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3 Scotchcast Polyolefin Fibers Dosage Technical Data The information contained herein is from testing conducted under contract by the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology and is described in detail in a report and thesis. The concrete specimens tested were from laboratory mixtures. These test results show that 3M fibers improve hardened concrete material performance characteristics like steel fibers do. This is significant because 3M fibers combine the structural advantages of steel fibers and the material advantages of polyolefin. These results are from an experimental investigation about the performance characteristics of concretes reinforced with 3M Scotchcast Polyolefin Fibers. The fibers used in this experiment were 0.38 mm and 0.64 mm (15 mils and 25 mils) fibers and the sizes were 25.4 mm and 50.8 mm (1 inch and 2 inch) respectively. Fiber dosage used varied from 8.85 kg/m 3 (15 lb./cu.yd.) to 53.10 kg/m 3 (90 lb./cu.yd.). All the experiments were conducted using ASTM Standards. The fresh concrete properties determined were slump, concrete temperature, air content and unit weight. The hardened concrete properties determined were compressive strength, static modulus, flexural strength (modulus of rupture), ASTM toughness indices, first crack toughness, post crack behavior, the equivalent flexural strength and the toughness according to the Japanese standard and the average residual strength (ASTM C 1399). A total of twelve mixes, one for each fiber content was made. Two basic mix proportions were used, one for lower fiber dosages which are normally used in practice, with a water cement ratio of 0.52 and 19 mm (3/4 inch) maximum size coarse aggregate. For higher fiber dosages 35.40 kg/ m 3 and 53.10 kg/m 3 (60 and 90 lb./cu.yd.), Higher water cement ratios 0.58 and 0.65 respectively and a smaller 10 mm (3/8 inch) maximum size of coarse aggregate were used in order to increase the workability. There was a significant increase in the flexural strength and a slight increase in the first crack strength as the fiber content was increased from 8.85 to 53.10 kg/m 3 (25 to 90 lb./cu.yds.). The ASTM toughness indexes and the Japanese toughness values and equivalent flexural strengths were also significantly increased as the fiber content increased. Very high average residual strengths (ARS) (ASTM C 1399) were obtained and the ARS values increased as the fiber content increased. Toughness ASTM and JCI Standards Test Standards and Methods – ASTM C 1399–Test Method for Average Residual Strength – ASTM C 1018–Test Method for Flexural Toughness and First Crack Strength of Fiber- Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With Third-Point Loading), – JSCE-SF4 Standard for Flexural Strength and Flexural Toughness, Method of Tests for Steel fiber Reinforced Concrete,” Concrete Library of JSCE, No. 3, June 1984, Japan Concrete Institute (JCI). pp. 58-66. – “Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength and Flexural Toughness of fiber Reinforced Concrete, (Standard SF4),” JCI Standards for Test Methods of Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Japan Concrete Institute, 1983, pp. 45-51. Significance of Test These tests were designed to show the ductile, elastic/ plastic behavior and post crack load carrying capacity of fiber reinforced concrete. The results of these tests yield load deflection curves, toughness indices, ratios and factors that indicate how fiber concrete can be expected to perform under static flexural loads. • Test Results The results show that 3M fibers produce substantial toughness improvements to concrete. 3M FRC provides significant post crack load carrying capacity. Toughness indices and ratios are calculated based on the area under the load deflection curve and are an indication of the FRC’s ductility and toughness.

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3 Scotchcast™ Polyolefin Fibers

Dosage Technical Data

The information contained herein is from testing conducted under contract by the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology and is described in detail in a report and thesis. The concrete specimens tested were from laboratory mixtures. These test results show that 3M fibers improve hardened concrete material performance characteristics like steel fibers do. This is significant because 3M fibers combine the structural advantages of steel fibers and the material advantages of polyolefin. These results are from an experimental investigation about the performance characteristics of concretes reinforced with 3M™ Scotchcast™ Polyolefin Fibers. The fibers used in this experiment were 0.38 mm and 0.64 mm (15 mils and 25 mils) fibers and the sizes were 25.4 mm and 50.8 mm (1 inch and 2 inch) respectively. Fiber dosage used varied from 8.85 kg/m3 (15 lb./cu.yd.) to 53.10 kg/m3 (90 lb./cu.yd.). All the experiments were conducted using ASTM Standards. The fresh concrete properties determined were slump, concrete temperature, air content and unit weight. The hardened concrete properties determined were compressive strength, static modulus, flexural strength (modulus of rupture), ASTM toughness indices, first crack toughness, post crack behavior, the equivalent flexural strength and the toughness according to the Japanese standard and the average residual strength (ASTM C 1399). A total of twelve mixes, one for each fiber content was made. Two basic mix proportions were used, one for lower fiber dosages which are normally used in practice, with a water cement ratio of 0.52 and 19 mm (3/4 inch) maximum size coarse aggregate. For higher fiber dosages 35.40 kg/m3 and 53.10 kg/m3 (60 and 90 lb./cu.yd.), Higher water cement ratios 0.58 and 0.65 respectively and a smaller 10 mm (3/8 inch) maximum size of coarse aggregate were used in order to increase the workability. There was a significant increase in the flexural strength and a slight increase in the first crack strength as the fiber content was increased from 8.85 to 53.10 kg/m3 (25 to 90 lb./cu.yds.). The ASTM toughness indexes and the Japanese toughness values and equivalent flexural strengths were also significantly increased as the fiber content increased. Very high average residual strengths (ARS) (ASTM C 1399) were obtained and the ARS values increased as the fiber content increased.

Toughness ASTM and JCI Standards• Test Standards and Methods

– ASTM C 1399–Test Method for Average Residual Strength

– ASTM C 1018–Test Method for Flexural Toughness and First Crack Strength of Fiber- Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With Third-Point Loading),

– JSCE-SF4 Standard for Flexural Strength and Flexural Toughness, Method of Tests for Steel fiber Reinforced Concrete,” Concrete Library of JSCE, No. 3, June 1984, Japan Concrete Institute (JCI). pp. 58-66.

– “Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength and Flexural Toughness of fiber Reinforced Concrete, (Standard SF4),” JCI Standards for Test Methods of Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Japan Concrete Institute, 1983, pp. 45-51.

• Significance of Test These tests were designed to show the ductile, elastic/

plastic behavior and post crack load carrying capacity of fiber reinforced concrete.

The results of these tests yield load deflection curves, toughness indices, ratios and factors that indicate how fiber concrete can be expected to perform under static flexural loads.

• Test Results The results show that 3M fibers produce substantial

toughness improvements to concrete. 3M FRC provides significant post crack load carrying capacity.

Toughness indices and ratios are calculated based on the area under the load deflection curve and are an indication of the FRC’s ductility and toughness.

• Test Comparisons Improvement in toughness is a desirable property

because it indicates increased energy absorption capacity to failure and ductile mode of failure. It provides increased resistance to dynamic and impact loads such as earthquakes, blasts and suddenly applied loads.

• Property Improvement Benefits 3M fibers significantly improve toughness properties of

concrete and have the benefit of being a synthetic material. Improved toughness relates to increased durability, increased service life, increased crack resistance and post-crack load carrying capacity.

All concrete cracks. Once plain concrete cracks, the concrete fails to carry any load across the cracks. 3M fibers give concrete the ability to carry loads even when cracked. Other synthetic fibers do not exhibit the significant increased post-crack load carrying capacity that 3M fibers do.

These property improvements help concrete last longer and help reduce maintenance. That means the service life of a structure may be significantly increased and costly replacement may be delayed. 3M fibers may also help reduce initial construction cost.

Compressive Strength

• Test Standards and Methods ASTM C 39 – Cylinder Compressive Strength

• Significance of Test Determine compressive strength of concrete samples

• Test Results During the compression test plain concrete cylinders failed instantly (brittle failure) shattering into pieces with a loud noise at the first crack while the fiber concrete cylinders continued to sustain the load and underwent large deformations without disintegrating into pieces. The concrete was held together by the fibers.

A visual observation of the ultimate failure of the cylinders in compression indicated that the 3M FRC specimens were more ductile.

Typically adding any fiber to concrete does not increase compressive strength but some fibers at higher volume loadings can reduce compressive strength. The significance of these results is 3M FRC concrete compressive strengths can be obtained at a desired value without reductions due to using a high volume of fibers.

• Test Comparisons Each of the other properties of 3M FRC discussed in this data sheet can affect compressive properties because 3M fibers change the failure mode from brittle to ductile as described previously.

• Property Improvement Benefits Fibers, including 3M fibers, do not significantly affect concrete compressive strength. So, when using 3M fiber concrete compressive strength design criteria can be established or maintained. Maintaining compressive strength while adding ductility means that even concrete subject to compressive loads will benefit from the property enhancements discussed in this data sheet. See other test descriptions for benefits information.

• Other Concrete Material Properties Dosages usually proportionately affect these other

concrete material properties: Modulus of Rupture (static Flexural Strength), Fatigue Strength and Endurance, Impact Strength, and Crack Width.

See Comparative Technical Data for more discussion about a typical dosage and test results.

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Important NoticeAll statements, technical information, and recommendations related to 3M’s products are based on information believed to be reliable, but the accuracy or completeness is not guaranteed. Before using this product, you must evaluate it and determine if it is suitable for your intended application. You assume all risks and liability associated with such use. Any statements related to the product which are not contained in 3M’s current publications, or any contrary statements contained on your purchase order shall have no force or effect unless expressly agreed upon, in writing, by an authorized officer of 3M.

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Fiber Length Dosage DetailsCompressive

StrengthToughness Values

C 1399 C 1018 JSCE-SF4

Mixture inch mm Volume% pcy kcm ksi MPa psi Mpa I 10 I 20 in-lbs Nm

1 1 25 1.00 15 8.9 6.8 46.7 225 1.55 10.7 16.3 129 14.6

1 1 25 1.33 20 11.8 6.8 47.0 278 1.92 6.0 18.7 187 21.2

1 1 25 2.00 30 17.7 6.1 41.8 377 2.60 7.1 14.5 190 21.5

2 1 25 4.00 60 35.4 4.9 3.9 569 3.93 9.0 14.2 338 38.2

2 1 25 6.00 90 53.1 3.6 25.0 634 4.37 9.8 16.3 376 42.5

1 2 50 1.00 15 8.9 7.0 48.3 254 1.75 7.5 15.1 130 14.7

1 2 50 1.67 25 14.8 6.1 42.1 296 2.04 7.1 20.6 146 16.5

1 2 50 2.00 30 17.7 6.1 41.9 371 2.56 8.5 18.6 170 19.2

2 2 50 4.00 60 35.4 4.9 33.6 528 3.64 9.6 16.5 262 29.7

2 2 50 6.00 90 53.1 3.9 27.1 639 4.41 49.8 71.4 368 41.6

Mixture 1: Equal percentage coarse and fine aggregates. Mixture 2: Compared to Mixture 1; plus 18% cement and minus 34% coarse plus 34% fine aggregate. C 1399: ASTM test for Average Residual Strength. C1018: ASTM test for indices for flexural toughness. JSCI-SF4: Values from Japanese test.

Table 1: Fiber Dosage and Fiber Reinforced Concrete Properties Comparison