3. quoting & paraphrasing

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    Quoting &

    Paraphrasingin your essay

    UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGOGICA EXPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR

    INSTITUTO PEDAGOGICO DE CARACAS

    SEMINARIO DE ESCRITURA

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    Quoting

    It is using someone elses words in order to provide more

    and better evidence to essays, reports, dissertations and theses.Quotations provide the authors last name, the year of publication in

    parenthesis and the page number (Oshima and Hogue 1978).

    Full references must be given at the end of the text/or paper,depending on UPEL guidelines.

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    Quoting

    Basic ways of using quotations:

    1. Quotation marks are put around the authors actual words. Often used for short

    quotations. For example:

    A sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas inwriting or in speaking. Every sentence is composed of one or more clauses and

    expresses a complete thought. (Oshima and Hogue 1978: 156) or

    According to Oshima and Hogue (1978) a sentence can be defined as a group of

    words to communicate your ideas in writing o in speaking .

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    Quoting

    Basic ways of using quotations:

    2. The quotation is indented when it is three lines or longer. Quotation marks areusually omitted. It should be written single space (UPEL guidelines).

    A paragraph is a group of sentences about a topic. A typical paragraphbegins with a topic sentence, which introduces the topic. The supporting

    sentences that follow support the idea in the topic sentence with explanations,

    reasons, and other details. The concluding sentence brings the paragraph to an

    end, (Savage & Mayer, 2006: 57).

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    How to quote

    1. Provide a context for each quotation.

    2. Attribute each quotation to its source.

    3. Explain the significance of the quotation.

    Example:

    Usually most teaching language materials lack some important features they need to have.

    That is to say, novelty; variety; attractiveness (lay-out); appealing content, culturalsensitivity and suitability, appropriate methodology, appropriate time scope, practicality, etc.

    Jolly and Bolitho (1998) cited in Tomlinson (1998) state: The excellence of material lies

    less in the products themselves than in the appropriate and unique use teachers might be

    better engaged in. Although there is no such thing as a perfect book or perfect language

    teaching material; language teaching materials need to be designed taking into account

    fundamental aspects which are key not only for learners but also for teachers.

    Taken from: Handbook for teachers, Vsquez A. (2009)

    ACADEMIC WRITING

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    Paraphrasing

    ACADEMIC WRITING

    How to Paraphrase

    Read the source carefully. It is essential that you understand it fully. Identify the main point (s) and key words.

    Cover the original text and rewrite it in your own words.

    Check that you have included the main points.

    Write the paraphrase in your own style.

    Consider each point; how could you rephrase it?

    When to Paraphrase

    To highlight short sections of work only; a sentence or two or a short paragraph.

    To rewrite someone elses ideas without changing the meaning.

    To express someone elses ideas

    To support arguments or provide evidence for your writing.

    Prepared by The Learning Centre, The University of New South Wales 2007. This Guide may be distributed for educational

    purposes and adapted with proper acknowledgement. Email: [email protected]

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    Examples:

    Three facts should be recognized to improve academic achievement at the district level. First,

    many high schools, particularly city schools that serve large numbers of high-poverty children,

    perform very poorly. Second, the number and concentration of poorly performing secondary

    schools varies by location--only a few in some districts, a high percentage in other districts.

    Third, much of this poor performance is either actively created or passively allowed. It is not just

    the result of schools doing the best they can under challenging circumstances. Poorly performing

    schools and school districts directly but unconsciously contribute to the low student performance.

    (Balfanz, as cited in Balfanz & Mac Iver, 1999).

    Paraphrase #1

    Take a look at the attempted paraphrase above.

    Three facts should be recognized to improve academic achievement at the district level. First,many high schools, particularly city schools that serve large numbers of high-poverty children,

    perform very poorly. Second, the number and concentration of poorly performing secondary

    schools varies by location--only a few in some districts, a high percentage in other districts.

    Third, much of this poor performance is either actively created or passively allowed. It is not just

    the result of schools doing the best they can under challenging circumstances. Poorly performing

    schools and school districts directly but unconsciouslycontribute to the low student performance.

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    Possible Paraphrase (the order of sentences is different and the wording)

    Balfanz (in Balfanz & Mac Iver,1999), wrote that many urban schools serving

    children of poverty perform verypoorly (p. 4). He noted that these schools

    are not equally distributed: some districts have a few, while other districts

    especially those with large numbers of poor and minority childrenhave

    many. He stated that poor student performance was not just a result of

    uncontrollable conditions in the districts, but was also attributable to theactions or neglect by policy makers at the school, district, and state levels.

    Taken from:

    http://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/~tcwritingcenter/FACULTY_RESOURCES/Plargiarism_from_WC.

    htm

    http://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/~tcwritingcenter/FACULTY_RESOURCES/Plargiarism_from_WC.htmhttp://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/~tcwritingcenter/FACULTY_RESOURCES/Plargiarism_from_WC.htmhttp://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/~tcwritingcenter/FACULTY_RESOURCES/Plargiarism_from_WC.htmhttp://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/~tcwritingcenter/FACULTY_RESOURCES/Plargiarism_from_WC.htm
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    Original quoting:

    McDonald's has expanded rapidly overseas in recent years. Its skill inmanaging fast-food operations has proven to be just as valuable in

    countries as diverse as France, Russia, China, Germany and Brazil as theyhave been in the United States. Prior to McDonald's entry, none of thesecountries had American-style fast-food chains, so McDonald's brought aunique product as well as unique skills to each country.

    Plagiarized version:

    I n recent years, McDonald's has expanded rapidly overseas. In countr iesas diverse as France, Russia, China, Germany and Brazi l they haveproven to be just as valuable at managing fast-f ood chains as in theUni ted States. Previously, none of these countr ies had American-stylefast-food chains. McDonald's brought unique ski l ls and a unique productto these countr ies.

    ACADEMI C WRITING

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    Paraphrasing

    Original one:

    McDonald's has expanded rapidly overseas in recent years. Its skill in managing

    fast-food operations has proven to be just as valuable in countries as diverse asFrance, Russia, China, Germany and Brazil as they have been in the United

    States. Prior to McDonald's entry, none of these countries had American-style

    fast-food chains, so McDonald's brought a unique product as well as unique skills

    to each country.From Hill, C. W. L. (1994). International business: Competing in the global marketplace. Illinois: Irwin.

    Acceptable paraphrase:

    H ill (1994) cites McDonald' s as an example of a company that has been able to

    successful ly expand into the international market. McDonald's has created a global

    impact not only with its " American-style" fast-food products, but i ts particular brand of

    management practices.

    From Hill, C. W. L. (1994). International business: Competing in the global marketplace.

    Illinois: Irwin.

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    Original quoting:

    "This unique observation provides only one example of the strong maternal

    inclinations of female gorillas. An amazing aspect of the incident was that

    Effie, whose back was turned toward her infant, was aware of Poppyssilent plight even before the human onlooker facing both animals realized

    that something was amiss" (Fossey, 1983, p. 89).

    Acceptable paraphrasing:

    " I n Gori l las in the Mist, Fossey (1983) gives an example to demonstrate

    that gori l las are very protective mothers. As a tiger approached her of fspring Eff ie, a

    mother gorilla, sensed the danger even though she was not facing Effie. The

    researcher observing them did not notice the danger, but the mothergorillas

    vigi lance allowed her to take steps to save the baby gori l la (p. 89).

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    Original quoting:The following text appears in Stephen R. Coveys, The 7 Habits of Highly-

    Effective People, Copyright 1989, pp. 210-211.

    Another common alternative is simply to think Win. People with the Win

    mentality dont necessarily want someone else to lose. Thats irrelevant. What

    matters is that they get what they want. When there is no sense of contest or

    competition, winning is probably the most common approach in everyday

    negotiation. A person with the Win mentality thinks in terms of securing hisown endsand leaving it to others to secure theirs.

    Paraphrase that Plagiarizes:

    Covey believes that people with the Win mentality are not concerned aboutothers achieving their goals, needs or desires. Thats irrelevant. Theirprimary goal is to achieve for themselves.

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    Original quoting:

    Students frequently overuse direct quotations in taking notes, and as a result

    they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10%of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted manner. Therefore,

    you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source material

    while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers, 2nd. Ed. (1976:

    46-47).

    Paraphrase that Plagiarizes:

    Students often use too many quotations when they take notes, resulting in toomany of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of

    the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So, it is important tolimit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

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    Original quoting:The following text appears in Stephen R. Coveys, The 7 Habits of Highly-

    Effective People, Copyright 1989, pp. 210-211.

    Another common alternative is simply to think Win. People with the Win

    mentality dont necessarily want someone else to lose. Thats irrelevant. What

    matters is that they get what they want. When there is no sense of contest or

    competition, winning is probably the most common approach in everyday

    negotiation. A person with the Win mentality thinks in terms of securing hisown endsand leaving it to others to secure theirs.

    Paraphrase that Alters the Meaning of the Original Passage:

    Covey believes that people operating in the Win paradigm have the strongdesire to win at any cost. They consider it okay for other people to achievetheir own goals, needs or desires, but their primary goal is to achieve theirown goals, needs, and desiresso others had better stay away.

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    Original quoting:The following text appears in Stephen R. Coveys, The 7 Habits of Highly-

    Effective People, Copyright 1989, pp. 210-211.

    Another common alternative is simply to think Win. People with the Win

    mentality dont necessarily want someone else to lose. Thats irrelevant. What

    matters is that they get what they want. When there is no sense of contest or

    competition, winning is probably the most common approach in everyday

    negotiation. A person with the Win mentality thinks in terms of securing hisown endsand leaving it to others to secure theirs.

    Acceptable paraphrase:

    Paraphrase with Author Mentioned in the Citation:

    Author, Year of Publication, Page Number

    People operating in the Win paradigm are not concerned about othersachieving their goals, needs or desires. They do not mind if others reachtheir own goals, but their primary goal is to achieve their own goals forthemselves (Covey, 1989, pp. 210-211).

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    References consultedJordan, R. R. (1999). Academic Writing Course: Study Skills in English.

    Harlow: Longmann

    Oshima, A. & A. Hogue. (1991). Writing Academic English. New York:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

    Other sources consulted:http://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/~tcwritingcenter/FACULTY_RESOURC

    ES/Plargiarism_from_WC.htm

    http://library.ucol.ac.nz/main.asp?page=64

    ACADEMIC WRITING

    http://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/~tcwritingcenter/FACULTY_RESOURCES/Plargiarism_from_WC.htmhttp://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/~tcwritingcenter/FACULTY_RESOURCES/Plargiarism_from_WC.htmhttp://library.ucol.ac.nz/main.asp?page=64http://library.ucol.ac.nz/main.asp?page=64http://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/~tcwritingcenter/FACULTY_RESOURCES/Plargiarism_from_WC.htmhttp://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/~tcwritingcenter/FACULTY_RESOURCES/Plargiarism_from_WC.htm
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    Practice:

    One of the most important elements that the perspective drawer needs toestablish is the horizon line or the eye level. In a landscape or seascape, thehorizon line is where the land or sea appears to meet the sky. It is important toestablish this line even though it may be obscured by hills or buildings(Smagula, 2002, p.172).

    Paraphrased version # 1:

    According to Smagula (2002), drawing the horizon or the eye level l ine in a

    landscape, seascape, hi l ls or bui lding is a very important element that

    perspective painters have to portray in their work.

    Paraphrasing # 2:

    According to Smagula (2002) the horizon line or eye line is an essential

    component in the work of prospective drawers. This line, where the land

    meets the sea, should be established even though it may be hidden in some

    cases.

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    Citations are widely recognized as being an important and distinctive property

    of academic texts. Indeed, the presence or absence of citations allows the casual

    reader to get an immediate sense of whether a text is an academic or

    popular one. Because citation is such an obvious surface phenomenon, it hasbeen much discussed in the academic world, (Swales and Feak, 2009).

    Paraphrase # 1:

    According to Swales and Feak (2009) including citations in academic texts hasbecome an important feature in the academic world. Having citations or not having

    them is what allows casual readers to identify texts as academic texts or popularones.

    Parapharsing # 2:

    Including citations in academic texts has become an important feature inthe academic world. Having citations or not having them is what allowscasual readers to identify texts as academic texts or popular ones, (Swalesand Feak, 2009, p.110).

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    Original quoting:

    "All campus constituencies have a role in ensuring fairness, and a lapse by

    one member of the community does not excuse misconduct by another.

    Rationalizations such as 'everyone does it' or 'the curve was too high' do not

    justify or excuse dishonesty" (The Centre for Academic Integrity, 1999, p.7)

    Paraphrase # 1:

    According to The Centre for Academic Integrity (1997) campus

    constituencies play a fundamental role in order to guarantee the honesty

    and correct conduct of its members.

    Paraphrasing # 2:Universities constituencies ensure the proper behaviour of all its members.

    No act of misconduct or dishonesty will be allowed by any of its members.

    (The Centre for Academic Integrity, 1999: 7).

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    Original quoting:

    Students frequently overuse direct quotations in taking notes, and as a result

    they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10%of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted manner. Therefore,

    you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source material

    while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers, 2nd. Ed. (1976:

    46-47).

    Acceptable paraphrase:

    In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quotedmaterial down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates

    during taking note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recordedverbatim, (Lester, 1976: 46-47).