3. glossary

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Average amount of energy imparted by radiation per unit mass of matter in units of Gray (Gy), where 1

Gy =1 Joule/kg.

Practices developed internationally recognized industry organizations such as, but not limited to:American Society of Testing Methods (ASTM), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),

National Electrical Code (NEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), etc.

The process of an individual adjusting to a change in environment, such as temperature.

Air-operated hoisting winch used extensively on drilling rig floors for rigging and hoisting into derricks,

etc.

Point of attachment for fall protection lifelines, lanyards or deceleration devices that is able to safelysupport the forces generated in arresting a person’s free fall.

The maximum slope, measured in degrees from the horizontal, at which loose material (e.g., sand orgravel) will remain in place without sliding.

A fibrous carcinogenic silicate material containing any of the following minerals: crocidolite, amosite,

chrysotile, fibrous anthophyllite or any mixture containing these minerals.

Any material containing asbestos, such as, but not limited to: cement sheeting, molded insulation, gaskets,ropes, blocks, fire resistant boards, etc.

A person approved by management to provide a specific service or duty based upon their experience,

knowledge and/or education.

A steel plate providing a flat bearing surface for distributing the load from scaffold posts (standards). It

has an integral spigot and fixing holes for use with sills.

A horizontal, transverse scaffold member that may support platform units and which is supported by atleast two runners (ledgers) or connected directly to at least two posts (standards).

A method of protecting personnel from cave-ins by digging the sides of an excavation to form one or

more of a series of horizontal steps, with a vertical rise between each step.

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Rope basket with a canvas or other flexible material base supported by a solid ring on which personnel

stand for transferring from boat to platform and vice versa. Also referred to as a Personnel Carrier.

When the wire rope strands of a wire rope sling are forcibly untwisted and become spread outwards,

forming what looks like a bird cage.

A crane lift in which there is no direct visual contact between the crane operator and the signalman,usually the rigger.

A horizontal transverse scaffold tube upon which the scaffold platform partially rests. Board bearers are

supported by runners (ledgers) and are not installed near a transverse line of posts (standards).

A strap secured about the waist used to provide personnel positioning limits against a fall (i.e., when

climbing a pole or tree). Body belts shall not be used as part of a personal fall arrest system.

An assembly of tubes and couplers forming a frame around a column or other part of a building to

provide an anchor point for scaffold tie tubes. Also known as a column box tie.

A rigid connection of scaffold tubing that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position with respect toanother member to provide rigidity and/or stability to the scaffold.

Two diagonal braces joined at their center to form an “X.” Also referred to as “X” bracing or cross-

braces.

A scaffold tube placed diagonally with respect to the vertical and horizontal members of a scaffoldand subsequently fixed/attached to them to give the scaffold stability.

Diagonal braces installed in the plane of the longer dimension (length) of the scaffold.

Diagonal braces installed in a horizontal plane, normally used in mobile and tower scaffolds.

Diagonal braces installed in the plane of the shorter dimension (width) of the scaffold.

Diagonal braces placed end-to-end and that alternate (“zig-zag”) back and forth.

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A device that is attached to the steel joist to allow the bolting of the bridging to the steel joist.

A device for securing a full- body harness around the user’s body.

A U-shaped bolt used to connect two strands of the same wire rope in order to create a loop. Also knownas a Crosby clip.

A pivoting wheel, with a corresponding wheel lock, which is attached to a vertical post (standard) of amobile scaffold to allow for manual movement of the scaffold.

A hoist device consisting of a loop of operating chain that one pulls through the block which thenactivates the block (lift-wheel) to take up the main lifting chain to lift objects/loads.

Wedges of sturdy material placed behind and in front of a vehicle’s wheels to prevent unintentional

movement.

A wire rope or synthetic fiber rigging assembly that is used to attach a load to a hoisting device.

A temporary enclosure within a water environment constructed to allow water to be displaced in order tocreate a dry work environment.

The process of using press brakes, rolls or other methods to shape steel into the desired cross section atroom temperature.

A load-carrying vertical member that is part of the primary skeletal structural framing system. Columns

do not include posts.

A substance that can be burned. A combustible liquid is defined as a liquid that has a flash point greaterthan 54 °C (129 °F).

A hand powered hoist with a ratchet wheel. Also known as a “ratchet lever hoist.”

A person who has and is able to successfully demonstrate to Saudi Aramco’s satisfaction that he has theknowledge, training and experience to properly solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter

and work.

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A person who has and is able to successfully demonstrate the following:

1. Documented training, experience and knowledge of:a. Soil analysis.

b. Use of shoring and other excavation protective systems.2. Ability to detect:

a. Conditions that could result in sidewall cave-in. b. Failures in excavation protective systems.c. Other excavation-related hazards, including those associated with confined spaces and

dewatering.3. Written authority to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate existing and predictable hazards.

Temporary vertical support members, excluding the formwork, designed to carry the weight of the

formwork, concrete and construction loads.

Any space that:

1. Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit.2. Is not designed for human occupancy.3. Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere.4. Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard(s).Examples of confined spaces include tanks, vessels, vessel skirts, vaults, manholes, sewers, valve boxesand structures or excavations 1.2 m (4 ft) deep or deeper. Areas above floating roof tanks where the top of

the roof is more than 1.2 m (4 ft) below the rim of the tank are also considered confined spaces.

A device used to couple (connect) parts of a personal fall arrest system together. It may be an independentcomponent of the system, such as a carabiner, or an integral component of part of the system, such as a

buckle or D-ring sewn into a full-body harness, or a snap hook spliced or sewn to a lanyard or self-

retracting lifeline.

Personnel working with hoisting equipment to place and connect structural members and/or components.

The ability to properly erect structural steel members without having to alter the overall structural design.

Any load other than the weight of personnel, joists and bridging bundles.

A structured and systematic evaluation of a contractor company’s safety management program and itsimplementation in order for the contractor to be “safety prequalified” to bid on specific types of work for

Saudi Aramco.

A project-specific document which identifies, but is not limited to: work to be performed, managementstructure, hazard identification plan (HIP), and other job site safety management requirements as listed in

the Contractor Safety Administrative Requirements (CSARP), which is Volume One of this manual. The

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CSSP describes how the contractor will meet Saudi Aramco’s safety requirements for the contractedwork.

An area where high levels of radiation exist or may exist during industrial radiographic operations.

An area in which certain steel erection work (for example, initial installation and placement of metaldecking) may take place without the use of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, fall restraint

systems or safety net systems, and where access to the area is controlled.

Lowering a load by means of a mechanical hoist drum device that allows the load to be lowered withmaximum control using the gear train or hydraulic components of the hoist mechanism. Controlled load

lowering requires the use of the hoist drive motor, rather than the load hoist brake, to lower the load.

A prime contractor, general contractor or any other legal entity, which has the overall responsibility for

the planning, quality, construction and completion of a project.

A component or device used to fix scaffold tubes together. Types of couplers include:

A device used for connecting two tubes together at an angle other than 90 degrees.

A device used for fixing a bearer (transom or putlog) to a runner (ledger), or to connect a tube usedonly as a guardrail to a post (standard).

A right-angle coupler added to a loaded joint on an underhung scaffold to provide supplementary

security against slip to the coupler carrying the load.

A device used for externally joining two scaffold tubes co-axially end-to-end. The steel divider islocated centrally to ensure each scaffold tube inserts equally.

A device used for connecting a scaffold tube to a steel wide-flange beam (I-beam). Girder couplers

shall only be used in pairs, one on each opposite flange.

A load bearing coupler used for connecting two tubes together at a right angle. It is a criticalcomponent in the scaffold structure and must resist both slip and distortion.

Lifting equipment consisting of a rotating superstructure with a power plant, operating machinery and boom, mounted on a base and pedestal.

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Lifting equipment consisting of a rotating superstructure with a power plant, operating machinery and

boom, mounted on a base and equipped with crawler treads for travel or mounted on a crane carrierequipped with axles and rubber-tired wheels for travel.

Crane lifts that require an approved Critical Lift Plan (see GI 7.028 and Chapter III-7, Cranes and Lifting Equipment , of this manual).

Crane lifts not classified as critical lifts. Crane configuration shall be with the main boom only.

A person certified by Saudi Aramco as being authorized to operate a specific model and capacity of crane,

and who may also receive additional certifications for performing tandem lifts, pick and carry operations,using crane attachments, or conducting lifts using personnel platforms (manbaskets).

A document (SA Form 9644) that identifies a specific load and subsequent crane operating restrictions.Pertinent information includes crane capacity, rigging configuration and all weights on hook blocks andattachments.

See Bulldog Grip

The mathematical formula used to determine the rated load of each side of a sling bent over a support

(shackle pin, hook, etc.). The D/d ratio is calculated by dividing the diameter of curvature around whichthe body of the sling is bent (D) by the diameter of the sling (d).

The total weight of erected scaffold components, including tubing, couplers, bracing and platform units

(e.g., planks).

A device/switch that automatically stops a power tool or machinery if the human operator becomesincapacitated; is a form of fail-safe.

Any mechanism, such as a rope grab, rip-stitch lanyard, specially woven lanyard, tearing or deforming

lanyard, or automatic self-retracting lifeline/lanyard, that serves to dissipate a substantial amount ofenergy when arresting a free fall or otherwise limits the force imposed on a person during fall arrest.

The additional vertical distance a falling person travels, excluding lifeline elongation and free-fall

distance, before stopping, calculated from the point at which the deceleration device begins to operate. Itis measured as the distance between the location of a person’s full-body harness attachment point at the

moment of activation (at the onset of fall arrest forces) of the deceleration device during a fall and thelocation of that attachment point after the person comes to a full stop.

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A gap or void in a floor, roof or other walking/working surface that is more than 5.1 cm (2 inches) across

at its smallest dimension and less than 30.5 cm (12 inches) across at its greatest dimension. Pre-engineered holes/openings in cellular decking (for wires, cables, etc.) are not included in this definition.

A person with a civil or structural engineering degree, from an internationally recognized 4-yearuniversity, who has successfully demonstrated experience in design and construction of concrete and steelstructures, scaffolding and/or excavations.

An elevated floor of a building or structure designated to receive hoisted pieces of steel prior to final

placement.

When used in Saudi Aramco communications systems, a “disaster” warns personnel about the mostserious form of emergency, where available resources, personnel and materials at the facility are

insufficient to control the situation. The criteria for declaring an emergency a “disaster ” shall be defined

in the facility or area Emergency Response Plan(s).

The value of the effective dose or the equivalent dose of radiation to individuals from controlled practices

that shall not be exceeded.

The calculation of the absorbed dose in matter and tissue resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation.

An attachment method where the connection point is intended for two pieces of steel, which share

common bolts on either side of a central piece.

A structural attachment that, during the installation of a double connection, supports the first memberwhile the second member is connected.

Spare pieces of scrap wood.

A situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property or the environment.

Alternative designs, materials or methods that the Saudi Aramco accepts will provide an equal or greaterdegree of safety for personnel than the methods, materials or designs specified in company/industrystandards or in current use.

The sum total of the average absorbed dose by a tissue or organ multiplied by a radiation weighting factor(WR) over different types of radiation (in mixed radiation fields). The unit of equivalent dose is theSievert (Sv).

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Bolted diagonal bridging required to be installed prior to releasing hoisting cables from steel joists.

A man-made cut, cavity, trench or depression in the earth surface that is formed by earth removal.

A structure that protects personnel inside it by being able to safely withstand the forces imposed by a potential sidewall cave-in on four sides.

Areas where compacted sand berms, concrete blocks, etc., are erected to shield NDT activities and provide controlled access by use of perimeter fences.

A scaffold platform unit equipped with end hooks that engage the scaffold bearer (transom).

Load refusal, buckling, breakage, slippage or separation of scaffolding component parts. For a simplysupported bending member (such as a bearer), load refusal may be taken as the point at which a full depth

plastic hinge forms at the mid-span (plastic moment = yield stress times plastic section modulus).

The form of fall protection which involves the safe stopping of a person already falling.

Any same-level means used to reasonably prevent exposure to an elevated fall hazard. Floors, walls,guardrails and area isolation are means of fall protection, as is a personal fall arrest system (PFAS). SeeFall Arrest and Fall Restraint.

Personal protection that prevents persons who are in a fall hazard area from falling.

An individual who:

• Is aware of the inherent hazards of the work site and of the hot work.• Ensures that safe conditions are maintained during hot work operations.

• Has the authority to stop the hot work operations if unsafe conditions develop.• Has fire extinguishing equipment readily available and is trained in its use.• Is familiar with the facilities and procedures for notifying proper personnel in the event of a fire.

• Watches for fires in all exposed areas and tries to extinguish them only when the fire is obviouslywithin the capacity of the equipment available. If the fire is not within the capacity of the

extinguishing equipment, then the fire watch shall immediately notify proper personnel to activateemergency response.

The range of vapor/air concentrations of flammable liquids or gases which are potentially explosive.

A liquid or gas with a flash point of 54 °C (129 °F) or less.

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The lowest temperature at which a liquid will give off sufficient vapor to ignite when exposed to an open

flame.

See Suspension Trauma Safety Strap

The system of support for freshly poured or partially cured concrete, including the mold or sheathing that

contacts the concrete as well as its supporting members, hardware and bracing.

The act of falling before a personal fall arrest system begins to apply force to stop the fall.

A design of straps that may be secured about a person in a manner to distribute the fall arrest forces overthe thighs, pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders, with means for attaching the harness to other components of

a personal fall arrest system.

A Saudi Aramco document containing minimum requirements on a specific topic.

A hand-operated derrick which has a nearly vertical pole supported by guy ropes; the load is raised on arope that passes through a pulley at the top and over a winch at the foot.

A “Z” or “C” shaped member formed from sheet steel spanning between primary framing and supportingwall material.

A Saudi Aramco capital project for construction of a new plant/unit or facility that is under the control of

Saudi Aramco Project Management (PM) and the construction contractor until startup/occupancy. Agrassroots construction project is normally at a previously undisturbed site. However, a project locatedwithin an existing Saudi Aramco plant or facility is also considered to be a grassroots construction project

if the Saudi Aramco proponent organization has turned over control of the project site to PM and thecontractor until startup/occupancy.

A barrier consisting of toprail (uppermost horizontal rail), midrail (horizontal rail approximately midway

between the top rail and the platform), and toeboard (barrier secured around the bottom of a platform’ssides and ends), with supporting uprights, erected to prevent personnel from falling off an elevated work

area and to prevent objects from falling onto personnel below.

Tension members (i.e., wire ropes) used between the scaffold and the ground, building or structure toenhance the scaffold’s lateral stability.

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Vertical tube similar to, and serving the same load-carrying purpose as, posts (standards), except that

hanger tubes are hung from an existing structure and loaded in tension.

A detailed and systematic identification of potential hazards such as, but not limited to: fire, explosion,

impact, penetration, falls, equipment damage, chemical, heat, electrical, noise, inhalation, radiation,absorption and light (infrared/ultraviolet). It also prescribes steps necessary to mitigate the hazards.

Any atmosphere that may expose an individual to the risk of death, incapacitation, injury or acute illnessfrom one or more of the following causes:

(a) Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 20% or above 23.5%.(b) Flammable gas, vapor or mist in excess of 5% of its lower explosive limit (LEL).

(c) Atmospheric concentration of any substance (particulate, vapor, gas, etc.) greater than or equal tovalues that have been established as a permissible exposure limit (PEL) or recognized threshold limitvalue (TLV).

(d) Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health.

Those areas where fire or explosion hazards may exist due to flammable gases or vapors, flammableliquids, combustible dust or ignitable fibers.

Hazard materials communication as per Saudi Aramco General Instruction 150.100.

A weighted hook that is used to attach loads to the hoist load line of a crane.

Commercially manufactured lifting equipment designed to lift and position loads. Hoisting equipmentincludes, but is not limited to: cranes, derricks, tower cranes, barge-mounted derricks or cranes, gin poles

and gantry hoist systems. A “come-a-long” (mechanical device, see Come-a-Long) is not consideredhoisting equipment.

A certification for non-Saudi Aramco marine personnel from a recognized international institution.

Examples include, but are not limited to: ABS (Dubai), CITB (UK), Singapore Vocational & IndustrialTraining Board, US Navy, US Merchant Marine, Crane Tech (USA) and Emirate Safety Services.

An insulated pole, usually made of fiberglass, used by workers when engaged in live-line working on

energized high-voltage electric power lines.

The surface of a structure or equipment that is hotter than 70 °C (160 °F).

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A pre-engineered support system of aluminum hydraulic cylinders (cross-braces) used with vertical rods

(uprights) or horizontal rods designed specifically to support side walls of an excavation to prevent acave-in.

An atmosphere that poses an immediate hazard to life or poses immediate irreversible debilitating effectson health.

Undesired event or series of events that results or could have resulted in: death, injury, loss of process ordamage to a system or service; vehicle and/or equipment damage or loss; environmental damage; and/or

adversely affecting an activity or function. Also includes events such as a near miss, loss of propertythrough theft, and/or incidental release of a hazardous substance.

A person certified by the Saudi Aramco Inspection Department to perform inspections and certifications

on elevating/lifting equipment (For additional information, refer to Inspector, Scaffold Certification

definition in GI 7.028 and GI 7.030).

Any type of radiation capable of removing an electron from the atom with which it interacts directly such

as: gamma rays, X-rays, alpha particles and beta particles, or indirectly such as neutrons. Ionizingradiation consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that are energetic enough to detach

electrons from atoms or molecules, thus ionizing them Examples of ionizing particles are energetic alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons.

Saudi Aramco employees who are selected by their division or department heads and certified per GI2.100 by Saudi Aramco to issue work permits for restricted areas within their area of responsibility.

A tilted strut on a hydraulic crane that supports a fixed pulley block.

A meeting held by Saudi Aramco for Saudi Aramco-approved contractors for the purpose ofcommunicating all relevant contractual and job scope information, including the safety, health,

environmental and medical requirements, prior to bidding on any grassroots, renovation, upgrade and/ormaintenance contracts.

An expanding fitting placed in the bore of a scaffold post (standard) to connect one post to another

coaxially. This device is used to connect posts (standards) in tube and coupler scaffolds vertically andhandles compression loads, but not tension loads.

King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. The government regulatory agency responsible for

supervising and controlling matters related to sources of ionizing radiation and its use in Saudi Arabia.

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A meeting held by Saudi Aramco and the bid winning contractor after the contract has been awarded and

prior to start of work for the purpose of communicating all relevant contractual and job scopeinformation, including Saudi Aramco safety, health and environmental requirements.

A device used for climbing vertically between levels, including:

A portable ladder that cannot support itself but can be adjusted in length. It consists of two sectionsthat are arranged to permit length adjustment.

A portable ladder that consists of one section that determines its overall length. It cannot support itself

or be adjusted in length.

A document used to request permanent or temporary use of a portion of Saudi Aramco’s reservations

and deeded lands for any specified purpose such as pipelines, flow lines, test lines, communication cables, power lines, burn pits, drilling island sites, GOSP sites, gas plant sites, roads, parking, offices, community building facilities, renovation and replacement of existing facilities, etc. This can include contractorcamps/offices/storage sites, borrow pits or for any other temporary use.

A flexible line of rope, wire rope or strap that is used to secure the full-body harness to a decelerationdevice, lifeline or anchorage.

A specially designed lanyard with a built-in shock absorber (to allow dissipation of energy) that elongates

during a fall so that fall arresting forces are significantly reduced (e.g., by 65 – 80%) when compared to a

traditional webbing or rope lanyard.

The unprotected side and edge of a floor, roof, or formwork for a floor or other walking/working surface

(such as deck) which changes location as additional floor, roof, decking or formwork sections are placed,formed or constructed.

A component consisting of a flexible line for connection to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically

(vertical lifeline) or for connection to anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline)that serves as a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.

The assembly of runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) forming a horizontal level of a scaffold. A lift issimilar to a floor in a building.

A lift erected near to the ground consisting of the first set of runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms).Also known as a “foot lift,” “foot tie” or “kicker lift.”

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The clear distance between a platform and the tubular assembly of the lift above.

The vertical distance between two lifts and is similar to a story in a building.

The weight of personnel, tools and materials added to the dead load that the scaffold or formwork shall bedesigned to accommodate.

Live load for scaffold design and maximum intended loading shall be per the following categories:

Scaffold designed and constructed to carry the weight of personnel only, with no material storage

other than the weight of tools. Commonly used for inspection, painting, access and light work.Uniformly distributed maximum intended load is 120 kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25 lb/ft2).

Scaffold designed and constructed to carry the weight of light materials, tools and personnel.

Scaffolds used for abrasive blast cleaning (“sandblasting”) shall be classified as medium-duty if thereis potential for buildup of abrasive materials on the platforms (all platforms that are not continuously

cleaned of abrasive). Uniformly distributed maximum intended load is 240 kg/m2 (2.4 kN/m

2) (50

lb/ft2).

Scaffold specially designed and constructed to carry maximum intended loads greater than 240 kg/m 2

(2.4 kN/m2) (50 lb/ft2), such as masonry work, piping or equipment, and is classified as a SpecialScaffold (see GI 8.001).

A semi-trailer that has an extremely low deck as compared to normal trailers.

The minimum concentration of flammable vapors in air that will ignite when exposed to an ignition

source.

Areas below the level where personnel are located and to which they could fall. These areas include, butare not limited to: ground levels, floors, roofs, ramps, runways, excavations, pits, tanks, materials, water

and equipment.

A physical barrier between an operator and hazardous points on a machine. They prevent accidentalinjury and protect operators from flying debris, contaminants and noise.

See Suspended Personnel Platform

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Includes transports such as, but not limited to: boats, vessels and barges.

The maximum load of all personnel, equipment, tools, materials, transmitted loads and other live loads

reasonably anticipated to be applied to a scaffold or scaffold component at any given time (does notinclude scaffold or plank self-weight).

A commercially manufactured, structural grade, cold-rolled metal panel formed into a series of parallel

ribs; including metal floor and roof decks, standing seam metal roofs, other metal roof systems, and other products such checker plate, expanded metal panels and similar products. After installation and properfastening, these decking materials serve a combination of functions including, but not limited to:

structural elements designed in combination with the structure to resist, distribute loads, stiffen structuresand provide diaphragm action; walking/working surfaces; forms for concrete slabs; supports for roofing

systems; and finished floors or roofs.

An incident involving a motor vehicle resulting in death, injury or property damage on a Saudi Aramco

controlled location or involving a Saudi Aramco owned vehicle.

A binding or metal shackle around the point and shank of a hook to prevent a load from slipping from an

eye. Mousing is also the application of a safety wire to secure a threaded clevis pin to a shackle to securethe shackle in a closed position. Also known as a safety wire in this application.

A rigging assembly manufactured by wire rope rigging suppliers that facilitates the attachment of up to

five independent loads (pieces of materials) to the hoist rigging of a crane. The smallest piece is rigged atthe top.

Naturally occurring (i.e., not man-made) primordial radioactive nuclides and their radioactive decay

products, which have been enhanced above their natural levels due to industrial operations.

An event, or series of events, that under slightly different circumstances, could have resulted in personalharm, property or environmental damage. No negative consequences (e.g., injury, damage) resulted from

the event.

The intersection point of a post (standard) and runner (ledger), or a post (standard) and bearer (transom).

Personnel whose job involves routine use of ionizing radiation sources and who has a reasonable chanceof being exposed to an effective dose equal to or higher than 2 millisieverts accumulated over 1 year.

A gap or void in a floor, roof or other walking/working surface that is 5 cm (2 inches) or more across itssmallest dimension

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Departmental (in-house) step-by-step instruction/procedure to perform work. Examples of these are:

Refinery Instruction Manual (RIM), Operating Instruction Manual (OIM), Gas Operations Instruction(GOI), Marine Instruction Manual (MIM), etc.

A component that provides information to facilitate crane operations, or that takes control of particularcrane functions without action by the crane operator when a limiting condition is detected.

The person who fills out the Critical Lift Plan form, prior to review and approval by a Saudi Aramcocertified Rigger I. Only a Saudi Aramco certified Rigger I or Rigger II can be the originator.

Outriggers are extendable or fixed metal arms, attached to the crane’s mounting base, which rest onsupports at the outer ends. They are designed to increase the crane’s base and thus increase stabilityduring lifts.

The structural members of a supported scaffold used to increase the base width of a scaffold in order to provide support for and increase stability of the scaffold.

A cantilevered structural member that supports a scaffold where the point of attachment to the scaffold is

out and away from the face of the structure or building.

A structurally completed floor at any level or elevation (including slab on grade).

A system used to arrest personnel in a fall from a working level. It consists of an anchorage, connectorsand full-body harness. This system may also include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline or a suitable

combination of these.

An individual timber board or fabricated component (without end hooks) that serves as a flooring memberof a platform.

An elevated work area composed of one or more platform units and a guardrail system.

An individual wood plank, fabricated plank, fabricated deck or fabricated platform.

A full-body harness rigged to allow personnel to be supported on an elevated, vertical surface, such as awall or column, and work with both hands free while leaning.

Vertical scaffold tube that bears the weight of the scaffold.

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An essentially vertical structural member with a longitudinal axis that: weighs 136 kg (300 lb) or less and

is axially loaded (a load presses down on the top end); or is not axially loaded, but is laterally restrained by the above member. Posts typically support stair landings, wall framing, mezzanines and other

substructures.

A document which contains step-by-step instructions on how to perform a task(s).

The registered, licensed professional responsible for the design of structural steel framing and whosestamp/seal appears on the structural contract documents.

Methods used to protect personnel from sidewall cave-in, materials that could fall or roll into theexcavation, or collapse of adjacent structures. Protective systems include sloping, benching and shoring.

Exposure incurred by members of the public from authorized radiation sources and practices and fromintervention situations, excluding any occupational or medical exposure.

A vertical tube, supported at its lower end by another scaffold tube or beam, and not by the ground ordeck.

A “Z” or “C” shaped member formed from sheet steel spanning between primary framing and supporting

roof material.

A safety tool that allows the user to keep his fingers away from a table saw or router’s blades.

A person who has possession of a recognized pertinent degree or certificate of professional standing orwho has successfully demonstrated to Saudi Aramco’s satisfaction that he has the knowledge, training

and experience to properly solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter and work.

An individual technically competent in radiation protection matters relevant to a specific radiation practice. This individual is licensed by the regulatory authority (KACST) and approved by the Saudi

Aramco Radiation Protection Committee (RPC).

A person approved by the Saudi Aramco Inspection Department and licensed by the Saudi ArabianGovernment to conduct risk assessments and monitor radiation activities on Saudi Aramco work sites and

facilities.

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An evaluation of the production, use, release, disposal or presence of radiation sources to determine

potential radiation hazards. It may include, but not be limited to: tests, physical examinations,measurements of radiation levels or observance of associated work practices.

The process of interpreting radiographic film from non-destructive testing procedures.

An inclined load-bearing tube that braces the scaffold against the ground.

A pile installed at an angle to the vertical. Also called a batter pile.

A device that automatically monitors boom radius, load weight and load rating and prevents movement ofthe crane, which would result in an overload condition.

Authorized craftsmen/supervisors, or other similarly qualified individuals, selected and certified by Saudi

Aramco to sign and receive work permits. Saudi Aramco proponent organizations (SAPOs) shall approvethe contractor’s receivers.

A personal device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful dusts, fumes, vapors, and/orgases. There are two main categories: the air-purifying respirator, which forces contaminated air througha filtering element, and the air-supplied respirator, in which an alternate supply of fresh air is delivered.

Those areas or activities that have been designated as requiring use of work permit procedures. These

include, but are not limited to: areas where hydrocarbons, flammable liquids/gases or toxic materials arehandled, stored, piped or processed in significant quantities. The following are some examples of

restricted areas: petroleum and gas processing plants, pump stations, tank farms, loading piers,hydrocarbon pipeline corridors, oil and gas wells, water and gas injection wells, water or sewage

treatment plants, bulk plants, marine vessels, fueling stations, areas where explosive or radioactivematerials are used or stored, areas within 15 m (50 ft) of overhead power lines, and areas adjacent to highvoltage equipment. Contractor work permits are used where the SA work permit system does not apply.

A fitting used for tightening a scaffold reveal tube between two opposing surfaces.

An assembly of a reveal tube, reveal pin and pads, if required, fixed between opposing faces of anopening in a wall to provide an anchor point for scaffold tie tubes.

A tube fixed by means of a threaded fitting (reveal pin) between two opposing surfaces of a building or

structure to form a solid anchorage to which a scaffold may be tied.

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A person certified by Saudi Aramco to prepare a load for lifting. Saudi Aramco rigger categories are

Rigger I, II and III (See Chapter III-7, Cranes and Lifting Equipment, of this manual).

Items used to rig, lift, secure and/or support a load. Examples include, but are not limited to: slings,

shackles, eyebolts, master links, etc.

A deceleration device that travels on a lifeline and automatically engages the lifeline by use of frictionand locks in place to stop the fall (descent) of personnel. Rope grabs usually employ the principles ofinertial locking, cam/lever locking or both.

A lengthwise horizontal scaffold tube extending from post (standard) to post, supports the bearers(transoms) and forms a tie between the posts.

An attachment used to secure an initially placed sheet of decking to keep proper alignment and bearingwith structural support members.

The manufacturer’s specified maximum load to be applied to a component. The safe working load is alsothe load (mass or force) which a given lifting device or lifting arrangement can safely lift, suspend or

lower.

Saudi Aramco department responsible for the work being performed or other organization authorized toact on behalf of the Saudi Aramco proponent department.

An atmosphere-supplying respirator in which the respirable pressurized air source is carried by the

wearer. A device worn by emergency responders, firefighters, and others to provide breathable air in anIDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health) atmosphere. The term “self -contained” means that the

breathing set is not dependent on a remote supply (e.g., through a long hose). An SCBA typically hasthree main components: a high-pressure tank, a pressure regulator and an inhalation connection(mouthpiece, mouth mask or face mask). SCBAs utilize either “positive pressure” or “negative pressure”

operation. A “negative pressure” SCBA delivers air to the wearer when he breathes in, or reduces the pressure inside the mask to less than outside pressure. A “positive pressure” SCBA maintains a small pressure inside the face piece. Although the pressure drops when the wearer breathes in, the devicealways maintains a higher pressure inside the mask than outside of the mask. Therefore, if the seal of themask against the user’s face leaks slightly (due to facial hair or facial deformations), there is a flow of

clean air out of the device, preventing inward leakage of contaminants.

A temporary elevated platform (supported or underhung) and its supporting components (including ties)used for supporting personnel, materials or both. Types of scaffolds include:

A scaffold with posts (standards) supported at their base (not underhung).

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A scaffold with more than two lines of posts (standards) or hanger tubes (if underhung) across the

width of the scaffold.

A scaffold supported by bracket straps welded to the tank wall. Upright brackets are hooked to the

straps.

A scaffold consisting of platform(s) supported on fabricated end frames with integral posts.

A scaffold that has two lines of posts (standards), one line supporting the outside of the scaffold platform(s) and one line supporting the inside of the platform(s). The bearers (transoms) are not built

into the wall of the building. This scaffold is usually tied to the building for stability.

A rigid scaffold assembly supported by casters that can be manually moved horizontally.

A scaffold that meets any of the conditions listed in GI 8.001 and for which a structural engineeringreview of the scaffold plan is required.

Consists of posts (standards) with fixed connection points that accept runners (ledgers), bearers(transoms) and braces that can be interconnected at predetermined levels.

A supported scaffold consisting of only four posts (standards) connected together longitudinally withrunners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) at right angles to each other, forming a square or rectangular

tower. A tower scaffold may be constructed of tube and coupler, fabricated tubular frame or systemscaffolding.

Constructed of steel tubing that serves as posts (standards), runners (ledgers), bearers (transoms),

braces and ties with a base supporting the posts, and specially designed scaffold couplers that serve toconnect the various members.

Suspended by rigidly attached scaffold tubes and load bearing couplers to an overhead structure

directly above (not outrigger beams), and having a work platform that cannot be raised or lowered.

Dimensions of a scaffold:

The space between the centerlines of adjacent posts (standards) along the face of a scaffold.

The horizontal, longitudinal distance between centers of two adjacent posts (standards).

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The vertical distance between the scaffold base and the topmost assembly of runners (ledgers) and

bearers (transoms).

The horizontal distance along the runners (ledgers) between the scaffold’s extreme longitudinal posts

(standards); sometimes designated by the number of bays.

The long direction of the scaffold, usually parallel to the scaffold’s planks.

The short direction of the scaffold, usually perpendicular to the scaffold’s planks.

The maximum horizontal transverse distance of a scaffold measured at right angles to the runners(ledgers) from center of the posts (standards) that are the farthest apart. Sometimes designated by the

number of planks that can fit within the posts.

A load-carrying device used at the base of the scaffold to compensate for variations in ground levels.

A personal fall protection deceleration device that contains a drum-wound line that may be slowlyextracted from or retracted onto the drum under slight tension during normal movement. If a fall occurs,the device automatically locks the drum and arrests (or stops) the fall.

When the term “shall” is used in this manual, it is a mandatory requirement.

Headed steel studs, steel bars, steel lugs and similar devices that are attached to a structural member for

the purpose of achieving composite action with concrete.

Hydraulic, timber or mechanical system that supports the sides of an excavation and is designed to prevent sidewall cave-ins.

An assembly used as a load-carrying shoring structure, consisting of fabricated posts, braces, ties,adjustable bases and other components that connect to the uprights to form the shoring structure.

An assembly used as a load-carrying shoring structure for concrete formwork, consisting of scaffold-grade tubing which serves as posts, braces and ties; a base supporting the posts; and scaffold-grade

couplers which serve to connect the uprights and join the various members.

A timber spreader used to distribute the load from a scaffold base plate to the ground.

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Individual vertical members used to support the weight of the formwork, concrete and construction loads.

A small boat.

A blind used for the isolation of process piping that meets the pipe rating and size for that service perANSI B31.3.

A method of protecting personnel from sidewall cave-in by forming sides of an excavation that areinclined away from the excavation. The safe angle of slope required varies with different types of soil,exposure to the elements and superimposed loads.

A connector comprised of a hook-shaped member with a normally closed keeper, or similar arrangement,

that may be opened to permit the hook to receive an object and, when released, automatically closes to

retain the object. Snap hooks are generally of two types: 1) a locking type with a self-closing, self-lockingkeeper that remains closed and locked until unlocked and pressed open for connection or disconnectionand 2) a nonlocking type with a self-closing keeper that remains closed until pressed open for connectionor disconnection.

A method of categorizing soil and rock deposits as Type A, B or C in decreasing order of stability. Soiltype is determined by an analysis of the soil’s properties and how it performs under exposure to theelements and superimposed loads. If the type of soil cannot be accurately determined, then Type C soil is

to be assumed for design of protective systems.

An interchangeable term with “isotope” that is used to describe a radioactive material that producesionizing radiation.

A pinned or bolted internal fitting to join one post (standard) to another coaxially. Used in systemscaffolds.

A pin or bolt placed transversely through the spigot and the scaffold post (standard) to prevent the spigot

from pulling out of the tube. Also known as tension pin, dowel pin or coupling pin.

Natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with vertical sides and remain intact while exposed. Itis usually identified by a rock name such as granite or sandstone.

The construction, alteration or repair of steel buildings, bridges and other structures, including the

installation of metal decking and all planking used during the process of erection.

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An open web, secondary load-carrying member 44 m (144 ft) or less, designed by the manufacturer and

used for the support of floors and roofs. This does not include structural steel trusses or cold-formed joists.

An open web, primary load-carrying member designed by the manufacturer and used for the support offloors and roofs. This does not include structural steel trusses.

An open web member designed of structural steel components by the project structural engineer of record.For the purposes of this subpart, a steel truss is considered equivalent to a solid web structural member.

A steel member or a member made of a substitute material such as, but not limited to: fiberglass,aluminum or composite members. These members include, but are not limited to: steel joists, joist girders,

purlins, columns, beams, trusses, splices, seats, metal decking, girts, bridging and cold-formed metal

framing which is integrated with the structural steel framing of a building.

Structures such as underpinning, bracing and shoring that provide support to an adjacent structure orunderground installation.

A device designed and constructed to be attached to the crane hook block to lift personnel in a safemanner.

Allows a suspended worker to stand up in his harness to relieve pressure on circulation points while

awaiting rescue.

A rope attached to a suspended load that allows a worker to control its movement.

The placement of a load resting on the ground from the horizontal position to the vertical position or fromthe vertical position to the horizontal position.

Crane lift involving two or more cranes lifting or tailing the same load at the same time.

A container for holding gases, liquids or solids.

A type of radiation dosimeter. A TLD measures ionizing radiation exposure by measuring the amount ofvisible light emitted from a crystal in the detector when the crystal is heated.

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Scaffold components installed to provide anchor points for a scaffold to a building or structure. Used to

provide lateral stability to the scaffold.

The act of personnel wearing fall protection equipment physically connecting himself to an anchor point.

It also means the condition of personnel being connected to such an anchorage.

A tube used to connect the scaffold to a tie anchor point (i.e., box tie, reveal tie, two-way tie).

The formal process of identifying the training gap and its related training needs. It is the identification oftraining requirements for an individual by evaluating each aspect of their job description so that the skills,

concepts and attitudes necessary can be effectively identified and appropriate training can be specified.

A horizontal scaffold tube used in erection, modification and dismantling of an underhung scaffold.

A heavy piece of equipment that combines a tractor and excavator.

A narrow excavation (in relation to its length) where the depth is greater than the bottom width.

A structure that protects personnel inside it by withstanding the forces imposed by sidewall cave-in ontwo sides.

An assembly of scaffold components through an opening in a wall or other solid structure to provide ananchor point for scaffold ties.

Cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 ton per square foot (tsf) (144 kPa) or

greater are classified as Type A. Examples of cohesive soils are: clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay loamand, in some cases, silty clay loam and sandy clay loam. Cemented soils such as marl are also considered

Type A. However, no soil is Type A if one or more of the following conditions are true:

The soil is fissured.

The soil is subject to vibration from heavy traffic, pile driving or similar effects.

The soil has been previously disturbed.

The soil is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the excavation on a slope offour horizontal to one vertical or greater.

The soil is subject to other factors that would require it to be classified as a less-stable material.

Soils classified as Type B are:

Cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength greater than 0.5 tsf (48 kPa) but less than1.5 tsf (144 kPa).

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Granular cohesionless soils including angular gravel (similar to crushed rock), silt, silt loam, sandy

loam and, in some cases, silty clay loam and sandy loam clay.

Soil that meets the unconfined compressive strength or cementation requirements for Type A, but is

fissured or subject to vibration.

Dry rock that is not stable.

Material that is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the excavation on a slope

less steep than four horizontal to one vertical but only if the material would otherwise be classifiedas Type B.

Soils classified as Type C are:

Cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5 tsf (48 kPa) or less.

Previously disturbed soil (e.g., fill) is to be considered as Type C soil.

Granular soils, including gravel, sweet sand, desert sand and loamy sand.

Submerged soil or soil from which water is freely seeping.

Submerged rock that is not stable.

Material in a sloped layered system where the layers dip into the excavation or a slope of four

horizontal to one vertical.

Sides or edges, except at entrances to points of access, of a walking/working surface, including: floors,roofs, ramps and runways, where there is no wall or guardrail system at least 1.0 m (39 inches) high.

Mechanized equipment designed for carrying or transporting personnel or material. This includes:

passenger automobiles, pickup trucks and heavy equipment such as, but not limited to: dump trucks, largetractor-trailers, trucks, backhoes and mobile cranes.

A form that is raised as concrete is poured (e.g., moves vertically to form walls).

A form that authorizes specific construction, maintenance, inspection, or repair to be conducted inrestricted areas or designated locations. When issued, work permits serve as official records of conditionsand requirements agreed upon by the issuer and receiver. They list minimum safety precautions to be

taken and hazards which must be controlled.

An elevated platform supporting equipment, personnel and/or materials.

3. glossary

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