3 uttam singh 1606 review article vsrdijtntr march 2013

8/12/2019 3 Uttam Singh 1606 Review Article VSRDIJTNTR March 2013

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TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERWITH LOW COST ADSORBENT A REVIEW

1Uttam Singh* and 2Rajesh Kumar Kaushal1Research Scholar, 2Head of Department, 1,2Department of Chemical Engineering,

Institute of Engineering Science IPS Academy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA.

*Corresponding Author : [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Electroplating Industry Wastewater containing heavy metal causes serious environmental problem. For the removal of heavy metals from

effluent waste streams the adsorption process with various commercial adsorbent is being widely used. Such adsorbent remains an

expensive material; the use of alternative and perhaps cheaper adsorbents is attractive. This review describes a brief description ofadsorption process and then the comparative analysis of conventional and non-conventional adsorbents for the removal of emerging

compounds.

Keywords : Adsorption, Heavy Metals, Electroplating Waste Water, Low Cost Adsorbent.

1. INTRODUCTIONIndustrial waste constitutes the major source of various

kinds of metal pollution in natural water. Wastewaters

generated from industrial treatment plant contain

considerable metal contaminants. Their concentrations mustbe reduced to safe levels before being released into the

environment. Rapid industrialization has led to increasedisposal of heavy metal into the environment. The metals

are of special concern because of their persistency.

Removal of heavy metals from wastewater has become a

major concern nowadays because of its ability to

contaminate water bodies. There are at least twenty metals

which cannot be degraded or destroyed. These heavy toxic

metals entered into the water bodies through waste water

from metal plating industries and industries of Cd- Ni

batteries, mining, pigments, and stabilizers alloys etc. Theimportant toxic metals are Cd, Zn, Pb Ni, Cr, Cu and Hg.

Disposal of industrial wastewater has always been a major

environmental issue. Heavy metals are present in low

concentration in wastewater and are difficult to remove

from water. Pollutants in industrial wastewater are almostinvariably so toxic that wastewater has to be treated before

its reuse or disposal in water bodies.

Therefore, effective recovery of heavy metals is as

important as their removal from waste streams. Major

importance has been attached to the treatment of industrial

wastewater effluent since local and international authorities

require that wastewaters from industries be treated and

made to meet a set standard before it is discharged into the

water bodies. The need of safe and economical methods for

the elimination of heavy metals from contaminated waters

has developed interest towards the production of low cost

alternatives to commercially available adsorbent. So there isan urgent need that all possible sources of agro-based

inexpensive adsorbents should be explored and their

feasibility for the removal of heavy metals should be

studied in detail. For the treatment of industrial waste water

consisting heavy metals; there are several advanced

techniques to decrease their impact on the environmentsuch as physicochemical, biological and thermal processes.

A physicochemical technique includes adsorption,coagulation, chemical precipitation, ultra filtration, etc.

Among of these methods, adsorption is the most effective

and economical because of their relative low cost. The

adsorption process is being widely used by various

researchers for the removal of heavy metals from waste

streams. Adsorption is one of the easiest, safest and most

cost-effective methods for the removal of these metals from

industrial effluent (Balkose and Baltacioglu, 1992; Shah et

al., 2009; Rahmani et al., 2009).Adsorption is suitable evenwhen the metal ions are present in concentration as low as

1mg/l. The adsorbents may be of minerals, organics, or

biological origin, zeolites, industrial bi products, agriculture

wastes, biomass and polymeric materials (Kurniawan et al.,

2005).The major advantage of an adsorption system forwater pollution control are less investment in terms of both

initial cost and operational cost, simple design, easy

operation and no effect of toxic substances compared to

conventional biological treatment processes.

The objective of this review is to contribute in the search

for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization

possibilities in adsorption process for the elimination of

heavy metals from wastewater.

Electroplating Industries Waste And Heavy MetalPollution : Electroplating industry has been generating a

huge amount of waste in the forms of wastewater, spentsolvent, spent process solutions and sludge (Freeman,

1988). The industry of Electroplating generates wastes in


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substances chemisorbed on solid surface are hardly

removed because of stronger forces. Yadla et al.

(2012)

Adsorption Dynamics : It is generally accepted that

adsorption dynamics consists of the following consecutive

steps:

Transportation of adsorbate from the bulk solution to

external surface of the adsorbent by diffusion through

the liquid boundary layer.

Internal (interphase) mass transfer the by pore diffusion

from the outer surface of the adsorbent to the inner

surface the porous structure

Surface diffusion along the porous surface.

Adsorption of the adsorbate on the active sites on theinternal surface of the pores.

The last step, adsorption, is usually very rapid in

comparison to the remaining steps. Therefore, the overall

rate of adsorption is controlled by either film or intra

particle diffusion, or a combination of both. Adsorbent

Properties:To be suitable for commercial applications, a

sorbent should have high selectivity to enable sharp

separations, high capacity to minimize the amount of

sorbent needed, favorable kinetic and transport properties

for rapid sorption, chemical and thermal stability, including

extremely low solubility in the contacting fluid, to preserve

the amount of sorbent and its properties, hardness and

mechanical strength to prevent crushing and erosion, high

resistance to fouling for long life, no tendency to promote

undesirable chemical reactions, the capability of beingregenerated when used with commercial feed stocks.

Equilibrium consideration: Adsorption Isotherm : To besuitable for commercial applications, a sorbent should have

a high selectivity to enable sharp separations, high capacity

to minimize the amount of sorbent needed, and the

capability of being regenerated for reuse. These properties

depend upon the dynamic equilibrium distribution of the

solute between the fluid and the solid surface; since no

acceptable theory has been developed to predict solid-

sorbent equilibria. Thus, it is required to evaluate the

Equilibrium consideration for a particular solute-sorbent

combination.

In adsorption, dynamic phase equilibrium has established

for the distribution of the solute between the fluid and the

solid surface. This equilibrium is usually expressed in terms

of:

Concentration if the fluid is a liquid or partial pressure

if the fluid is a gas of the adsorbate in the fluid.

(2)Solute loading on the adsorbent, expressed as mass,

moles, or volume of adsorbate per unit mass or per unit

BET surface area of the adsorbent.

Adsorption Isotherm : A systematic approach whereby the

data are taken over a range of fluid concentrations at aconstant temperature, a plot of solute loading on the

adsorbent versus concentration or partial pressure in the

fluid, called an adsorption isotherm.

This equilibrium isotherm places a limit on the extent towhich a solute is adsorbed from a given fluid mixture on an

adsorbent of given chemical composition and geometry for

a given set of conditions. The rate at which the solute is

adsorbed is also an important consideration.

Adsorption isotherms are important for the description of

how adsorbate will interact with adsorbent and are critical

in optimizing the use of adsorbent. Thus, the correlation of

experimental equilibrium data using either a theoretical or

empirical equation is essential for adsorption data

prediction.

Langmuir Model : Frequently used model for

monomolecular layer adsorption. Such model is derivedfrom simple mass-action kinetics. Such model is based on

assumption that the surface of the pores of the adsorbent is

homogeneous and that the forces of interaction between the

adsorbed molecules are negligible. It is a semi-empirical

isotherm derived from a proposed kinetic mechanism.

Let f be the fraction of the surface covered by adsorbed

molecules. Therefore 1- f is the fraction of the bare surface.

Then, the net rate of adsorption is the difference between

the rates of adsorption on the bare surface and desorption

from the covered surface:

dq /dt=ka p (l- f ) kdd f

At equilibrium, dq/dt = 0 and equation reduces to

f = K p/1+ K p.

Where K is the adsorption-equilibrium constant, K =k a/kd

Also, f = qlqm; and qmis the maximum loading

corresponding to complete coverage of the adsorbent

surface by the solute.

Freundlich Empirical Model: The model attributed to

Freundlich, but which was actually devised earlier by

Boedecker and van Bemmelen, is empirical and nonlinear

in pressure:

logq = logk + (l/n) logp

Whenever the graphical method is employed, the data are

plotted as log q versus log p. The best straight line through

the data has a slope of (l/n) and an intercept of log k. In

general, k decreases with increasing temperature, while n

increases with Increasing temperature and approaches a

value of 1 at high temperatures.

3. PROCESSES FOR TREATMENT OFEFFLUENT WASTE WATER

Over the last few decades, several methods have beenapplied for the treatment of industrial waste water; there are


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so many methods available for the removal of metal ions

from effluents; the commonly used procedures for

removing metal ions from aqueous streams include

Membrane separation, solvent extraction, Chemicalreduction, chemical precipitation, Evaporation, lime

coagulation, Cementation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis

and Electro deposition (Rich and Cherry, 1987).

Membrane separation processes have been applied to

inorganic wastewater treatment (EPA, 1980). These

processes involve ionic concentration by the use of

selective membrane with a specific driving force. The

application of the membrane process is limited due to

pretreatment requirements, primarily, for the removal of

suspended solids. The methods are expensive and requiring

a higher level of technical expertise to operate (Beszedits,

1988). Liquid-liquid extraction of metals or solvent

extraction from solutions on a large scale has experienced a

phenomenal growth in recent years due to the introduction

of selective complexing agents (Beszedits, 1988). In order

to recover the extracted metal, the organic solvent is

contacted with an aqueous solution whose composition is

such that the metal is stripped from the organic phase and is

reextractedinto the stripping solution; such method becomeinefficient whenever contaminants are present in trace

concentration Mahavi AH et al. (2005).Chemical reduction

has been usedfor recovery ofchromium from metallurgicaleffluent waste stream. Reduction of hexavalent chromium

can also be accomplished with electro-chemical units. The

electrochemical chromium reduction process uses

consumable iron electrodes and an electric current togenerate ferrous ions that react with hexavalent chromium

to give trivalent chromium (USEPA, 1979).main

disadvantage of Chemical reduction process is the high

operational cost relative to another process. Turner D.R, et

al (1998). Chemical precipitation of metals is achieved by

the addition of coagulants such as alum, lime, iron, salts

and other organic polymers. Chemical precipitation of

heavy metals as their hydroxides using lime or sodium

hydroxide is widely used; due to the low cost of precipitant,

ease of pH control in the range of( 8.0 10). Patterson et al,

1997 reported improved results using carbonate precipitate

for Cd (II) and Pb (II) from electroplating effluents. Since

most of the heavy metals form stable sulphides, excellentmetal removal can be obtained by sulphide precipitation.

The large amount of sludge containing toxic compounds

produced during the process is the main disadvantage.

Evaporation process have used for metal recovery in the

electroplating industry. Recovery is accomplished by

boiling sufficient water from the collected rinse stream toallow the concentrate to be returned to the plating bath.

Both capital and operational costs for evaporative recovery

systems are high. Chemical and water reuse values must

offset these costs for evaporative recovery to become

economically feasible. Cementation is the displacement of a

metal from solution by a metal higher in the electromotive

series. It offers an attractive possibility for treating anywastewater containing reducible metallic ions. In practice, a

considerable spread in the electromotive force between

metals is necessary to ensure adequate cementation

capability. Due to its low cost and ready availability, scrap

iron is the metal used often. The limitation of such processis that it is suitable only for small wastewater flow because

a long contact time is required.

Ion exchange resins are available selectively for certain

metal ions. The cations are exchanged for H+ or Na+. The

cation exchange resins are mostly synthetic polymers

containing an active ion group such as SO3H. The natural

materials such as zeolites can be used as ion exchange

media (Van der Heen, 1977). The modified zeolites like

zeocarb and chalcarb have greater affinity for metals like Ni

and Pb (Groffman et al., 1992). The limitations on the use

of ion exchange for inorganic effluent treatment are

primarily high cost and the requirements for appropriate

pretreatment systems. Ion exchange is capable of providing

metal ion concentrations to parts per million levels.

However, in the presence of large quantities of competing

mono-and divalent ions such as Na and Ca, ion exchange is

almost totally ineffective. Electrochemical depositionsome

metals found in waste solution can be recovered by electro

deposition using insoluble anodes. For example, spent

solutions resulting from sulphuric acid cleaning of Cu may

be saturated with copper sulphate in the presence of

residual acid. These are ideal only for electro-plating where

the high quality cathode copper can be Electrolytic ally

deposited while free sulphuric acid is regenerated. Method

becomes ineffective when contaminants are present in traceconcentration. Kailas L. Wasewar et al. (2010).Since these

methods differ in their effectiveness and cost; and do not

seem to be economically feasible for such industries

because of their relative high costs Quek SY et al. (1998).

Therefore, there is a need to look into alternatives to

investigate a low-cost method which is effective and

economic. During the 1970s increasing environmental

awareness and concern led to a search for new techniques

capable of inexpensive treatment of polluted wastewaters

with metals. The search for new technologies involving the

removal of toxic metals from wastewaters has directed

attention to adsorption, based on binding capacities ofvarious biological materials. Watonabe and Ogawa (1929)

first presented the use of activated carbon for the adsorption

of heavy metals. The mechanism of removal of hexavalent

and trivalent chromium from synthetic solutions and

electroplating effluents has been extensively studied by a

number of researchers. For high strength and low volumes

of wastewater, heavy metal removal by adsorption

technique is good proposition. Adsorption is one of the

alternatives for such cases and is an effective purification

and separation technique used in industry especially in

water and wastewater treatments Kailas L. Wasewar et al.

(2010). Adsorption of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) on activated

carbon from aqueous solutions has been studied (Toledo,

1994). Granular activated carbon columns have been used


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to treat wastewaters containing lead and cadmium (Reed

and Arunachalam, 1994, Reed et al., 1994). Granular

activated carbon was used for the removal of Pb (II) from

aqueous solutions (Cheng et al., 1993). The adsorptionprocess was inhibited by the presence of humic acid, iron

(III), aluminum (III) and calcium (II).

Adsorption has advantages compared with conventional

techniques (Volesky, 1999) some of these are listed below:

Cheap: the cost of the biosorbent is low since theyoften are made from abundant or waste material.

Metal selective: the metal sorbing performance of

different types of biomass can be more or less selective

on different metals. This depends on various factors

such as type of biomass, mixture in the solution, type

of biomass preparation and physicochemical treatment.

Regenerative: biosorbents can be reused, after the

metal is recycled. No sludge generation: no secondary problems with

sludge occur with biosorption, as is the case with many

other techniques, for example, precipitation.

Metal recovery possible: In case of metals, it can be

recovered after being sorbed from the solution.

Competitive performance: biosorption is capable of a

performance comparable tothe most similar technique,

ion exchange treatment.

Table 3.1: Performance characteristics of various heavy metal removal /recovery Technologies[40]

Technology pH change Metal selectivity

Influence of

Suspended

Solids

Working level For

appropriate metal

(mg/I)

Adsorption,e.g

Granulated

Activated carbon

Limited

toleranceModerate Fouled 10

Ion exchangeLimited

ToleranceChelate -resins can be selective Fouled >10

MembraneLimited

ToleranceModerate Fouled >10

Precipitation

Hydroxide

(b) Sulphide

Tolerant

Limited

tolerance

Nonselective

Limited selective

pH dependent

Tolerant

Tolerant

>10

>10

Solvent extraction Some systems pH tolerantMetal selective

Extractants availableFouled >100

4. ADSORBENTThere are various types of Adsorbent is used in

electroplating industries for removal of heavy metal

according to requirement and availabilities.

Natural Adsorbent : There are many types of natural

adsorbents some of these have been explained as:

Zeolites: Basically zeolites are a naturally occurringcrystalline alumino silicates consisting of a framework of

tetrahedral molecules, linked with each other by shared

oxygen atoms. During 1970s, natural zeolites gained a

significant interest, due to their ion-exchange capability topreferentially remove unwanted heavy metals such as

strontium and cesium [Grant et al., 1987]. Zeolites are

applied in drying of process air, CO2removal from natural

gas, CO removal from reforming gas, air separation,

catalytic cracking, and catalytic synthesis and reforming.

Adsorption in zeolites is actually a selective and reversible

filling of crystal cages, so surface area is not a pertinent

factor. Although naturally occurring zeolite minerals have

been known for more than 200 years, molecular-sievezeolites were first synthesized by Milton, who used very

reactive materials at temperatures of 25-100C.

Clay: It is widely known that there are three basic species

of clay: smectites (such asmontmorillonite), kaolinite, and

micas; out of which montmorillonite has the highestcation

exchange capacity and its current market price is considered

to be 20 times cheaper than that of activated carbon [Virta,

2002]. Although the removal efficiency of clays for heavy

metals may not be as good as that of zeolites, their easyavailability and low cost may compensate for the associated

drawbacks.

Peat Moss: Peat moss, a complex soil material containing

lignin and cellulose as major constituents, is a natural

substance widely available and abundant, not only in

Europe (British and Ireland), but also in the US. Peat moss

has a large surface area (>200m2/g) and is highly porous so

that it can be used to bind heavy metals.

Chitosan: Among various biosorbents, chitin is the second

most abundant natural biopolymers after cellulose.

However, more important than chitin is chitosan, which has

a molecular structure similar to cellulose. Presently,


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chitosan is attracting an increasing amount of research

interest, as it is an effective scavenger for heavy metals.

Chitosan is produced by alkaline N-deacetylation of chitin,

which is widely found in the exoskeleton of shellfish andcrustaceans. It was estimated that chitosan could be

produced from fish and crustaceans (Rorrer and Way 2002).

Commercial Adsorbent: Most industrial adsorbents fall

into one of three classes:

Oxygen-containing compounds Such adsorbent are

typical hydrophilic and polar, including materials such

as Silica gel, Zeolites.

Carbon-based compounds Are typically hydrophobicand non-polar, including materials such as activated

carbon and graphite.

Polymer-based compounds Are polar or non-polarfunctional groups in a porous polymer matrix.

Table 4.1 : Representative Properties of Commercial Porous Adsorbents[41]

Adsorbent Nature

Pore

Diameter

dpA

Particle

Porosity, Ep

Particle Density

pP, g/cm3

Surface s,

m2/g

Capacity for

H2O

Vapor at

25C

and

4.6 mm Hg,

wt%(Dry Basis)

Activated

alumina

Hydrophilic,

amorphous10-75 0.50 1.25 320 7

Silica gel:

Small pore

Large pore

Hydrophilic

amorphous

hydrophobic,

amorphous

22-26

100-150

0.47

0.7 1

1.09

0.62

750-850

300-350

Activated

carbon:

Small pore

Large pore -

Hydrophobic,

Amorphous

Hydrophobic,

amorphous

10-25

>30

0.4-0.6

-

0.5-0.9

0.6-0.8

400-1200

200-600

1

-

Molecular-sieve

carbon Hydrophobic 2-10 - 0.98 400 -Molecdar-sieve

zeolites

Polar-hydrophilic,

crystalline3-10 0.2-0.5 1,4 600-700 20-25

Polymeric

adsorbents- 40-25 0.40-0.55 - 80-700 - -

Typical commercial adsorbents, which may be granules,

spheres, cylindrical pellets, flakes, and/or powders of size

ranging from O.5 mm to 1.2 cm, have specific surface areas

from 300 to 1,200( m2/g). Such a large area is made

possible by a particle porosity from 30 to 85 vol% with

average pore diameters from 10 to 200 A.

The adsorbents most commonly used on an commercial

scale are the activated carbon, silica gel, activated alumina

and molecular sieves (Lopez & Gutarra, 2000) (Yasemin &

Zaki, 2007). Charcoal has become the most widely used

solid, worldwide, as an adsorbent to remove pollutants in

wastewater.

Silica gel: This is a chemically inert, nontoxic, polar and

dimensionally stable (< 400 C or 750 F) amorphous form

of SiO2. It is prepared by the reaction between sodium

silicate and acetic acid, which is followed by a series of

after-treatment processes such as aging, pickling, etc. These

after treatment methods results in various pore size

distributions. Silica is used for drying of process air (e.g.

oxygen, natural gas) and adsorption of heavy (polar)

hydrocarbons from natural gas. Related silicate adsorbents

include magnesium silicate, calcium silicate, various clays,

Fuller's earth, and diatomaceous earth. Silica gel is also

highly desirable for water removal. Both small-pore andlarge-pore types are available

Activated carbon: Activated carbon is a highly porous,

amorphous solid consisting of micro crystallites with a

graphite lattice, usually prepared in small pellets or a

powder. Activated carbon have high abrasion resistance,

high thermal stability and small pore diameters, which

results in higher exposed surface area and hence high

surface capacity for adsorption. It is non-polar in nature.

Activated carbon can be manufactured from carbonaceous

material, including coal (bituminous, sub bituminous, and

lignite), peat, wood, or nutshells (e.g., coconut). The

manufacturing process consists of two phases,

carbonization and activation. The carbonization process


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includes drying and then heating to separate by-products,

including tars and other hydrocarbons from the raw

material, as well as to drive off any gases generated. The

most popular aqueous phase carbons are bituminous basedbecause of their hardness, abrasion resistance, pore size

distribution, and low cost, but their effectiveness needs to

be tested in each application to determine the optimal

product. One of main drawbacks of activated carbon

adsorbent is that it is reacts with oxygen at moderate

temperatures (over 300 C).

Activated alumina: This includes activated bauxite, is

made by removing water from hydrated colloidal alumina.

Activated alumina has a moderately high specific surface

area, with a capacity for adsorption of water sufficient to

dry gases to less than 1 ppm moisture content. Because of

its great affinity for water, activated alumina is widely used

for the removal of water from gases and liquids.

Activated charcoal:Charcoal has become the most widelyused solid to remove pollutants in wastewater due to its

own characteristic such as high porosity, chemical structure

and high surface area.

Polymeric adsorbents: Polymeric adsorbents are of lesser

commercial importance typically, they are spherical beads,

0.5 mm in diameter, made from microspheres about lop4

mm in diameter. They are produced by polymerizing

styrene and di vinyl benzene for adsorbing nonpolar

organics from aqueous solutions, and by polymerizing

acrylic esters for adsorbing polar solutes. They areregenerated by leaching with organic solvents.

Low cost adsorbent: Activated carbon has been widely-

used adsorbent in wastewater treatment all over the world.

In spite of its prolific use, activated carbon remains an

expensive material, since higher the quality of activated

carbon, the greater its cost. Activated carbon also requires

complexing agents to improve its removal performance for

inorganic matters. Therefore, this situation makes it no

longer attractive to be widely used in small-scale industries

because of cost inefficiency. Due to the problems

mentioned previously, research has been interested into the

production of alternative adsorbents, especially those which

have metal-binding capacities and are able to remove

unwanted heavy metals from contaminated water at low

cost like natural zeolite, ash, rice husk, peat, volcanic

stones, bentonite and clinoptilolite for adsorption of heavy

metal ions . O.Kameswara rao et al. (2012). In particular,some natural materials, such as polysaccharides, clays,

biomass, etc. that can remove pollutant from contaminated

water at low cost has been widely researched around the

world. Ronaldo Ferreira do et al. (2007). Agricultural

waste is one of the rich sources of low-cost adsorbents

besides industrial byproduct and natural material. Due to its

abundant availability agricultural waste such as peanut

husk, rice husk, coconut shell, wheat bran and sawdust offer

little economic value and, moreover, create serious disposal

problems (Igwe & Abia, 2007). Moreover the utilization of

these waste materials as such directly or after some minor

treatment as adsorbents is becoming vital concern because

they represent unused resources and cause serious disposal

problems. A growing number of studies have been carried

out in recent years to evaluate the behavior of emerging

adsorbents such as agricultural products and by-product for

emerging contaminants removal On the other hand

industrial wastes, such as, fly ash, blast furnace slag and

sludge, black liquor lignin, red mud, and waste slurry are

currently being investigated as potential adsorbents for the

removal of the emerging contaminants from wastewater

Mariangela Grassi et al. (2010). Carbonized Rice Husk

(CRH) and Activated Rice Husk (ARH) made out of rice

husks, available as agriculture waste, are investigated as

viable materials for treatment of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn

containing industrial wastewater at controlled pH. The

results obtained from the batch experiments revealed arelative ability of the rice husk in removing some heavy

metals at pH 7. I Nhapi, et al (2012)

Industrial waste: Several industrial by-products have been

used for the adsorption of heavy metals. Certain waste

products, natural materials and biosorbents have been tested

and proposed for metal removal. It is evident from the

discussion so far that each low-cost adsorbent has its

specific physical and chemical characteristics such as

porosity, surface area and physical strength, as well as

inherent advantages and disadvantages in wastewater

treatment.

Table 4.2 : Performance index of various industrial waste adsorbent[40]

Material Sources Pb2+ Hg2+ Cr6+ Zn2+ Cd2+ Cu2+

Waste slurrySrivastava et al., 1985 1030 560 640

Lee and Davis, 2001 15.73 20.97

Iron (III) hydroxideNamasivayam and Rangnathan,

19920.47

Lignin Aloki and Munemori, 1982 1865 95

Blast furnace slag Srivastava et al., 1997 40 7.5

Sawdust Ajmal et al., 1998 13.80

Activated red mudZouboulis and Kydros, 1993

Pradhan et al., 19991.6

Bagasse fly ash Gupta et al., 1999 260


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Dates seed or modified date seed: modified natural seed

have also considered as adsorbent for treatment of waste

water due to its potential to overcome heavy metal pollutantas well as these materials are cheaper, renewable and

abundantly available than other available natural resources.

The conditions of the preparation of the new activated

carbon derived from date stones (ACDS) was studied

Mohamed Abduelrahman et al. (2007) using hydrogen

peroxide as an activator. For the first time Mohamoud A.

Mohamoud et al. (2012)explore the efficiency of modified

date seeds on the removal of the carcinogenic bromate ion

from drinking water.

Characteristics of date seed is shown in table below:

Table 4.3 : Characteristics of date seed[2]

Characteristic Value

Bulk density (g/ml) 0.393

Surface area (m2/g) 495.71

Ash content (%) 1.66

Moisture content (%) 7.80

Iodine number (mg/g) 475.88

The good adsorption possibilities of date seeds is based on

their dietary fiber content, which makes them suitable for

the preparation of adsorbent. It is a waste product of many

dates processing plants producing pitted dates, date syrup

and date confectionery. At present, seeds are used mainly

for animal feeds. Al- Farsi et al who researched the

functional properties of date seeds, their reportedcomposition has shown in table below.

Table 4.4 : Composition of Date Seed[11]

Composition Value

Moisture 3.17.1%

Protein 2.36.4%

Fat 5.013.2

Ash 0.91.8%

Dietary fiber. 22.580.2%

Phenolics(3102 4430 mg

Gallic acid equivalents/ 100 g),

5. CONCLUSIONA review of various agricultural adsorbents presented here

in shows a great potential for the elimination of heavy

metals from Industrial wastewater. The sorption capacity is

dependent on the type of the adsorbent investigated and the

nature of the waste water treated. More studies should be

carried out to better understand the process of low-cost

adsorption and to demonstrate the technology effectively.

This aspect need to be investigated further in order to

promote large scale use of non-conventional adsorbents. If

low cost adsorbents performance is well in removing heavy

metals they can be adopted not only to minimize cost but

also maximize the efficiency and profitability. The use of

low cost absorbent may contribute to the sustainability of

the surrounding.

6. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANDNOTATION

BET = Brunauer-Emmett-Tellery component.

ACDS = activated carbon derived from date stones.CRH =Carbonized Rice Husk and.

ARH =Activated Rice Husk

Gps = gallons per second

SG = silica gel

S.G = Specific gravity

B = Langmuir constant (energy of adsorption)

n = frendlich constant

q =amount of adsorbate adsorbed.

qmax = Langmuir constant(adsorption capacity)

qm = maximum loading corresponding to completecoverage of the adsorbent surface by the solute.

gmol =gram-mole

gpd = gallons per day

gph = gallons per hour

gpm = gallons per minute

kmol = kilogram-mole

avg = average

7. REFERENCES[1] Mohamoud A. Mubarak A. Al-Qurashi, Feda E. Ali and M.

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