3 morphology sanitized

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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i m n v w x y z Linguistics of American Sign Language Sign 260 Instructor Christopher Greene Szmadzinski [email protected]

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Page 1: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Linguistics of American Sign LanguageSign 260

InstructorChristopher Greene [email protected]

Page 2: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

MorphologyHow we construct signs/words out of meaningful parts

Page 3: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Morphology• Review: Phonology is

the study of the smallest contrastive parts of language

• Morphology is the study of the smallest meaningful units of language

• A morpheme is the smallest piece of language that has meaning.

• Context• Utterances/Sentences

• Lexemes/Words• Morphemes

• Phonemes

Page 4: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Morphology• English example CAT

• In the following words, “cat” is a morpheme which is combined with other morphemes, because they can be decomposed and keep their meanings

• Cats = Cat + s• Catty = Cat + y• Wildcat = wild + cat• Catlike = cat + like

• In the following words, “cat” is not a morpheme because they do not relate in meaning. Each of these words are itself a full morpheme.

• Caterpillar• Scathing• Cater• Ducat

Page 5: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Morphology

• ASL example: 2

• The following signs all have the morpheme “2” in them, represented by the “2” handshape. They are combinations of multiple morphemes.

• TWO-DAYS• TWO-WEEKS-AGO• TWO-MONTHS

• The following signs have the “2” handshape, but the 2 handshape carries no meaning of “two”. These signs are by themselves full morphemes.

• SEE• DOWNLOAD• CAUGHT-IN-THE-ACT

2 2

Page 6: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Morphology

• If a sign/word can’t be decomposed, it is considered a full morpheme.

• Cats = cat (feline) + s (plural) [2 morphemes]• Caterpillar = caterpillar [1 morpheme]

• NINE-WEEKS = 9 + WEEK [2 morphemes]• PREACH = PREACH [1 morpheme]

Page 7: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Free morphemes

• Free morphemes can stand alone as independent units

• Cat, book, and church are free morphemes

• In the word unhappiness, happy is a free morpheme

• In the word unlockable, lock is a free morpheme

• In the word churches, church is a free morpheme

Page 8: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Bound morphemes

• Bound morphemes can only exist alongside another morpheme.

• In the word unhappiness, un- and –ness are bound morphemes.

• In the words cats, books, and churches, -s/-es is a bound morpheme that means “plural”.

• In the word unlockable un- is a bound morpheme that means “not”, -able is a bound morpheme that means “capable of…”

Page 9: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Deriving Nouns from Verbs in ASL

• In ASL you can derive many nouns from verbs and vice versa by changing the movement of a sign.

SIT vs CHAIR

• CAR/DRIVE, FLY/AIRPLANE, LOCK/KEY…

XMHXMHMHMH

Page 10: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Combining Morphemes in ASL

• ASL morphemes combine in interesting ways– ASL mouth morphemes– Compounding– Lexicalized fingerspelling

Page 11: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Mouth morphemes (adverbial)

• When a mouth morpheme alters the meaning of a sign, the sign can be decomposed into two morphemes:

Strong hand  H M Hhandshape Box X Box X

location over weak hand

over weak hand

orientation palm dn palm dn

NMS mmm mmm

WROTE-WITH-EASE

Weak hand  Hhandshape Open B

location Neutral space

orientation Palm up

NMS -

1. Non manual signal

2. Handshape, location, palm orientation and the hold/movement segment

Page 12: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Compounds

• Both English and ASL introduce new words through a process of compounding.

• Examples of English compounds:Bookcase, blackboard, homework, butterball

• When a compound is used often, it’s form may become more arbitrary over time.Electronic mail -> email

Page 13: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Compounds

• Both English and ASL introduce new words through a process of compounding.

• Examples of ASL compounds:LUNCH, BRUISE, BEST

• Forms can become more arbitrary over timeGIRL + SAME -> SISTER Examples

on p. 57

Page 14: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Compounds

• Three rules describe creating compounds in ASL.

1. First contact rule:If two signs come together to form a compound and the first sign has a contact hold in it, that hold will stay

GOOD NIGHT vs. GOOD^NIGHT (trouble!)THINK SAME vs. THINK^SAME (agree)MY SUPERIOR vs MY^SUPERIOR (favorite)

Page 15: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Compounds

• Three morphological rules describe creating compounds in ASL.

2. The single sequence rule:Internal movement or movement reduplication is deleted.

GIRL vs GIRL^SAME (sister)TALK vs TALK^NAME (mention)ENOUGH vs GOOD^ENOUGH (barely adequate)

Page 16: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Compounds

• Three morphological rules describe creating compounds in ASL.

3. The weak hand anticipation ruleThe non-dominant hand anticipates the shape of the dominant hand

THINK SAME vs THINK^SAME (Agree)THINK MARRY vs THINK^MARRY (Believe)GIRL SAME vs GIRL^SAME (Sister)

Page 17: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Lexicalized Fingerspelling

• Lexicalized (“word-like”) fingerspelling are fingerspelled words from a spoken language which have been borrowed into the sign language of a Deaf community. Typically they undergo certain changes in the way they are formed

Page 18: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Linguistic Borrowing

• Loan signs/words are signs/words that have been borrowed from other languages.

1. Two languages are in frequent contact• Ie, English and ASL

2. One language does not have a word for something introduced by the other culture/language

• If one language has more prestige than the other, the low prestige language will borrow more frequently

Page 19: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Linguistic Borrowing

• Borrowing occurs when:1. Two languages are in frequent contact

• Ie, English and ASL

2. One language does not have a word for something introduced by the other culture/language

• From other signed languages to ASL: Country signs

• From English to ASL: Lexicalized fingerspelling• From other spoken languages to English: patio,

kimono, siesta, c’est la vie, food, country names

Page 20: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Linguistic Borrowing

• Some things are borrowed more easily than others

– Nouns, objects, phrases

• Not usually– Sounds– Verbs, actions– Orthography

Page 21: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Lexicalized Fingerspelling

Lexicalized = “word-like”Fingerspelling is highly morphologically flexible.

Page 22: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Lexicalized Fingerspelling

• With fingerspelled loan signs/lexicalized fingerspelling, sometimes the signs themselves will undergo a morphological change. (When fs behaves like a sign/word we call that lexicalization)

• W + H + A + T #WHAT

Page 23: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Lexicalized Fingerspelling

1. Some of the signs may be deleted.

• Loan signs with three letters tend to delete the middle letter#TOY, #BUT, #FIX, #BUG…

• Loan signs with four letters tend to delete one or more of the middle letters#HURT, #SOON, #BUSY, #CLUB….

Page 24: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Lexicalized Fingerspelling

2. Others assimilate with signs:THAT-#ALL, LIFE-#STYLE, PICK-#UP…

• Some loan signs only have two letters deleting full phrases:#TB, #P(O)F, #NG(TG), #FK…

Page 25: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Lexicalized Fingerspelling

3. Sometimes movement epenthesis occurs:#EARLY, #WOULD, #BACK, #SALE, #SISSY, #FRESH…

4. Sometimes the word may assimilate a location:#FOOD (or #SEX) on the forehead means a person is obsessed with food (or sex)

Someone who is hungry could sign #GRRR or #GROWL on the stomach

Page 26: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Lexicalized Fingerspelling

5. Sometimes a palm orientation alternates:#JOB, #GAS, #DOG, #WHAT…

6. There may be a reduplication of the movement:#HA, #DO, #NO, #IF, #YES…

7. There may be weak hand epenthesis:#WHAT, #WELL, #BACK, #OFF, #DO…

Page 27: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Lexicalized Fingerspelling

• Other grammatical information may be included.

• A girl and her boyfriend may have a history of breaking up and getting back together (reduplication)

• The opposite ends of a chart may indicate something that can be spelled (space)

• Someone may be talking about a trip they took to a distant location (location)

• Who said something may be indicated (subject)

Page 28: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyzNumerical Incorporation

Page 29: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Numerical Incorporation

• In ASL a specific type of bound morpheme is often called “numerical incorporation” in sign classes.

• In some signs, the use of a number can indicate a specific quantity (of time, for example).

• WEEK vs TWO-WEEKS, THREE-WEEKS

Page 30: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Numerical Incorporation

• The process of numerical incorporation is very common in ASL. Numerical incorporation can be found in the following signs:– WEEK, WEEK-PAST, WEEK-FUTURE, WEEKLY– MONTH, MONTH-FUTURE, MONTHLY– DAY– DOLLAR, CENT– PLACE-IN-RACE– EXACT-AGE, APPROXIMATE-AGE– EXACT-TIME, APPROXIMATE-TIME– HEIGHT

Page 31: 3 morphology   sanitized

بۋڎژحطزخ

بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ

طزخبل

بۋڎژحطخ

فبۋڎژح

طزخل

מ ת

שש

מ בורפנככזעת

שש

שבורפנככזעמ בורפ

שע

בורפנככזע

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

xyzabcdefghijklmnvw

xyz

Numerical Incorporation

• In all of these cases, bound morphemes can combine to create new meanings.

• These signs have two meaningful parts (ie, two morphemes)

Strong hand  H M Hhandshape 2 2

location over weak hand

past weak hand

orientation palm dn palm dn

NMS -  -

1. The handshape, which has the meaning of a number

2. The segmental structure (holds and movement) and location, orientation, and nonmanual signal

TWO-WEEKS

Weak hand  Hhandshape Open B

location Neutral space

orientation Palm up

NMS -