metals (Group 2) are less

reactive than the alkali metals are. Atoms of the alkaline-earth metals have two

electrons in their outer level.

Summary

Transition metals (Groups 3-12) include most

of the well-known metals and the lanthanides and actinides.

Summary

Groups 13-16 contain the metalloids and some

metals and nonmetals.

Summary

Halogens (Group 17) are very reactive

nonmetals. Atoms of the halogens have seven electrons in

their outer level.

Summary

Noble gases (Group 18) are unreactive

nonmetals. Atoms of the noble gases have a full set of

electrons in their outer level.

Summary

Hydrogen is set off by itself in the periodic

table. Its properties do not match the properties of

any one group.

Summary

Grouping the Elements

Directed Reading B

Placing All Your Elements on the Table

Reinforcement Worksheet