3 morphology sanitized
TRANSCRIPT
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Linguistics of American Sign LanguageSign 260
InstructorChristopher Greene [email protected]
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
MorphologyHow we construct signs/words out of meaningful parts
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Morphology• Review: Phonology is
the study of the smallest contrastive parts of language
• Morphology is the study of the smallest meaningful units of language
• A morpheme is the smallest piece of language that has meaning.
• Context• Utterances/Sentences
• Lexemes/Words• Morphemes
• Phonemes
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Morphology• English example CAT
• In the following words, “cat” is a morpheme which is combined with other morphemes, because they can be decomposed and keep their meanings
• Cats = Cat + s• Catty = Cat + y• Wildcat = wild + cat• Catlike = cat + like
• In the following words, “cat” is not a morpheme because they do not relate in meaning. Each of these words are itself a full morpheme.
• Caterpillar• Scathing• Cater• Ducat
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Morphology
• ASL example: 2
• The following signs all have the morpheme “2” in them, represented by the “2” handshape. They are combinations of multiple morphemes.
• TWO-DAYS• TWO-WEEKS-AGO• TWO-MONTHS
• The following signs have the “2” handshape, but the 2 handshape carries no meaning of “two”. These signs are by themselves full morphemes.
• SEE• DOWNLOAD• CAUGHT-IN-THE-ACT
2 2
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Morphology
• If a sign/word can’t be decomposed, it is considered a full morpheme.
• Cats = cat (feline) + s (plural) [2 morphemes]• Caterpillar = caterpillar [1 morpheme]
• NINE-WEEKS = 9 + WEEK [2 morphemes]• PREACH = PREACH [1 morpheme]
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Free morphemes
• Free morphemes can stand alone as independent units
• Cat, book, and church are free morphemes
• In the word unhappiness, happy is a free morpheme
• In the word unlockable, lock is a free morpheme
• In the word churches, church is a free morpheme
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Bound morphemes
• Bound morphemes can only exist alongside another morpheme.
• In the word unhappiness, un- and –ness are bound morphemes.
• In the words cats, books, and churches, -s/-es is a bound morpheme that means “plural”.
• In the word unlockable un- is a bound morpheme that means “not”, -able is a bound morpheme that means “capable of…”
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Deriving Nouns from Verbs in ASL
• In ASL you can derive many nouns from verbs and vice versa by changing the movement of a sign.
SIT vs CHAIR
• CAR/DRIVE, FLY/AIRPLANE, LOCK/KEY…
XMHXMHMHMH
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Combining Morphemes in ASL
• ASL morphemes combine in interesting ways– ASL mouth morphemes– Compounding– Lexicalized fingerspelling
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Mouth morphemes (adverbial)
• When a mouth morpheme alters the meaning of a sign, the sign can be decomposed into two morphemes:
Strong hand H M Hhandshape Box X Box X
location over weak hand
over weak hand
orientation palm dn palm dn
NMS mmm mmm
WROTE-WITH-EASE
Weak hand Hhandshape Open B
location Neutral space
orientation Palm up
NMS -
1. Non manual signal
2. Handshape, location, palm orientation and the hold/movement segment
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Compounds
• Both English and ASL introduce new words through a process of compounding.
• Examples of English compounds:Bookcase, blackboard, homework, butterball
• When a compound is used often, it’s form may become more arbitrary over time.Electronic mail -> email
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Compounds
• Both English and ASL introduce new words through a process of compounding.
• Examples of ASL compounds:LUNCH, BRUISE, BEST
• Forms can become more arbitrary over timeGIRL + SAME -> SISTER Examples
on p. 57
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Compounds
• Three rules describe creating compounds in ASL.
1. First contact rule:If two signs come together to form a compound and the first sign has a contact hold in it, that hold will stay
GOOD NIGHT vs. GOOD^NIGHT (trouble!)THINK SAME vs. THINK^SAME (agree)MY SUPERIOR vs MY^SUPERIOR (favorite)
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Compounds
• Three morphological rules describe creating compounds in ASL.
2. The single sequence rule:Internal movement or movement reduplication is deleted.
GIRL vs GIRL^SAME (sister)TALK vs TALK^NAME (mention)ENOUGH vs GOOD^ENOUGH (barely adequate)
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Compounds
• Three morphological rules describe creating compounds in ASL.
3. The weak hand anticipation ruleThe non-dominant hand anticipates the shape of the dominant hand
THINK SAME vs THINK^SAME (Agree)THINK MARRY vs THINK^MARRY (Believe)GIRL SAME vs GIRL^SAME (Sister)
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Lexicalized Fingerspelling
• Lexicalized (“word-like”) fingerspelling are fingerspelled words from a spoken language which have been borrowed into the sign language of a Deaf community. Typically they undergo certain changes in the way they are formed
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Linguistic Borrowing
• Loan signs/words are signs/words that have been borrowed from other languages.
1. Two languages are in frequent contact• Ie, English and ASL
2. One language does not have a word for something introduced by the other culture/language
• If one language has more prestige than the other, the low prestige language will borrow more frequently
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Linguistic Borrowing
• Borrowing occurs when:1. Two languages are in frequent contact
• Ie, English and ASL
2. One language does not have a word for something introduced by the other culture/language
• From other signed languages to ASL: Country signs
• From English to ASL: Lexicalized fingerspelling• From other spoken languages to English: patio,
kimono, siesta, c’est la vie, food, country names
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Linguistic Borrowing
• Some things are borrowed more easily than others
– Nouns, objects, phrases
• Not usually– Sounds– Verbs, actions– Orthography
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Lexicalized Fingerspelling
Lexicalized = “word-like”Fingerspelling is highly morphologically flexible.
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Lexicalized Fingerspelling
• With fingerspelled loan signs/lexicalized fingerspelling, sometimes the signs themselves will undergo a morphological change. (When fs behaves like a sign/word we call that lexicalization)
• W + H + A + T #WHAT
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Lexicalized Fingerspelling
1. Some of the signs may be deleted.
• Loan signs with three letters tend to delete the middle letter#TOY, #BUT, #FIX, #BUG…
• Loan signs with four letters tend to delete one or more of the middle letters#HURT, #SOON, #BUSY, #CLUB….
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Lexicalized Fingerspelling
2. Others assimilate with signs:THAT-#ALL, LIFE-#STYLE, PICK-#UP…
• Some loan signs only have two letters deleting full phrases:#TB, #P(O)F, #NG(TG), #FK…
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Lexicalized Fingerspelling
3. Sometimes movement epenthesis occurs:#EARLY, #WOULD, #BACK, #SALE, #SISSY, #FRESH…
4. Sometimes the word may assimilate a location:#FOOD (or #SEX) on the forehead means a person is obsessed with food (or sex)
Someone who is hungry could sign #GRRR or #GROWL on the stomach
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Lexicalized Fingerspelling
5. Sometimes a palm orientation alternates:#JOB, #GAS, #DOG, #WHAT…
6. There may be a reduplication of the movement:#HA, #DO, #NO, #IF, #YES…
7. There may be weak hand epenthesis:#WHAT, #WELL, #BACK, #OFF, #DO…
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Lexicalized Fingerspelling
• Other grammatical information may be included.
• A girl and her boyfriend may have a history of breaking up and getting back together (reduplication)
• The opposite ends of a chart may indicate something that can be spelled (space)
• Someone may be talking about a trip they took to a distant location (location)
• Who said something may be indicated (subject)
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyzNumerical Incorporation
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Numerical Incorporation
• In ASL a specific type of bound morpheme is often called “numerical incorporation” in sign classes.
• In some signs, the use of a number can indicate a specific quantity (of time, for example).
• WEEK vs TWO-WEEKS, THREE-WEEKS
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Numerical Incorporation
• The process of numerical incorporation is very common in ASL. Numerical incorporation can be found in the following signs:– WEEK, WEEK-PAST, WEEK-FUTURE, WEEKLY– MONTH, MONTH-FUTURE, MONTHLY– DAY– DOLLAR, CENT– PLACE-IN-RACE– EXACT-AGE, APPROXIMATE-AGE– EXACT-TIME, APPROXIMATE-TIME– HEIGHT
بۋڎژحطزخ
بۋڎژحلبۋڎژحلخ
طزخبل
بۋڎژحطخ
فبۋڎژح
طزخل
מ ת
שש
מ בורפנככזעת
שש
שבורפנככזעמ בורפ
שע
בורפנככזע
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw
xyzabcdefghijklmnvw
xyz
Numerical Incorporation
• In all of these cases, bound morphemes can combine to create new meanings.
• These signs have two meaningful parts (ie, two morphemes)
Strong hand H M Hhandshape 2 2
location over weak hand
past weak hand
orientation palm dn palm dn
NMS - -
1. The handshape, which has the meaning of a number
2. The segmental structure (holds and movement) and location, orientation, and nonmanual signal
TWO-WEEKS
Weak hand Hhandshape Open B
location Neutral space
orientation Palm up
NMS -