Double ReplacementDouble Replacement1. Hydrogen sulfide is bubbled 1. Hydrogen sulfide is bubbled

through a solution of silver through a solution of silver nitrate.nitrate.

HH22S(g) + AgNOS(g) + AgNO33(aq) --> (aq) -->

HNOHNO33(aq) + Ag(aq) + Ag22S(s)S(s)

HH22S + AgS + Ag++ + NO + NO33-- --> -->

HH++ +NO +NO33-- + Ag + Ag22SS

HH22S + AgS + Ag++ H H++ ++ AgAg22SS

2. An excess of sodium 2. An excess of sodium hydroxide solution is added to a hydroxide solution is added to a solution of magnesium nitrate.solution of magnesium nitrate.

OHOH- - + Mg+ Mg2+2+ Mg(OH) Mg(OH)22

3. Solutions of sodium iodide 3. Solutions of sodium iodide and lead nitrate are mixed.and lead nitrate are mixed.

II-- + Pb + Pb2+ 2+ PbI PbI22

4. A solution of ammonia is 4. A solution of ammonia is added to a solution of ferric added to a solution of ferric chloride.chloride.NHNH33((gg) + H) + H22O(O(ll) + FeCl) + FeCl33((aqaq) --> ) -->

NHNH44Cl(Cl(aqaq) + Fe(OH)) + Fe(OH)33((ss))

NHNH33 + H + H22O + FeO + Fe3+3+ + Cl + Cl-- NH NH44

++ + Cl + Cl-- + Fe(OH) + Fe(OH)33

NHNH33 + H + H22O + FeO + Fe3+3+ NH NH44

++ + Fe(OH) + Fe(OH)33

5. Solutions of silver nitrate and 5. Solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chromate are mixed.sodium chromate are mixed.

AgAg++ + CrO + CrO442-2- Ag Ag22CrOCrO44

6. Excess silver acetate is added 6. Excess silver acetate is added to a solution of trisodium to a solution of trisodium

phosphate.phosphate.

AgAg++ + PO + PO443-3- Ag Ag33POPO44

7. Manganese(II) nitrate solution 7. Manganese(II) nitrate solution is mixed with sodium hydroxide is mixed with sodium hydroxide

solution.solution.

MnMn2+2+ + OH + OH-- Mn(OH) Mn(OH)22

8. A saturated solution of 8. A saturated solution of calcium hydroxide is added to a calcium hydroxide is added to a solution of magnesium chloride.solution of magnesium chloride.

MgMg2+2+ + OH + OH- - Mg(OH) Mg(OH)22

9. Hydrogen sulfide gas is added 9. Hydrogen sulfide gas is added to a solution of cadmium nitrate.to a solution of cadmium nitrate.

HH22S + CdS + Cd2+2+ CdS + H CdS + H++

10. Dilute sulfuric acid is added 10. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium acetate.to a solution of barium acetate.

HH++ + SO + SO442-2- + Ba + Ba2+2+ + C + C22HH33OO22

- -

BaSO BaSO44 + HC + HC22HH33OO22

1111. A precipitate is formed when A precipitate is formed when solutions of trisodium phosphate solutions of trisodium phosphate and calcium chloride are and calcium chloride are mixed. mixed.

POPO443-3- + Ca + Ca2+2+ CaCa33(PO(PO44))22

12. A solution of copper(II) 12. A solution of copper(II) sulfate is added to a solution of sulfate is added to a solution of barium hydroxide.barium hydroxide.

CuCu2+2+ + SO + SO442- 2- + Ba+ Ba2+2+ + OH + OH--

Cu(OH)Cu(OH)22 + BaSO + BaSO44

1313. Equal volumes of dilute Equal volumes of dilute equimolar solutions of sodium equimolar solutions of sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid carbonate and hydrochloric acid are mixed. are mixed. NaNa22COCO33((aqaq) + HCl() + HCl(aqaq) -->) -->

NaCl( NaCl(aqaq) + NaHCO) + NaHCO33((aqaq))

2Na2Na++ + CO + CO332-2- + H + H++ +Cl +Cl-- --> -->

NaNa++ + Cl + Cl- - + Na+ Na++ + HCO + HCO33--

HH++ + CO + CO332-2- HCO HCO33--

14. Solid barium peroxide is 14. Solid barium peroxide is added to cold dilute sulfuric acid.added to cold dilute sulfuric acid.

BaOBaO22((ss) + H) + H22SOSO44((aqaq) --> ) -->

BaSOBaSO44((ss) + H) + H22OO22((ll))

BaOBaO22 +H +H++ + SO + SO442- 2-

BaSOBaSO44 + H + H22OO22

15. Excess hydrochloric acid 15. Excess hydrochloric acid solution is added to a solution of solution is added to a solution of potassium sulfite.potassium sulfite.HCl(HCl(aqaq) + K) + K22SOSO33((aqaq) --> H) --> H22O(O(ll) )

+ SO+ SO22((gg) + KCl() + KCl(aqaq))

HH++ + Cl + Cl- - + K+ K++ + SO + SO332-2- --> -->

H H22O + SOO + SO22 + K + K++ + Cl + Cl--

HH++ + SO + SO332-2- H H22O + SOO + SO22

16. Dilute sulfuric acid is added 16. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium chloride.to a solution of barium chloride.

HH22SOSO44((aqaq) + BaCl) + BaCl22((aqaq) --> ) -->

HCl(HCl(aqaq) + BaSO) + BaSO44((ss))

HH++ + SO + SO442-2- + Ba + Ba2+2+ + Cl + Cl-- --> -->

HH++ + Cl + Cl-- + BaSO + BaSO44

SOSO442-2- + Ba + Ba2+2+ BaSO BaSO44

17. A solution of sodium 17. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution hydroxide is added to a solution of ammonium chloride.of ammonium chloride.NaOH(NaOH(aqaq) + NH) + NH44Cl(Cl(aqaq) --> ) -->

NaCl(NaCl(aqaq) + NH) + NH33((gg) + H) + H22O(O(ll))

NaNa++ + OH + OH-- + NH + NH44++ + Cl + Cl- - --> -->

NaNa++ + Cl + Cl-- + NH + NH3 3 + H+ H22OO

NHNH44++ + OH + OH-- NH NH33 + H + H22OO

18. Dilute hydrochloric acid is 18. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of potassium added to a solution of potassium carbonate.carbonate.HCl(HCl(aqaq) + K) + K22COCO33((aqaq) --> H) --> H22O(O(ll) )

+ CO+ CO22((gg) + KCl() + KCl(aqaq))

HH+ + + Cl+ Cl-- + K + K++ + CO + CO332-2- --> -->

HH22O + COO + CO22 + K + K++ + Cl + Cl--

HH++ + CO + CO332-2- H H22O + COO + CO22

19. Gaseous hydrogen sulfide is 19. Gaseous hydrogen sulfide is bubbled through a solution of bubbled through a solution of

nickel(II) nitrate.nickel(II) nitrate.HH22S(g) + Ni(NOS(g) + Ni(NO33))22(aq) --> (aq) -->

HNOHNO33(aq) + NiS(s)(aq) + NiS(s)

HH22S + NiS + Ni2+2+ + NO + NO33-- --> -->

HH++ + NO + NO33-- + NiS + NiS

HH22S + NiS + Ni2+2+ NiS + H NiS + H++

20. A solution of sodium sulfide 20. A solution of sodium sulfide is added to a solution of zinc is added to a solution of zinc

nitrate.nitrate.NaNa22S(S(aqaq) + Zn(NO) + Zn(NO33))22((aqaq) --> ) -->

NaNONaNO33((aqaq) + ZnS() + ZnS(ss))

NaNa++ + S + S2-2- + Zn + Zn2+2+ + NO + NO33- - --> -->

NaNa++ + NO + NO33-- + ZnS + ZnS

SS2-2- + Zn + Zn2+2+ ZnS ZnS

21. Concentrated hydrochloric 21. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to solid acid is added to solid manganese(II) sulfide.manganese(II) sulfide.

HH++ + MnS + MnS H H22S + MnS + Mn2+2+

22. Solutions of tri-potassium 22. Solutions of tri-potassium phosphate and zinc nitrate are phosphate and zinc nitrate are mixed.mixed.

POPO443-3- + Zn + Zn2+2+ Zn Zn33(PO(PO44))22

23. Dilute acetic acid solution is 23. Dilute acetic acid solution is added to solid magnesium added to solid magnesium carbonate.carbonate.

HCHC22HH33OO22 + MgCO + MgCO3 3

H H22O + COO + CO2 2 + Mg+ Mg2+2+ + C + C22HH33OO22--

24. Gaseous hydrofluoric acid 24. Gaseous hydrofluoric acid reacts with solid silicon dioxide.reacts with solid silicon dioxide.

HF + SiOHF + SiO22 H H22O + SiFO + SiF44

25. Equimolar amounts of 25. Equimolar amounts of trisodium phosphate and trisodium phosphate and hydrogen chloride, both in hydrogen chloride, both in solution, are mixed.solution, are mixed. POPO44

3-3- + H + H++ HPO HPO442-2-

26. Ammonium chloride crystals 26. Ammonium chloride crystals are added to a solution of sodium are added to a solution of sodium hydroxide.hydroxide.

NHNH44Cl + OHCl + OH-- NH NH3 3 + H+ H22O + ClO + Cl--

27. Hydrogen sulfide gas is 27. Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through a solution of bubbled through a solution of lead(II) nitrate.lead(II) nitrate.

HH22S + PbS + Pb2+2+ PbS + H PbS + H++

28. Solutions of silver nitrate 28. Solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chromate are mixed.and sodium chromate are mixed.

AgAg++ + CrO + CrO442-2- Ag Ag22CrOCrO44

29. Solutions of sodium fluoride 29. Solutions of sodium fluoride and dilute hydrochloric acid are and dilute hydrochloric acid are mixed.mixed.

FF-- + H + H++ HF HF

30. A saturated solution of 30. A saturated solution of barium hydroxide is mixed with a barium hydroxide is mixed with a solution of iron(III) sulfate.solution of iron(III) sulfate.

BaBa2+2+ + OH + OH- - + Fe + Fe3+3+ + SO + SO442-2-

BaSOBaSO44 + Fe(OH) + Fe(OH)33

31. A solution of ammonium 31. A solution of ammonium sulfate is added to a potassium sulfate is added to a potassium hydroxide solution.hydroxide solution.

NHNH44++ + OH + OH-- NH NH33 + H + H22OO

32. A solution of ammonium 32. A solution of ammonium sulfate is added to a saturated sulfate is added to a saturated solution of barium hydroxide.solution of barium hydroxide.

NHNH44++ + SO + SO44

2-2- + Ba + Ba2+2+ +OH +OH--

NHNH3 3 + H+ H22O + BaSOO + BaSO44

33. Dilute sulfuric acid is added 33. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to solid calcium fluoride.to solid calcium fluoride.

HH++ + SO + SO442-2- + CaF + CaF22

CaSO CaSO44 + HF + HF

34. Dilute hydrochloric acid is 34. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a dilute solution of added to a dilute solution of mercury(I) nitrate.mercury(I) nitrate.

ClCl-- + Hg + Hg222+2+ Hg Hg22ClCl22

35. Dilute sulfuric acid is added 35. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to a solution of lithium hydrogen to a solution of lithium hydrogen carbonate.carbonate.

HH++ + HCO + HCO33- - H H22O + COO + CO22

36. Dilute hydrochloric acid is 36. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of potassium added to a solution of potassium sulfite.sulfite.

HH++ + SO + SO332-2- H H22O + SOO + SO22

3737. Carbon dioxide gas is Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through water containing bubbled through water containing a suspension of calcium a suspension of calcium carbonate.carbonate.

COCO22 + CaCO + CaCO33 + H + H22O O

HCOHCO33-- + Ca + Ca2+2+

38. Excess concentrated sulfuric 38. Excess concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid calcium acid is added to solid calcium phosphate.phosphate.

HH22SOSO4 4 + Ca+ Ca33(PO(PO44))2 2

HH33POPO44 + CaSO + CaSO44

(or Ca(or Ca2+2+ + SO + SO442-2-))

39. Hydrogen sulfide gas is 39. Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled into a solution of bubbled into a solution of mercury(II) chloride.mercury(II) chloride.

HH22S + HgS + Hg2+2+ HgS + H HgS + H++

40. Solutions of zinc sulfate and sodium phosphate are mixed.

Zn2+ + PO43 - --> Zn3(PO4)2

41. Solutions of silver nitrate and lithium bromide are mixed.

Ag+ + Br- --> AgBr

42. Solutions of manganese(II) sulfate and ammonium sulfide are mixed.

Mn2+ + S2- --> MnS

43. Excess hydrochloric acid solution is added to a solution of potassium sulfite.

H+ + SO32- --> H2O + SO2

SingleReplacementSingleReplacement1. A piece of aluminum metal is 1. A piece of aluminum metal is added to a solution of silver added to a solution of silver nitrate.nitrate.Al(s) + AgNOAl(s) + AgNO33(aq) --> (aq) -->

Al(NOAl(NO33))33(aq) + Ag(s)(aq) + Ag(s)

Al + Ag+ + NOAl + Ag+ + NO33-- --> -->

AlAl3+3+ + NO + NO33-- + Ag + Ag

Al + AgAl + Ag++ Al Al3+3+ + Ag + Ag

2. Aluminum metal is added to a 2. Aluminum metal is added to a solution of copper(II) chloride.solution of copper(II) chloride.Al(s) + CuClAl(s) + CuCl22(aq) --> (aq) -->

Cu(s) + AlClCu(s) + AlCl33(aq)(aq)

Al + CuAl + Cu2+2+ + Cl + Cl-- --> --> Cu + AlCu + Al3+3+ + Cl + Cl--

Al + CuAl + Cu2+2+ Al Al3+3+ + Cu + Cu

3. Hydrogen gas is passed over 3. Hydrogen gas is passed over hot copper(II) oxide.hot copper(II) oxide.

HH22 + CuO + CuO H H22O + CuO + Cu

4. Small chunks of solid sodium 4. Small chunks of solid sodium are added to water.are added to water.

Na + HNa + H22O O Na Na++ + OH + OH- - + H+ H22

5. Calcium metal is added to a 5. Calcium metal is added to a dilute solution of hydrochloric dilute solution of hydrochloric acid.acid.

Ca + HCa + H++ Ca Ca2+2+ + H + H22

6. Magnesium turnings are 6. Magnesium turnings are added to a solution of iron(III) added to a solution of iron(III) chloride.chloride.

Mg + FeMg + Fe3+3+ Mg Mg2+2+ + Fe + Fe

7. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a 7. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of sodium bromide.solution of sodium bromide.

ClCl22 + Br + Br-- Cl Cl-- + Br + Br22

8. A strip of magnesium is added 8. A strip of magnesium is added to a solution of silver nitrate.to a solution of silver nitrate.

Mg + AgMg + Ag++ Mg Mg2+2+ + Ag + Ag

9. Solid calcium is added to 9. Solid calcium is added to warm water.warm water.

Ca + HCa + H22O O Ca Ca2+2+ + OH + OH-- + H + H22

10. Liquid bromine is added to a 10. Liquid bromine is added to a solution of potassium iodide.solution of potassium iodide.

BrBr22 + I + I- - Br Br-- + I + I22

11. Chlorine gas is bubbled into 11. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of potassium iodide.a solution of potassium iodide.

ClCl22 + I + I-- Cl Cl-- + I + I22

12. Lead foil is immersed in 12. Lead foil is immersed in silver nitrate solution.silver nitrate solution.

Pb + AgPb + Ag+ + Pb Pb2+2+ + Ag + Ag

13. Solid zinc strips are added to 13. Solid zinc strips are added to a solution of copper(II) sulfate.a solution of copper(II) sulfate.

Zn + CuZn + Cu2+2+ Zn Zn2+2+ + Cu + Cu

14. Sodium metal is added to 14. Sodium metal is added to water.water.

Na + HNa + H22O O Na Na++ + OH + OH-- + H + H22

15. A bar of zinc metal is 15. A bar of zinc metal is immersed in a solution of immersed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate.copper(II) sulfate.

Zn + CuZn + Cu2+2+ Zn Zn2+2+ + Cu + Cu

16. A small piece of sodium 16. A small piece of sodium metal is added to distilled water. metal is added to distilled water.

Na + HNa + H22O --> NaO --> Na++ + OH + OH-- + H + H22

CombustionCombustion

1. Lithium metal is burned in air.1. Lithium metal is burned in air.

Li + OLi + O22 Li Li22OO

2. The hydrocarbon hexane is 2. The hydrocarbon hexane is burned in excess oxygen.burned in excess oxygen.

CC66HH1414 + O + O22 CO CO22 + H + H22OO

3. Gaseous diborane, B3. Gaseous diborane, B22HH66, is , is

burned in excess oxygen.burned in excess oxygen.

BB22HH66 + O + O22 B B22OO3 3 + H+ H22OO

4. A piece of solid bismuth is 4. A piece of solid bismuth is heated strongly in oxygen.heated strongly in oxygen.

Bi + OBi + O22 Bi Bi22OO33

5. Solid zinc sulfide is heated in 5. Solid zinc sulfide is heated in an excess of oxygen.an excess of oxygen.

ZnS + OZnS + O22 ZnO + SO ZnO + SO22

6. Propanol is burned completely 6. Propanol is burned completely in air.in air.

CC33HH77OH + OOH + O22 CO CO22 + H + H22OO

7. Excess oxygen gas is mixed 7. Excess oxygen gas is mixed with ammonia gas in the with ammonia gas in the presence of platinum.presence of platinum.

OO2 2 + NH+ NH33 NO NO2 2 + H+ H22OOPtPt

8. Gaseous silane, SiH8. Gaseous silane, SiH44, is , is

burned in oxygen.burned in oxygen.

SiHSiH44 + O + O22 SiO SiO2 2 + H+ H22OO

9. Ethanol is completely burned 9. Ethanol is completely burned in air.in air.

CC22HH55OH + OOH + O22 CO CO22 + H + H22OO

10. Solid copper(II) sulfide is 10. Solid copper(II) sulfide is heated strongly in oxygen gas.heated strongly in oxygen gas.

CuS + OCuS + O22 CuO + SO CuO + SO22

11. Ethanol is burned in oxygen.11. Ethanol is burned in oxygen.

CC22HH55OH + OOH + O22 CO CO2 2 + H+ H22OO

12. Carbon disulfide vapor is 12. Carbon disulfide vapor is burned in excess oxygen.burned in excess oxygen.

CSCS22 + O + O22 --> CO --> CO2 2 + SO+ SO22

AnhydridesAnhydrides

1. Excess water is added to solid 1. Excess water is added to solid calcium hydride.calcium hydride.

HH22O + CaHO + CaH22

CaCa2+2+ + OH + OH-- or (Ca(OH) or (Ca(OH)22) + H) + H22

2. Solid lithium hydride is added 2. Solid lithium hydride is added to water.to water.

LiH + HLiH + H22O O Li Li++ + OH + OH- - + H + H22

3. Liquid phosphorus trichloride 3. Liquid phosphorus trichloride is poured into a large excess of is poured into a large excess of water.water.

PClPCl33 + H + H22O O H H33POPO33 + H + H++ + Cl + Cl--

4. Solid sodium carbide is added 4. Solid sodium carbide is added to an excess of water.to an excess of water.

NaNa44C + HC + H22O O CC22HH2 2 + Na+ Na++ + OH + OH--

5. Solid magnesium nitride is 5. Solid magnesium nitride is added to excess deuterium oxide.added to excess deuterium oxide.

MgMg33NN22 + D + D22O O Mg(OD) Mg(OD)22+ ND+ ND33

6. Water is added to a sample of 6. Water is added to a sample of pure phosphorus tribromide.pure phosphorus tribromide.

HH22O + PBrO + PBr33 H H33POPO33 + H + H++ + Br + Br--

7. Water is added to a sample of 7. Water is added to a sample of pure sodium hydride.pure sodium hydride.

HH22O + NaH O + NaH Na Na++ + OH + OH- - + H+ H22

8. Dinitrogen trioxide gas is 8. Dinitrogen trioxide gas is bubbled into water.bubbled into water.

NN22OO33 + H + H22O O HNO HNO22

9. Solid phosphorus 9. Solid phosphorus pentachloride is added to excess pentachloride is added to excess water.water.

PClPCl55 + H + H22O O H H33POPO4 4 + H + H++ + Cl + Cl--

10. Solid dinitrogen pentoxide is 10. Solid dinitrogen pentoxide is added to water.added to water.

NN22OO55 + H + H22O O H H++ + NO + NO33--

11. Sulfur trioxide gas is added 11. Sulfur trioxide gas is added to excess water.to excess water.

SOSO33 + H + H22O O H H++ + SO + SO442-2-

12. Solid sodium oxide is added 12. Solid sodium oxide is added to water.to water.

NaNa22O + HO + H22O O Na Na++ + OH + OH--

13. Phosphorus(V) 13. Phosphorus(V) oxytrichloride is added to water.oxytrichloride is added to water.

POClPOCl33 + H + H22O O HH33POPO44+ H+ H++ + Cl + Cl--

14. Water is added to a sample 14. Water is added to a sample of solid magnesium nitride.of solid magnesium nitride.

HH22O + MgO + Mg33NN22 Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22

+ NH+ NH33

15. Solid potassium oxide is 15. Solid potassium oxide is added to water.added to water.

KK22O + HO + H22O O K K++ + OH + OH--

16. Solid sodium cyanide is 16. Solid sodium cyanide is added to water.added to water.

NaCN + HNaCN + H22O O HCN + Na HCN + Na++ + OH + OH--

17. Trisodium phosphate crystals 17. Trisodium phosphate crystals are added to water.are added to water.

NaNa33POPO44 + H + H22O O

NaNa++ + OH + OH-- + HPO + HPO442-2- ( or H ( or H22POPO44

--))

18. Solid lithium oxide is added 18. Solid lithium oxide is added to excess water.to excess water.

LiLi22O + HO + H22O O Li Li++ + OH + OH--

19. Solid barium oxide is added 19. Solid barium oxide is added to distilled water.to distilled water.

BaO + HBaO + H22O O Ba Ba2+2+ + OH + OH--

2020. Solid calcium hydride is Solid calcium hydride is added to distilled water.added to distilled water.

CaHCaH22+ H+ H22O O CaCa2+2+ + OH + OH- - or (Ca(OH)or (Ca(OH)22)) + H+ H22

21. Phosphorous(V) oxide powder is sprinkled over distilled water.

P2O5 + H2O --> H3PO4

RedoxRedox

1. Iron(III) ions are reduced by 1. Iron(III) ions are reduced by iodide ions.iodide ions.

FeFe3+3+ + I + I- - Fe Fe2+2+ + I + I22

2. Potassium permanganate 2. Potassium permanganate solution is added to concentrated solution is added to concentrated hydrochloric acid.hydrochloric acid.

MnOMnO44-- + H + H++ + Cl + Cl--

MnMn2+2+ + Cl + Cl22 + H + H22OO

3. Magnesium metal is added to 3. Magnesium metal is added to dilute nitric acid, giving as one dilute nitric acid, giving as one of the products a compound in of the products a compound in which which the oxidation number for the oxidation number for nitrogen is -3.nitrogen is -3.

Mg + HMg + H++ + NO + NO33- -

NHNH44++ + Mg + Mg2+2+ + H + H22OO

4. A solution of potassium 4. A solution of potassium iodide is electrolyzed.iodide is electrolyzed.

II-- + H + H22O O I I22 + H + H22 + OH + OH--

5. Potassium dichromate 5. Potassium dichromate solution is added to an acidified solution is added to an acidified solution of sodium sulfite.solution of sodium sulfite.

CrCr22OO772-2- + SO + SO33

2-2- + H + H++

CrCr3+3+ + SO + SO442-2- + H + H22OO

6. Solutions of potassium iodide, 6. Solutions of potassium iodide, potassium iodate, and dilute potassium iodate, and dilute sulfuric acid are mixed.sulfuric acid are mixed.

II-- + IO + IO33- - + H+ H++ H H22O + IO + I22

7. A solution of tin(II) sulfate is 7. A solution of tin(II) sulfate is added to a solution of iron(III) added to a solution of iron(III) sulfate.sulfate.

SnSn2+2+ + Fe + Fe3+3+ SnSn4+4+ + Fe + Fe2+2+

8. Metallic copper is heated with 8. Metallic copper is heated with concentratedconcentrated sulfuric acid. sulfuric acid.

Cu + HCu + H22SOSO44 Cu Cu2+2+ + SO + SO22 + H + H22OO

9. Manganese(IV) oxide is added 9. Manganese(IV) oxide is added to warm, concentrated to warm, concentrated hydrobromic acid.hydrobromic acid.

MnOMnO22 + H + H++ + Br + Br- -

MnMn2+2+ + Br + Br22 + H + H22OO

10. Chlorine gas is bubbled into 10. Chlorine gas is bubbled into cold dilute sodium hydroxide.cold dilute sodium hydroxide.

ClCl22 + OH + OH-- ClO ClO-- + Cl + Cl- - + H+ H22OO

11. Solid iron(III) oxide is heated 11. Solid iron(III) oxide is heated in excess carbon monoxide.in excess carbon monoxide.

FeFe22OO33 + CO + CO Fe + COFe + CO22

12. Hydrogen peroxide solution 12. Hydrogen peroxide solution is added to acidified potassium is added to acidified potassium iodide solution.iodide solution.

HH22OO22 + H + H++ + I + I-- H H22O + IO + I22

13. Hydrogen peroxide is added 13. Hydrogen peroxide is added to an acidified solution of to an acidified solution of potassium dichromate.potassium dichromate.

HH22OO22 + H + H++ + Cr + Cr22OO772-2-

HH22O + CrO + Cr3+3+ + O + O22

14. Sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled 14. Sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled through an acidified solution of through an acidified solution of potassium permanganate.potassium permanganate.

SOSO22 + H + H++ + MnO + MnO44--

MnMn2+2+ + H + H22O + SOO + SO442-2-

15. A solution containing tin(II) 15. A solution containing tin(II) ions is added to an acidified ions is added to an acidified solution of potassium solution of potassium dichromate.dichromate.

SnSn2+2+ + H + H++ + Cr + Cr22OO772-2-

CrCr3+3+ + Sn + Sn4+4+ + H + H22OO

16. Solid silver sulfide is 16. Solid silver sulfide is warmed with dilute nitric acid.warmed with dilute nitric acid.

AgAg22S + HS + H++ + NO + NO33- -

AgAg++ + S + NO + S + NO22 + H + H22OO

17. A dilute solution of sulfuric 17. A dilute solution of sulfuric acid is electrolyzed between acid is electrolyzed between platinum electrodes.platinum electrodes.

HH22O O HH22 + O + O22

18. Pellets of lead are dropped 18. Pellets of lead are dropped into hot sulfuric acid.into hot sulfuric acid.

Pb + HPb + H++ + SO + SO442-2-

HH22O + SOO + SO22 + Pb + Pb2+2+ (or PbSO (or PbSO44 ) )

19. Potassium permanganate 19. Potassium permanganate solution is added to a solution of solution is added to a solution of oxalic acid, Hoxalic acid, H22CC22OO44 , acidified , acidified

with a few drops of with a few drops of sulfuric acid.sulfuric acid.

MnOMnO44-- + H + H22CC22OO4 4 + H+ H++

MnMn2+2+ + CO + CO22 + H + H22OO

20. Powdered iron is added to a 20. Powdered iron is added to a solution of iron(III) sulfate.solution of iron(III) sulfate.

Fe + FeFe + Fe3+3+ Fe Fe2+2+

21. A concentrated solution of 21. A concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid is added to hydrochloric acid is added to powdered manganese dioxide powdered manganese dioxide and gently heated.and gently heated.

HH++ + Cl + Cl- - + MnO+ MnO22

ClCl22 + Mn + Mn2+2+ + H + H22OO

22. A strip of copper metal is 22. A strip of copper metal is added to a concentrated solution added to a concentrated solution of sulfuric acid.of sulfuric acid.

Cu + HCu + H++ + SO + SO442-2-

CuCu2+2+ + SO + SO22 + H + H22OO

23. Copper(II) sulfide is 23. Copper(II) sulfide is oxidized by dilute nitric acid. oxidized by dilute nitric acid.

CuS + HCuS + H++ + NO + NO33--

CuCu2+2+ + NO + H + NO + H22O + SO + S

24. A solution of copper(II) 24. A solution of copper(II) sulfate is electrolyzed using inert sulfate is electrolyzed using inert electrodes.electrodes.

CuCu2+2+ + H + H22O O O O22 + H + H++ + Cu + Cu

25. A solution of potassium 25. A solution of potassium iodide is added to an acidified iodide is added to an acidified solution of potassium solution of potassium dichromate.dichromate.

II-- + H + H++ + Cr + Cr22OO772-2-

II22 + Cr + Cr3+3+ + H + H22OO

26. Hydrogen peroxide solution 26. Hydrogen peroxide solution is added to a solution of iron(II) is added to a solution of iron(II) sulfate.sulfate.

HH22OO22 + Fe + Fe2+ 2+ Fe Fe3+3+ + H + H22OO

27. Solid silver is added to a 27. Solid silver is added to a dilute nitric acid (6M) solution.dilute nitric acid (6M) solution.

Ag + HAg + H++ +NO +NO33- -

AgAg++ + NO + H + NO + H22OO

28. A solution of formic acid, 28. A solution of formic acid, HCOOH, is oxidized by an HCOOH, is oxidized by an acidified solution of potassium acidified solution of potassium dichromate.dichromate.

HCOOH + HHCOOH + H++ + Cr + Cr22OO772-2-

HH22O + CrO + Cr3+3+ + CO + CO22

29. A piece of iron is added to a 29. A piece of iron is added to a solution of iron(III) sulfate.solution of iron(III) sulfate.

Fe + FeFe + Fe3+3+ Fe Fe2+2+

30. An acidified solution of 30. An acidified solution of potassium permanganate is added potassium permanganate is added to a solution of sodium sulfite.to a solution of sodium sulfite.

HH++ + MnO + MnO44- - + SO+ SO33

2-2-

MnMn2+2+ + SO + SO442- 2- + H+ H22OO

31. A solution of tin(II) chloride 31. A solution of tin(II) chloride is added to a solution of iron(III) is added to a solution of iron(III) sulfate.sulfate.

SnSn2+2+ + Fe + Fe3+3+ Sn Sn4+ 4+ + Fe+ Fe2+2+

32. Concentrated hydrochloric 32. Concentrated hydrochloric acid solution is added to solid acid solution is added to solid manganese(IV) oxide and the manganese(IV) oxide and the reactants are heated.reactants are heated.

HH++ + Cl + Cl-- + MnO + MnO22

MnMn2+2+ + Cl + Cl22 + H + H22OO

34. Potassium permanganate 34. Potassium permanganate solution is added to an acidic solution is added to an acidic solution of hydrogen peroxide.solution of hydrogen peroxide.

MnOMnO44-- + H + H++ + H + H22OO22

MnMn2+2+ + O + O22 + H + H22OO

35. Solid copper is added to a 35. Solid copper is added to a dilute nitric acid solution.dilute nitric acid solution.

Cu + HCu + H++ + NO + NO33- -

CuCu2+2+ + NO + H + NO + H22OO

36. Chlorine gas is bubbled into 36. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a cold solution of dilute sodium a cold solution of dilute sodium hydroxide.hydroxide.

ClCl22 + OH + OH-- ClOClO-- + Cl + Cl- - + H+ H22OO

37. A solution of potassium 37. A solution of potassium permanganate is mixed with an permanganate is mixed with an alkaline solution of sodium alkaline solution of sodium sulfite.sulfite.

MnOMnO44-- + OH + OH- - + SO+ SO33

2- 2-

SOSO442-2- + H + H22O + MnOO + MnO44

2-2- (or MnO (or MnO22))

38. Solid sodium dichromate is 38. Solid sodium dichromate is added to an acidified solution of added to an acidified solution of sodium iodide.sodium iodide.

NaNa22CrCr22OO77 + H + H++ + I + I--

CrCr3+3+ + I + I22 + H + H22O + NaO + Na++

39. Hydrogen gas is passed over 39. Hydrogen gas is passed over hot iron(III) oxide.hot iron(III) oxide.

HH22 + Fe + Fe22OO33 Fe + H Fe + H22OO

40. Solutions of potassium 40. Solutions of potassium iodide and potassium iodate are iodide and potassium iodate are mixed in acid solution.mixed in acid solution.

II-- + IO + IO33- - + H+ H++ I I22 + H + H22OO

41. Hydrogen peroxide is added 41. Hydrogen peroxide is added to an acidified solution of sodium to an acidified solution of sodium bromide.bromide.

HH22OO22 + H + H++ + Br + Br- - Br Br2 2 + H + H22OO

4242. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a Chlorine gas is bubbled into a cold, dilute solution of potassium cold, dilute solution of potassium hydroxide.hydroxide.

ClCl22 + OH + OH-- Cl Cl-- + ClO + ClO- - + H+ H22OO

4343. A solution of iron(II) nitrate A solution of iron(II) nitrate is exposed to air for an extended is exposed to air for an extended period of time.period of time.

FeFe2+2+ + O + O22 Fe Fe22OO33

44. A stream of chlorine gas is passed through a solution of cold, dilute sodium hydroxide.

ClCl22 + OH + OH-- Cl Cl-- + ClO + ClO- - + H+ H22OO

45. A solution of tin(II) chloride is added to an acidified solution of potassium permanganate.

Sn2+ + H + + MnO4- -->

Mn2+ + Sn4+ + H2O

46. A concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid is added to solid potassium permanganate.

H+ + Cl- + MnO4- -->

Cl2 + Mn2+ + H2O

47. A solution of potassium dichromate is added to an acidified solution of iron(II) chloride.

Cr2O72- + H+ + Fe2+ -->

Cr3+ + Fe3+ + H2O

Acid-Base NeutralizationsAcid-Base Neutralizations

1. Solutions of ammonia and 1. Solutions of ammonia and hydrofluoric acid are mixed.hydrofluoric acid are mixed.

NHNH33 + H + H22O --> NHO --> NH44++ + OH + OH--

OHOH-- + HF--> H + HF--> H22O + FO + F--

NHNH33 + HF + HF NH NH44++ + F + F--

2. Hydrogen sulfide gas is 2. Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through a solution of bubbled through a solution of potassium hydroxide.potassium hydroxide.

HH22S + OHS + OH- - H H22O + SO + S2-2-

3. A solution of sulfuric acid is 3. A solution of sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium added to a solution of barium hydroxide until the same number hydroxide until the same number of moles of each compound has of moles of each compound has been added.been added.

22HH++ + SO + SO442-2- + Ba + Ba2+2+ + + 22OHOH--

22HH22O + BaSOO + BaSO44

4. A solution of sodium 4. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution hydroxide is added to a solution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate of sodium dihydrogen phosphate until the same number of moles until the same number of moles of each compound has been of each compound has been added.added.

OHOH- - + H+ H22POPO44- - HPO HPO44

2-2- + H + H22OO

5. Dilute nitric acid is added to 5. Dilute nitric acid is added to crystals of pure calcium oxide.crystals of pure calcium oxide.

CaO + HCaO + H22O --> CaO --> Ca2+2+ + 2OH + 2OH--

2H2H++ + 2OH + 2OH-- --> 2H --> 2H22OO

HH++ + CaO + CaO H H22O + CaO + Ca2+2+

6. Equal volumes of 0.1-molar 6. Equal volumes of 0.1-molar sulfuric acid and 0.1-molar sulfuric acid and 0.1-molar potassium hydroxide are mixed.potassium hydroxide are mixed.

2H2H++ + SO + SO442-2- + K + K++ + OH + OH---->-->

HH22O + HO + H++ + K + K++ + SO + SO442-2-

HH++ +OH +OH- - H H22OO

7. A solution of ammonia is 7. A solution of ammonia is added to a dilute solution of added to a dilute solution of acetic acid.acetic acid.NHNH33 + H + H22O --> NHO --> NH44

++ + OH + OH--

OHOH-- + HC + HC22HH33OO22 --> -->

HH22O + CO + C22HH33OO22--

NHNH33 + HC + HC22HH33OO22

NHNH44++ + C + C22HH33OO22

--

8. Excess sulfur dioxide gas is 8. Excess sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled through a dilute solution bubbled through a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide.of potassium hydroxide.

SOSO22 + H + H22O --> HO --> H22SOSO33

HH22SOSO33 + 2OH + 2OH-- --> 2H --> 2H22O + SOO + SO332-2-

SOSO22 + OH + OH-- H H22O + SOO + SO332-2-

9. Sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled 9. Sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled into an excess of a saturated into an excess of a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide.solution of calcium hydroxide.SOSO22 + H + H22O --> HO --> H22SOSO33

HH22SOSO33 + Ca + Ca2+2+ + 2OH + 2OH-- --> -->

CaSOCaSO33 + 2H + 2H22OO

SOSO22 + Ca + Ca2+2+ + OH + OH--

CaSOCaSO33 + H + H22OO

10. A solution of sodium 10. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution hydroxide is added to a solution of calcium hydrogen carbonate of calcium hydrogen carbonate until the number of moles of until the number of moles of sodium hydroxide added is twice sodium hydroxide added is twice the number of moles of the the number of moles of the calcium salt. calcium salt.22OHOH- - +Ca+Ca2+2+ + + 22HCOHCO33

--

22HH22O + CaCOO + CaCO33

11. Equal volumes of 0.1M 11. Equal volumes of 0.1M hydrochloric acid and 0.1M hydrochloric acid and 0.1M sodium monohydrogen sodium monohydrogen phosphate are mixed.phosphate are mixed.

HH++ + + 22HPOHPO442-2- H H22POPO44

--

12. Hydrogen sulfide gas is 12. Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through excess bubbled through excess potassium hydroxide solution.potassium hydroxide solution.

HH22S + OHS + OH- - H H22O + SO + S2-2-

13. Ammonia gas and carbon 13. Ammonia gas and carbon dioxide gas are bubbled into dioxide gas are bubbled into water.water.

NHNH33 + CO + CO22 + 2H + 2H22O --> O -->

NHNH44++ + 2OH + 2OH-- + H + H22COCO33

2OH2OH-- + H + H22COCO33--> H--> H22O + COO + CO332-2-

NHNH33 + CO + CO22 + H + H22O O

NHNH44++ + CO + CO33

2-2-

14. Carbon dioxide gas is 14. Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through a concentrated bubbled through a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide.solution of sodium hydroxide.

COCO22 + H + H22O --> HO --> H22COCO33

HH22COCO33 + 2OH + 2OH-- --> CO --> CO332-2- + 2H + 2H22OO

COCO22 + OH + OH- - CO CO332-2- + H + H22OO

15. Acetic acid solution is added 15. Acetic acid solution is added to a solution of sodium hydrogen to a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate.carbonate.

HCHC22HH33OO22 + HCO + HCO33--

HH22O + COO + CO2 2 + C+ C22HH33OO22--

16. Excess potassium hydroxide 16. Excess potassium hydroxide solution is added to a solution of solution is added to a solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate.potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

OHOH-- + H + H22POPO44- - H H22O + POO + PO44

3-3-

17. Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide. COCO22 + H + H22O --> HO --> H22COCO33

HH22COCO33 + 2OH + 2OH-- --> CO --> CO332-2- + 2H + 2H22OO

COCO22 + OH + OH- - CO CO332-2- + H + H22OO

Complex IonsComplex Ions

1. Concentrated (15M) ammonia 1. Concentrated (15M) ammonia solution is added in excess to a solution is added in excess to a solution of copper(II) nitrate.solution of copper(II) nitrate.

NHNH33 + Cu + Cu2+2+ [Cu(NH [Cu(NH33))44]]2+2+

2. An excess of nitric acid 2. An excess of nitric acid solution is added to a solution of solution is added to a solution of tetraaminecopper(II) sulfate.tetraaminecopper(II) sulfate.

HH++ + [Cu(NH + [Cu(NH33))44]]2+2+

NHNH44++ + Cu + Cu2+2+

3. Dilute hydrochloric acid is 3. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of added to a solution of diamminesilver(I) nitrate.diamminesilver(I) nitrate.

HH++ + Cl + Cl-- + [Ag(NH + [Ag(NH33))22]]++ AgCl + NHAgCl + NH44

++

4. Solid aluminum nitrate is 4. Solid aluminum nitrate is dissolved in water.dissolved in water.

Al(NOAl(NO33))33 + H + H22O O

[Al(H[Al(H22O)O)66]]+3+3 + NO + NO33--

5. A suspension of copper(II) 5. A suspension of copper(II) hydroxide is treated with an hydroxide is treated with an excess of ammonia water.excess of ammonia water.

Cu(OH)Cu(OH)22 + NH + NH33

[Cu(NH[Cu(NH33))44]]2+2+ + OH + OH--

6. A solution of 6. A solution of diamminesilver(I) chloride is diamminesilver(I) chloride is treated with dilute nitric acid.treated with dilute nitric acid.

[Ag(NH[Ag(NH33))22]]++ + Cl + Cl-- + H + H+ +

NHNH44++ + AgCl + AgCl

7. An excess of concentrated 7. An excess of concentrated ammonia solution is added to ammonia solution is added to freshly precipitated copper(II) freshly precipitated copper(II) hydroxide.hydroxide.

NHNH33 + Cu(OH) + Cu(OH)22

[Cu(NH[Cu(NH33))44]]2+2+ + OH + OH--

8. Excess dilute nitric acid is 8. Excess dilute nitric acid is added to a solution containing the added to a solution containing the tetraaminecadmium(II) ion.tetraaminecadmium(II) ion.

HH++ + [Cd(NH + [Cd(NH33))44]]2+2+

NHNH44++ + Cd + Cd2+2+

9. An excess of ammonia is 9. An excess of ammonia is bubbled through a solution bubbled through a solution saturated with silver chloride.saturated with silver chloride.

NHNH33 + Ag + Ag++ [Ag(NH [Ag(NH33))22]]++

10. Solid aluminum oxide is 10. Solid aluminum oxide is added to a solution of sodium added to a solution of sodium hydroxide.hydroxide.

AlAl22OO33 + OH + OH-- [Al(OH) [Al(OH)44]]--

(may have water as a (may have water as a reactant)reactant)

11. A concentrated solution of 11. A concentrated solution of ammonia is added to a solution ammonia is added to a solution of zinc iodide.of zinc iodide.

NHNH33 + Zn + Zn2+ 2+ [Zn(NH [Zn(NH33))44]]2+2+

12. An excess of sodium 12. An excess of sodium hydroxide solution is added to a hydroxide solution is added to a solution of aluminum chloride.solution of aluminum chloride.

OHOH- - + Al+ Al3+3+ [Al(OH) [Al(OH)44]]--

13. A concentrated solution of 13. A concentrated solution of ammonia is added to a solution ammonia is added to a solution of copper(II) chloride.of copper(II) chloride.

NHNH33 + Cu + Cu2+2+ [Cu(NH [Cu(NH33))44]]2+2+

14. Excess concentrated sodium 14. Excess concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added to hydroxide solution is added to solid aluminum hydroxide.solid aluminum hydroxide.

OHOH-- + Al(OH) + Al(OH)33 [Al(OH) [Al(OH)44]]--

15. Excess concentrated 15. Excess concentrated ammonia solution is added to a ammonia solution is added to a suspension of silver chloride.suspension of silver chloride.

NHNH33 + AgCl + AgCl

[Ag(NH[Ag(NH33))22]]++ + Cl + Cl--

16. Pellets of aluminum metal 16. Pellets of aluminum metal are added to a solution containing are added to a solution containing an excess of sodium hydroxide.an excess of sodium hydroxide.

Al + OHAl + OH- - [Al(OH) [Al(OH)44]]--

17. A suspension of zinc 17. A suspension of zinc hydroxide is treated with hydroxide is treated with concentrated sodium hydroxide concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.solution.

Zn(OH)Zn(OH)22 + OH + OH-- [Zn(OH) [Zn(OH)44]]2-2-

18. Silver chloride is dissolved 18. Silver chloride is dissolved in excess ammonia solution.in excess ammonia solution.

AgCl + NHAgCl + NH33

[Ag(NH [Ag(NH33))22]]++ + Cl + Cl--

19. Sodium hydroxide solution 19. Sodium hydroxide solution is added to a precipitate of is added to a precipitate of aluminum hydroxide in water.aluminum hydroxide in water.

OHOH- - + Al(OH)+ Al(OH)33 [Al(OH) [Al(OH)44]]--

20. A drop of potassium 20. A drop of potassium thiocyanate is added to a solution thiocyanate is added to a solution of iron(III) chloride.of iron(III) chloride.

SCNSCN- - + Fe+ Fe3+3+ FeSCN FeSCN2+2+

21. A concentrated solution of 21. A concentrated solution of ammonia is added to a ammonia is added to a suspension of zinc hydroxide.suspension of zinc hydroxide.

NHNH33 + Zn(OH) + Zn(OH)22

[Zn(NH[Zn(NH33))44]]2+2+ + OH + OH--

22. Excess concentrated 22. Excess concentrated potassium hydroxide solution is potassium hydroxide solution is added to a precipitate of zinc added to a precipitate of zinc hydroxide. hydroxide.

Zn(OH)Zn(OH)22 + OH + OH-- [Zn(OH) [Zn(OH)44]]2-2-

23. 23. A solution of ammonium A solution of ammonium thiocyanate is added to a solution thiocyanate is added to a solution of iron(III) chloride.of iron(III) chloride.

SCNSCN- - + Fe+ Fe3+3+ --> FeSCN --> FeSCN2+2+

2424. . Excess sodium cyanide is Excess sodium cyanide is added to a solution of silver added to a solution of silver nitrate.nitrate. CNCN-- + Ag + Ag++ --> Ag(CN) --> Ag(CN)22

--

DecompositionDecomposition

1. A solution of hydrogen 1. A solution of hydrogen peroxide is heated.peroxide is heated.

HH22OO22 O O22 + H + H22OO

2. Solid magnesium carbonate is 2. Solid magnesium carbonate is heated.heated.

MgCOMgCO33 MgO + CO MgO + CO22

3. A solution of hydrogen 3. A solution of hydrogen peroxide is catalytically peroxide is catalytically decomposed.decomposed.

HH22OO22 H H22O + OO + O22

4. Solid potassium chlorate is 4. Solid potassium chlorate is heated in the presence of heated in the presence of manganese dioxide as a catalyst.manganese dioxide as a catalyst.

KClOKClO3 3 --> KCl + O--> KCl + O22

5. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is 5. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is dissolved in water.dissolved in water.

NaHCONaHCO33 Na Na++ + HCO + HCO33--

6. Solid ammonium carbonate is 6. Solid ammonium carbonate is heated.heated.

(NH(NH44))22COCO33 CO CO22 + NH + NH33 + H + H22OO

AdditionAddition

1. The gases boron trifluoride 1. The gases boron trifluoride and ammonia are mixed.and ammonia are mixed.

BFBF33 + NH + NH33 F F33BNHBNH33

2. A mixture of solid calcium 2. A mixture of solid calcium oxide and solid tetraphosphorus oxide and solid tetraphosphorus decaoxide is heated.decaoxide is heated.

CaO + PCaO + P44OO1010 Ca Ca33(PO(PO44))22

3. Solid calcium oxide is 3. Solid calcium oxide is exposed to a stream of carbon exposed to a stream of carbon dioxide gas.dioxide gas.

CaO + COCaO + CO22 CaCO CaCO33

4. Solid calcium oxide is heated 4. Solid calcium oxide is heated in the presence of sulfur trioxide in the presence of sulfur trioxide gas.gas.

CaO + SOCaO + SO33 CaSO CaSO44

5. Calcium metal is heated 5. Calcium metal is heated strongly in nitrogen gas.strongly in nitrogen gas.

Ca + NCa + N2 2 Ca Ca33NN22

6. Excess chlorine gas is passed 6. Excess chlorine gas is passed over hot iron filings.over hot iron filings.

ClCl22 + Fe + Fe FeCl FeCl33

7. Powdered magnesium oxide is 7. Powdered magnesium oxide is added to a container of carbon added to a container of carbon dioxide gas.dioxide gas.

MgO + COMgO + CO22 MgCO MgCO33

8. A piece of lithium metal is 8. A piece of lithium metal is dropped into a container of dropped into a container of nitrogen gas.nitrogen gas.

Li + NLi + N22 Li Li33NN

9. Magnesium metal is burned in 9. Magnesium metal is burned in nitrogen gas.nitrogen gas.

Mg + NMg + N22 Mg Mg33NN22

10. Sulfur dioxide gas is passed 10. Sulfur dioxide gas is passed over solid calcium oxide.over solid calcium oxide.

SOSO22 + CaO + CaO CaSO CaSO33

11. Samples of boron trichloride 11. Samples of boron trichloride gas and ammonia gas are mixed.gas and ammonia gas are mixed.

BClBCl33 + NH + NH33 --> H --> H33NBClNBCl33