3 oil palm hendry
TRANSCRIPT
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Straight, unbranchedstem,
large evergreen leaves,spirally arrange at the topo the stem
Monoecious - producingmale and emaleinorescences in lea axils
Male oer: tubular inshape
Female oer: cylindrical
in shape !he ronds are arrangedeither right handed or lethanded, but have nosignifcance to ruitproduction"
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Male oer Female oer
#nitial oral ormed some $$ % && months"
'( % ()cm long (* % &* cm long
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Pollinated by Elaeidobiuskamerunicus
*-+ months ripe, ready or harvesting
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oots Fibrous root descend rom the palm base to the
bottom o the soil hich consist o primary,secondary, tertiary and uaternary"
.istribution depends on the soil condition,texture and ell aerated soil"
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Foliage/ronds▪ Matured palms carries
(*-&) ronds and
produced (* rondsper year"
▪ #norescence borne inthe axils o thepinnate ronds"
▪ 0nalysis o oliar isbeing carried out byta1ing lea samplerom ronds no '2"3',4,'25
Pinnate ronds
6ea/Pinnae
achis
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Fruit▪ Matured
depending oneather
▪ ')))-$))) ruitletsper bunch, *cmlong and eight$)gm" !he ruitcharacteristicdepends on▪ Shell thic1ness
▪ 7il content o
mesocarp
Mesocarp
Stigma
7perculum
9mbryo
8ernel
Shell
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!emperature: (* % $))0nnual rainall: '*)) % $*))/year
elative humidity: ;)
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onsists o three main ruit type:.ura
Pisiera !enera
9ach type have di>erentcharacteristics"
!enera is the hybrid o .ura ? Pisiera" Mainly !enera is used idely in
Malaysia
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!hic1endocarp/shell: (-;mm
mesocarp: $*-+*< 1ernel: 2-()<
ate o oil: '2-';
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0bsence oendocarp / no shell
!hic1 ring fbre @ig mesocarp and
more oil content
Pisiera as a male
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!hin endocarp: )"*-& mm
Mesocarp: +)-4*<
8ernel: $-'*< ate o oil: (( %
(&< Aybrid by dura and
pisiera
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( typesB
Catural pollination
ontrolled pollination
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Dsing 0rican eevil Elaeidobiuskamerunicus
#t ill spread the pollen o the maleoer to the emale oerSpreading o pollen through the
natural movement o the insectMature bunch can be harvested * % +
month ater pollination
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Pollination beteen .ura 3emale5and Pisiera 3male5
Produce !enera hybrid !he age o .ura and Pisiera palmmust be + years old
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Bagging of
male flower – 7
days beforeanthesis
Male flower
harvested at
anthesis
Oven dry –
24 hrs, 35 –
400
C
!tra"tion# sieving
of $ollen
%ollen
viability
test
Bottling #
storage
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Bagging of
female flower –
7 days beforere"e$tive
&eady to
$ollinate after
'0 days
5 gram male
$ollen mi!
with nat(ral $owder
)$ray to femaleflower – 5*+
times
%ollination'0 days,
remove bag
after 4 wee-s
.arvested 5/+months
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Cursery site selection must includethe olloing actors:
!opography Eater supply and drainage
ood soil or planting medium
0ccessibility ? roads
Saety
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Must be at area 9asy to construct
irrigation
9asy ormaintenance
9nsure seedlingshave a straightstand or planting
Co ater-logging
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Aave nearby atersupply
.rainage using
spring1ler / dripirrigation
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0vailability osandy loam soil
Suitable or oil
palm seedlings Free rom disease
3anoderma spp"5
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9asy to access ood all eather
road
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Aaving atchmanto secure the arearom thet,
vandalism # possible, put
ence around thenursery
egular chec1
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learing % ( months beore arrival othe seeds
Fencing6ining % space the polybag evenly7rdering seedsPolybag fllingShading
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Dtilises only large polybagserminated seeds are planted
directly into the polybags"0dvantages:
6ess handling o seedling
0void nursery transplanting shoc1
Smaller labour reuirement
6ess cost material cost
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.isadvantages:
euire larger area and inrastructure
More irrigation resources
ulling is more diGcult ? timeconsuming
.iGcult to observe and supervise
Cot advisable or large planting scale
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Planting seed at pre-nursery 3(-$months5 and transplant to main
nursery 3&-'( months50dvantages:
euire smaller initial area
euire less irrigation
6oer maintenance costs in early stage
Primary culling can be carried out
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.isadvantages:
More handling o seedlings
#ncreasing maintenance or1/cost
is1 o transplanting shoc1
euire additional inrastructure
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Pre nursery
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# the total area proposed orplantation is ')))ha and planting
density is '$+ palms per hectare,hat are the total seedling to beplanted in the nurseryH
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Pre-nursery stage:
Polybag flling using best top soil &ee1s beore planting
0pply ith oc1 Phosphate 3#P5 I')1g/'))) polybags 3'*cm x (' cm5
Shading % using palm ronds / blac1
netting 3$)< shade5 Planting o germinated seeds
0rrange and labelled the polybags
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!he main nursery
Polybag flling % using best topsoil, amonth prior to planting
0pply '))g oc1 Phosphate 3#P5
Dsing large polybag: $;cm x &*cm
Spacing o polybags: )"4'm x )"4'm x
)"4'm
Set up o irrigation
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!o remove poor uality / abnormalseedlings
!iming o cull:Pre-nursery cull: 0t transplanting rompre nursery to main nursery 3 at$-& months5
0t 4 months 3in the main nursery50t '( months 3in the main nursery5 or
prior to feld transplanting
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olanterin1led lea
himaerarass lea/narro lea olled lea !isted
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%&/1&)& C1
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Stunted Juvenile9rect / DprightFlat top
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Planting o oil palm at the age o '(months
!he feld must be ready beoretransplanting
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)(rveying &oad
"onstr("tion
6rain
"onstr("tion
and "learingining for
$lanting
erra"e
"onstr("tion
%lanting of
eg(me "over
"ro$
.oling #
%lanting
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!he initial stage beore planting #dentifcation o area to be plantedPreparation o map, boundaries, site
selection
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!o provide access to vehicle orplanting, transportation o ruitbunches and maintenanceoperation"
!o minimiKe vehicle damage duringdaily operations"
!ypes o roads: main road,subsidiary road, perimeterroad/Leeptrac1
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!o drain out ater rom sampy, peatand lo-laying area
Maintain ideal height o ater table
!ypes o drains: Main drain
ollection drain
Field drain / subsidiary
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!o clear Lungle/existing plantationor oil palm plantation
!o provide an area ree rom debrisor feld establishment and planting
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!o acilitate e>ective establishment,maintenance and harvesting o oilpalms
!o minimiKe soil erosion !o reduce rain ater runo> and
nutrient losses
!o provide each palm ith eualaccess to light, nutrients and ater
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!o produce an evenly spaced standso palms
9nsure that palms has the sameaccess to nutrients, ater andsunlight
Planting system: triangular system
Planting distance: (;t x (; t 3peatarea5, (4t x (4t 3undulating5, (2t x$)t 3steep area5
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Ma1e sure that the area or lining and planting is cleared odebris"
.etermine the aLa base line, then use compass todetermine the angle o 4)" 0ter that, measure the
distance o the planting points 3(;t / (4t5" !hen, the measuring tape is pulled at +) or triangularplanting" Mar1ed out the intermediate points using pegs"
Pull the measuring tape along the base line and mar1 theinterval using peg"
7nce the frst section has been lined, these points are used
as reerence points to continue lining across the palmbloc1"
@eore planting, ma1e sure that the linings or plantingpoints are double chec1 to avoid any mista1es"
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Ailly terrain # palms are straight lined over hill, the
palm spacing must be increased to allo
or the e>ect o the slope on thehoriKontal palm spacing" !hereore, thepalm planting distance must be increasedhen crossing hill"
# the distance are not corrected, over-croding ill result in hill"
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Steep terrain !erraces are installed here the
slope =()Nor &)N" !erraces shouldalays ollo the contour o the areabeing planted" !he distance beteenterraces is related to the slope %the
steeper the slope, the closer thehoriKontal distance beteenterraces"
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0dvantages: !o control erosion
#mprove soil condition
Provide Citrogen
Pest control
Eeed control
educe soil temperature !ypes o 6: Mucuna bracteata,
Calopogonium mucunoides, Centrosema pubescens, Pueraria phaseoloides
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Planting hole: )"$m x )"$m x )"$m0pply *))g #P and *))g SFPlace seedling inside the holeover the seedling ith soil, avoid
shallo planting
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FertiliKer applicationEeed controlPest ? disease controlSoil conservationEater reuirement
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!o supply palms ith suGcientnutrient
!o promote healthy vegetativegroth, maximum economics ruitbunch yield and resistance to pestsand diseases
.osage depends on the maturity ooil palm
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itrogen
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%otassi(m
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Magnesi(m
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Boron
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Year Area ofapplication
)-( 0t circle o palm
$-* 0t circle until end
tip o canopy=* 0t rondsO
stac1ing and palm
ro
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Year Rounds
)-' $ % *
=' ( - $
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Eeed % unanted plants gro in thefeld
Second highest cost ater ertiliKation3'2< - (2< o operation cost5
ontrol measures: chemical, culture,mechanical, biological control
!ypes o eed control: circleeeding, strip eeding, patheeding, noxious eed control
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Axonopus compressus Digitaria ciliaris
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Michania micranthaMichania micrantha Ipomoea cairicaIpomoea cairica
Passifora oetidaPassifora oetida Mimosa invisaMimosa invisa
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Clidemia hirta Melastoma malabathricum
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Nephrolepis biserrata Stenochlaena palustris
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ulture control % mulching, 6Mechanical control % hoe, parang,
sic1le@iological % integrated pest
managementhemical % using eedicide
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Cursery
Seedling are highly sensitive
Manual control % pre nursery
Manual, mechanical ? chemical control %main nursery
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#mmature palm
Dse culture, mechanical, chemical andintegrated ith 6
+ rounds per year
Dsing 9F@ or mulching
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Mature palm
hemical control
#ntegration ith cattle/co/
Mechanical control % using sic1le, parang
( or $ rounds per year
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SpeciesSpecies Active ingredient Active ingredient Rate in 18 L water Rate in 18 L water
Glyphosate*Glyphosate* 180-240l o! 41"180-240l o! 41"
prod#ctprod#ct
$a%apyr*$a%apyr* 1&0 ' 22& l o! 10"1&0 ' 22& l o! 10"prod#ctprod#ct
(ets#l!#ron-ethyl(ets#l!#ron-ethyl
Glyphosate*Glyphosate*
)l#a%i!op-#tyl)l#a%i!op-#tyl
+g o! 20" prod#ct+g o! 20" prod#ct
,0l o! 41" prod#ct,0l o! 41" prod#ct
,0 l 0! 2," prod#ct,0 l 0! 2," prod#ct
Im pirata cylindrica
Pennisetum
http://www.forestexplorers.com/naturecures/image/ginger.jpghttp://www.bluestem.ca/pennisetum-alopec.htmhttp://www.forestexplorers.com/naturecures/image/ginger.jpg
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SpeciesSpecies Active ingredient Active ingredient Rate in 18 L water Rate in 18 L water
)l#roypyr*)l#roypyr* 1& l o! 2," prod#ct1& l o! 2," prod#ct
2.4-/ aine*2.4-/ aine* &, l o! 0" prod#ct&, l o! 0" prod#ct
Mikania micrantha
Passiflora foetida
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SpeciesSpecies Active Activeingredientingredient
Rate in 18 LRate in 18 Lwater water
riclopyr*riclopyr*
ets#l!#ron -ets#l!#ron -ethylethyl
,0-80 l o! +2",0-80 l o! +2"prod#ctprod#ct
, g o! 20", g o! 20"prod#ctprod#ct
riclopyr*riclopyr*
ets#l!#ron -ets#l!#ron -ethylethyl
,0-80 l o! +2",0-80 l o! +2"
prod#ctprod#ct
, g o! 20", g o! 20"prod#ctprod#ct
Melastoma
malabatrichum
Clidemia hirta
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SpeciesSpecies Active Activeingredientingredient
Rate in 18 LRate in 18 Lwater water
ets#l!#ron -ets#l!#ron -ethylethyl
4-, g o! 20"4-, g o! 20"prod#ctprod#ct
Gl#!osinate-Gl#!osinate-
aoni#**aoni#**2.4-/ aine*2.4-/ aine*
,0 l o! 18",0 l o! 18"
prod#ct ,0 lprod#ct ,0 lo! 0" prod#cto! 0" prod#ct
Nephrolepis biserrata
Stenochlaena palustris
http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/600max/html/starr_020803_0027_dicranopteris_linearis.htm
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Adoretus compressus
Apogonia sp.
Control
richlor!on 3hlor!er!envinphos
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Control
richlor!on 3hlorpyri!os
Control
richlor!on 3hlorpyri!os
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AdultAdult
larvalarva
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Metisa planaPteroma pendula
Darna trimaSetora nitensCoptotermes curvignatusats % Rattus argentivitus, Rattus
rattus diardii, Rattus tiomanicus
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@asal stem rot 3@S5 % anodermaspp"
ron diseaseMarasmius disease
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!o provide an optimumphotosynthesis
!o remove unanted branches %disease, dead 8ge o9 of fronds
: 3 years
4/7 years
;/'4 years
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Fronds arrangemento Flat / undulating area - 0lternate ro
arrangement
o !errace area % depends on contour0void excessive pruning
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eady to harvest ater $ years $ % * years scout harvesting 7bLectives:
!o produce maximum uality o palm product
!o harvest all ruits bunches that can beeconomically proccessed
!o harvest only ripe ruits and collect all looseruits
!o deliver the FF@ to the mill ithin (& hours oharvest
Maintain optimun reuency o harvestingrounds
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#dentifcation o ripe ruitsemove ronds belo ripe bunchFronds arrangement at stac1ing ro
ut the ruit bunchollect all loose ruitsut long stal1s0rrange FF@ neatly at the platormMinimiKe bruise/inLury to FF@0void delay transportation
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Aarvesting criteria: 0t least threeloose ruits on ground
Aarvesting rounds: 2-') days
3depends on availability o FF@5Methods: using chisel or young palm
3immature5, sic1le or mature palm
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B(n"h re"e$tion
B(n"h sterili=ation
B(n"h threshing
>r(it digestion
%(l$ $ressingOil "larifi"ation (t re"overy
>B
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%(l$ $ressing
Oil "larifi"ation
Oil drying
Oil $a"-ing
(t re"overy
(t drying
(t "ra"-ing
?ernel se$aration
?ernel storage
)hells
?ernels
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@unch reception
FF@ arrives rom feld
rading o FF@
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&i$e b(n"h Over ri$e b(n"h
1nri$e b(n"h ong stal- b(n"h
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m$ty b(n"h 6irty b(n"h
)mall b(n"h &otten b(n"h
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a process o removing the external impuritiesand to loosen them rom bunches
Dse o high temperature et-heat treatment Purpose: !o destroy lypolytic enKymes hich cause the FF0
content to increase"
!o soten the pericarp, ready or digestion andeasier or oil release
!o dehydrate the ruit to achieve avorable ratio oater to oil in pericarp"
!o minimiKe the bra1e o> the 1ernel hilepressing, threshing and nut crac1er
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!hreshing
emoval o ruits rom bunches
.etach the ruit rom bunches, leaving
spi1elets on the stem
Produce 9F@
9F@ send to feld to provide mulching or
immature palm
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eleasing the palm oil in the ruitthrough the brea1ing don o the oil-bearing cells
.igesting the ruits at hightemperature
7bLectives:
.estroy ruitsO outer covering 3exocarp5omplete disruption o oil cells
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Process o oil extraction !o methods:
.ry method % mechanical presses
Eet method % use hot ater to leach outthe oil
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larifcation % separate the oil romits entrained impurities
e-heating the oil to 1ill all germs,bacteria"
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7il transerred to a tan1 or storageprior to dispatch rom the mill
Maintained around *))
Dsing hot ater or lo pressuresteam-heating coils to preventsolidifcation and ractionation
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esidue o pressing consists o amixture o fbre and palm nuts
Cuts separated rom fbre
Dse fbre and nut shells to fre thesteam boilers
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!A9 9C.77. 6D8 F7 Q7D RD# 0C. !9S!