3. pengolahan limbah industri
TRANSCRIPT
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Pengolahan Limbah Industri
Parameter Pengolahan
Eko Heryadi
Parameter Pengolahan Limbah
1. Jenis dan Karakteristik Limbah
2. Debit, Laju Timbulan atau Banyaknya Limbah
3. Lokasi Industri Penghasil Limbah
4. Cost / Biaya Investasi Perusahaan
5. KOMITMEN LINGKUNGAN
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I. Jenis dan Karakteristik Limbah
Jenis Limbah Limbah Cair, Padat atau Gas/
B3
Karakteristik Limbah
Limbah Tidak Berbahaya
Limbah Berbahaya (B3)
1. Inorganic ions1.1 Metals
1.2 Anions
2. Organic Pollutants2.1 Hydrocarbons
2.2 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBS)
2.3 polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDS)
2.4 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFS)
2.5 polybrominated biphenyls (PBBS)
2.6 organochlorine insecticides
2.7 organophosphorous insecticides (OPS)
2.8 carbamate insecticides
2.9 pyrethroid insecticides
2.10 phenoxy herbicides (plant growth regulator herbicides)
2.11 anticoagulant rodenticides
2.12 detergents
2.13 chlorophenols
3. Organometalliccompounds
4. Radioactive isotopes
5. Gaseous pollutants
Major Classes of Pollutant
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1. Inorganic Ions1.1 Metals
A metal is defined by chemists as being an elementwhich has a characteristic lustrous appearance, is agood conductor of electricity and generally enterschemical reactions as positive ions or cations.
Walaupun logam dianggap sebagai pollutan, pentinguntuk diketahui bahwa mereka secara alami berada dialam sebagai natural substances.
Kebanyakan logam menjadi polutan karena aktivitasmanusia, seperti tambang dan peleburan logam, danmenjadikannya sebagai polutan yang menyebabkankerusakan lingkungan
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1. Inorganic Ions
1.2 Anions
There are some inorganic pollutants which are
not particularly toxic, but which cause
environmental problems because they areused in such large quantities. These include
anions such as nitrates and phosphates.
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2. Organic Pollutant The great majority of compounds that contain carbon
are described as organic, the few exceptions beingsimple molecules such as CO2 and CO.
Carbon has the ability to enter into the formation of abewildering diversity of complex organic compounds,many of which provide the basic fabric of livingorganisms.
The reason for this is the tendency of carbon atoms toform stable bonds with one another, thereby creatingrings and extended chains.
Carbon can also form stable bonds with hydrogen,oxygen and nitrogen atoms.
2. Organic Pollutant
The behavior of organic compounds is
dependent upon their molecular structure
molecular size, molecular shape and the
presence of functional groups being importantdeterminants of metabolic fate and toxicity.
Thus, it is important to know the formula of
pollutants in order to understand or predict
what happens to them in the living
environment.
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2.1 Hydrocarbons Senyawa ini terbentuk hanya dari elemen
karbon dan hidrogen
Some hydrocarbons of low molecular weight(e.g. methane, ethane and ethylene) exist asgases at normal temperature and pressure.
However, the great majority of hydrocarbons
are liquids or solids. They are of low polarityand, consequently, have low water solubility,but they have high solubility in oils and inmost organic solvents.
2.1 Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons aredivisible into twoclasses: (i) alkanes,alkenes and alkynes
and (ii)aromatic
hydrocarbons
The distinguishingfeature of aromatichydrocarbons is thepresence of one ormore benzene ringsin their structure.
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2.2 POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYLS (PCBS) Polychlorinated biphenyls are a class of organic compounds
with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms attached to biphenyl, which is amolecule composed of two benzene rings. The chemicalformula for PCBs is
C12H10-xClx They are stable, unreactive viscous liquids of low volatility
which have been used as hydraulic fluids, coolantinsulation fluids in transformers and plasticizers in paints
There are altogether 209 possible PCB congeners, and
some 120 of these are present in commercial products suchas Aroclor 1254, Aroclor 1260 and Clophen A60.
PCB mixtures have very low solubility in water but highsolubility in oils and organic solvents of low polarity
2.2 POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYLS (PCBS)
PCBs were once used for a number of purposes asdielectric fluids, heat transformer fluids, lubricants,vacuum pump fluids, as plasticizers (e.g. in paints) andfor making carbonless copy paper.
In many countries, the use of PCBs is now banned orseverely restricted.
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2.3 POLYCHLORINATED
DIBENZODIOXINS (PCDDS) dan POLYCHLORINATEDDIBENZOFURANS (PCDFS)
PCDDs and PCDFs are not produced commercially, but areunwanted by-products generated during the synthesis ofother compounds. They are also formed during the
combustion of PCBs (fires or chemical waste disposal) andby the interaction of chlorophenols during disposal ofindustrial wastes.
In general, they are formed when chlorophenols interact
2.5 POLYBROMINATED
BIPHENYLS (PBBS)
Mixtures of polybrominated biphenyls have
been marketed as fire retardants
These mixtures bear a general resemblance to
PCB mixtures and are lipophilic, stable andunreactive.
As with PCBs, some congeners are very
persistent in living organisms and have long
biological half-lives.
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2.6 ORGANOCHLORINE
INSECTICIDES
Ada 3 jenis :
DDT
chlorinated cyclodiene insecticides (aldrin dan
dieldrin)
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (lindane)
2.7 ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS
INSECTICIDES (OPS)
Awal digunakannya pada PDII, sebagai gas
syaraf (neurotoksin)
Sifatnya menghambat enzim
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
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2.8 CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES
Mirip seperti OPS
Kegunaannya utk mengendalikan hama siput,
moluska, dan nematoda
2.9 PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES
Naturally occurring pyrethrin insecticides which are foundin the flowering heads of Chrysanthemum spp. providedthe model for the development of synthetic pyrethroids.
Synthetic pyrethroids are, in general, more stablechemically and biochemically than are natural pyrethrins
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2.10 PHENOXY HERBICIDES
(PLANT GROWTH REGULATORHERBICIDES)
Sifatnya menghambat dan mengatur
pertumbuhan tanaman
Kebanyakan dari phenoxy herbisida ini
biodegradable dan tidak begitu kuat
keberadaannya pada organisme hidup atau di
dalam tanah
2.11 ANTICOAGULANT
RODENTICIDES
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2.12 DETERGENTS
2.13 CHLOROPHENOLS
Banyak ditemukan pada limbah pabrik pulp dan kertas
Digunakan sebagai agen pemutih kertas
Hasil pembakarannya akan menghasilkan agen dioxin
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3. Organometallic compounds
Metals are modified in this way to increasetheir toxicity for use as pesticides
Organomercury compounds digunakansebagai antijamur pada benih tanaman
Organolead compounds digunakan untukmengontrol ulat pada tanaman buah
Organotin compounds atau tributyl tindigunakan sebagai campuran cat antijamurpada kapal/ perahu
4. Radioactive isotopes
Inti Radioaktif : Unsur inti atom yg mempunyai sifat
memancarkan salah satu partikel alfa, beta atau gamma.
Sejarah :
- 1896 Becquerel : Senyawa uranium yg memancarkan sinartampak yg dpt menembus bahan yg tdk tembus cahaya serta
mempengaruhi emulsi fotografi.
- 1896 Marie Curie : Bahwa inti uranium memancarkan suatu
partikel.
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5. Gaseous pollutants
Ozone (O3), COx, NOx, SOx
Berbahaya karena dapat bereaksi secara
langsung dan tidak langsung di udara
Secara tidak langsung melalui reaksi fotolitik di
atmosfer (ex. Acid rain)
II. Debit, Laju Timbulan atau
Banyaknya Limbah
Debit Limbah Cair
Timbulan Limbah Limbah Padat/ Gas
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III. Lokasi Industri Penghasil Limbah
Lokasi Industri
Daerah sekitar Industri
Kebijakan daerah setempat
Kawasan Perairan
Ada tidaknya IPAL
IV. Cost / Biaya Investasi Perusahaan
1. Kebijakan perusahaan dan manajemen
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