3. members - graitec
TRANSCRIPT
3. Members
3.1. Tension
3.1.1. Column Web in Tension
Design resistance of an unstiffened column web in transverse tension according to EN 1993-1-8, 6.2.6.3:
๐น๐ก,๐ค๐,๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐๐๐,๐ก,๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐
๐พ๐0
ฯ โ reduction factor to allow for the interaction with shear in the column web panel, calculated according to the transformation parameter ฮฒ (EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.3). Where ฮฒ value is calculated based on design bending moment (MEd or MEd_Left and MEd_Right ) depending on the joint configuration.
For example, for a single-sided connection (moment end plate) with one bending moment ฮฒ = 1
beff,t,wc โ the effective width of column web in tension;
twc โ column web thickness
For a welded connection:
๐๐๐๐,๐ก,๐ค๐=๐ก๐๐ + 2โ2๐๐ + 5(๐ก๐๐ + ๐ )
where:
for a rolled I or H section column: s = rc
for a welded I or H section column: s = โ2๐๐
tfb โ beam flange thickness;
tfc โ column flange thickness;
ac โ weld thickness between the secondary beam flange and end plate;
rc โ root radius;
For a bolted end-plate connection: beff,t,wc of column web in tension should be taken as equal to the effective length of equivalent T-stub representing the column flange, see 6.2.6.4
๐๐๐๐,๐ก,๐ค๐ = ๐ก๐๐ + 2โ2๐๐ + 5(๐ก๐๐ + ๐ ) + ๐ ๐
sp โ the length obtained by dispersion at 45ยฐ through the end-plate
For a moment end plate connection:
๐น๐ก,๐ค๐,๐ ๐ = ๐๐๐๐,๐ก,๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐
๐พ๐0
If
๐น๐ก,1,๐ ๐ โค ๐น๐ก,2,๐ ๐ โ ๐๐๐๐,๐ก,๐ค๐ = ๐๐๐๐,1
๐น๐ก,1,๐ ๐ > ๐น๐ก,2,๐ ๐ โ ๐๐๐๐,๐ก,๐ค๐ = ๐๐๐๐,2
Where
Ft1,Rd , Ft2,Rd โ tension resistances of the plate for the first and second mode of failure;
leff,1 โ the effective length for the first mode of failure (minimum between effective length of the circular or non-circular failure pattern);
leff,2 โ the effective length for the second mode of failure (non-circular failure pattern);
3.1.2. Beam Web in Tension
In a bolted end-plate connection, the design tension resistance of the beam web, according to EN 1993-1-8, 6.2.6.8 should be obtained from:
๐น๐ก,๐ค๐,๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐๐๐,๐ก,๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐
๐พ๐0
beff,t,wb โ the effective width of the beam web in tension; it is equal to the effective length of equivalent T-stub representing the end-plate in bending for an individual bolt-row or bolt-group.
twb โ beam web thickness;
twb = min( tbeam, thaunch, tst)
For for a moment end plate connection:
For groups with stiffeners:
๐น๐ก,๐ค๐,๐ ๐ = ๐๐๐๐,๐ก๐,๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ ๐ก ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐ ๐ก
๐พ๐0
For groups without stiffeners:
๐น๐ก,๐ค๐,๐ ๐ = ๐๐๐๐,๐ก๐,๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐
๐พ๐0
For first bolt row outside tensioned flange or haunch:
๐น๐ก,๐ค๐,๐ ๐ = โ๐ ๐ก๐ฅ ๐ก๐ ๐ก ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐ ๐ก
๐พ๐0+
๐๐๐๐ฅ๐ก๐๐
2 ๐ฅ
๐๐ฆ,๐
๐พ๐0
For other bolt row outside tensioned flange or haunch (only with stiffener):
๐น๐ก,๐ค๐,๐ ๐ = ๐๐๐๐,๐ก๐,๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ ๐ก ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐ ๐ก
๐พ๐0
For first row below tensioned beam flange rows:
๐น๐ก,๐ค๐,๐ ๐ = ๐ฟ๐ค ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐
๐พ๐0+
๐๐๐๐ฅ๐ก๐๐
2๐ฅ
๐๐ฆ,๐
๐พ๐0
For end and inner bolt rows:
๐น๐ก,๐ค๐,๐ ๐ = ๐๐๐๐,๐ก๐,๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐
๐พ๐0
If
๐น๐ก,1,๐ ๐ โค ๐น๐ก,2,๐ ๐ โ ๐๐๐๐,๐ก,๐ค๐ = ๐๐๐๐,1
๐น๐ก,1,๐ ๐ > ๐น๐ก,2,๐ ๐ โ ๐๐๐๐,๐ก,๐ค๐ = ๐๐๐๐,2
Where
Ft1,Rd , Ft2,Rd โ tension resistances of the plate for the first and second mode of failure;
leff,1 โ the effective length for the first mode of failure (minimum between effective length of the circular or non-circular failure pattern);
leff,2 โ the effective length for the second mode of failure (non-circular failure pattern);
3.1.3. Tension Yielding Verification
- verification for Clip Angle and Gusset -
Check relation: NEd โค Npl,Rd;
The design plastic resistance on axial force is calculated according to EN 1993-1-1 6.2.4:
๐๐๐,,๐ ๐ =๐ ๐ฅ ๐ด ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ
๐พ๐0;
Where,
n โ number of objects solicited in the same direction;
A โ profile gross area;
Note: For a (gusset) plate, the tension verification area A is calculated as follows: ๐ด = ๐ก๐ ๐ฅ โ30
where:
tp โ the plate thickness;
h30 โ the plate length obtained with a 30ยฐ angle diffusion from the bolts on diagonal.
See also the picture below:
3.1.3. Tension Ultimate Verification
- verification for Clip Angle and Gusset -
Check relation: NEd โค Nu,Rd;
For sections with holes, the design ultimate resistance of the net cross-section is calculated
according to EN 1993-1-1 6.2.3:
๐๐ข,๐ ๐ = 0.9 ๐ฅ ๐๐๐๐๐ฅ ๐ด๐๐๐ก ๐ฅ ๐๐ข
๐พ๐2
Note 1: The design ultimate resistance for angles connected by a single row of bolts in one leg is
calculated according to EN 1993-1-8 3.10.3:
For 1 bolt:
๐๐ข,๐ ๐ =2 ๐ฅ (๐2โ 0.5 ๐ฅ ๐0,๐ฃ) ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ข
๐พ๐2;
For 2 bolts:
๐๐ข,๐ ๐ =๐ฝ2 ๐ฅ ๐ด๐๐๐ก ๐ฅ ๐๐ข
๐พ๐2;
For 3 or more bolts:
๐๐ข,๐ ๐ =๐ฝ3 ๐ฅ ๐ด๐๐๐ก ๐ฅ ๐๐ข
๐พ๐2;
where:
nobj โ number of objects solicited in the same direction;
Anet โ profile net area;
ฮฒ2, ฮฒ3 โ reduction factors depending on the pitch p1, as given in EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.8;
d0,v โ hole diameter on the v direction
Note 2: For a (gusset) plate, the net area Anet is calculated as follows:
๐ด๐๐๐ก = (โ30 โ ๐๐,๐ฃ๐ฅ๐0,๐ฃ) ๐ฅ ๐ก๐
where:
tp โ plate thickness;
nb,v โ number of bolt rows;
3.2. Compression
3.2.1. Column web in transverse compression
Check relation: Fc,wc,Ed โค Fc,wc,Rd
The resistance of the column web in transverse compression according to EN 1993-1-8, 6.2.6.2 is equal to the web crushing or the buckling resistance, whichever is the smallest:
๐น๐,๐ค๐,๐ ๐ = min (๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐๐๐,๐,๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐
๐พ๐0 ; ๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐๐๐,๐,๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ค๐ ๐ฅ
๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐
๐พ๐1 )
The design force of column web in transverse compression is determined as follows:
๐น๐,๐ค๐,๐ธ๐ = |๐๐ธ๐
โ๐โ
๐๐ธ๐
2|
Fc,wc,Ed is the design force of the column web in transverse compression
hf is the moment arm between the resultant tensile force and the resultant compressive force
where:
๐๐๐๐,๐,๐ค๐ = ๐ก๐๐ + 2โ2๐๐ + 5(๐ก๐๐ + ๐ ) + ๐ ๐
๐ ๐ โค 2๐ก๐
For a rolled I or H section column: s = rc
For a welded I or H section column: s = โ2๐๐
ฯ โ reduction factor to allow for the interaction with shear in the column web panel, calculated according to the transformation parameter ฮฒ (EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.3).
kwc โ reduction factor, allowing for coexisting longitudinal compressive stress in the column (EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2(2))
ฯ โ reduction factor for plate buckling (EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2(1))
beff,t,wc โ the effective width of column web in tension;
ฯ com,Ed โ the maximum longitudinal compression stress due to axial force and bending moment in the column web (adjacent to the root radius for a rolled section or the toe of the weld for a welded section)
๐๐๐๐,๐ธ๐ = ๐๐ธ๐
๐๐๐+
๐๐ธ๐
๐ด
๐๐๐๐,๐ธ๐ โค 0.7 ๐ฅ๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐ => ๐๐ค๐ = 1
๐๐๐๐,๐ธ๐ > 0.7 ๐ฅ๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐ => ๐๐ค๐ = 1.7 โ ๐๐๐๐,๐ธ๐
๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐
Depending on the plate slenderness ฮปp, the reduction factor is determined as follows:
๐๐ โค 0.72 => ฯ =1.0
๐๐ > 0.72 => ฯ = ๐๐โ0.2
๐๐2
Where: ๐๐ = 0.932 โ๐๐๐๐,๐,๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐
๐ธ ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ค๐2
d โ column straight portion of the web;
E โ modulus of elasticity of the column;
For a rolled profile I or H section column : ๐ = โ๐ โ 2 ๐ฅ ( ๐ก๐๐ + ๐๐);
For a welded I or H section column: ๐ = โ๐ โ 2 ๐ฅ ( ๐ก๐๐ + โ2๐๐);
Note: Whenever the column is provided with stiffeners, the column web resistance will be calculated by adding the compressed stiffeners resistance (see chapter 5.2.2 Compression).
3.2.2. Beam web and flange compression
Compression resistance of the beam is calculated according to EN 1993-1-8, 6.2.6.7:
๐น๐,๐๐,๐ ๐ = ๐๐,๐ ๐
(โ โ ๐ก๐๐ )
Mc,Rd is the design moment resistance of the beam cross-section;
Wc,pl is the plastic section modulus;
Wc,el is the elastic section modulus;
h is the depth of the section; for a haunched beam, it is the depth of the fabricated section;
tfb is the flange thickness of the connected beam; for a haunched beam, it is the thickness of the haunch flange;
The design bending moment about one main axis of a cross-section is given in EN1993-1-1. 6.2.5, and is determined as follows:
For class 1 or 2 : ๐๐,๐ ๐ = ๐๐,๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ
๐พ๐0
For class 3: ๐๐,๐ ๐ = ๐๐,๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ
๐พ๐0
For class 4: ๐๐,๐ ๐ = ๐๐,๐๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ
๐พ๐0
Note: The plastic and elastic section modulus are calculated for the section from the end plate face (including the haunches and reinforcement plates, if they exist).
The presence of reinforcement stiffeners (compressed flange stiffeners) has impact on compression resistance of the beam, but also in other parts of the calculation (e.g.: center of rotation, bolt-rows positioning, T-stub calculation, web plate reference length (EN 1993-1-8, 6.2.6.1 - figure 6.5).
If the height of the beam including the haunch exceeds 600 mm, the contribution of the beam web to the design compression resistance should be limited to 20%. For example, if the resistance of
the beam flange is ๐ก๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐๐, then ๐น๐,๐๐,๐ ๐ โค ๐ก๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐๐
๐พ๐0.
The design resistance of a haunched beam in compression according to EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.7(3) should be determined as follows:
๐น๐,โ๐,๐ ๐ =๐น๐,๐ค๐,๐ ๐
๐ก๐๐๐ผ
The design resistance of the beam web to transverse compression (according to EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2):
๐น๐,๐ค๐,๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐๐๐,๐,๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ค๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐
๐พ๐1
The effective width of the beam web in compression:
๐๐๐๐,๐,๐ค๐ = ๐ก๐๐
๐ ๐๐๐ผ+ 5 (๐ก๐๐ + ๐๐ )
The other parameters from Fc,wb,Rd expression: ฯ, ฯ, kwb should be calculated similarly to the resistance of the column web in transverse compression Fc,wc,Rd
3.2.3. Compression Yielding Verification
- verification for Clip Angle and Gusset -
Check relation: NEd โค Npl,Rd;
The design plastic resistance on the axial force is calculated according to EN 1993-1-1 6.2.4:
๐๐๐,,๐ ๐ =๐ ๐ฅ ๐ด ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ
๐พ๐0;
Where,
n โ number of objects solicited in the same direction;
A โ profile gross area;
Note: For a (gusset) plate, the compression verification area A is calculated as follows:
๐ด = ๐ก๐ ๐ฅ โ30 , where
tp โ the plate thickness;
h30 โ the plate length obtained with 30ยฐ angle diffusion from the bolts on diagonal;
See also the picture below:
3.3. Shear
3.3.1. Column Web Panel in Shear
Check relation: Vwp,Ed โค Vwp,Rd
The design resistance of the web panel in shear for an unstiffened column Vwp,Rd according to EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.1:
๐๐ค๐,,๐ ๐ =0.9 ๐ฅ๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐๐ฅ๐ด๐ฃ๐
โ3 ๐ฅ ๐พ๐0
The expression given above is valid if the column web slenderness satisfies the condition:
๐
๐ก๐ค โค 69 ๐ฅ ๐
where, the depth of the column web: ๐ = โ โ 2 ๐ฅ ๐ก๐๐ โ 2 ๐ฅ ๐
๐ = โ235
๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐
Avc โ the shear area of the column
h โ column height;
tfc โ flange thickness;
r โ root radius
tw โ web thickness
The design shear force should be obtained:
๐๐ค๐,๐ธ๐ = |๐๐ธ๐
โ๐| + |
๐๐ธ๐
2|
hf โ is calculated according to EN 1993-1-8, 6.2.7, Figure 6.15;
Note: The column web panel in shear resistance for a stiffened column is the sum of the column
web panel in shear for the unstiffened column and the stiffener resistance (see chapter 5.2.3)
3.3.2. Shear Yielding Verification
- verification for Moment End Plate and Apex -
Check relation: VEd โค Vpl,Rd;
Design plastic shear resistance:
๐๐๐,๐ ๐ =๐ ๐ฅ๐ด๐ฃ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฆ,๐ค๐
โ3 ๐ฅ ๐พ๐0
n โ the number of connected objects;
Av โ end plate gross shear area;
Av =hp x tp ;
VEd โ must be used in relations as a projection of the forces on the bolt directions
3.3.3. Shear Ultimate Verification
- verification for Moment End Plate and Apex โ
Check relation: VEd โค Vu,Rd ;
Design ultimate shear resistance:
๐๐ข,๐ ๐ =0.9 ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ฅ ๐ด๐ฃ,๐๐๐ก๐ฅ๐๐ข
โ3 ๐ฅ ๐พ๐2
๐ด๐ฃ,๐๐๐ก = (โ โ ๐๐ฃ๐ฅ ๐0,๐ฃ) ๐ฅ ๐ก
Av,net -net shear area;
nv โ number of vertical bolt rows;
d0,v โ diameter of the hole on vertical direction;
3.3.4.Block Tearing Verification
- verification for Moment End Plate and Apex -
Check relation: VEd โค Veff,Rd ;
Design block shear tearing resistance when bolts are centered on members:
๐๐๐๐,๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐ฅ ( ๐ด๐,๐ก ๐ฅ ๐๐ข
๐พ๐2+ ๐ด๐,๐ฃ ๐ฅ
๐๐ฆ
โ3 ๐ฅ ๐พ๐0
)
Design block shear tearing resistance when bolts are not centered on members:
๐๐๐๐,๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐ฅ (0.5๐ฅ ๐ด๐,๐ก ๐ฅ ๐๐ข
๐พ๐2+ ๐ด๐,๐ฃ ๐ฅ
๐๐ฆ
โ3 ๐ฅ ๐พ๐0
)
n โ number of end plates;
Net area subjected to tension:
๐ด๐,๐ก = ๐๐๐( [๐โ,๐ + ๐โ,๐ฟ + (๐โ โ 2) ๐ฅ ๐โ โ (๐โ โ 1) ๐ฅ ๐0,โ ]๐ฅ ๐ก ; [๐ค โ ๐โ,๐ โ ๐โ,๐ฟ โ (๐โ โ 1) ๐ฅ ๐0,โ ]๐ฅ ๐ก)
eh,R โ edge distance between the last hole and the plate right edge on horizontal direction;
eh,L โ edge distance between the last hole and the plate left edge on horizontal direction;
nh โ holes number on horizontal direction (from one bolt row);
ph โ intermediate distance between hole center on horizontal direction;
d0,h โ diameter of the hole on horizontal direction;
bp โ end plate width;
t โ end plate thickness;
Net area subjected to shear:
๐ด๐,๐ฃ = ๐๐๐ ๐ฅ [โ โ ๐๐ฃ,๐ โ (๐๐ฃ โ 0.5) ๐ฅ ๐0,๐ฃ ]๐ฅ ๐ก
nbc โ coefficient depending of number of bolt columns;
h โ end plate height;
evB โ edge distance between the first hole from bottom and the bottom plate edge on vertical direction;
nv โ holes number on vertical direction (from one bolt column);
d0,v โ diameter of the hole on vertical direction;
3.4. Bending
3.4.1. Column Flange in Bending
Equivalent T-Stub Method is used for the Column Flange Bending Resistance and end plate bending resistance:
1. Design resistance of a T-Stub, if the prying effect is not developed, (Lb>Lb*):
๐น๐ก,๐ ๐ = min (๐น๐ก,1โ2,๐ ๐; ๐น๐ก,3,๐ ๐ ) EN 1993-1-8, 6.2.4.1 (6)
Tension resistance for the 1-2 failure mode (yield in bending of connection)
๐น๐ก,1โ2,๐ ๐ =2๐ฅ๐๐๐,1,๐ ๐
๐ EN 1993-1-8, Table 6.2
Tension resistance of the plate/flange for third mode of failure:
๐น๐ก,3,๐ ๐ = โ๐น๐ก,๐ ๐ = ๐๐ฅ๐น๐ก,๐ ๐ EN 1993-1-8, Table 6.2
Ft,Rd โ the design tension resistance of a bolt, according to EN1993-1-8 Table 3.4
โFt,Rd โ the total value of Ft,Rd for all the bolts in the T-stub;
2. Design resistance of a T-Stub, if the prying effect is developed, (Lb<Lb*):
๐น๐ก,๐ ๐ = min (๐น๐ก,1,๐ ๐; ๐น๐ก,2,๐ ๐ ; ๐น๐ก,3,๐ ๐) EN 1993-1-8, 6.2.4.1 (6)
According to EN 1993-1-8, Table 6.2 the tension resistance of the plate for the 3 mode of failure:
Tension resistance of the plate/flange for the first mode of failure (complete yielding of the connection at bending of the plate/flange):
๐น๐ก,1,๐ ๐ =4๐ฅ๐๐๐,1,๐ ๐ + 2๐ฅ๐๐๐,๐ ๐
๐
Tension resistance of the plate for the second mode of failure (yielding of the connection at bending with bolt failure in tension):
๐น๐ก,2,๐ ๐ =2๐ฅ๐๐๐,2,๐ ๐ + โ๐น๐ก,๐ ๐
๐ + ๐
Tension resistance of the plate for the third mode of failure (bolt failure):
๐น๐ก,3,๐ ๐ = โ๐น๐ก,๐ ๐ = ๐๐ฅ๐น๐ก,๐ ๐
Plastic resistances of the plates for the failure modes according to EN 1993-1-8, Table 6.2:
๐๐๐,1,๐ ๐ = 0.25๐ฅโ๐๐๐๐,1๐ฅ ๐ก๐2๐ฅ
๐๐ฆ
๐พ๐0
๐๐๐,2,๐ ๐ = 0.25๐ฅโ๐๐๐๐,2๐ฅ ๐ก๐2๐ฅ
๐๐ฆ
๐พ๐0
Note 1: If there are backing plates:
๐๐๐,1,๐ ๐ = 0.25๐ฅโ๐๐๐๐,1๐ฅ ๐ก๐๐2 ๐ฅ
๐๐ฆ,๐๐
๐พ๐0
fy,bp โ the yield strength of the backing plates;
tbp โ the thickness of the backing plates;
Lb โ is the bolt elongation length, taken as equal to the grip length (total thickness of material and washers), plus half the sum of the height of the bolt head and the height of the nut.
๐ฟ๐โ = 8.8 ๐ฅ
๐3๐ฅ ๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐ด๐
โ๐๐๐๐,1 ๐ฅ ๐ก3 EN 1993-1-8, Table 6.11
As tensile stress area of the bolt;
nr number of bolt rows (nr >1, for groups)
Failure patterns effective lengths:
lcp row effective length for a circular failure pattern;
lcp,g group effective length for a circular failure pattern;
lnc row effective length for a non-circular failure pattern;
lnc,g group effective length for a non-circular failure pattern;
leff,1 the effective length for the first mode of failure (minimum between effective length of the circular or non-circular failure pattern);
leff,2 the effective length for the second mode of failure (non-circular failure pattern);
Note 2: There are differences between French (FR) localization (e.g.: member web in tension
exists for outer rows) and other countries. See the availability of member web in tension and end
plate in bending resistances for outer rows/groups presented in the pictures below:
3.4.2. Bending
The design bending moment about one principal axis of a cross-section is given in EN1993-1-1. 6.2.5 and is determined as follows:
For class 1 or 2 : ๐๐,๐ ๐ = ๐๐,๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ
๐พ๐0
For class 3: ๐๐,๐ ๐ = ๐๐,๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ
๐พ๐0
For class 4: ๐๐,๐ ๐ = ๐๐,๐๐๐ ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ
๐พ๐0
Mc,Rd design moment resistance of the beam cross-section;
Wc,pl plastic section modulus;
Wc,el elastic section modulus;
Base Plate. Bending Moment Verification
Check relation: Mj,Ed โค Mj,Rd ;
Design moment resistance of a column base Mj,Rd depend on eccentricity.
Load eccentricity: ๐ =๐๐,๐ธ๐
๐๐,๐ธ๐
The tensile force FT is positioned at the centre of anchor bolts.
Compression force Fc is positioned at the centre of the column flange.
The following parameters are used in this method:
The design tension resistance of the left hand side of the joint:
FT,l,Rd = min(Ft,wc,Rd, Ft,pl,Rd)
Ft,wc,Rd โ column web in tension under the left column flange;
Ft,pl,Rd โ base plate in bending under the left column flange
The design tension resistance FT,r,Rd of the right side of the joint:
FT,r,Rd = min(Ft,wc,Rd, Ft,pl,Rd)
Ft,wc,Rd โ column web in tension under the right column flange;
Ft,pl,Rd โ base plate in bending under the right column flange;
The design compressive resistance FC,l,Rd of the left side of the joint:
FC,l,Rd = min(Fc,pl,Rd, Fc,fc,Rd)
Fc,pl,Rd โ concrete in compression under the left column flange;
Fc,fc,Rd โ left column flange and web in compression;
The design compressive resistance FC,r,Rd of the right side of the joint:
FC,r,Rd = min(Fc,pl,Rd, Fc,fc,Rd)
Fc,pl,Rd โ concrete in compression under the right column flange;
Fc,fc,Rd โ right column flange and web in compression;
Determination of the lever arm z depending on the values of MEd and NEd :
a) Column base connection in case of a dominant compressive normal force;
b) Column base connection in case of a dominant tensile normal force;
c) Column base connection in case of a dominant bending moment;
Design moment resistance Mj,Rd of column bases depending on the loading values of M j,Ed and Nj,Ed
according to EN1993-1-8 6.2.8.3 Table 6.7.
Moment End Plate and Apex Haunch. Bending Moment Verification
The design moment resistance Mj,Rd of a beam-to-column joint with a bolted end-plate connection or bolted beam splices with welded end-plates may be determined from:
๐๐,๐ ๐ = โ(๐น๐ก๐ ๐๐ฅโ๐)
Ft,Rd โ the effective design tension resistance of bolt-row
hr โ is the distance from bolt-row to the centre of compression;
r- the bolt row number;
Note: If NEd โค 5% NplRd the design moment resistance Mj,Rd of a beam to column joint or beam
splice may be determined as follows: ๐๐,๐ ๐ = โ(๐น๐ก๐ ๐๐ฅโ๐)
๐๐๐,๐ ๐ = ๐ด๐ฅ๐๐ฆ
๐พ๐0
3.5. Buckling
Column Web Buckling
Check relation: Fb,wc,Ed โค Fb,wc,Rd ;
Column web buckling design force:
๐น๐,๐ค๐,๐ธ๐ = |๐๐ธ๐
โ๐โ
๐๐ธ๐
2|
hf โ distance between resultant tensile force and resultant compressive force
NEd โ design axial force
MEd โ design bending moment
Column web buckling design resistance:
๐น๐,๐ค๐,๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐ฅ ๐ด ๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ
๐พ๐1 EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.1
The column web is stiffened, so:
๐ = โ235
๐๐ฆ,๐ ๐ก
The reduction factor for the relevant buckling curve is:
๐ = min (1 ; 1
๐+โ๐2โ๐2) EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.2
๐ = 0.5๐ฅ(1 + ๐ผ ๐ฅ (๐ โ 0.2) + ๐2)
ฮฆ โ value to determine the reduction factor;
The imperfection coefficient ฮฑ is chosen according to EN 1993-1-1, tables 6.1 and 6.2.
๐ด = ๐ด๐ค๐๐ = โ๐ข๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐๐ฅ ๐ก๐ค
โ๐ข๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐ = โ๐ฟ + 2๐ฅ๐ก + ๐ก๐
hL โheight of the column section;
t โ end plate thickness;
tf โ beam flange thickness or the haunch flange thickness( when the haunch beam stiffener is enabled)
Note: When the column web is stiffened area A is calculated by adding the stiffener area to
web area:
๐ด = ๐ด๐ค๐๐ + ๐ด๐ ๐ก
๐ด๐ค๐๐ = โ๐ ๐ก๐๐๐๐ฅ ๐ก๐ค
โ๐ ๐ก๐๐๐ = ๐ก๐ ๐ก + 30 ๐ฅ ๐
๐ด๐ ๐ก = ๐๐ ๐ก ๐ฅ ๐๐ ๐ก ๐ฅ ๐ก๐ ๐ก
hstiff โ the height of the section subject to buckling;
tw โ thickness of the column web
tst โ stiffener thickness;
bst โ stiffener width;
nst โ number of stiffeners;
I โ moment of inertia of section subject to buckling, according to โweakโ axis:
Radius of gyration:
๐ = โ๐ผ
๐ด
The stiffeners non dimensional slenderness:
๐ =๐ฟ๐๐
๐ ๐ฅ ๐1 EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1.3
ฮป1 โ non dimensional slenderness (limit for elastic buckling);
๐1 = ฯ ๐ฅ โ๐ธ
๐๐ฆ
Buckling length:
๐ฟ๐๐ = 0.75 ๐ฅ ๐๐
dc -column straight portion of the web;
For example for a rolled profile:
๐๐ = โ๐ โ 2๐ฅ(๐ก๐๐ โ ๐๐)
hc โ column section height;
rc โ column inner radius;
tfc โ column flange thickness;